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<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
Format:
</label>
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="fEDF3cBYc9zgRsXHj01LldgmIenmDHJNwrnKG24kMKmKLT3xWjENPlM0gi5ywih7">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="fEDF3cBYc9zgRsXHj01LldgmIenmDHJNwrnKG24kMKmKLT3xWjENPlM0gi5ywih7">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="fEDF3cBYc9zgRsXHj01LldgmIenmDHJNwrnKG24kMKmKLT3xWjENPlM0gi5ywih7">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="fEDF3cBYc9zgRsXHj01LldgmIenmDHJNwrnKG24kMKmKLT3xWjENPlM0gi5ywih7">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="fEDF3cBYc9zgRsXHj01LldgmIenmDHJNwrnKG24kMKmKLT3xWjENPlM0gi5ywih7">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<aside class="page-sidebar">
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<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/abs/10.1128/mBio.01917-20?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&amp;rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&amp;rfr_dat=cr_pub 0pubmed"
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pmc
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href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/32843548/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=32843548&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=101519231"
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data-ga-category="full_text"
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Free PMC article
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</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/32843548/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/32843548/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="32843548" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F32843548%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="fEDF3cBYc9zgRsXHj01LldgmIenmDHJNwrnKG24kMKmKLT3xWjENPlM0gi5ywih7"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
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<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1"
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><sup class="key">1</sup> Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2"
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><sup class="key">2</sup> Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-3"
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><sup class="key">3</sup> Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-4"
id="short-view-affiliation-4"
><sup class="key">4</sup> Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA mtrax@berkeley.edu.</li>
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Abstract
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<p>
Microbiomes associated with various plant structures often contain members with the potential to make specialized metabolites, e.g., molecules with antibacterial, antifungal, or siderophore activities. However, when and where microbes associated with plants produce specialized metabolites, and the potential role of these molecules in mediating intramicrobiome interactions, is not well understood. Root nodules of legume plants are organs devoted to hosting symbiotic bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen and have recently been shown to harbor a relatively simple accessory microbiome containing members with the ability to produce specialized metabolites <i>in vitro</i> On the basis of these observations, we sought to develop a model nodule microbiome system for evaluating specialized microbial metabolism <i>in planta</i> Starting with an inoculum derived from field-grown <i>Medicago sativa</i> nodules, serial passaging through gnotobiotic nodules yielded a simplified accessory community composed of four members: <i>Brevibacillus brevis</i><i>, Paenibacillus</i> sp., <i>Pantoea agglomerans</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas</i> sp. Some members of this community exhibited clear cooperation <i>in planta</i>, while others were antagonistic and capable of disrupting cooperation between other partners. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-imaging mass spectrometry, we found that metabolites associated with individual taxa had unique distributions, indicating that some members of the nodule community were spatially segregated. Finally, we identified two families of molecules produced by <i>B. brevis</i><i>in planta</i> as the antibacterial tyrocidines and a novel set of gramicidin-type molecules, which we term the britacidins. Collectively, these results indicate that in addition to nitrogen fixation, legume root nodules are likely also sites of active antimicrobial production.
</p>
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<p>
<strong class="sub-title">
Keywords:
</strong>
antibiotic; microbial interactions; microbiome; root nodule; specialized metabolism.
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Copyright © 2020 Hansen et al.
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<div class="figures" id="figures">
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Figures
</h2>
<div class="figures-list" id="slides-container"
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<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="0"
data-label-slug="fig-1">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/118c/7448283/d20b6b45a17c/mBio.01917-20-f0001.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-0"
role="button"
data-image-width="750"
data-image-height="568"
data-image-alt="FIG 1"
data-pmc-id="PMC7448283"
data-figure-id="fig1">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-0"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/118c/7448283/56e830bf93be/mBio.01917-20-f0001.gif"
alt="FIG 1" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="750">
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="568">
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<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG 1 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> 16S community profiling of three… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG 1 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> 16S community profiling of three different root nodule developmental phenotypes from agricultural M.… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
FIG 1
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">16S community profiling of three different root nodule developmental phenotypes from agricultural M. sativa plants. (A) Images of young (Y, white), active (A, pink/red), and senescent (S, brown/green) nodules. (B) Relative abundance of each phylum based on 16S amplicon sequencing of young, active, and senescent root nodules from an agricultural field in Alturas, CA. (C) Relative abundance of each phylum, excluding <i>Rhizobia</i>.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="1"
data-label-slug="fig-2">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/118c/7448283/e289e1584af6/mBio.01917-20-f0002.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-1"
role="button"
data-image-width="750"
data-image-height="649"
data-image-alt="FIG 2"
data-pmc-id="PMC7448283"
data-figure-id="fig2">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-1"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/118c/7448283/8744878f9058/mBio.01917-20-f0002.gif"
alt="FIG 2" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="750">
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="649">
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG 2 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Root nodule microbial community selection… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG 2 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Root nodule microbial community selection with M. sativa. (A) Schematic showing the workflow… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
FIG 2
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Root nodule microbial community selection with M. sativa. (A) Schematic showing the workflow for creating the microbial community. (Step 1) Crushed nodules were inoculated onto gnotobiotic plant roots. Plants were incubated until nodules formed. (Step 2) Roots were then surface sterilized and nodules removed and sorted based on phenotype. (Step 3) Nodules were then crushed and resuspended in water. (Step 4) This homogenous mixture was used for three applications: for repeating the process by application to gnotobiotic roots (Step 4a), for environmental DNA extraction for 16S amplicon sequencing (Step 4b), and for isolation of bacteria (Step 4c). (B) Relative abundances of non-<i>Ensifer</i> operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at the genus level from each successive root nodule inoculum (“Round”) across the root nodule phenotypes. Black boxes indicate genera isolated after round 3 and used for subsequent experiments.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="2"
data-label-slug="fig-3">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/118c/7448283/eadcd5ce1e4a/mBio.01917-20-f0003.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-2"
role="button"
data-image-width="747"
data-image-height="972"
data-image-alt="FIG 3"
data-pmc-id="PMC7448283"
data-figure-id="fig3">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-2"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/118c/7448283/62456545b5c2/mBio.01917-20-f0003.gif"
alt="FIG 3" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="747">
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="972">
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG 3 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Interactions between members of the… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG 3 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Interactions between members of the synthetic root nodule community. (A) Rate of reisolation… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
FIG 3
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Interactions between members of the synthetic root nodule community. (A) Rate of reisolation of (or recovery) each bacterium from M. sativa roots that were inoculated with the bacterial isolates that resulted from the selection process detailed in Fig. 2. Experimental treatments were all possible combinations of these bacteria inoculated onto M. sativa roots with the essential nodulation strain, S. meliloti. These plants were grown until they developed root active nodules, and then bacteria were systematically reisolated from these root nodules. Recovery rates for each bacterium are relative to the recovery rate from plants that were inoculated with one bacterium plus S. meliloti. White boxes indicate that no bacterium was added to the inoculum. Gray, zero change; blue, negative relative recovery; yellow, positive relative recovery. (B) The number of bacterial colonies recovered from treatments 12, 9, 15, and 4 (see Fig. S3 for all other treatments). Numbers within gray circles labeled “None” represent the number of nodules where no bacterium was recovered, while numbers in colored circles represent the number of nodules where one or more bacteria were recovered. (C) Bioactivity agar plug diffusion assay of each member against a lawn of each member on root nodule agar medium. Red squares indicate that a zone of inhibition was observed, and tan squares indicate that no inhibition zone was observed. (D) Model summarizing the interactions observed for microbe recovery <i>in planta</i> (A and B) and <i>in vitro</i> (C).</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="3"
data-label-slug="fig-4">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/118c/7448283/aa150470affc/mBio.01917-20-f0004.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-3"
role="button"
data-image-width="750"
data-image-height="408"
data-image-alt="FIG 4"
data-pmc-id="PMC7448283"
data-figure-id="fig4">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-3"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/118c/7448283/51c2bfe715cb/mBio.01917-20-f0004.gif"
alt="FIG 4" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="750">
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="408">
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG 4 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Number of molecular features associated… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG 4 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Number of molecular features associated with the simplified nodule community <i> in vitro </i> and… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
FIG 4
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Number of molecular features associated with the simplified nodule community <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in planta</i>. Molecular features identified via LC/MS from chemical extracts that were prepared from one of the three independent treatments of each microbe (present alone on agar plates [<i>in vitro</i>], inoculated onto M. sativa plants individually with S. meliloti, or inoculated onto M. sativa plants with all other members of the simplified nodule community) plus an additional control treatment of M. sativa plants inoculated solely with S. meliloti. (A) Analysis approach using nested Venn diagrams to identify features that are unique to each microbe followed by focusing on unique features associated with B. brevis compared to all other community members both <i>in planta</i> and <i>in vitro</i>. (B) Numbers of features that are unique to each microbe. (C) Numbers of features that are unique to B. brevis compared with the number of features identified in two different simplified communities lacking B. brevis
<i>in planta.</i> The 13 features that are unique to B. brevis
<i>in vitro</i> and <i>in planta</i> are highlighted as features of interest and detailed in Table S4.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="4"
data-label-slug="fig-5">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/118c/7448283/35e24907df30/mBio.01917-20-f0005.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-4"
role="button"
data-image-width="742"
data-image-height="652"
data-image-alt="FIG 5"
data-pmc-id="PMC7448283"
data-figure-id="fig5">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-4"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/118c/7448283/2274244704cc/mBio.01917-20-f0005.gif"
alt="FIG 5" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="742">
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<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG 5 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> MALDI images of the simplified… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG 5 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> MALDI images of the simplified community root nodule. A bright-field image is shown… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
FIG 5
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">MALDI images of the simplified community root nodule. A bright-field image is shown of a 20-μm-thick simplified community root nodule embedded in gelatin. The ion for heme B, <i>m</i>/<i>z</i> 616.2 (magenta), and an unidentified feature, <i>m</i>/<i>z</i> 536.4 (cyan), are unique to S. meliloti and colocalize. In contrast, the feature <i>m</i>/<i>z</i> 617.4 is associated with B. brevis, and an unidentified feature associated with the community, <i>m</i>/<i>z</i> 763.0, is spatially distinct (Overlay).</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="5"
data-label-slug="fig-6">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/118c/7448283/8bfa4a0ac84c/mBio.01917-20-f0006.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-5"
role="button"
data-image-width="750"
data-image-height="959"
data-image-alt="FIG 6"
data-pmc-id="PMC7448283"
data-figure-id="fig6">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-5"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/118c/7448283/b155bdd1bbfb/mBio.01917-20-f0006.gif"
alt="FIG 6" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="750">
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<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG 6 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Tyrocidine A and britacidin A… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG 6 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Tyrocidine A and britacidin A are detected <i> in planta </i> . (A) Tyrocidine A… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-5" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
FIG 6
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Tyrocidine A and britacidin A are detected <i>in planta</i>. (A) Tyrocidine A (amino acid position 1) and B (position 2) and britacidin A (position 3), B (position 4), and C (position 5) are produced by B. brevis. The asterisk (*) denotes that the indicated molecule was detected <i>in planta</i> (tyrocidine A and britacidin A). (B) Extracted ion chromatogram of the [M+H]<sup>+</sup> tyrocidine A, <i>m</i>/<i>z</i> 1,270.66, from tyrocidine standard, B. brevis grown <i>in vitro</i> on root nodule medium, methanol extracts of community root nodules, and methanol extracts of S. meliloti-only root nodules. (C) Extracted ion chromatogram of the dominant isotope of the [M+2H]<sup>2+</sup> species of britacidin A, <i>m</i>/<i>z</i> 1,022.60, from B. brevis grown <i>in vitro</i> on root nodule medium, methanol extracts of community root nodules, and methanol extracts of S. meliloti-only root nodules.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item tail"
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
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data-slide-index="6"
data-label-slug="fig-7">
<a class="figure-link"
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/118c/7448283/e763bb0d3bea/mBio.01917-20-f0007.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-6"
role="button"
data-image-width="766"
data-image-height="1182"
data-image-alt="FIG 7"
data-pmc-id="PMC7448283"
data-figure-id="fig7">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-6"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/118c/7448283/e52d3c8230e5/mBio.01917-20-f0007.gif"
alt="FIG 7" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="766">
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<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG 7 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Britacidin and gramicidin comparison at… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG 7 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Britacidin and gramicidin comparison at the chemical and genetic levels. (A) Chemical structure… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-6" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
FIG 7
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Britacidin and gramicidin comparison at the chemical and genetic levels. (A) Chemical structure comparison of britacidin A to C and gramicidin A to D, with blue boxes highlighting the structural differences. (B) Comparison of gramicidin NRPS genes <i>lgrA</i> to <i>lgrD</i> (<i>lgrA-D</i>) from B. brevis ATCC 8185 and the britacidin NRPS genes <i>briA-D</i> from B. brevis Ag35. Amino acids incorporated by the AMP-binding domains (yellow) are listed within the gene described for <i>LgrA-D</i>. Stachelhaus alignments to genes <i>LgrA-D</i> were used for amino acid assignments for nonribosomal peptide-synthetase (NRPS)<i>briA-D</i>. (C) Table highlighting chemical positions 1, 7, 8, 11, and 13 (boxed in Fig. 7A) and their respective AMP-binding domain Stachelhaus codes, alignments, predictions, and observed amino acids.</div>
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MeSH terms
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<div id="substances" class="substances keywords-section">
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Substances
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