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|
||
<span class="search-input-link user-guide-link" role="navigation" aria-label="User guide">
|
||
<a href="/help/"
|
||
data-ga-category="featured_link"
|
||
data-ga-action="user_guide">
|
||
User Guide
|
||
</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</form>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="article-page-header">
|
||
<div id="article-top-actions-bar" class="article-top-actions-bar">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<div class="actions-container">
|
||
<div class="return-to-search">
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="multiple-results-actions " role="region" aria-label="save, email, send to">
|
||
<button id="save-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="save-results save-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
aria-controls="save-action-panel"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="open">
|
||
Save
|
||
</button><button id="email-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="email-results email-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="open">
|
||
Email
|
||
</button><div class="more-actions dropdown-block"><button id="more-actions-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="trigger more-actions-trigger"
|
||
ref="linksrc=show_moreactions_btn"
|
||
aria-label="Send to"
|
||
aria-controls="more-actions-dropdown">Send to</button><div id="more-actions-dropdown" class="dropdown dropdown-container" hidden><div class="content"><ul class="more-actions-links"><li><a class="clipboard-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link "
|
||
href="#"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="clipboard"
|
||
data-ga-label="send">
|
||
Clipboard
|
||
</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link bibliography-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F18094232%2F%23open-bibliography-panel">My Bibliography</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link collections-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F18094232%2F%23open-collections-panel">Collections</a></li><li><a role="button" class="citation-manager-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link citation-manager-trigger-target" href="#">Citation manager</a></li></ul></div></div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
|
||
data-default-format-value="abstract"
|
||
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region">
|
||
<button
|
||
class="trigger usa-button"
|
||
title="Change format"
|
||
data-ga-category="display_options"
|
||
data-ga-action="display_options_dialog">
|
||
<span class="button-label">Display options</span>
|
||
</button>
|
||
|
||
<div class="dropdown" hidden>
|
||
<div class="title">
|
||
Display options
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
|
||
<div class="format-container">
|
||
<span class="option-label">
|
||
Format
|
||
</span>
|
||
<select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="article-display-format">
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
|
||
<option value="pubmed">PubMed</option>
|
||
|
||
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
|
||
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="xa8x43v8wkZz00ronkTfw8IjU300ELj0OXSCHTYu6VM3Urxe0Dwh0geXs7IcxmRk">
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="article-panels-container" class="article-panels-container">
|
||
<div id="save-action-panel" class="save-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Save citation to file
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="save-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="xa8x43v8wkZz00ronkTfw8IjU300ELj0OXSCHTYu6VM3Urxe0Dwh0geXs7IcxmRk">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="save-action-format" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="save-action-format" name="results-format" class="action-panel-selector">
|
||
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="pubmed-text">PubMed</option>
|
||
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="csv">CSV</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Saving..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create file
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Save citations to file' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_save_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="save-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="email-action-panel"
|
||
class="email-action-panel action-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-recaptcha-script-url="https://www.recaptcha.net/recaptcha/enterprise.js?render=explicit&onload=onloadCaptchaCallback"
|
||
data-recaptcha-enabled="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Email citation
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="email-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/send-email/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-email-by-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/send-email/"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="xa8x43v8wkZz00ronkTfw8IjU300ELj0OXSCHTYu6VM3Urxe0Dwh0geXs7IcxmRk">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<span class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Subject:
|
||
</span>
|
||
<span class="email-subject" id="email-subject" aria-label="Email subject">1 selected item: 18094232 - PubMed</span>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject" value="1 selected item: 18094232"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject-hash" value="7752379c339149539c2935b9b93408ae128c84a7a388733bb155d71cd2713b7e"/>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-to" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
To:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input type="email" aria-label="Recipient Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-to" class="email-to" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="100" required>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
From:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
|
||
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
|
||
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
|
||
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
|
||
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Sending..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="send">
|
||
Send email
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="collections-action-panel"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Add to Collections
|
||
</h3>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
|
||
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
|
||
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
|
||
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
|
||
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
|
||
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
|
||
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="xa8x43v8wkZz00ronkTfw8IjU300ELj0OXSCHTYu6VM3Urxe0Dwh0geXs7IcxmRk">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
|
||
<ul class="radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-new"
|
||
class="collections-new"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="new"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
|
||
class="collections-existing"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="existing"
|
||
checked="true"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="controls-wrapper">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name your collection:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="add-to-new-collection"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
|
||
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"
|
||
maxlength="100"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="create_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
|
||
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Name must be less than 100 characters
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Choose a collection:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
|
||
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="select_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
|
||
</select>
|
||
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
|
||
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="add">
|
||
Add
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
|
||
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Add to My Bibliography
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
|
||
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
|
||
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
|
||
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="xa8x43v8wkZz00ronkTfw8IjU300ELj0OXSCHTYu6VM3Urxe0Dwh0geXs7IcxmRk">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
|
||
<div class="choice-group">
|
||
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
|
||
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
|
||
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Add
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="mybib"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Your saved search
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
|
||
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
|
||
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="xa8x43v8wkZz00ronkTfw8IjU300ELj0OXSCHTYu6VM3Urxe0Dwh0geXs7IcxmRk">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name of saved search:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input maxlength="200"
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="saved-search-name"
|
||
id="saved-search-name"
|
||
class="saved-search-name"
|
||
value=""
|
||
required
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Search terms:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
|
||
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
|
||
Would you like email updates of new search results?
|
||
</span>
|
||
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
|
||
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
|
||
<ul class="radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
|
||
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</fieldset>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Email:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Frequency:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
|
||
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
|
||
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
|
||
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Which day?
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
|
||
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
|
||
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
|
||
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
|
||
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
|
||
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
|
||
<option value="day">The first day</option>
|
||
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Which day?
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
|
||
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
|
||
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
|
||
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
|
||
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
|
||
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Report format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
|
||
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
|
||
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Send at most:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
|
||
<option value="1">1 item</option>
|
||
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
|
||
<option value="10">10 items</option>
|
||
<option value="20">20 items</option>
|
||
<option value="50">50 items</option>
|
||
<option value="100">100 items</option>
|
||
<option value="200">200 items</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
|
||
Send even when there aren't any new results
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Optional text in email:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
|
||
id="saved-search-email-text"
|
||
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Saving..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Save
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Create a file for external citation management software
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="xa8x43v8wkZz00ronkTfw8IjU300ELj0OXSCHTYu6VM3Urxe0Dwh0geXs7IcxmRk">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Sending..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create file
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Your RSS Feed
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
|
||
data-search-form-term-value="">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="xa8x43v8wkZz00ronkTfw8IjU300ELj0OXSCHTYu6VM3Urxe0Dwh0geXs7IcxmRk">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name of RSS Feed:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input maxlength="200"
|
||
placeholder="Name"
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="rss-name"
|
||
id="rss-name"
|
||
class="rss-name"
|
||
value=''
|
||
required
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Number of items displayed:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
|
||
<option value="5">5</option>
|
||
<option value="10">10</option>
|
||
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
|
||
<option value="20">20</option>
|
||
<option value="50">50</option>
|
||
<option value="100">100</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Creating..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create RSS
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
|
||
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
|
||
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
|
||
<button
|
||
type="button"
|
||
disabled
|
||
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="rss"
|
||
data-ga-label="copy">
|
||
Copy
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="18094232">
|
||
<aside class="page-sidebar">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
|
||
<div class="full-text-links">
|
||
<div class="full-view">
|
||
<h3 class="title">
|
||
Full text links
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="full-text-links-list">
|
||
<a class="link-item
|
||
|
||
dialog-focus"
|
||
href="http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18094232"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noopener"
|
||
|
||
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=False&PrId=3051&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=18094232&db=pubmed&nlmid=8102140"
|
||
title="See full text options at HighWire"
|
||
|
||
data-ga-category="full_text"
|
||
data-ga-action="HighWire"
|
||
data-ga-label="18094232"
|
||
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/http:--highwire.stanford.edu-icons-externalservices-pubmed-standard-jneuro_final_free.gif" alt="HighWire full text link"><span class="text">
|
||
|
||
HighWire
|
||
|
||
</span></a><a class="link-item
|
||
pmc
|
||
"
|
||
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/18094232/"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noopener"
|
||
|
||
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=True&PrId=3494&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=18094232&db=pubmed&nlmid=8102140"
|
||
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
|
||
|
||
data-ga-category="full_text"
|
||
data-ga-action="PMC"
|
||
data-ga-label="18094232"
|
||
><span class="text">
|
||
|
||
Free PMC article
|
||
|
||
</span></a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="short-view">
|
||
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
|
||
Full text links
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
|
||
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="cite"
|
||
data-ga-label="open"
|
||
data-all-citations-url="/18094232/citations/"
|
||
data-citation-style="nlm"
|
||
data-pubmed-format-link="/18094232/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="18094232" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
|
||
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_button"
|
||
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
|
||
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F18094232%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
|
||
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
|
||
class="dialog collections-dialog"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
|
||
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
|
||
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
|
||
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
|
||
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="xa8x43v8wkZz00ronkTfw8IjU300ELj0OXSCHTYu6VM3Urxe0Dwh0geXs7IcxmRk"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
|
||
class="collections-new"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="new"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
|
||
class="collections-existing"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="existing"
|
||
checked="true"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name your collection:
|
||
</label><input
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="add-to-new-collection"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
|
||
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"
|
||
maxlength="100"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="create_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Name must be less than 100 characters
|
||
</div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Choose a collection:
|
||
</label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing"
|
||
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="select_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="add">
|
||
Add
|
||
</button><button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger"
|
||
title="Open dialog with more actions to take"
|
||
ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
|
||
data-default-format-value="abstract"
|
||
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button
|
||
class="trigger usa-button"
|
||
title="Change format"
|
||
data-ga-category="display_options"
|
||
data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title">
|
||
Display options
|
||
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2007 Dec 19;27(51):13949-57.</span>
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Two distinct heterotypic channels mediate gap junction coupling between astrocyte and oligodendrocyte connexins
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Two distinct heterotypic channels mediate gap junction coupling between astrocyte and oligodendrocyte connexins
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Genetic diseases demonstrate that the normal function of CNS myelin depends on connexin32 (Cx32) and Cx47, gap junction (GJ) proteins expressed by oligodendrocytes. GJs couple oligodendrocytes and astrocytes (O/A channels) as well as astrocytes themselves (A/A channels). Because astrocytes express different connexins (Cx30 and Cx43), O/A channels must be heterotypic, whereas A/A channels may be homotypic or heterotypic. Using electrophysiological and immunocytochemical approaches, we found that Cx47/Cx43 and Cx32/Cx30 efficiently formed functional channels, but other potential heterotypic O/A and A/A pairs did not. These results suggest that Cx30/Cx30 and Cx43/Cx43 channels mediate A/A coupling, and Cx47/Cx43 and Cx32/Cx30 channels mediate O/A coupling. Furthermore, Cx47/Cx43 and Cx32/Cx30 channels have distinct macroscopic and single-channel properties and different dye permeabilities. Finally, Cx47 mutants that cause Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease do not efficiently form functional channels with Cx43, indicating that disrupted Cx47/Cx43 channels cause this disease.
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Cx32/Cx30 and Cx47/Cx43 form overlapping… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Cx32/Cx30 and Cx47/Cx43 form overlapping puncta. <b> <i> A–E </i> </b> , HeLa cells stably expressing Cx30,… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Cx32/Cx30 and Cx47/Cx43 form overlapping puncta. <b><i>A–E</i></b>, HeLa cells stably expressing Cx30, Cx32, Cx43, or Cx47 were transiently transfected to express DsRed (DsRed+) and mixed with DsRed− cells in a ratio of 1 to 20. After 24 h, cells were immunostained as indicated, and counterstained for DAPI. One of the two possible pairings for each combination is illustrated. The DsRed+ cell is pseudocolored blue in the first and third rows, and indicated by an asterisk in the fourth row. Note that examples of Cx32/Cx30 (<b><i>A</i></b>) and Cx47/Cx43 (<b><i>B</i></b>) mixtures have overlapping puncta (arrowheads), whereas Cx47/Cx30 (<b><i>C</i></b>), Cx43/Cx32 (<b><i>D</i></b>), and Cx30/Cx43 (<b><i>E</i></b>) do not. Scale bar: 10 μm. To better illustrate that the puncta are localized to the cell membrane, the DsRed signal is enhanced in these images in supplemental Figure 1 (available at <ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.jneurosci.org">www.jneurosci.org</ext-link> as supplemental material). <b><i>F</i></b>, Quantitative summary of three independent experiments. For each mixture, an asterisk denotes the DsRed+ cell. Each dot shows the number of overlapping puncta determined for 1 DsRed+ cell. In each column, the horizontal bar denotes the mean, the vertical bar represents the 95% confidence interval, and the total number of DsRed+ cells is shown in parentheses. Only mixtures of Cx32/Cx30 (30*/32 and 32*/30) and Cx47/Cx43 (43*/47 and 47*/43) have overlapping puncta, in contrast to the other mixtures. The discrepancy between the number of overlapping puncta for Cx30*/Cx32 relative to Cx32*/Cx30 is likely caused by lower expression of Cx32. <b><i>A–F</i></b>, The mixtures are designated as potential O/A, A/A, or O/O pairs.</div>
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data-image-alt="Figure 2."
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC6673504"
|
||
data-figure-id="F2">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-1"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/93f9/6673504/08a6feb97e33/zns0480741800002.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 2." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="720">
|
||
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="319">
|
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|
||
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|
||
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||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 2. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Cx32/Cx30 and Cx47/Cx43 form functional… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 2. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Cx32/Cx30 and Cx47/Cx43 form functional channels. Neuro2A cells were transiently transfected with pIRES2-EGFP… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 2.
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Cx32/Cx30 and Cx47/Cx43 form functional channels. Neuro2A cells were transiently transfected with pIRES2-EGFP or pIRES2-DsRed vectors containing Cx30, Cx32, Cx43, Cx47, or no insert [vector alone control (CTR)]. After 24 h, EGFP- and DsRed-expressing cells were mixed in a 1 to 1 ratio; pairs were assessed by dual whole-cell patch clamping 6–48 h later. For each combination listed on the <i>x</i>-axis, the mean and SE of the <i>G</i><sub>j</sub> and number of pairs tested is shown. Using a Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparison test, only Cx32/Cx30 and Cx47/Cx43 channels have <i>G</i><sub>j</sub> that is significantly greater (*<i>p</i> < 0.001) than those of the corresponding control pairs (32/CTR and 30/CTR or 43/CTR and 47/CTR).</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item "
|
||
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
|
||
itemprop="associatedMedia"
|
||
data-slide-index="2"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-3">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/93f9/6673504/2ac5f6c3cfa1/zns0480741800003.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-2"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="720"
|
||
data-image-height="627"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 3."
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC6673504"
|
||
data-figure-id="F3">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-2"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/93f9/6673504/63c34677bcb1/zns0480741800003.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 3." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="720">
|
||
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="627">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 3. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Voltage gating of Cx32/Cx30 and… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 3. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Voltage gating of Cx32/Cx30 and Cx47/Cx43 channels. <b> <i> A </i> </b> , <b> <i> C </i> </b> , Representative macroscopic… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 3.
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Voltage gating of Cx32/Cx30 and Cx47/Cx43 channels. <b><i>A</i></b>, <b><i>C</i></b>, Representative macroscopic current traces for Cx32/Cx30 (<b><i>A</i></b>) and Cx47/Cx43 (<b><i>C</i></b>) channels. Both cells of a pair were voltage clamped at the same voltage, then cell 1 (expressing Cx30 or Cx43) was stepped in 20 mV increments from <i>V</i><sub>j</sub> = −100 to <i>V</i><sub>j</sub> = +100 mV, and <i>I</i><sub>j</sub>s were recorded from cell 2 (expressing Cx32 or Cx47). Note that the polarity of <i>I</i><sub>j</sub> is opposite that of <i>V</i><sub>j</sub>. For Cx32/Cx30 channels, the rate of <i>I</i><sub>j</sub> decay increased with increasingly positive <i>V</i><sub>j</sub>. For the reverse polarity of <i>V</i><sub>j</sub>, <i>I</i><sub>j</sub> showed slight decay only at −100 mV. The Cx32/Cx30 channels show substantial instantaneous rectification, with at least 3.5-fold greater current at <i>V</i><sub>j</sub> = +100 mV than at −100 mV. For Cx47/Cx43 channels, the rate of current decay increases as the absolute value of <i>V</i><sub>j</sub> increases, with some asymmetry in the kinetics of decay. Traces were filtered at 200 Hz. Because all traces were normalized to a +20 mV prepulse, amplitudes of the unitary transitions shown in these figures may not accurately reflect the single-channel sizes of these channels. However, single-channel conductances calculated from the raw data for this and other similar experiments are in agreement with records such as those shown in Figure 4. <b><i>B</i></b>, <b><i>D</i></b>, Average normalized <i>G</i><sub>j</sub>–<i>V</i><sub>j</sub> relations for heterotypic Cx32/Cx30 and Cx47/Cx43 channels. The average normalized instantaneous (open triangles) and steady-state (filled squares) <i>G</i><sub>j</sub> at each <i>V</i><sub>j</sub> were calculated from the current traces such as those shown in <b><i>A</i></b> and <b><i>C</i></b>, as described in Materials and Methods. Note that rapid gating to closure may have led to underestimates of instantaneous <i>G</i><sub>j</sub> for Cx32/Cx30 channels when the Cx30 cell was stepped to positive voltages (<b><i>B</i></b>), and on both polarities with Cx47/Cx43 channels (<b><i>D</i></b>).</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item "
|
||
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
|
||
itemprop="associatedMedia"
|
||
data-slide-index="3"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-4">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/93f9/6673504/0c1f33ada09a/zns0480741800004.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-3"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="720"
|
||
data-image-height="334"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 4."
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC6673504"
|
||
data-figure-id="F4">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-3"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/93f9/6673504/7977af8923d5/zns0480741800004.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 4." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="720">
|
||
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="334">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 4. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Single-channel recordings of Cx32/Cx30 and… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 4. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Single-channel recordings of Cx32/Cx30 and Cx47/Cx43 channels. <b> <i> A </i> </b> , <b> <i> B </i> </b> , The single-channel… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 4.
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Single-channel recordings of Cx32/Cx30 and Cx47/Cx43 channels. <b><i>A</i></b>, <b><i>B</i></b>, The single-channel conductances of Cx32/Cx30 (<b><i>A</i></b>) and Cx47/Cx43 (<b><i>B</i></b>) channels were determined by applying voltage ramps from +100 to −100 mV to cell 1 (expressing Cx30 or Cx43; bottom) of a poorly coupled pair, and measuring the <i>I</i><sub>j</sub> in cell 2 (expressing Cx32 or Cx47, top). The conductance of the Cx32/Cx30 channel (<b><i>A</i></b>) shows greater than fivefold rectification between +100 to −100 mV, measuring ∼126 or ∼24 pS when the Cx30 cell is stepped to +100 mV or −100 mV, respectively, which is greater than the predicted rectification from the steady-state <i>G</i><sub>j</sub>–<i>V</i><sub>j</sub> plot (∼3.5-fold in Fig. 3) (see Results). Consistent with the macroscopic steady-state <i>G</i><sub>j</sub>–<i>V</i><sub>j</sub> plot, voltage gating of the Cx32/Cx30 channel is very asymmetric, with channel closure apparent only when the Cx30-cell is pulsed to positive voltages. Examples of Cx32/Cx30 channel closure (arrows) and opening (arrowheads) are noted. The conductance of Cx47/Cx43 channels (<b><i>B</i></b>) shows minimal rectification, measuring ∼70 or ∼80 pS when the Cx43 cell is stepped to +100 mV or −100 mV, respectively. This corresponds to ∼15% instantaneous rectification over the interval, in agreement with the conclusion from the macroscopic <i>G</i><sub>j</sub>–<i>V</i><sub>j</sub> plot. Gating of the Cx43 hemichannel likely accounts for closures with negative <i>V</i><sub>j</sub> (down arrows) whereas gating of the Cx47 hemichannel likely accounts for closures when the polarity of <i>V</i><sub>j</sub> is reversed (up arrows), because both of these hemichannels have negative gating polarities. The fourth upward arrow denotes what is likely a rapid channel closure. Traces were filtered at 100 Hz (<b><i>A</i></b>) and 150 Hz (<b><i>B</i></b>).</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item "
|
||
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
|
||
itemprop="associatedMedia"
|
||
data-slide-index="4"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-5">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/93f9/6673504/adaf6ee44f87/zns0480741800005.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-4"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="720"
|
||
data-image-height="186"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 5."
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC6673504"
|
||
data-figure-id="F5">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-4"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/93f9/6673504/a089569ed17b/zns0480741800005.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 5." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="720">
|
||
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="186">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 5. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Cx32/Cx30 and Cx47/Cx43 channels have… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 5. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Cx32/Cx30 and Cx47/Cx43 channels have different permeabilities. Neuro2A cells were transiently transfected with… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 5.
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Cx32/Cx30 and Cx47/Cx43 channels have different permeabilities. Neuro2A cells were transiently transfected with pIRES2-EGFP or pIRES2-DsRed vectors containing Cx30, Cx32, Cx43, or Cx47. After 24 h, EGFP- and DsRed-expressing cells were mixed in a 1 to 1 ratio. <b><i>A–D</i></b>, One cell of each Cx32/Cx30 or Cx47/Cx43 pair (denoted by an asterisk in each leftmost panel) was patched with an electrode filled with the GJ permeant dye AF350 (3.3 m<sc>m</sc>; <b><i>A</i></b>, <b><i>C</i></b>) or LY (0.1%; <b><i>B</i></b>, <b><i>D</i></b>). For each set of images, the leftmost panels show phase images, the middle panels show epifluorescence images of the patched cell filling with dye, and the right panels show whether dye transferred to a neighboring cell at least 75 s after establishing whole-cell configuration. Cell pairs containing Cx32/Cx30 channels transferred AF350 (<b><i>A</i></b>) but not LY (<b><i>B</i></b>). Cell pairs containing Cx43/Cx47 channels are permeable to both AF350 and LY. <i>G</i><sub>j</sub> for each experiment were 19.8 ns (<b><i>A</i></b>), 12.7 nS (<b><i>B</i></b>), 20.1 nS (<b><i>C</i></b>), and 6.7 nS (<b><i>D</i></b>). AF350: MW, 350; −1 charge; Lucifer yellow: MW, 443; −2 charge.</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figcaption>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<figure class="figure-item "
|
||
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
|
||
itemprop="associatedMedia"
|
||
data-slide-index="5"
|
||
data-label-slug="figure-6">
|
||
<a class="figure-link"
|
||
href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/93f9/6673504/c13c862a1e44/zns0480741800006.jpg"
|
||
itemprop="contentUrl"
|
||
aria-describedby="figure-caption-5"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-image-width="640"
|
||
data-image-height="465"
|
||
data-image-alt="Figure 6."
|
||
data-pmc-id="PMC6673504"
|
||
data-figure-id="F6">
|
||
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
|
||
id="article-image-5"
|
||
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/93f9/6673504/044d0ab83f9b/zns0480741800006.gif"
|
||
alt="Figure 6." />
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="640">
|
||
<meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="465">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
<div class="caption-wrap">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 6. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Cx47 mutants do not efficiently… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
<p> Figure 6. </p>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Cx47 mutants do not efficiently form heterotypic channels. <b> <i> A–C </i> </b> , HeLa cells stably… </p></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<figcaption id="figure-caption-5" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<strong class="figure-label">
|
||
Figure 6.
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Cx47 mutants do not efficiently form heterotypic channels. <b><i>A–C</i></b>, HeLa cells stably expressing Cx47 mutants (P87S, Y269D, or M283T) or Cx43 were transiently transfected to express DsRed (DsRed+) and mixed with DsRed− cells in a ratio of 1 to 20. After 24 h, cells were immunostained as indicated and counterstained for DAPI. One of the two possible pairings for each combination is illustrated. The DsRed+ cell is pseudocolored blue in the first and third rows, and indicated by an asterisk in the fourth row. Note that only M283T/Cx43 (<b><i>C</i></b>) pairings have overlapping puncta at the border of the DsRed signal (arrowhead) similar to Cx47/Cx43 pairings (Fig. 1), whereas pairing cells expressing Cx43 with those expressing other mutants do not. <b><i>D</i></b>, Quantitative summary of three independent experiments such as illustrated in <b><i>A–C</i></b>. The asterisk denotes the DsRed+ cell. Each dot represents the number of overlapping puncta determined for 1 DsRed+ cell. In each column, the horizontal bar denotes the mean, the vertical bar represents the 95% confidence interval, and the total number of DsRed+ cells is shown in parentheses. Both pairings of M283T/Cx43 (43*/M283T and M283T*/43) have overlapping puncta similar to pairings of Cx47/Cx43 (43*/47 and 47*/43) (data from Fig. 1). <b><i>E</i></b>, Neuro2A cells were transiently transfected with a pIRES2-EGFP or a pIRES2-DsRed bicistronic expression vector that also contained Cx43, Cx47, P87S, Y269D, or M283T. After 24 h, different combinations of red and green cell pairs were generated by mixing the transfected cells at a 1 to 1 ratio, and assessed by dual whole-cell patch clamping 24–48 h later. For each combination listed on the <i>x</i>-axis, the mean and SE of the <i>G</i><sub>j</sub> and number of pairs tested is shown. Using Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparison test, the pairs containing mutant Cx47 have a <i>G</i><sub>j</sub> significantly different from that of WT Cx47/Cx43 channels (data from Fig. 2) (<i>p</i> < 0.001, P87S/Cx43; <i>p</i> < 0.05, Y269D/Cx43; <i>p</i> < 0.01, M283T/Cx43), but not control pairs (43/CTR or 47/CTR)(data from Fig. 2). Scale bar: 10 μm.</div>
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<p> Figure 7. </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The gap junction network of… </p></div>
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<p> Figure 7. </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The gap junction network of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. This drawing depicts our model… </p></div>
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Figure 7.
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">The gap junction network of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. This drawing depicts our model for the GJ channels that connect astrocytes (A) to oligodendrocytes (O) and other astrocytes. A/A junctions contain Cx30/Cx30 and Cx43/Cx43 channels; O/A junctions contain Cx32/Cx30 and Cx47/Cx43 channels. Homotypic Cx32/Cx32 channels connect layers of myelin sheath at the paranode and incisures (data not shown). Cx29 hemichannels are localized to the adaxonal membrane of oligodendrocytes, apposing the axon.</div>
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Search in PubMed
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|
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Search in MeSH
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|
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</div>
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|
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|
||
|
||
<div id="mesh-terms" class="mesh-terms keywords-section">
|
||
<h2 class="title">
|
||
MeSH terms
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Astrocytes / metabolism"
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Astrocytes / metabolism
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-0"
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Astrocytes / metabolism"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22Astrocytes%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22Astrocytes%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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Add to Search
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Astrocytes / physiology*"
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aria-expanded="false"
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data-pinger-ignore>
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Astrocytes / physiology*
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-1"
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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hidden
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Astrocytes / physiology*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22Astrocytes%2Fphysiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22Astrocytes%2Fphysiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Astrocytes/physiology"[MAJR]"
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Search in PubMed
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Search in MeSH
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data-search-term=""Astrocytes/physiology"[MAJR]"
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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aria-expanded="false"
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data-pinger-ignore>
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Connexins / chemistry
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-2"
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Connexins / chemistry"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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data-href="/?term=%22Connexins%2Fchemistry%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Connexins/chemistry"[MeSH]"
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data-pinger-ignore>
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Connexins / physiology*
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-3"
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hidden
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Connexins / physiology*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22Connexins%2Fphysiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Connexins/physiology"[MAJR]"
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Search in MeSH
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Add to Search
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Gap Junctions / chemistry"
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tabindex="0"
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data-pinger-ignore>
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Gap Junctions / chemistry
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-4"
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Gap Junctions / chemistry"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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data-href="/?term=%22Gap+Junctions%2Fchemistry%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Gap Junctions/chemistry"[MeSH]"
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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Search in MeSH
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data-ga-category="search"
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Add to Search
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Gap Junctions / metabolism*"
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tabindex="0"
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data-pinger-ignore>
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Gap Junctions / metabolism*
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-5"
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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hidden
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Gap Junctions / metabolism*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22Gap+Junctions%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22Gap+Junctions%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Gap Junctions/metabolism"[MAJR]"
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Gap+Junctions"
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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data-search-term=""Gap Junctions/metabolism"[MAJR]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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Add to Search
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Gap Junctions / physiology"
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tabindex="0"
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-6"
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aria-expanded="false"
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Gap Junctions / physiology
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-6"
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Gap Junctions / physiology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22Gap+Junctions%2Fphysiology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22Gap+Junctions%2Fphysiology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Gap Junctions/physiology"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Gap+Junctions"
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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role="button"
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data-search-term=""Gap Junctions/physiology"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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Add to Search
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword HeLa Cells"
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tabindex="0"
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-7"
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aria-expanded="false"
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data-pinger-ignore>
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HeLa Cells
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-7"
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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hidden
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword HeLa Cells"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22HeLa+Cells%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Humans"
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tabindex="0"
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Humans
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-8"
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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hidden
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Humans"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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Search in PubMed
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Add to Search
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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tabindex="0"
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aria-expanded="false"
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data-pinger-ignore>
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Ion Channel Gating / physiology
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-9"
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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hidden
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Ion Channel Gating / physiology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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data-href="/?term=%22Ion+Channel+Gating%2Fphysiology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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Search in PubMed
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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|
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role="button"
|
||
data-search-term=""Ion Channel Gating/physiology"[MeSH]"
|
||
data-ga-category="search"
|
||
data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
||
data-ga-label=""Ion Channel Gating/physiology"[MeSH]"
|
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href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Ion Channels / chemistry"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-10"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Ion Channels / chemistry
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-10"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Ion Channels / chemistry"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Ion+Channels%2Fchemistry%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Ion+Channels%2Fchemistry%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Ion Channels/chemistry"[MeSH]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-label="Ion Channels / chemistry">
|
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Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Ion+Channels"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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data-ga-label="Ion Channels / chemistry">
|
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Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Ion Channels/chemistry"[MeSH]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Ion Channels/chemistry"[MeSH]"
|
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Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Ion Channels / physiology*"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-11"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Ion Channels / physiology*
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-11"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Ion Channels / physiology*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Ion+Channels%2Fphysiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Ion+Channels%2Fphysiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Ion Channels/physiology"[MAJR]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term"
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data-ga-label="Ion Channels / physiology*">
|
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Search in PubMed
|
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
||
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Ion+Channels"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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|
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Search in MeSH
|
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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role="button"
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data-search-term=""Ion Channels/physiology"[MAJR]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Oligodendroglia / metabolism"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-12"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Oligodendroglia / metabolism
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-12"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Oligodendroglia / metabolism"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Oligodendroglia%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
||
data-href="/?term=%22Oligodendroglia%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Oligodendroglia/metabolism"[MeSH]"
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Oligodendroglia"
|
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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Add to Search
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Oligodendroglia / physiology*"
|
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tabindex="0"
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-13"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Oligodendroglia / physiology*
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-13"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Oligodendroglia / physiology*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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href="/?term=%22Oligodendroglia%2Fphysiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22Oligodendroglia%2Fphysiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Oligodendroglia/physiology"[MAJR]"
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Oligodendroglia"
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data-ga-action="mesh_term_link"
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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data-search-term=""Oligodendroglia/physiology"[MAJR]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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href="#">
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Add to Search
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul>
|
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</div>
|
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|
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|
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|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="substances" class="substances keywords-section">
|
||
<h2 class="title">
|
||
Substances
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Connexins"
|
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tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-0"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Connexins
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-0"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Connexins"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Connexins%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Connexins%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Connexins"[nm]"
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data-ga-action="substance"
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Connexins%22"
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="substance_link"
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data-ga-label="Connexins">
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Connexins"[nm]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Connexins"[nm]"
|
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href="#">
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Ion Channels"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
||
aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-1"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Ion Channels
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-1"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
||
hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Ion Channels"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
||
href="/?term=%22Ion+Channels%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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data-href="/?term=%22Ion+Channels%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Ion Channels"[nm]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="substance"
|
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data-ga-label="Ion Channels">
|
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Search in PubMed
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
|
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Ion+Channels%22"
|
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
|
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data-ga-action="substance_link"
|
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data-ga-label="Ion Channels">
|
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Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Ion Channels"[nm]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
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data-ga-label=""Ion Channels"[nm]"
|
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href="#">
|
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="related-links" class="related-links">
|
||
<h2 class="title">
|
||
Related information
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="related-links-list"><li><a title="PubMed links associated with Books" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books?linkname=pubmed_books_refs&from_uid=18094232"
|
||
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=18094232&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1">
|
||
Cited in Books
|
||
</a></li><li><a title="Related information in MedGen" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen?linkname=pubmed_medgen&from_uid=18094232"
|
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ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=18094232&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2">
|
||
MedGen
|
||
</a></li><li><a title="Related records in MedGen based on citations in GeneReviews and Medical Genetics Summaries" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen?linkname=pubmed_medgen_bookshelf_cited&from_uid=18094232"
|
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ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=18094232&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3">
|
||
MedGen (Bookshelf cited)
|
||
</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="grants" class="grants">
|
||
<h2 class="title">
|
||
Grants and funding
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<div class="grants-list"><ul id="grants-head-list"><li class="grant-item"><a
|
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title="All articles for grant R01 NS050705-03/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States"
|
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href="/?term=R01+NS050705-03%2FNS%2FNINDS+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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>
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R01 NS050705-03/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
|
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</a></li><li class="grant-item"><a
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title="All articles for grant R01 NS055284/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States"
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href="/?term=R01+NS055284%2FNS%2FNINDS+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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>
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R01 NS055284/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
|
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</a></li><li class="grant-item"><a
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title="All articles for grant K02 NS050345-03/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States"
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href="/?term=K02+NS050345-03%2FNS%2FNINDS+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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>
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K02 NS050345-03/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
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</a></li><li class="grant-item"><a
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title="All articles for grant NS054363/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States"
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href="/?term=NS054363%2FNS%2FNINDS+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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>
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NS054363/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
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</a></li><li class="grant-item"><a
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title="All articles for grant NS043560/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States"
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>
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NS043560/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
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</a></li></ul><ul id="grants-tail-list" class="list-tail"><li class="grant-item"><a
|
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title="All articles for grant NS50345/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States"
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>
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NS50345/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
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</a></li><li class="grant-item"><a
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title="All articles for grant K02 NS050345-02/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States"
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K02 NS050345-02/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
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</a></li><li class="grant-item"><a
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NS55284/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
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</a></li><li class="grant-item"><a
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title="All articles for grant R01 NS050705-02/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States"
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</a></li><li class="grant-item"><a
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F30 NS054363/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
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</a></li><li class="grant-item"><a
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</a></li><li class="grant-item"><a
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