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<script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.boots.min.js"> </script><title>Evidence reviews for prognostic factors for progression of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy to proliferative diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema - NCBI Bookshelf</title>
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preserveAspectRatio="none"><path fill="none" stroke="#000" stroke-width="36" stroke-linecap="round" style="fill:#FFF" d="m320,350a153,153 0 1,0-2,2l170,170m-91-117 110,110-26,26-110-110"></path></svg></a><a id="jr-fip-done" class="wsprkl btn" title="Dismiss find">✘</a></nav><nav id="jr-fip-info-p"><a id="jr-fip-prev" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to previuos match">◀</a><button id="jr-fip-matches">no matches yet</button><a id="jr-fip-next" class="wsprkl btn" title="Jump to next match">▶</a></nav></nav></div><div id="jr-epub-interstitial" class="hidden"></div><div id="jr-content"><article data-type="main"><div class="main-content lit-style"><div class="fm-sec bkr_bottom_sep"><div class="bkr_thumb"><a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" title="National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)" class="img_link icnblk_img" ref="pagearea=logo&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><img class="source-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/thumbs/th-niceng242er1-lrg.png" alt="Cover of Evidence reviews for prognostic factors for progression of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy to proliferative diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema" /></a></div><div class="bkr_bib"><h1 id="_NBK607354_"><span itemprop="name">Evidence reviews for prognostic factors for progression of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy to proliferative diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema</span></h1><div class="subtitle">Diabetic retinopathy: management and monitoring</div><p><b>Evidence review A</b></p><p><i>NICE Guideline, No. 242</i></p><div class="half_rhythm">London: <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=publisher"><span itemprop="publisher">National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)</span></a>; <span itemprop="datePublished">2024 Aug</span>.<div class="small">ISBN-13: <span itemprop="isbn">978-1-4731-6429-1</span></div></div><div><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2024.</div></div><div class="bkr_clear"></div></div><div id="niceng242er1.s1"><h2 id="_niceng242er1_s1_">1. Prognostic factors for the progression of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy</h2><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1"><h3>1.1. Review question</h3><p>What are the prognostic factors for the progression of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in people with diabetic retinopathy to?
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>proliferative diabetic retinopathy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>diabetic macular oedema</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>diabetic macular ischaemia</div></li></ul></p><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.1"><h4>1.1.1. Introduction</h4><p>For people with diabetes, previous research has suggested that poor glycaemic control and hypertension are established risk factors for developing diabetic retinal disease in type I diabetes. This review assessed whether other risk factors can predict the progression from non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy to proliferative diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular oedema, or diabetic macular ischemia. Many studies have examined the risk factors for developing any sight-threatening retinopathy, but few studies have focused on the risks of developing maculopathy. This review aimed to identify the risk factors associated with the development of diabetic maculopathy or diabetic proliferative disease. Predicting who is most at risk of progression is important to help determine who should receive more frequent monitoring and earlier treatment.</p></div><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.2"><h4>1.1.2. Summary of the protocol</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1tab1"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 1" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab1">Table 1</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Summary of the PICO. </p></div></div></div><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.3"><h4>1.1.3. Methods and process</h4><p>This evidence review was developed using the methods and process described in <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg20/chapter/introduction-and-overview" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Developing NICE guidelines: the manual</a>. Methods specific to this review question are described in the review protocol in <a href="#niceng242er1.appa">Appendix A</a> and the <a href="/books/NBK607354/bin/NG242-Methods.pdf">methods</a> document.</p><p>A Cochrane review (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref4" rid="niceng242er1.ref4">Perais et al. 2020</a>) was identified which assessed prognostic risk factors for predicting the development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Results from this Cochrane review were used for the part of this review which covers risk factors for progression from non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy to proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The review was judged to be high quality and directly applicable to the review (see <a href="#niceng242er1.appd">Appendix D</a>) and so information for this part of the review was taken directly from the Cochrane review, rather than undertaking a new literature search or data analysis (see <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/NG242/history" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Table 2 in the methods document</a>). The Cochrane review searched for a wider list of prognostic factors than were included in this review. It also included study types that were not included within the current review protocol, such as case-control studies. Studies that reported on the same outcomes but adjusted for different factors were reported separately, rather than combined into a meta-analysis. Only the 27 studies from the Cochrane review that matched the protocol for this review have been included and reported here.</p><p>The section of the review for progression to diabetic macular oedema or macular ischemia originally planned to include only studies consisting of cohorts of patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy at baseline. However, on evaluation of potentially eligible studies and prior to commencing data extraction, it was decided to make a protocol deviation to incorporate those in which a proportion had no retinopathy, or proliferative diabetic retinopathy at baseline. This is because it became apparent that most studies included assorted populations of patients with and without diabetic retinopathy at baseline. The committee agreed that this would be appropriate and so studies with these mixed populations were included in the review and downgraded for applicability.</p><p>Declarations of interest were recorded according to <a href="https://www.nice.org.uk/about/who-we-are/policies-and-procedures" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">NICE’s conflicts of interest policy</a>.</p></div><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.4"><h4>1.1.4. Prognostic evidence</h4><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.4.1"><h5>1.1.4.1. Included studies</h5><p>A search was carried out to identify studies which evaluated risk factors for progression to diabetic macular oedema and diabetic macular ischemia. 2279 results were identified, of which 54 were identified as potential included studies at abstract level. Full text articles were ordered and reviewed against the inclusion criteria, of which 3 met the inclusion criteria for this review. Three multivariate prospective cohort studies were identified, each of which considered the progression from non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy to diabetic macular oedema. None of the evidence reported prognostic factors for progression to diabetic macular ischemia.</p><p>All the studies in the Cochrane review were assessed and 27 matched the prognostic factors and study design in the review.</p><p>Prognostic factors for progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (some studies reported on more than one prognostic factor):
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Evidence from 1 study – socioeconomic status,</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Evidence from 2 studies – cholesterol, triglycerides, estimated glomerular filtration rate, diabetic retinopathy features at baseline.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Evidence from 3 studies – ethnicity, diabetic retinopathy severity at baseline</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Evidence from 4 studies – gender, duration of diabetes, diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Evidence from 5 studies – BMI</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Evidence from 6 studies – smoking</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Evidence from 13 studies – HbA1C</div></li></ul></p><p>Prognostic factors for progression to diabetic macular oedema:
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Evidence from 1 study – gender, diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hypertension.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Evidence from 2 studies – HbA1C</div></li></ul></p><p>See <a href="#niceng242er1.appc">Appendix C</a> for the study selection flow chart.</p></div><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.4.2"><h5>1.1.4.2. Excluded studies</h5><p>51 studies were excluded following examination of the full text articles.</p><p>See <a href="#niceng242er1.appi">Appendix I</a> for excluded studies and reasons for exclusion.</p></div></div><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.5"><h4>1.1.5. Summary of studies included in the prognostic evidence</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1tab2"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 2" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab2">Table 2</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Prognostic factors for progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy included from Cochrane review. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1tab3"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 3" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab3"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.tab3"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab3">Table 3</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Included studies of prognostic factors for progression to diabetic macular oedema (NICE review). </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#niceng242er1.appd">Appendix D</a> for full evidence tables.</p></div><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.6"><h4>1.1.6. Summary of the evidence</h4><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.6.1"><h5>People progressing to proliferative diabetic retinopathy</h5><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.6.1.1"><h5>Data from the Cochrane review (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref4" rid="niceng242er1.ref4">Perais et al. 2020</a>)</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1tab4"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 4" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab4"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.tab4"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab4">Table 4</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Gender - Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of gender on progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1tab5"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 5" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab5"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.tab5"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab5">Table 5</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Race -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of race on progression to PDR. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1tab6"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 6" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab6"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.tab6"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab6">Table 6</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Duration of diabetes -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of duration of diabetes on progression to PDR: </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1tab7"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 7" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab7"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.tab7"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab7">Table 7</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Socio-economic status -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of socio-economic status on progression to PDR. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1tab8"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 8" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab8"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.tab8"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab8">Table 8</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">HbA1c -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of HbA1c on progression to PDR. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1tab9"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 9" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab9"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.tab9"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab9">Table 9</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Diastolic blood pressure -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of diastolic blood pressure on progression to PDR. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1tab10"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 10" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab10"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.tab10"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab10">Table 10</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Fasting plasma glucose -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of fasting plasma glucose on progression to PDR. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1tab11"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 11" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab11"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.tab11"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab11">Table 11</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Systolic blood pressure -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of systolic blood pressure on progression to PDR. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1tab12"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 12" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab12"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.tab12"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab12">Table 12</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Total cholesterol -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of total cholesterol on progression to PDR. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1tab13"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab13/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 13" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab13"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.tab13"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab13/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab13">Table 13</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Triglycerides -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of triglycerides on progression to PDR. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1tab14"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab14/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 14" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab14"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.tab14"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab14/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab14">Table 14</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of eGFR on progression to PDR. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1tab15"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab15/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 15" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab15"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.tab15"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab15/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab15">Table 15</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Diabetic retinopathy severity at baseline -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of diabetic retinopathy severity at baseline on progression to PDR. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1tab16"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab16/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 16" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab16"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.tab16"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab16/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab16">Table 16</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Diabetic retinopathy features at baseline -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of diabetic retinopathy features at baseline on progression to PDR. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1tab17"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab17/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 17" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab17"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.tab17"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab17/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab17">Table 17</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Body mass index (BMI) -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of BMI on progression to PDR. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1tab18"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab18/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 18" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab18"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.tab18"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab18/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab18">Table 18</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Smoking -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of smoking on progression to PDR. </p></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.6.2"><h5>Summary of the prognostic evidence for progression to diabetic macular oedema</h5><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.6.2.1"><h5>Data from the NICE review</h5><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1tab19"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab19/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 19" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab19"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.tab19"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab19/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab19">Table 19</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Gender - Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of gender on progression to macular oedema. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1tab20"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab20/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 20" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab20"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.tab20"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab20/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab20">Table 20</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">HbA1c -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of HbA1c on progression to macular oedema. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1tab21"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab21/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 21" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab21"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.tab21"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab21/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab21">Table 21</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Diastolic blood pressure -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of diastolic blood pressure on progression to macular oedema. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1tab22"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab22/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 22" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab22"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.tab22"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab22/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab22">Table 22</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Systolic blood pressure -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of systolic blood pressure on progression to macular oedema. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1tab23"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab23/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 23" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab23"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.tab23"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab23/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab23">Table 23</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Total cholesterol -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of total cholesterol on progression to macular oedema. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1tab24"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab24/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 24" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab24"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.tab24"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab24/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab24">Table 24</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Triglycerides -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of triglycerides on progression to macular oedema. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1tab25"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab25/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 25" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab25"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.tab25"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab25/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab25">Table 25</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of eGFR on progression to macular oedema. </p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1tab26"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab26/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table 26" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab26"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.tab26"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab26/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1tab26">Table 26</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Hypertension-Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of hypertension o on progression to macular oedema. </p></div></div><p>See <a href="#niceng242er1.appe">Appendix E</a> for full GRADE tables.</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.7"><h4>1.1.7. Economic evidence</h4><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.7.1"><h5>1.1.7.1. Included studies</h5><p>A single search was performed to identify published economic evaluations of relevance to any of the questions in this guideline update (<a href="#niceng242er1.appb">Appendix B</a>). This search retrieved 672 studies. Based on title and abstract screening, 671 of the studies could confidently be excluded for this review question. One study was excluded following the full-text review. No relevant health economic studies were included.</p></div><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.7.2"><h5>1.1.7.2. Excluded studies</h5><p>See <a href="#niceng242er1.appi">Appendix I</a> for excluded studies and reasons for exclusion.</p><p>See the health economic study selection flow chart presented in <a href="#niceng242er1.appf">Appendix F</a>.</p></div></div><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.8"><h4>1.1.8. Summary of included economic evidence</h4><p>No relevant health economic studies were identified to be included.</p></div><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.9"><h4>1.1.9. Economic model</h4><p>Original health economic modelling was not prioritised for this review question.</p></div><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.10"><h4>1.1.10. Unit costs</h4><p>No unit costs have been considered as part of this review question.</p></div><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.11"><h4>1.1.11. The committee’s discussion and interpretation of the evidence</h4><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.11.1"><h5>1.1.11.1. The outcomes that matter most</h5><p>The committee discussed that progression of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy to proliferative diabetic retinopathy or diabetic macular oedema are important outcomes as they indicate the worsening of retinopathy which leads to other serious consequences, such as vision loss.</p><p>The committee wanted to consider evidence for the progression of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy to diabetic macular ischemia but found no relevant studies.</p></div><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.11.2"><h5>1.1.11.2. The quality of the evidence</h5><p>The evidence for the risk factors predicting progression from proliferative diabetic retinopathy to diabetic retinopathy ranged from moderate to very low quality, with most of the downgrading due to studies being at high to moderate risk of bias. More information about the quality of individual studies can be found in the Cochrane review (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref4" rid="niceng242er1.ref4">Perais et al. 2020</a>).</p><p>Three studies investigated clinical prediction factors for the progression of non-proliferative retinopathy to diabetic macular oedema for people with type 2 diabetes. The evidence ranged from moderate to low quality. Studies were most commonly downgraded for studies being at moderate risk of bias, or being partially applicable to the review, due to mixed populations being included rather than just people with non-proliferative retinopathy. One study reported that it adjusted for confounding factors, but did not report which factors were adjusted for, making it more difficult for the committee to interpret the results. There was no evidence on the prognostic factors for progression to diabetic macular oedema for people with type 1 diabetes.</p><p>The committee were unable to determine whether some factors, such as duration of diabetes, blood pressure and total cholesterol were risk factors for progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy. For many of these factors, confidence intervals crossed the line of no effect. The committee noted that many of the studies did not adjust for important confounding factors, such as diabetic retinopathy severity at baseline. There was also variation in the reporting of important baseline characteristics, such as retinopathy severity at baseline and HbA1c. The committee were therefore limited in the recommendations that could be made due to uncertainty about the populations and methods used in the studies. They were also concerned that some of the confounding factors in the natural course of retinopathy were not being accounted for in the analysis.</p><p>Due the nature of the data, it was difficult to conduct meta-analysis. Each study differed according to the prognostic factors evaluated, time points of prognostic factor measurements and outcomes, and which confounding factors were adjusted for. As a result, much of the analysis was based on the results of single studies. Although some of the studies had very large sample sizes, the committee were concerned by other issues, such as either the choice of confounding factors that were adjusted for, or a lack of adjustment, and inconsistent results across different studies, The committee noted that there are a range of different factors that can influence the course of diabetic retinopathy, which made it difficult for the committee to be certain of which prognostic factors are most important to consider when assessing whether someone is at risk of progression.</p><p>There was no evidence for progression from non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy to diabetic macular ischemia. The committee thought this information was important and so this was included as part of a research recommendation (see <a href="#niceng242er1.appj">Appendix J</a>). This will enable recommendations to be made on this in future updates of the guideline.</p></div><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.11.3"><h5>1.1.11.3. Imprecision and clinical importance of effects</h5><p>The committee noted that some of the results had wide confidence intervals. This imprecision made it hard to be certain of the effects of different prognostic factors. Due the nature of the data it was difficult to conduct meta-analysis and it was therefore difficult for the committee to determine which factors best predict a person’s risk of progression from non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy.</p><p>The committee agreed that the evidence for some of the prognostic factors for progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy was precise enough to consider them risk factors for progression. Both severity of retinopathy and HbA1c levels were therefore listed as prognostic factors in the recommendations. Most of the evidence for other outcomes was based on single study analysis, with confidence intervals crossing the line of no effect. The committee could not be confident in whether these results indicated that other factors do not predict progression, or whether this was due to the limited number of studies for some comparisons, most of which had small sample sizes. A few results were from much larger studies, but the committee thought that the wide confidence intervals could partly reflect the factors that were selected for adjustment, rather than being a true reflection of the effect of a particular factor on progression of retinopathy. They therefore decided not to make further recommendations on progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Instead, progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy was included in the research recommendation (see <a href="#niceng242er1.appj">Appendix J</a>).</p><p>The evidence on diabetic macular oedema was mostly from small trials with a high degree of imprecision. A few studies included a larger number of participants, but for these studies, either confidence intervals crossed the line of no effect, or the committee had concerns about which factors were adjusted for in the analysis. Meta-analysis was not possible for any of the outcomes due to study heterogeneity, which further limited the conclusions that could be drawn.</p></div><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.11.4"><h5>1.1.11.4. Benefits and harms</h5><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.11.4.1"><h5>Proliferative diabetic retinopathy</h5><p>Higher HbA1c levels and severity of retinopathy at baseline were both shown to be predictors for the development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy in people with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The committee agreed that both factors are important and will help identify people who are at higher risk of progression.</p><p>There was also some evidence suggesting several markers for renal disease and triglyceride profiles in people with Type 1 diabetes were prognostic factors for progression. However, this evidence was low to very low quality, due to risk of bias in the included studies and inconsistency. The committee discussed that while this evidence was not high quality, their clinical knowledge and experience supported this being included in the recommendations as a risk factor that ophthalmologists should consider when deciding on a patient’s needs for follow-up.</p><p>The committee discussed how the evidence and their clinical experience suggests that people with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and type 1 or type 2 diabetes should be encouraged to manage modifiable risk factures. This includes maintaining adequate glucose control and blood pressure, to prevent progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The committee also discussed the need for closer monitoring and communication across the multidisciplinary healthcare teams, such as diabetologist and ophthalmologists, who support people with diabetes. This will enable clinicians who are involved in a person’s wider diabetes management to access information about the status of a person’s diabetic eye disease and take this into account when they are considering future treatment and monitoring.</p></div><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.11.4.2"><h5>Diabetic macular oedema</h5><p>Moderate and low-quality evidence showed that gender, increasing HBA1c (>8%), hypertension, and an estimated globular filtration rate of 30–45 were all predictors of progression to diabetic macular oedema. However, given the limited evidence base noted in the section above on the quality of the evidence, the committee did not think they could confidently recommend each of these factors as risk factors for progression. Instead, they decided to recommend that ophthalmologists should consider stage of retinopathy when deciding on follow-up and interventions, as this reflects a combination of the above factors, and other factors, which tend to develop over the course of disease.</p><p>Moderate quality evidence did not show blood pressure, cholesterol or triglycerides to be predictors of progression of diabetic macular oedema. However, the committee were concerned that the evidence for each prognostic factor came from single studies, the majority of which did not correct for stage of retinopathy at baseline. The committee noted that, in their clinical experience, higher blood pressure is often considered a risk factor for progression to macular oedema. This was considered important, as it is something that a patient can modify if they are aware of the risks of progression. Due to the very limited evidence base, progression to diabetic macular oedema was also included in the research recommendation (see <a href="#niceng242er1.appj">Appendix J</a>).</p><p>Given the limited evidence available, the committee decided to make general recommendations about risk factors for the progression of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy to either proliferative diabetic retinopathy or diabetic macular oedema. This was based on a combination of the evidence for proliferative diabetic retinopathy and the committee’s clinical experience. Until there is more evidence to specify which factors make someone more at risk of progressing to either proliferative retinopathy or to macular oedema, they thought it was important to highlight factors that may be associated with progression in general. This will ensure that people are not overlooked for additional monitoring or treatment.</p></div></div><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.11.5"><h5>1.1.11.5. Cost effectiveness and resource use</h5><p>No relevant economic evaluations were identified which addressed the cost effectiveness of the progression of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy to proliferative diabetic retinopathy or diabetic macular oedema. The committee discussed that ophthalmologists should have access to a patient’s HbA1c and blood pressure results for discussion with the patient. Educating the patient with information on how they can lower HbA1c, and blood pressure can give the patient the opportunity to reduce their risk of progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy or diabetic macular oedema. This could lead to a reduction in resource impact by delaying or preventing progression of disease which has considerable cost and quality of life implications.</p></div></div><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.12"><h4>1.1.12. Recommendations supported by this evidence review</h4><p>This evidence review supports <a href="#niceng242er1.s1.1.3">Recommendations 1.1.3</a> to <a href="#niceng242er1.s1.1.5">1.1.5</a> and the research recommendation on prognostic factors for the progression of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy to proliferative diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular oedema, or macular ischemia.</p></div><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.rl.r1"><h4>1.1.13. References – included studies</h4><ul class="simple-list"><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.rl.r1.1"><h5>1.1.13.1. Effectiveness</h5><ul class="simple-list"><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.rl.r1.1.1"><h5>Studies included from the NICE review</h5><ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref1">Hammes, H.-P., Welp, R., Kempe, H.-P.
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et al (2015) Risk factors for retinopathy and DME in type 2 diabetes-results from the German/Austrian DPV database. PLoS ONE
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10(7): e0132492
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4503301/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4503301</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26177037" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26177037</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref2">Hsieh, Yi-Ting, Tsai, Meng-Ju, Tu, Shih-Te
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et al (2018) Association of Abnormal Renal Profiles and Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema in an Asian Population With Type 2 Diabetes. JAMA ophthalmology
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136(1): 68–74
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5833599/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5833599</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29167896" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29167896</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref3">Lobo, Conceicao, Pires, Isabel, Alves, Dalila
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et al (2018) Subclinical Macular Edema as a Predictor of Progression to Central-Involved Macular Edema in Type 2 Diabetes. Ophthalmic research
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60(1): 18–22
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29510401" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29510401</span></a>]</div></p></li></ul></div><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.rl.r1.1.2"><h5>Included systematic review (Cochrane review)</h5><ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref4">Perais, J, Agarwal, R, Evans, JR, Loveman, E, Colquitt, JL, Owens, D, Hogg, R, Lawrenson, JG, Takwoingi, Y, Lois, N. Prognostic factors for the development and progression of proliferative diabetic retinopathy in people with diabetic retinopathy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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2020, Issue 11. Art. No.: CD013775. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013775. [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9943918/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC9943918</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36815723" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 36815723</span></a>] [<a href="http://dx.crossref.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013775" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">CrossRef</a>]</div></p></li></ul></div><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.rl.r1.1.3"><h5>Studies included from the Cochrane review (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref4" rid="niceng242er1.ref4">Perais et al., 2020</a>)</h5><ul class="simple-list"><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref5"><p id="p-477">
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<strong>Cho 2019 {published data only}</strong>
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</p>Cho, A, Noh, JW, Kim, J. Progression of diabetic retinopathy and declining renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
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2019;30:507.</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref6"><p id="p-478">
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<strong>Gange 2021 {published data only}</strong>
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</p>Gange, WS, Lopez, J, Xu, BY, Lung, K, Seabury, SA, Toy, BC. Incidence of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and Other Neovascular Sequelae at 5 Years Following Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care
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2021;44(11):2518–26.
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8546279/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8546279</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34475031" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34475031</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref7"><p id="p-479">
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<strong>Grauslund 2009a {published data only}</strong>
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</p>Gaedt Thorlund, M, Borg Madsen, M, Green, A, Sjølie, AK, Grauslund, J. Is smoking a risk factor for proliferative diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes?
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Ophthalmologica
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2013;230(1):50–4.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23751972" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23751972</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref8">Grauslund, J, Green, A, Sjølie, AK. Prevalence and 25 year incidence of proliferative retinopathy among Danish type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetologia
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2009;52(9):1829–35.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19593541" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19593541</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref9"><p id="p-480">
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<strong>Harris 2013 {published data only}</strong>
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</p>Harris, NK, Talwar, N, Gardner, TW, Wrobel, JS, Herman, WH, Stein, JD. Predicting development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care
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2013;36(6):1562–8.
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3661803/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3661803</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23275374" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 23275374</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref10"><p id="p-481">
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<strong>Hsieh 2018 {published data only}</strong>
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</p>Hsieh, Y-T, Hsieh, M-C. Time-sequential correlations between diabetic kidney disease and diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes - an 8-year prospective cohort study. Acta Ophthalmologica
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2021;99(1):e1–6.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32567151" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32567151</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref11">Hsieh, Y-T, Tsai, M-J, Tu, S-T, Hsieh, M-C. Association of Abnormal Renal Profiles and Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema in an Asian Population With Type 2 Diabetes. JAMA Ophthalmology
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2018;136(1):68–74.
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5833599/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5833599</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29167896" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29167896</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref12"><p id="p-482">
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<strong>Janghorbani 2000 {published data only}</strong>
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</p>Janghorbani, M, Jones, RB, Allison, SP. Incidence of and risk factors for proliferative retinopathy and its association with blindness among diabetes clinic attenders. Ophthalmic Epidemiology
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2000;7(4):225–41.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11262670" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11262670</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref13"><p id="p-483">
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<strong>Jeng 2016 {published data only}</strong>
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</p>Jeng, C-J, Hsieh, Y-T, Yang, C-M, Yang, C-H, Lin, C-Li, Wang, IJ. Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy: Development and Progression. PloS One
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2016;11(8):e0161897.
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5001700/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5001700</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27564383" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 27564383</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref14"><p id="p-484">
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<strong>Kalter-Leibovici 1991 {published data only}</strong>
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</p>Kalter-Leibovici, O, Van Dyk, DJ, Leibovici, L, Loya, N, Erman, A, Kremer, I, et al
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Risk factors for development of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy in Jewish IDDM patients. Diabetes
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1991;40(2):204–10.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1991571" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1991571</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref15"><p id="p-485">
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<strong>Keen 2001 {published data only}</strong>
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</p>Keen, H, Lee, ET, Russell, D, Miki, E, Bennett, PH, Lu, M. The appearance of retinopathy and progression to proliferative retinopathy: the WHO Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetes. Diabetologia
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2001;44 Suppl 2:S22–30.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11587046" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11587046</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref16"><p id="p-486">
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<strong>Kim 1998 {published data only}</strong>
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</p>Kim, HK, Kim, CH, Kim, SW, Park, JY, Hong, SK, Yoon, YH, et al
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Development and progression of diabetic retinopathy in Koreans with NIDDM. Diabetes Care
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1998;21(1):134–8.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9538984" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9538984</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref17"><p id="p-487">
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<strong>Kim 2014 {published data only}</strong>
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</p>Kim, YJ, Kim, JG, Lee, JY, Lee, KS, Joe, SG, Park, JY, et al
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Development and progression of diabetic retinopathy and associated risk factors in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes: the experience of a tertiary center. Journal of Korean Medical Science
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2014;29(12):1699–705.
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|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4248594/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4248594</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25469073" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25469073</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref18"><p id="p-488">
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<strong>Klein 1984 {published data only}</strong>
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</p>Klein, BE, Davis, MD, Segal, P, Long, JA, Harris, WA, Haug, GA, et al
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Diabetic retinopathy. Assessment of severity and progression. Ophthalmology
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1984;91(1):10–7.
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<strong>Lee 1992 {published data only}</strong>
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</p>Lee, ET, Lee, VS, Lu, M, Russell, D. Development of proliferative retinopathy in NIDDM: a follow-up study of American Indians in Oklahoma. Diabetes
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1992;41(3):359–67.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1551496" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 1551496</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref20"><p id="p-490">
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<strong>Lee 2017a {published data only}</strong>
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</p>Lee, CS, Lee, AY, Baughman, D, Sim, D, Akelere, T, Brand, C, et al
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The United Kingdom Diabetic Retinopathy Electronic Medical Record Users Group: Report 3: Baseline Retinopathy and Clinical Features Predict Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy. American Journal of Ophthalmology
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2017;180(3oq, 0370500):64–71.
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5608549/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5608549</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28572062" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28572062</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref21"><p id="p-491">
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<strong>Lee 2021 {published data only}</strong>
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</p>Lee, CC, Hsing, SC, Lin, YT, Lin, C, Chen, JT, Chen, YH, et al
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The importance of close follow-up in patients with early-grade diabetic retinopathy: A Taiwan population-based study grading via deep learning model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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2021;18(8):9768.
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8470712/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8470712</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34574686" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34574686</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref22"><p id="p-492">
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<strong>Lloyd 1995 {published data only}</strong>
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</p>Lloyd, CE, Becker, D, Ellis, D, Orchard, TJ. Incidence of complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a survival analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology
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1996;143(5):431–41.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8610658" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8610658</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref23">Lloyd, CE, Klein, R, Maser, RE, Kuller, LH, Becker, DJ, Orchard, TJ. The progression of retinopathy over 2 years: the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) Study. Journal of Diabetes Complications
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1995;9(3):140–8. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7548977" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7548977</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref24"><p id="p-493">
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<strong>McCarty 2003 {published data only}</strong>
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</p>McCarty, DJ, Fu, CL, Harper, CA, Taylor, HR, McCarty, CA. Fiveyear incidence of diabetic retinopathy in the Melbourne Visual Impairment Project. Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology
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2003;31(5):397–402.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14516426" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14516426</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref25"><p id="p-494">
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<strong>Nelson 1989 {published data only}</strong>
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</p>Nelson, RG, Wolfe, JA, Horton, MB, Pettitt, DJ, Bennett, PH, Knowler, WC. Proliferative retinopathy in NIDDM: incidence and risk factors in Pima Indians. Diabetes
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1989;38(4):435–40.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2925007" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2925007</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref26"><p id="p-495">
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<strong>Okudaira 2000 {published data only}</strong>
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</p>Okudaira, M, Yokoyama, H, Otani, T, Uchigata, Y, Iwamoto, Y. Slightly elevated blood pressure as well as poor metabolic control are risk factors for the progression of retinopathy in early-onset Japanese Type 2 diabetes. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications
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2000;14(5):281–7.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11113692" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11113692</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref27"><p id="p-496">
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<strong>Porta 2001 {published data only}</strong>
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</p>Porta, M, Sjoelie, AK, Chaturvedi, N, Stevens, L, Rottiers, R, Veglio, M, et al
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Risk factors for progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy in the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Diabetologia
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2001;44(12):2203–9.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11793022" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 11793022</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref28"><p id="p-497">
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<strong>Roy 2006 {published data only}</strong>
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</p>Roy, MS, AEouf, M. Six-year progression of retinopathy and associated risk factors in African American patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: the New Jersey 725. Archives of Ophthalmology
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2006;124(9):1297–306.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16966625" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16966625</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref29">Roy, MS, Klein, R, Janal, MN. Retinal venular diameter as an early indicator of progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy with and without high-risk characteristics in African Americans with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Archives of Ophthalmology
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2011;129(1):8–15.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21220623" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 21220623</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref30"><p id="p-498">
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<strong>Skrivarhaug 2006 {published data only}</strong>
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</p>Skrivarhaug, T, Fosmark, DS, Stene, LC, Bangstad, HJ, Sandvik, L, Hanssen, KF, et al
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Low cumulative incidence of proliferative retinopathy in childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a 24-year follow-up study. Diabetologia
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2006;49(10):2281–90.
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16955208" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16955208</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref31"><p id="p-499">
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<strong>WESDR {published data only}</strong>
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</p>Cruickshanks, KJ, Moss, SE, Klein R Klein, BE. Physical activity and the risk of progression of retinopathy or the development of proliferative retinopathy. Ophthalmology
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1995;102(8):1177–82.
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9097744" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9097744</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref32">Klein, BE K, Klein, R, Moss, SE, Palta, M. A cohort study of the relationship of diabetic retinopathy to blood pressure. Archives of Ophthalmology
|
|
1995;113(5):601–6.
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7748130" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7748130</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref33">Klein, R, Klein, BE, Jensen, SC, Moss, SE. The relation of socioeconomic factors to the incidence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy and loss of vision. Ophthalmology
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1994;101(1):68–76.
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8302566" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8302566</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref34">Klein, R, Klein, BE, Moss, SE, Cruickshanks, KJ. Relationship of hyperglycemia to the long-term incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Archives of Internal Medicine
|
|
1994;154(19):2169–78.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7944837" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7944837</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref35">Klein, R, Klein, BE, Moss, SE, Cruickshanks, KJ. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy: XVII. The 14- year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy and associated risk factors in type 1 diabetes. Ophthalmology
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|
1998;105(10):1801–15.
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9787347" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9787347</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref36">Klein, R, Klein, BE, Moss, SE, Cruickshanks, KJ. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of diabetic retinopathy. XIV. Ten-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Archives of Ophthalmology
|
|
1994;112(9):1217–28.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7619101" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7619101</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref37">Klein, R, Klein, BE, Moss, SE, Davis, MD, DeMets, DL. Glycosylated hemoglobin predicts the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. JAMA
|
|
1988;260(19):2864–71.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3184351" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 3184351</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref38">Klein, R, Klein, BE, Moss, SE, Davis, MD, DeMets, DL. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. IX. Four-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. Archives of Ophthalmology
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|
1989;107(2):237–43.
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2916977" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2916977</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref39">Klein, R, Klein, BE, Moss, SE, Davis, MD, DeMets, DL. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. X. Four-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 years or more. Archives of Ophthalmology
|
|
1989;107(2):244–9.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2644929" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2644929</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref40">Klein, R, Klein, BE, Moss, SE. Is obesity related to microvascular and macrovascular complications in diabetes? The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. Archives of Internal Medicine
|
|
1997;157(6):650–6.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9080919" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 9080919</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref41">Klein, R, Klein, BE, Moss, SE. Relation of glycemic control to diabetic microvascular complications in diabetes mellitus. Annals of Internal Medicine
|
|
1996;124(1 Pt 2):90–6.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8554220" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8554220</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref42">Klein, R, Klein, BE, Moss, SE. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. XVI. The relationship of C-peptide to the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes
|
|
1995;44(7):796–801.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7789648" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7789648</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref43">Klein, R, Klein, BE K, Moss, SE, Davis, MD, DeMets, DL. Is blood pressure a predictor of the incidence or progression of diabetic retinopathy?
|
|
Archives of Internal Medicine
|
|
1989;149(11):2427–32.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2684072" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2684072</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref44">Klein, R, Klein, BE K, Moss, SE, Wong, TY, Hubbard, L, Cruickshanks, KJ, et al
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|
The relation of retinal vessel caliber to the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy: XIX: the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. Archives of Ophthalmology
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|
2004;122(1):76–83.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14718299" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14718299</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref45">Klein, R, Klein, BE K, Moss, SE, Wong, TY. Retinal vessel caliber and microvascular and macrovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: XXI: the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. Ophthalmology
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|
2007;114(10):1884–92.
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|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17540447" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 17540447</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref46">Klein, R, Knudtson, MD, Lee, KE, Gangnon, R, Klein, BE K. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy: XXII the twenty-five-year progression of retinopathy in persons with type 1 diabetes. Ophthalmology
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|
2008;115(11):1859–68.
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2761813/" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2761813</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19068374" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 19068374</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref47">Klein, R, Meuer, SM, Moss, SE, Klein, BE. Retinal microaneurysm counts and 10-year progression of diabetic retinopathy. Archives of Ophthalmology
|
|
1995;113(11):1386–91.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7487599" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7487599</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref48">Klein, R, Meuer, SM, Moss, SE, Klein, BE. The relationship of retinal microaneurysm counts to the 4-year progression of diabetic retinopathy. Archives of Ophthalmology
|
|
1989;107(12):1780–5.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2597068" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 2597068</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref49">Klein, R, Moss, SE, Klein, BE K. Is gross proteinuria a risk factor for the Incidence of proliferative diaberic retinopathy?
|
|
Ophthalmology
|
|
1993;100(8):1140–6. Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE. Association of cigarette smoking with diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 1991;14(2):119–26. Moss SE,
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8341493" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8341493</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref50">Klein, R, Klein, BE. Cigarette smoking and tenyear progression of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology
|
|
1996;103(9):1438–42. Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE. Ocular factors in the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 1994;101(1):77–83.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8302567" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8302567</span></a>]</div></p></li><li class="half_rhythm"><p><div class="bk_ref" id="niceng242er1.ref51">Moss, SE, Klein, R, Klein, BE K. The association of alcohol consumption with the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology
|
|
1994;101(12):1962–8.
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7997335" ref="pagearea=cite-ref&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7997335</span></a>]</div></p></li></ul></div></ul></div><div id="niceng242er1.s1.1.rl.r1.2"><h5>1.1.13.2. Economic</h5><ul class="simple-list"><p>No economic studies were included.</p></ul></div></ul></div></div></div><div id="appendixesappgroup1"><h2 id="_appendixesappgroup1_">Appendices</h2><div id="niceng242er1.appa"><h3>Appendix A. Review protocols</h3><p><b>Review protocol for prognostic factors for the progression of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in people with diabetic retinopathy to:</b>
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>proliferative diabetic retinopathy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>diabetic macular oedema</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>diabetic macular ischaemia</div></li></ul></p><p id="niceng242er1.appa.et1"><a href="/books/NBK607354/bin/niceng242er1-appa-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (221K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng242er1.appb"><h3>Appendix B. Literature search strategies</h3><div id="niceng242er1.appb.s1"><h4>Cost effectiveness searches</h4><p>A broad search covering the diabetic retinopathy population was used to identify studies on cost effectiveness. The searches were run in February 2022.</p><div id="niceng242er1.appb.s1.1"><h5>Limits and restrictions</h5><p>English language limits were applied in adherence to standard NICE practice and the review protocol.</p><p>Limits to exclude, comment or letter or editorial or historical articles or conference abstract or conference paper or "conference review" or letter or case report were applied in adherence to standard NICE practice and the review protocol.</p><p>The limit to remove animal studies in the searches was the standard NICE practice, which has been adapted from: Dickersin, K., Scherer, R., & Lefebvre, C. (1994). Systematic Reviews: Identifying relevant studies for systematic reviews. BMJ, 309(6964), 1286
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2541778/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2541778</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7718048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7718048</span></a>].</p></div><div id="niceng242er1.appb.s1.2"><h5>Search filters</h5><div id="niceng242er1.appb.s1.2.1"><h5>Cost utility</h5><p>The NICE cost utility filter was applied to the search strategies in MEDLINE and Embase to identify cost-utility studies.</p><p>
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Hubbard
|
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W, et al
|
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Development of a validated search filer to identify cost utility studies for NICE economic evidence reviews. NICE Information Services.
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</p></div><div id="niceng242er1.appb.s1.2.2"><h5>Cohort studies</h5><p>For the modelling, cohort/registry terms were used from the NICE observational filter that was developed in-house.</p><p>The NICE Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) filter was also applied to search strategies in MEDLINE and Embase.</p><p>
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Ayiku, L., Hudson, T., et al (2021)The NICE OECD countries geographic search filters: Part 2 – Validation of the MEDLINE and Embase (Ovid) filters. Journal of the Medical Library Association) [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8608218/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8608218</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34858087" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34858087</span></a>]
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</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng242er1.appb.s2"><h4>Cost effectiveness search strategies</h4><p id="niceng242er1.appb.et1"><a href="/books/NBK607354/bin/niceng242er1-appb-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (157K)</span></p></div></div><div id="niceng242er1.appc"><h3>Appendix C. Prognostic evidence study selection</h3><p id="niceng242er1.appc.et1"><a href="/books/NBK607354/bin/niceng242er1-appc-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (101K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng242er1.appd"><h3>Appendix D. Prognostic evidence</h3><div id="niceng242er1.appd.s1"><h4>D.1. Studies included from the NICE search</h4><p id="niceng242er1.appd.et1"><a href="/books/NBK607354/bin/niceng242er1-appd-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (199K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng242er1.appd.s2"><h4>D.2. Cochrane Systematic Review</h4><p id="niceng242er1.appd.et2"><a href="/books/NBK607354/bin/niceng242er1-appd-et2.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (196K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng242er1.appd.s3"><h4>D.3. Studies included from the Cochrane systematic review</h4><p>For full evidence tables for the studies included from the Cochrane review, see the section on Characteristics of included studies in <a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref4" rid="niceng242er1.ref4">Perais et al. 2020</a>.</p></div></div><div id="niceng242er1.appe"><h3>Appendix E. GRADE tables</h3><div id="niceng242er1.appe.s1"><h4>E.1. Prognostic evidence for people progressing to proliferative diabetic retinopathy</h4><p>The quality assessment for prognostic factors for people progressing to proliferative diabetic retinopathy can be seen in the Cochrane review (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref4" rid="niceng242er1.ref4">Perais et al. 2020</a>).</p></div><div id="niceng242er1.appe.s2"><h4>E.2. Prognostic evidence for people progressing to diabetic macular oedema</h4><p id="niceng242er1.appe.et1"><a href="/books/NBK607354/bin/niceng242er1-appe-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (154K)</span></p></div></div><div id="niceng242er1.appf"><h3>Appendix F. Economic evidence study selection</h3><p id="niceng242er1.appf.et1"><a href="/books/NBK607354/bin/niceng242er1-appf-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (100K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng242er1.appg"><h3>Appendix G. Economic evidence tables</h3><p>There are no included studies for this review question.</p></div><div id="niceng242er1.apph"><h3>Appendix H. Health economic model</h3><p>Original health economic modelling has not been conducted for this review question.</p></div><div id="niceng242er1.appi"><h3>Appendix I. Excluded studies</h3><div id="niceng242er1.appi.s1"><h4>Clinical evidence</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1appitab1"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.appi.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1appitab1"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.appi.tab1"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.appi.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1appitab1">Table</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">- outcome/End point do not match that specified in the protocol Mixed population</p></div></div></div><div id="niceng242er1.appi.s2"><h4>Economic evidence</h4><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col table-wrap" id="figniceng242er1appitab2"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.appi.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Table" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1appitab2"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/css/bookshelf/2.26/img/table-icon.gif" alt="Table Icon" /></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt"><h4 id="niceng242er1.appi.tab2"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.appi.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobniceng242er1appitab2">Table</a></h4></div></div></div></div><div id="niceng242er1.appj"><h3>Appendix J. Research recommendations - full details</h3><div id="niceng242er1.appj.s1"><h4>J.1. Research recommendation</h4></div><div id="niceng242er1.appj.s2"><h4>J.2. What are the prognostic factors for the progression of non proliferative diabetic retinopathy to proliferative diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular oedema and macular ischemia?</h4></div><div id="niceng242er1.appj.s3"><h4>J.3. Why this is important</h4><p>Progression of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy to proliferative diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular oedema or diabetic macular ischemia can have negative consequences for people with diabetes. Progression also results in people needing more treatments, which impacts on both patients and the NHS. Some studies have considered the risk factors for progression of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, but there is limited high-quality evidence to help determine which factors are the biggest risk for progression. It is important to identify which factors, or combination of factors, are accurate indicators of disease progression and can be used in clinical practice in decision-making.</p></div><div id="niceng242er1.appj.s4"><h4>J.4. Rationale for research recommendation</h4><p id="niceng242er1.appj.et1"><a href="/books/NBK607354/bin/niceng242er1-appj-et1.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (131K)</span></p></div><div id="niceng242er1.appj.s5"><h4>J.5. Modified PICO table</h4><p id="niceng242er1.appj.et2"><a href="/books/NBK607354/bin/niceng242er1-appj-et2.pdf" class="bk_dwnld_icn bk_dwnld_pdf">Download PDF</a><span class="small"> (123K)</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="fm-sec"><div><p>Final</p></div><div><p>Evidence reviews underpinning <a href="#niceng242er1.s1.1.3">recommendations 1.1.3</a> to <a href="#niceng242er1.s1.1.5">1.1.5</a> and research recommendation 2 in the NICE guideline</p><p>These evidence reviews were developed by NICE</p></div><div><p><b>Disclaimer</b>: The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian.</p><p>Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties.</p><p>NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the <a href="http://wales.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Welsh Government</a>, <a href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Scottish Government</a>, and <a href="http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Northern Ireland Executive</a>. All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn.</p></div><div class="half_rhythm"><a href="/books/about/copyright/">Copyright</a> © NICE 2024.</div><div class="small"><span class="label">Bookshelf ID: NBK607354</span><span class="label">PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39348480" title="PubMed record of this title" ref="pagearea=meta&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">39348480</a></span></div></div><div class="small-screen-prev"></div><div class="small-screen-next"></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1tab1"><div id="niceng242er1.tab1" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 1</span><span class="title">Summary of the PICO</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Population</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">People with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Prognostic factor</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gender</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ethnicity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Socio-economic status</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Smoking habits</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>presence/absence of cardiovascular disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cerebrovascular disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>nephropathy and specifically chronic kidney failure (defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2),</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>peripheral neuropathy and specifically foot ulcers, amputation</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>body mass index (BMI)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>neck/waist circumference</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>glycated haemoglobin</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>blood pressure</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>cholesterol and triglyceride</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Anatomical changes in the retina (for example venous beading, cotton wool spots, venous looping, intraretinal microvascular abnormality, microaneurysms, exudates, dot-blot haemorrhages, neovascularisation)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sleep apnoea</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of diabetes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Learning disability or mental health issue</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pregnancy</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Reference standard</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Progression to:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (treatment for diabetic retinopathy will be taken as a surrogate measure of progression).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetic macular oedema (treatment for diabetic macular oedema will be taken as a surrogate measure of development of macular oedema)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetic macular ischaemia</div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<b>Outcomes</b>
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</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Outcomes to be predicted:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Proliferative diabetic retinopathy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetic macular oedema</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetic macular ischaemia</div></li></ul></p>
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<p>Adjusted odds ratios, risk ratios, hazard ratios will be used as a measure of association between the predictors and reference standard (outcomes to be predicted)</p>
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<p>Outcomes will be reported at the latest time point reported by the study.</p>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1tab2"><div id="niceng242er1.tab2" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 2</span><span class="title">Prognostic factors for progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy included from Cochrane review</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study type and follow-up time</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Population</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Prognostic factors</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref5" rid="niceng242er1.ref5">Cho 2019</a> (n= 1527)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Retrospective cohort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of follow-up: 4 years</div></li></ul>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Inclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>T2D</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>underwent fundus photographic examinations for DR.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>renal profiles were studied between August 2006 and February 2014.</div></li></ul></p>
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<p>Exclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Estimated glomerular filtration rate < 15 ml/min/1:73 m2</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>without follow-up renal profiles</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>fundus exam obtained more than 3 months after the first evaluation.</div></li></ul></p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>eGFR</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age at baseline</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetes duration</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fasting plasma glucose</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>HbA1c</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref6" rid="niceng242er1.ref6">Gange 2021</a> (n=277,401)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Retrospective cohort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of follow-up: NR</div></li></ul>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Inclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>insured patients aged ≥18 years.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>newly diagnosed T2D; continuous enrolment for 12-months without a diabetes diagnosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>any diabetes medication use.</div></li></ul></p>
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<p>Exclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Concurrent pregnancy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>gestational diabetes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>T1D</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>use of an insulin pump</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>diagnosis of diabetic eye disease prior to the diagnosis of diabetes.</div></li></ul></p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age at DM diagnosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gender</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Race</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Socio-economic status</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hypertension</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Smoking history</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Insulin</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>HbA1c</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref7" rid="niceng242er1.ref7">Grauslund 2009a</a> (n= 573)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Retrospective cohort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of follow-up: NR</div></li></ul>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Inclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>All T1D patients from Fyn County, Denmark,</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>DM onset before 30 years of age,</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>identified based on insulin prescription as of 1 July 1973.</div></li></ul></p>
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<p>Exclusion criteria: Not reported.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Systolic BP</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diastolic BP</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>BMI</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>DR Status at BL</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Maculopathy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetes duration</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>HbA1c</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Proteinuria</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Smoking history</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref9" rid="niceng242er1.ref9">Harris 2013</a> (n=4617)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Retrospective cohort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of follow-up: NR</div></li></ul>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Inclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>New diagnosis of NPDR after first year in registry (point of baseline)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>aged ≥ 30 years.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>≥ 2 registrations as having diagnosis of DM; continuous enrolment in registry.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>≥1 visit to an ophthalmologist or optometrist during first year of registration.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>no signs of NPDR or PDR; ≥ one record of HbA1c following baseline date.</div></li></ul></p>
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<p>Exclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In registry <1 year; not in registry continuously</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>any record of PDR prior to index date.</div></li></ul></p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Insulin</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age at baseline</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gender</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Race</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref2" rid="niceng242er1.ref2">Hsieh 2018</a> (n=2135)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Retrospective cohort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of follow-up: 5 year</div></li></ul>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Inclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Patients who received a diagnosis of T2D and underwent treatment between April 2002 and September 2004.</div></li></ul></p>
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<p>Exclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lost to follow-up within 6-months.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ungradable image results from both eyes at baseline.</div></li></ul></p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>eGFR</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref12" rid="niceng242er1.ref12">Janghorbani 2000</a> (n=3482)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Retrospective cohort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of follow-up:</div></li></ul>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Inclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>NIDDM or IDDM</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>free of PDR (including those with no retinopathy and those with NPDR at registration)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>complete data available.</div></li></ul></p>
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<p>Exclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Secondary diabetes</div></li></ul></p>
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<p>type of diabetes unknown</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetes duration</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>HbA1c</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Systolic BP</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref13" rid="niceng242er1.ref13">Jeng 2016</a> (n=53453)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Retrospective cohort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of follow-up:</div></li></ul>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Inclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetic nephropathy (DN) cohort≥ 18-year-old patients with DM plus DN diagnosed between 01/01/00 and 31/12/10.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Non-DN cohort: diagnosis of DN not made during 01/01/00 and 31/12/10.</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion criteria: Not reported.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gender</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age at baseline</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hypertension</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>History of CVD</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>DR Status at BL</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref14" rid="niceng242er1.ref14">Kalter-Leibovici 1991</a> (n=330)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Retrospective cohort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of follow-up:</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Inclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetes type: T1D.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>All Jewish patients attending centre with early-onset IDDM before 30 years of age.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>DM duration of ≥ 10 yrs.</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion criteria: Not reported.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Socio-economic status</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>HbA1c</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetes duration</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Race</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref15" rid="niceng242er1.ref15">Keen 2001</a> (n=4483)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Retrospective cohort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of follow-up:</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Inclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetes type: T1D and T2D.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The study protocol required equal numbers of men and women with diabetes, sampled from three age bands within the range 35 to 54 years.</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion criteria: Not reported.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gender</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age at baseline</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetes duration</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Systolic BP</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diastolic BP</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cholesterol</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>BMI</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Smoking history</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Insulin</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fasting plasma glucose</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age at DM diagnosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetes type</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref16" rid="niceng242er1.ref16">Kim 1998</a> (n=56)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Retrospective cohort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of follow-up: NR</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Inclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetes type: T2D.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pts attending a university hospital (the Asan Medical Centre) in Seoul, Korea</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>NIDDM diagnosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>no episodes of ketoacidosis,</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a diagnosis of diabetes after 30 years of age and treatment by diet and/or oral hypoglycaemic agents</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>fasting serum C-peptide values >0.30 nmol/L in patients using insulin</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion criteria: Not reported.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cholesterol</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Triglyceride</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>HbA1c</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetes duration</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age at baseline</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>BMI</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref17" rid="niceng242er1.ref17">Kim 2014</a> (n=452)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Retrospective cohort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of follow-up: NR</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Inclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetes type: T2D</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Patients who were diagnosed and followed for more than 5 years annually or more often at a hospital-based dia-betic clinic (Asan Medical Centre, Seoul, Korea)</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>PDR at the initial examination,</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>concomitant ocular disease other than DR</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>history of ocular trauma intraocular surgery</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age at baseline</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetes duration</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>BMI</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fasting blood sugar</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>HbA1c</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>SD of HbA1c</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Systolic BP</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diastolic BP</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cholesterol</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Triglyceride</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref18" rid="niceng242er1.ref18">Klein 1984</a> (n=191)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Retrospective cohort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of follow-up: NR</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Inclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetes type: T1D</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>On insulin since DM diagnosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>if asymptomatic and diagnosed through routine examination must have become symptomatic and taken insulin within one year of diagnosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>≥ 5 years duration; under care of cooperating GPs for at least 2/3 of the duration of DM.</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion criteria: Overweight; ≥ 50 years.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>DR Status at BL</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>DR Features</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref19" rid="niceng242er1.ref19">Lee 1992</a> (n=354)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Retrospective cohort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of follow-up: NR</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Inclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetes type: T2D.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>NIDDM (no further description); Oklahoma Indians examined at the Indian Health Service facilities in Oklahoma</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>FPG >7.8 mmol (140 mg/dl) or a 2-hour post-load blood glucose level >11.1 mmol (200 mg/dl);</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>diagnoses of DM between 1937 and 1980.</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion criteria: PDR at baseline.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetes duration</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cholesterol</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Systolic BP</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age at baseline</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Type of diabetes treatment</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Systolic BP</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age at DM diagnosis</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref20" rid="niceng242er1.ref20">Lee 2017a</a> (n=32553)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Retrospective cohort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of follow-up: NR</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Inclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>First-time presenters to eye providers after being referred from the UK national DR screening program.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>at least 2 DR assessments.</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections during study period</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>eyes with neovascularization at baseline were excluded from survival analyses.</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>DR Status at BL</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>DR Features</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref21" rid="niceng242er1.ref21">Lee 2021</a> (n=2626)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Retrospective cohort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of follow-up: NR</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Inclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>T2D with more than two fundus colour photography tests.</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Without T2D</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>no HbA1c or FPG tests within 14 days of the study start.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>PDR.</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>DR Status at BL</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>DR Features</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref22" rid="niceng242er1.ref22">Lloyd 1995</a> (n=496)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Retrospective cohort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of follow-up:NR</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Inclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Childhood-onset < 17 years Hospital of Pittsburgh between January 1950 and May 1980</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion criteria: Not reported.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Glycosylated haemoglobin</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Triglyceride</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diastolic BP</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetes duration</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>DR Status at BL</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref25" rid="niceng242er1.ref25">Nelson 1989</a>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>prospective cohort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of follow-up: NR</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Inclusion criteria:</p>
|
|
<p>all diabetic people who lived in the Gila River Indian Community at any time between 13 October 1983 and 30 November 1987; whose heritage was at least 50% Pima, Papago, or a mixture of these closely related tribes; and who had undergone biennial research examinations.</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion criteria: not reported</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>HbA1c</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>DR severity at baseline</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gender</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref26" rid="niceng242er1.ref26">Okudaira 2000</a> (n=527)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Retrospective cohort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of follow-up: NR</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Inclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Patients who first visited the outpatient clinic between 1980 and 1989</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>patients exhibited neither proteinuria nor PDR at the first visit;</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>patients who were seen at the clinic for at least 1 year</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>patients who underwent fundus examination through dilated pupils by ophthalmologists at least once a year during the follow-up.</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion criteria: Not reported.</p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age at DM diagnosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age at baseline</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetes duration</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>BMI</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Smoking history</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>HbA1c</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diastolic BP</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Systolic BP</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cholesterol</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Triglyceride</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref27" rid="niceng242er1.ref27">Porta 2001</a> (n=3250)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Retrospective cohort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of follow-up: NR</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>inclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diagnosed T1D < 36 years.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>insulin within 1 year onset</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>age 15–60 years.</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Centre drop-out</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>no retinal photo at baseline at follow-up</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>PDR at baseline.</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diastolic BP</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age at DM diagnosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetes duration</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>HbA1c</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>DR Status at BL</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref28" rid="niceng242er1.ref28">Roy 2006</a> (n=725)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Retrospective cohort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of follow-up: NR</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Inclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>African Americans with T1D; Treated with insulin before 30 years of age.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>receiving insulin at time of study</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>participated in the New Jersey 725 study 1993–1998.</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
<p>Exclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>T2D; diagnosed after 30 years; maturity-onset diabetes of youth.</div></li></ul></p>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>HbA1c</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>age at baseline</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hypertension</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diastolic BP</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref30" rid="niceng242er1.ref30">Skrivarhaug 2006</a> (n=368)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Retrospective cohort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of follow-up: NR</div></li></ul>
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>Inclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>All new-onset cases of T1D in Norway in children below 15 years of age</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>between 1973 and 1982</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>examined for DR at baseline.</div></li></ul></p>
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<p>Exclusion criteria: Not reported.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gender</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetes duration</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mean age at PDR diagnosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mean diabetes duration at PDR diagnosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>HbA1c</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Triglyceride</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>DR Status at BL</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WESDR (n=2366)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Retrospective cohort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of follow-up: NR</div></li></ul>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Inclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Younger-onset group:</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>IDD before 30 years.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Older onset: Diagnosed with DM at 30 years or older and diagnosis.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>postprandial serum glucose level of at least 11.1 mmol/L</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>a fasting serum glucose level of 7.8 mmol/L or greater on at least two occasions.</div></li></ul></p>
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<p>Exclusion criteria: Not reported.</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab2_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetes duration</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gender</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetes duration</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>HbA1c</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Systolic BP</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diastolic BP</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>BMI</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Triglyceride</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Smoking history</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1tab3"><div id="niceng242er1.tab3" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 3</span><span class="title">Included studies of prognostic factors for progression to diabetic macular oedema (NICE review)</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab3/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.tab3_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Study type and follow-up time</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Population</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Prognostic factors</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref1" rid="niceng242er1.ref1">Hammes, 2015</a> (n= 64784)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prospective cohort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of follow-up: NR</div></li></ul>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Inclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Type 2 diabetes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>age at disease onset was above 40 years.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>at least one retinal examination had been documented.</div></li></ul></p>
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<p>Exclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>younger than 40 years of age</div></li></ul></p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetes Duration</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gender</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hba1c Hypertension</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Smoking</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref2" rid="niceng242er1.ref2">Hsieh 2018</a> (n= 2135)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>prospective cohort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of follow-up: 8-year</div></li></ul>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Inclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Type 2 Diabetes.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Patients With Gradable Image</div></li></ul></p>
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<p>Exclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Patients with ungradable image results from both eyes at baseline</div></li></ul></p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Body Mass Index</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP),</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diastolic Blood Pressure</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Haemoglobin A1c (Hba1c) </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fasting Glucose Level</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Total Cholesterol Level</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Triglyceride Level</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab3_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref3" rid="niceng242er1.ref3">Lobo, 2018</a> (n=205)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab3_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prospective cohort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Duration of follow-up: 2 years</div></li></ul>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab3_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Inclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diabetes type 2</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>aged over 35 years,</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>mild NPDR (levels 20–35, according (ETDRS) diabetic retinopathy severity scale)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) >20/25 on the ETDRS chart</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>HbA1C ≤11%, with no previous treatment with laser or anti-VEGF or steroid intravitreal injection</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>no other retinal vascular disease or glaucoma</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>inadequate ocular media and/or pupil dilatation</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>that did not permit good-quality fundus photography.</div></li></ul></p>
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<p>Exclusion criteria:<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Not reported</div></li></ul></p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab3_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gender</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>HbA1c</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Systolic Blood Pressure</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diastolic Blood Pressure </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cholesterol</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Triglycerides</div></li></ul>
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</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1tab4"><div id="niceng242er1.tab4" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 4</span><span class="title">Gender - Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of gender on progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab4/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.tab4_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type 2 diabetes (Male vs female)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">RR >1 indicates risk factor of progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy at 4 years</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 <a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref25" rid="niceng242er1.ref25">Nelson 1989</a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">953</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted RR: 1.5 (0.7 3.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type 1 and 2 diabetes (Male vs female)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 <a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref20" rid="niceng242er1.ref20">Lee 2017</a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32,553</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 0.92 (0.71–1.19)<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HR >1 indicates risk factor of progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy at 5 years</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 <a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref9" rid="niceng242er1.ref9">Harris 2013</a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4,617</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 1.08 (0.94–1.22)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HR >1 indicates risk factor of progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy at 5 years (Female vs male)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 <a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref13" rid="niceng242er1.ref13">Jeng 2016</a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">53,453</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 0.99 (0.85–1.15)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab4_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1tab5"><div id="niceng242er1.tab5" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 5</span><span class="title">Race -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of race on progression to PDR</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab5/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.tab5_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Type 1 diabetes</p>
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<p>African American race vs. Caucasian</p>
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<p>HR/OR >1 indicates risk factor of progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy at 5 years</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 Arfken 1998</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">312</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 0.73 (0.30–1.78)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type 2 Diabetes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-Caucasian vs. Caucasian</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 <a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref20" rid="niceng242er1.ref20">Lee 2017a</a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">32,553</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 0.94 (0.89–1.00)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type 1 and type 2 diabetes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Black</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref9" rid="niceng242er1.ref9">Harris 2013</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4617</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 1.29 (0.92–1.82)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Latino</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref9" rid="niceng242er1.ref9">Harris 2013</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4617</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 1.12 (0.76–1.65)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Asian</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref9" rid="niceng242er1.ref9">Harris 2013</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4617</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 1.35 (0.73–2.49)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab5_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1tab6"><div id="niceng242er1.tab6" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 6</span><span class="title">Duration of diabetes -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of duration of diabetes on progression to PDR:</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab6/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.tab6_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Type 1 diabetes</p>
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<p>RR >1 indicates risk factor of progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref22" rid="niceng242er1.ref22">Lloyd 1995</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">496</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted RR: 1.03 (0.94–1.12)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4–7 years vs. <4 years</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref12" rid="niceng242er1.ref12">Janghorbani 2000</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1349</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted RR: 0.78 (0.43–1.41)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">8–11 years vs. <4 years</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref12" rid="niceng242er1.ref12">Janghorbani 2000</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1349</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted RR: 1.95 (1.23–3.09)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">≥12 years vs. <4 years</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref12" rid="niceng242er1.ref12">Janghorbani 2000</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1349</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted RR: 3.05 (2.09–4.45)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Increasing duration of diabetes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref14" rid="niceng242er1.ref14">Kalter-Leibovici 1991</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">330</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 1.20 (1.1–1.3)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Per 10 years</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref7" rid="niceng242er1.ref7">Grauslund 2009a</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">573</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 0.69 (0.35–1.36)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Type 2 diabetes</p>
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<p>OR >1 indicates risk factor of progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy at 5 years</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mean duration of diabetes at 2 years follows up</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gui 2013</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">205</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR:1.18 (1.13–1.25)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 years vs. <4 years, taking insulin</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref12" rid="niceng242er1.ref12">Janghorbani 2000</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2133</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 1.77 (1.15–2.72)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">12 years vs. <4 years, not taking insulin</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref12" rid="niceng242er1.ref12">Janghorbani 2000</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2133</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 1.37 (0.83–2.26)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type 1 and type 2 diabetes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Duration of diabetes 8–11 years</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref12" rid="niceng242er1.ref12">Janghorbani 2000</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3482</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted RR: 1.42 (1.10–1.83)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Duration of diabetes ≥12 years</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref12" rid="niceng242er1.ref12">Janghorbani 2000</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4483</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted RR 1.95 (1.58–2.39)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab6_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1tab7"><div id="niceng242er1.tab7" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 7</span><span class="title">Socio-economic status -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of socio-economic status on progression to PDR</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab7/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.tab7_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Type 1 diabetes</p>
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<p>OR >1 indicates risk factor of progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy at 4 years. (Per 10-point increase) Females Per 10-point increase</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WESDR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">996</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 0.78 (0.52–1.18)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref33" rid="niceng242er1.ref33">Klein 1994</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">996</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 0.79 (0.46–1.37)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR >1 indicates risk factor of progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy at 4 years. (Per 10-point increase) Males Per 10-point increase</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WESDR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1370</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 0.84 (0.58–1.23)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref33" rid="niceng242er1.ref33">Klein 1994</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1370</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 0.88 (0.55–1.41)<sup>1</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab7_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1tab8"><div id="niceng242er1.tab8" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 8</span><span class="title">HbA1c -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of HbA1c on progression to PDR</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab8/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.tab8_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Type 1 diabetes</p>
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<p>OR/RR>1 indicates risk factor of progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy.</p>
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<p>Top quartile compared to other three quartiles</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref22" rid="niceng242er1.ref22">Lloyd 1995</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">496</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted RR: 5.75 (1.54–21.4)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HbA1c Per 1% increase</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref18" rid="niceng242er1.ref18">Klein 1984</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">996</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted RR: 1.5 (1.4–1.8)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HbA1c ≥11 relative to <11%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref12" rid="niceng242er1.ref12">Janghorbani 2000</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1349</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted RR: 1.32 (1.22–1.43<sup>)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HbA1c Per 1% increase</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref28" rid="niceng242er1.ref28">Roy 2006</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">725</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 1.32 (1.22–1.43)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HbA1c Per 2% increase</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Arfken 1998</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">312</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 1.92 (1.36–2.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HbA1c Per 1% increase At 10 years</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WESDR <a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref36" rid="niceng242er1.ref36">Klein 1994</a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">334</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 1.9 (1.7–2.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 14 years</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WESDR <a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref36" rid="niceng242er1.ref36">Klein 1994</a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">996</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 1.81 (1.6–2.05)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At 24 years</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WESDR <a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref36" rid="niceng242er1.ref36">Klein 1994</a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">955</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 1.38 (1.31–1.46)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type 2 diabetes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Older onset taking insulin Per 1% increase</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WESDR <a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref36" rid="niceng242er1.ref36">Klein 1994</a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1370</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 1.30 (1.00–1.60)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HbA1c Per 1% increase</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref5" rid="niceng242er1.ref5">Cho 2019</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1527</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 1.11 (0.93–1.32)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mean HbA1c during follow-up</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref16" rid="niceng242er1.ref16">Kim 1998</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">228</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted RR: 1.30 (1.04–1.61)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Maximum >9% vs <6.5%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref6" rid="niceng242er1.ref6">Gange 2021</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71815</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 2.10 (1.64–2.69)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HR >1 indicates higher HbA1c is a risk factor of progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mean HbA1c</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref26" rid="niceng242er1.ref26">Okudaira 2000</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">527</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 1.43 (1.23–1.67)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HbA1c Per one SD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref21" rid="niceng242er1.ref21">Lee 2021</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2623</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted: HR: 1.09 0.97–1.22</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HbA1c Per unit increase</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref17" rid="niceng242er1.ref17">Kim 2014</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">452</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 1.19 (1.10–1.46)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Older-onset, (40 >) taking insulin and Older-onset, (40>) not taking insulin Per 1% increase</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>WESDR</p>
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<p>
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref36" rid="niceng242er1.ref36">Klein 1994</a>
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</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">996</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Insulin: Adjusted OR: 0.79 (0.46–1.37)<sup>6</sup></p>
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<p>Non-insulin Adjusted OR: 0.78 (0.52–1.18)<sup>6</sup></p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">10-year HbA1c</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref14" rid="niceng242er1.ref14">Kalter-Leibovici 1991</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">330</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 1.9 (1.4–2.5)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type 1 and type 2 diabetes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">With increasing HbA1c at 5 years</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref9" rid="niceng242er1.ref9">Harris 2013</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">4617</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 1.14 (1.07–1.21)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HbA1c ≥11</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref12" rid="niceng242er1.ref12">Janghorbani 2000</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">3482</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted RR 1.33 (1.13–1.53)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab8_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1tab9"><div id="niceng242er1.tab9" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 9</span><span class="title">Diastolic blood pressure -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of diastolic blood pressure on progression to PDR</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab9/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.tab9_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type 1 diabetes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR>1 indicates risk factor of progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">79 to ≥86 mmHg</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref28" rid="niceng242er1.ref28">Roy 2006</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">725</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 2.5 (1.04–6.00)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Per 10 mmHg Per increase in one year</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref7" rid="niceng242er1.ref7">Grauslund 2009a</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">573</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 1.31 (0.86–1.99)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type 2 diabetes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Per unit increase</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref26" rid="niceng242er1.ref26">Okudaira 2000</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">527</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 1.15 (1.01–1.31)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Per one SD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref21" rid="niceng242er1.ref21">Lee 2021</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2623</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 1.03 (1.00–1.05)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab9_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1tab10"><div id="niceng242er1.tab10" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 10</span><span class="title">Fasting plasma glucose -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of fasting plasma glucose on progression to PDR</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab10/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.tab10_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab10_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab10_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab10_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab10_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab10_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab10_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab10_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Type 2 diabetes</p>
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<p>OR>1 indicates Fasting plasma glucose is a risk factor of progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy.</p>
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<p>Fasting plasma glucose</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab10_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref21" rid="niceng242er1.ref21">Lee 2021</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab10_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2623</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab10_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 0.93 (0.82–1.06)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab10_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1tab11"><div id="niceng242er1.tab11" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 11</span><span class="title">Systolic blood pressure -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of systolic blood pressure on progression to PDR</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab11/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.tab11_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type 1 diabetes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR>1 indicates risk factor of progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systolic blood pressure Increasing systolic blood pressure</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WESDR <a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref36" rid="niceng242er1.ref36">Klein 1994</a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">996</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 1.01 (0.99–1.03)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systolic blood pressure >160mmHg</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref12" rid="niceng242er1.ref12">Janghorbani 2000</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1349</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted RR: 1.61 (1.18–2.20)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systolic blood pressure Per 10 mmHg</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WESDR <a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref36" rid="niceng242er1.ref36">Klein 1994</a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">25</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 1.14 (1.04–1.25)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Systolic blood pressure Per 10 mmHg</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref7" rid="niceng242er1.ref7">Grauslund 2009a</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">527</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 0.91 (0.69–1.20)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab11_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1tab12"><div id="niceng242er1.tab12" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 12</span><span class="title">Total cholesterol -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of total cholesterol on progression to PDR</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab12/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.tab12_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type 2 diabetes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR>1 indicates risk factor of progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total cholesterol ≥4.8 vs <4.8 mM</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref21" rid="niceng242er1.ref21">Lee 2021</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2623</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 0.93 (0.81–1.07)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Total cholesterol increases Per one SD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref25" rid="niceng242er1.ref25">Nelson 1989</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">953</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted RR: 1.80 (1.2–2.7)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab12_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1tab13"><div id="niceng242er1.tab13" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 13</span><span class="title">Triglycerides -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of triglycerides on progression to PDR</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab13/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.tab13_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type 1 diabetes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR>1 indicates risk factor of progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">With increasing triglyceride level</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref30" rid="niceng242er1.ref30">Skrivarhaug 2006</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">368</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted RR: 1.55 1.06–1.95</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type 2 diabetes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Per one SD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref21" rid="niceng242er1.ref21">Lee 2021</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2623</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 1.01 (0.91–1.12)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab13_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1tab14"><div id="niceng242er1.tab14" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 14</span><span class="title">Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of eGFR on progression to PDR</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab14/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.tab14_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Type 2 diabetes</p>
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<p>HR >1 indicates risk factor of progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">a reduction in eGFR of >20%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref5" rid="niceng242er1.ref5">Cho 2019</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">405</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 2.55 (1.22–5.35)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(eGFR) 46–60mL/min/1.73m2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref2" rid="niceng242er1.ref2">Hsieh 2018</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2096</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 1.55(0.63–3.82)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(eGFR) 30–45mL/min/1.73m2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref2" rid="niceng242er1.ref2">Hsieh 2018</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2096</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 2.05 (0.72–5.86)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">(eGFR) <30 mL/min/1.73m2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref2" rid="niceng242er1.ref2">Hsieh 2018</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2096</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 4.22 (1.27–14.07<sup>)</sup></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab14_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1tab15"><div id="niceng242er1.tab15" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 15</span><span class="title">Diabetic retinopathy severity at baseline -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of diabetic retinopathy severity at baseline on progression to PDR</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab15/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.tab15_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Type 1 diabetes</p>
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<p>OR >1 indicates risk factor of progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref22" rid="niceng242er1.ref22">Lloyd 1995</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">322</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted RR: 5.99 (3.03–11.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Worsening baseline severity</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref27" rid="niceng242er1.ref27">Porta 2001</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2013</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 10.1 (5.9–17.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WESDR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">996</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 1.38 (1.29–1.48)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type 2 diabetes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Mild NPDR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref21" rid="niceng242er1.ref21">Lee 2021</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2623</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 13.58 (6.07–30.39)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate NPDR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref21" rid="niceng242er1.ref21">Lee 2021</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2623</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 23.09 (10.68–49.91)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Severe NPDR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref21" rid="niceng242er1.ref21">Lee 2021</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2623</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 55.24 (25.54–119.46)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type 1 and type 2 diabetes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very mild NPDR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref21" rid="niceng242er1.ref21">Lee 2021</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2623</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 4.02 (3.25–4.96)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">mild NPDR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref21" rid="niceng242er1.ref21">Lee 2021</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2623</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 6.71 (5.46–8.24)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate NPDR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref21" rid="niceng242er1.ref21">Lee 2021</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2623</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 14.80 (12.10–18.09)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Severe NPDR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref21" rid="niceng242er1.ref21">Lee 2021</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2623</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 28.19 (22.92–34.67)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very severe NPDR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref21" rid="niceng242er1.ref21">Lee 2021</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2623</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 58.42 (46.95–72.70)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab15_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1tab16"><div id="niceng242er1.tab16" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 16</span><span class="title">Diabetic retinopathy features at baseline -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of diabetic retinopathy features at baseline on progression to PDR</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab16/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.tab16_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type 1 and 2 diabetes OR >1 indicates risk factor of progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IRMA Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities vs. venous beading in four quadrants</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref20" rid="niceng242er1.ref20">Lee 2017a</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2823</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 1.77 (1.25–2.49)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Dot/blot haemorrhages vs venous beading in four quadrants</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref20" rid="niceng242er1.ref20">Lee 2017a</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2823</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 1.47 (0.94–2.31)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Difference in number of microaneurysms at baseline and follow-up</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WESDR <a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref42" rid="niceng242er1.ref42">Klein 1995</a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">236</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 1.04(1.02–1.07)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ratio between number of microaneurysms at baseline and follow-up</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WESDR <a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref42" rid="niceng242er1.ref42">Klein 1995</a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">236</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 1.05 (1.01–1.09)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Difference of ≥16 microaneurysms at baseline and follow-up</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WESDR <a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref42" rid="niceng242er1.ref42">Klein 1995</a></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">236</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 5.77 (2.24–14.89)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab16_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1tab17"><div id="niceng242er1.tab17" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 17</span><span class="title">Body mass index (BMI) -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of BMI on progression to PDR</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab17/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.tab17_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Type 1 diabetes</p>
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<p>OR >1 indicates risk factor of progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">BMI - per increase 1 kg/m2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref7" rid="niceng242er1.ref7">Grauslund 2009a</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">573</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 1.01 (0.86–1.20.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">BMI per increase 4 kg/m2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WESDR Report XXII</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">996</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 1.21 (1.07–1.36)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type 2 diabetes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">BMI = obesity at baseline (men:>31.0 kg/m2; women: >32.2 kg/ m2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WESDR Report XXII</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1370</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted RR: 1.41 (0.76–2.62)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">BMI ≥34 vs. < 34 kg/m2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref25" rid="niceng242er1.ref25">Nelson 1989</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">953</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted RR: 1.0 (0.6–1.6)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Change in BMI during follow-up</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref16" rid="niceng242er1.ref16">Kim 1998</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">56</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted RR: 1.33 (0.87–1.50)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">BMI per one SD</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref21" rid="niceng242er1.ref21">Lee 2021</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">2623</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 0.91 (0.79–1.03)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab17_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1tab18"><div id="niceng242er1.tab18" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 18</span><span class="title">Smoking -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of smoking on progression to PDR</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab18/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.tab18_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Type 1 diabetes</p>
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<p>OR >1 indicates risk factor of progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Smoking Ever vs. never</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WESDR Moss 1996</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">799</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 1.15 (0.6–2.2)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Current smoker</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WESDR Moss 1996</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">799</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 0.86 (0.54–1.36)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ex-smoker</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WESDR Moss 1996</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">799</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 0.94 (0.51–1.75)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Current smoker</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref7" rid="niceng242er1.ref7">Grauslund 2009a</a> (Thorlund)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">573</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 1.9 (0.88–4.11)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Ex-smoker</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref7" rid="niceng242er1.ref7">Grauslund 2009a</a> (Thorlund)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">573</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 0.87 (0.28–2.67)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Diabetic pack years smoked per 10 years</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WESDR</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">996</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 0.79 (0.66–0.95)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type 2 diabetes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">% Smokers vs. non-smokers</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Gui 2013</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">205</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 1.07 (1.04–1.11)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Smoking: yes vs. no</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref25" rid="niceng242er1.ref25">Nelson 1989</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">953</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted RR: 0.70 (0.2–1.9)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Smoking: Ever vs. never</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WESDR Moss 1991</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1370</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 1.13 (0.45–7.83)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Smoking</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref6" rid="niceng242er1.ref6">Gange 2021</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">71817</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 0.84 (0.7–1.0)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Insulin Ex-smoker</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WESDR Moss 1996</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1370</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 1.04 (0.49–2.22)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Insulin Current smoker</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WESDR Moss 1996</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1370</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 1.15 (0.47–2.8)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-insulin Ex-smoker</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WESDR Moss 1996</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1370</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 0.8 (0.23–2.8)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Non-insulin Current smoker</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">WESDR Moss 1996</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1370</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 0.25 (0.03–2.06)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab18_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very low</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1tab19"><div id="niceng242er1.tab19" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 19</span><span class="title">Gender - Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of gender on progression to macular oedema</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab19/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.tab19_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab19_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab19_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab19_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab19_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab19_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab19_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type 2 diabetes (Male vs female)</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab19_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab19_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab19_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab19_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">OR >1 indicates risk factor of progression to DMO at 2 years</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab19_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref3" rid="niceng242er1.ref3">Lobo, 2018</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab19_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">205</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab19_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 4.09 (1.06–15.79)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab19_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1tab20"><div id="niceng242er1.tab20" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 20</span><span class="title">HbA1c -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of HbA1c on progression to macular oedema</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab20/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.tab20_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab20_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab20_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab20_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab20_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Type 2 diabetes</p>
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<p>OR >1 indicates risk factor of progression to DMO</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab20_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab20_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab20_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab20_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HbA1c>8%</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref1" rid="niceng242er1.ref1">Hammes, 2015</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64784</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 1,57 (1.288 1.903)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab20_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab20_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab20_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab20_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">HbA1c at 2 years follow up</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab20_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref3" rid="niceng242er1.ref3">Lobo 2018</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab20_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">205</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab20_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 0.56 (0.35–0.90)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab20_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1tab21"><div id="niceng242er1.tab21" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 21</span><span class="title">Diastolic blood pressure -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of diastolic blood pressure on progression to macular oedema</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab21/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.tab21_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab21_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab21_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab21_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab21_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab21_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab21_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab21_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab21_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Type 2 diabetes- Diastolic blood pressure</p>
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<p>OR >1 indicates risk factor of progression to DMO</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab21_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref3" rid="niceng242er1.ref3">Lobo 2018</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab21_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">205</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab21_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 1.03 (0.95–1.12)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab21_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1tab22"><div id="niceng242er1.tab22" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 22</span><span class="title">Systolic blood pressure -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of systolic blood pressure on progression to macular oedema</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab22/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.tab22_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab22_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab22_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab22_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab22_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab22_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab22_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab22_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type 2 diabetes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab22_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab22_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab22_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab22_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Systolic blood pressure</p>
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<p>OR >1 indicates risk factor of progression to DMO</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab22_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref3" rid="niceng242er1.ref3">Lobo 2018</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab22_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">207</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab22_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 0.96 (0.92–1.01)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab22_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1tab23"><div id="niceng242er1.tab23" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 23</span><span class="title">Total cholesterol -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of total cholesterol on progression to macular oedema</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab23/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.tab23_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab23_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab23_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab23_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab23_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab23_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab23_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab23_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab23_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type 2 diabetes</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab23_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab23_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab23_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab23_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Total cholesterol, mmol/L</p>
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<p>OR >1 indicates risk factor of progression to DMO</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab23_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref3" rid="niceng242er1.ref3">Lobo 2018</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab23_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">205</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab23_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 0.98 (0.95–1.01)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab23_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Moderate</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1tab24"><div id="niceng242er1.tab24" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 24</span><span class="title">Triglycerides -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of triglycerides on progression to macular oedema</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab24/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.tab24_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab24_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab24_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab24_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab24_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab24_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type 2 diabetes</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab24_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab24_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab24_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab24_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab24_1_1_1_2" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Triglycerides</p>
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<p>OR >1 indicates risk factor of progression to DMO</p>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab24_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab24_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab24_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref3" rid="niceng242er1.ref3">Lobo 2018</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab24_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">205</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab24_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: (1.00 1.00–1.01)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab24_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1tab25"><div id="niceng242er1.tab25" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 25</span><span class="title">Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) -Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of eGFR on progression to macular oedema</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab25/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.tab25_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Type 2 diabetes</p>
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<p>HR >1 indicates risk factor of progression to DMO</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">61–90 eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref2" rid="niceng242er1.ref2">Hsieh 2018</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1055</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 1.226 (0.711–2.115)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">46–60 eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref2" rid="niceng242er1.ref2">Hsieh 2018</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">418</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 1.218 (0.559–2.654)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">30–45 eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref2" rid="niceng242er1.ref2">Hsieh 2018</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">248</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 3.106 (1.268–7.609)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><30 eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref2" rid="niceng242er1.ref2">Hsieh 2018</a>
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">98</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted HR: 1.849 (0.568–6.025)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab25_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1tab26"><div id="niceng242er1.tab26" class="table"><h3><span class="label">Table 26</span><span class="title">Hypertension-Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of hypertension o on progression to macular oedema</span></h3><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.tab26/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.tab26_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab26_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">No. of studies</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab26_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Sample size</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab26_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Effect size (95%CI)</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab26_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:bottom;">Quality</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab26_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Type 2 diabetes</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab26_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab26_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab26_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab26_1_1_1_1 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab26_1_1_1_2 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab26_1_1_1_3 hd_h_niceng242er1.tab26_1_1_1_4" colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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<p>Hypotension (>140/80 mmHg)</p>
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<p>OR >1 indicates risk factor of hypertension on progression to macular oedema.</p>
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</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab26_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">1 (<a class="bibr" href="#niceng242er1.ref1" rid="niceng242er1.ref1">Hammes, 2015</a>)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab26_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">64784</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab26_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adjusted OR: 1.39 (1.11–1.74)</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.tab26_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Low</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1appitab1"><div id="niceng242er1.appi.tab1" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.appi.tab1/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.appi.tab1_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Study</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reason for exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Agarwal, M., Sachdeva, M., Shah, S.
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et al (2022) Correlating the patterns of diabetic macular edema, optical coherence tomography biomarkers and grade of diabetic retinopathy with stage of renal disease. International Ophthalmology
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42(11): 3333–3343
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35633427" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 35633427</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- measuring progression to PDR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Allen, D.W., Liew, G., Cho, Y.H.
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et al (2022) Thirty-Year Time Trends in Diabetic Retinopathy and Macular Edema in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care
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45(10): 2247–2254
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35594057" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 35594057</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Prevalence study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Arulanandham, A., Raju, A., Pradeep Rajkumar, L.A.
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et al (2012) Prevalence of clinically significant macular edema [CSME] among glitazone users and non- users of type-2 DM patients with diabetic retinopathy. International Journal of Drug Development and Research
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4(2): 132–137
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Prevalence study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Bailey, C C, Sparrow, J M, Grey, R H
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et al (1999) The National Diabetic Retinopathy Laser Treatment Audit. III. Clinical outcomes. Eye (London, England)
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13 (Pt 2): 151–9
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10450373" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10450373</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- End point measuring progression to PDR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Bertelsen, Geir, Peto, Tunde, Lindekleiv, Haakon
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et al (2013) Tromso eye study: prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Acta ophthalmologica
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91(8): 716–21
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22994366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22994366</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- End point measuring progression to PDR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Burgess, P.I., MacCormick, I.J. C., Harding, S.P.
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et al (2013) Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy in Africa: A systematic review. Diabetic Medicine
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30(4): 399–412
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4463765/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4463765</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22817387" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22817387</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- a systematic review used to crosscheck studies</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Burnett, Anthea, Lee, Ling, D'Esposito, Fabrizio
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et al (2019) Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness and diabetic retinopathy in people aged 50 years and older in the National Capital District of Papua New Guinea. The British journal of ophthalmology
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103(6): 743–747
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29973367" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 29973367</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- End point measuring progression to PDR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Busch, C., Katzmann, J.L., Jochmann, C.
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et al (2021) General health of patients with diabetic macular edema-The LIPSIA study. PLoS ONE
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16(6june2021): e0252321
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8195383/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8195383</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34115786" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34115786</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">wrong study design: narrative review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Chung, Yoo-Ri, Park, Sung Wook, Choi, Shin-Young
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et al (2017) Association of statin use and hypertriglyceridemia with diabetic macular edema in patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic retinopathy. Cardiovascular diabetology
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16(1): 4
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC5219811/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC5219811</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28061854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28061854</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">none of the prognostic factors reported match review.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Creuzot-Garcher, C., Massin, P., Srour, M.
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et al (2022) Epidemiology of Treated Diabetes Ocular Complications in France 2008–2018-The LANDSCAPE French Nationwide Study. Pharmaceutics
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14(11): 2330
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9697089/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC9697089</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36365148" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 36365148</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Narrative review</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Crosby-Nwaobi, Roxanne, Chatziralli, Irini, Sergentanis, Theodoros
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et al (2015) Cross Talk between Lipid Metabolism and Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy. Journal of diabetes research
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2015: 191382
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4532932/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4532932</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26295054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26295054</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- End point measuring progression to PDR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Das, Anthony Vipin, Prashanthi, Gumpili Sai, Das, Taraprasad
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et al (2021) Clinical profile and magnitude of diabetic retinopathy: An electronic medical record-driven big data analytics from an eye care network in India. Indian journal of ophthalmology
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69(11): 3110–3117
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[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8725066/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8725066</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34708751" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34708751</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- End point measuring progression to PDR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Das, Radha, Kerr, Rebecca, Chakravarthy, Usha
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et al (2015) Dyslipidemia and Diabetic Macular Edema: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ophthalmology
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122(9): 1820–7
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26150053" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26150053</span></a>]
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</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- none of the prognostic factors reported match review protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Fairchild, J M, Hing, S J, Donaghue, K C
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et al (1994) Prevalence and risk factors for retinopathy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. The Medical journal of Australia
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160(12): 757–62
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[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8208191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8208191</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- measuring prevalence of PDR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Henricsson, M, Sellman, A, Tyrberg, M
|
|
et al (1999) Progression to proliferative retinopathy and macular oedema requiring treatment. Assessment of the alternative classification of the Wisconsin Study. Acta ophthalmologica Scandinavica
|
|
77(2): 218–23
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10321543" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10321543</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- mixed population of PDR and DMO</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Hirai, Flavio E, Knudtson, Michael D, Klein, Barbara E K
|
|
et al (2008) Clinically significant macular edema and survival in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. American journal of ophthalmology
|
|
145(4): 700–6
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC2440953/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC2440953</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18226797" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 18226797</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- measuring progression to PDR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Jones, Colin D, Greenwood, Richard H, Misra, Aseema
|
|
et al (2012) Incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy during 17 years of a population-based screening program in England. Diabetes care
|
|
35(3): 592–6
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3322726/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC3322726</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22279031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 22279031</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- Mixed population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Kaba, Q., Tai, F., Al-Awadi, A.
|
|
et al (2022) Examining the Relationship Between Diabetic Macular Edema, and Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Clinical Ophthalmology
|
|
16: 1215–1223
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9037844/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC9037844</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35480621" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 35480621</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Association study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Klein, R, Klein, B E, Moss, S E
|
|
et al (1994) Relationship of hyperglycemia to the long-term incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Archives of internal medicine
|
|
154(19): 2169–78
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7944837" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7944837</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- End point measuring progression to PDR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Klein, R, Klein, B E, Moss, S E
|
|
et al (1994) The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of diabetic retinopathy. XIV. Ten-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill.: 1960)
|
|
112(9): 1217–28
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7619101" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7619101</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- End point measuring progression to PDR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Leese, G. (2004) Longitudinal study examining the risk factors for proliferative retinopathy and maculopathy in type-I diabetes: The Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh Diabetes Register Group. Eye
|
|
18(8): 814–820
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14752505" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 14752505</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross sectional study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Leong, W.B., Jadhakhan, F., Taheri, S.
|
|
et al (2016) Effect of obstructive sleep apnoea on diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetic Medicine
|
|
33(2): 158–168
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26031931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26031931</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- a systematic review used to check for primary studies</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Li, Z., Liu, R., Xiao, O.
|
|
et al (2019) Progression of myopic maculopathy in highly myopic chinese eyes. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science
|
|
60(4): 1096–1104
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30901386" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30901386</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- wrong population</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Lim, Laurence Shen, Tai, E Shyong, Mitchell, Paul
|
|
et al (2010) C-reactive protein, body mass index, and diabetic retinopathy. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
|
|
51(9): 4458–63
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20805569" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 20805569</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross sectional study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Lloyd, C E, Klein, R, Maser, R E
|
|
et al (1995) The progression of retinopathy over 2 years: the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) Study. Journal of diabetes and its complications
|
|
9(3): 140–8
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7548977" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 7548977</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- End point measuring progression to PDR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Lobo, C., Santos, T., Marques, I.P.
|
|
et al (2022) Characterisation of progression of macular oedema in the initial stages of diabetic retinopathy: a 3-year longitudinal study. Eye (Basingstoke) [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9873671/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC9873671</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35066579" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 35066579</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- end point not measuring prognostic factors</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Marques, I.P., Ribeiro, M.L., Santos, T.P.
|
|
et al (2022) Different Risk Profiles for Progression of Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: A 2-Year Study. Ophthalmology and Therapy [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9834451/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC9834451</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36495395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 36495395</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- End point measuring progression to PDR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Martin-Merino, E, Fortuny, J, Rivero-Ferrer, E
|
|
et al (2017) Risk factors for diabetic macular oedema in type 2 diabetes: A case-control study in a United Kingdom primary care setting. Primary care diabetes
|
|
11(3): 288–296
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28395937" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28395937</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- no multivariate analysis conducted</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Moss, S E; Klein, R; Klein, B E (1994) Ocular factors in the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology
|
|
101(1): 77–83
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8302567" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8302567</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- End point measuring progression to PDR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Moss, S E; Klein, R; Klein, B E (1994) Ten-year incidence of visual loss in a diabetic population. Ophthalmology
|
|
101(6): 1061–70
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8008348" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8008348</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- End point do not match that specified in the protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Nguyen, H T, Luzio, S D, Dolben, J
|
|
et al (1996) Dominant risk factors for retinopathy at clinical diagnosis in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Journal of diabetes and its complications
|
|
10(4): 211–9
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8835921" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 8835921</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- End point measuring progression to PDR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Panozzo, G., Mura, G.D., Franzolin, E.
|
|
et al (2022) Early DMO: a predictor of poor outcomes following cataract surgery in diabetic patients. The DICAT-II study. Eye (Basingstoke)
|
|
36(8): 1687–1693 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8330474/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8330474</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34345028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34345028</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- End point do not match that specified in the protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Pires, Isabel, Santos, Ana Rita, Nunes, Sandrina
|
|
et al (2013) Subclinical macular edema as a predictor of progression to clinically significant macular edema in type 2 diabetes. Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde
|
|
230(4): 201–6
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24080704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24080704</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- prognostic factor does not match review protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Radwan, Salma H, Soliman, Ahmed Z, Tokarev, Julian
|
|
et al (2015) Association of Disorganization of Retinal Inner Layers With Vision After Resolution of Center-Involved Diabetic Macular Edema. JAMA ophthalmology
|
|
133(7): 820–5
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25950417" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25950417</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- End point measuring progression to PDR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Rajalakshmi, Ramachandran, Amutha, Anandakumar, Ranjani, Harish
|
|
et al (2014) Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in Asian Indians with young onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Journal of diabetes and its complications
|
|
28(3): 291–7
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24512748" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24512748</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- End point measuring progression to PDR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Raum, Philipp, Lamparter, Julia, Ponto, Katharina A
|
|
et al (2015) Prevalence and Cardiovascular Associations of Diabetic Retinopathy and Maculopathy: Results from the Gutenberg Health Study. PloS one
|
|
10(6): e0127188
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4468098/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4468098</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26075604" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26075604</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- End point measuring progression to PDR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Schreur, Vivian, van Asten, Freekje, Ng, Heijan
|
|
et al (2018) Risk factors for development and progression of diabetic retinopathy in Dutch patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Acta ophthalmologica
|
|
96(5): 459–464
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6174939/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6174939</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30188024" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30188024</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- End point measuring progression to PDR</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Shah, S P, Patel, M, Thomas, D
|
|
et al (2006) Factors predicting outcome of vitrectomy for diabetic macular oedema: results of a prospective study. The British journal of ophthalmology
|
|
90(1): 33–6
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1856901/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1856901</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16361663" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 16361663</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- population does not match protocol</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Shalchi, Zaid, Okada, Mali, Bruynseels, Alice
|
|
et al (2018) Effect of glycosylated hemoglobin on response to ranibizumab therapy in diabetic macular edema: real-world outcomes in 312 patients. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie
|
|
53(4): 415–419 [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30119798" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 30119798</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- wrong intervention</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Singh, Harsh V, Das, Shubhra, Deka, Dipali C
|
|
et al (2021) Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in self-reported diabetics among various ethnic groups and associated risk factors in North-East India: A hospital-based study. Indian journal of ophthalmology
|
|
69(11): 3132–3137
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC8725127/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC8725127</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34708755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 34708755</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">- prevalence</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Sun, Jennifer K, Lin, Michael M, Lammer, Jan
|
|
et al (2014) Disorganization of the retinal inner layers as a predictor of visual acuity in eyes with center-involved diabetic macular edema. JAMA ophthalmology
|
|
132(11): 1309–16
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25058813" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25058813</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">wrong intervention/ outcome measurement</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Sun, Zihan, Tang, Fangyao, Wong, Raymond
|
|
et al (2019) OCT Angiography Metrics Predict Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy and Development of Diabetic Macular Edema: A Prospective Study. Ophthalmology
|
|
126(12): 1675–1684
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31358386" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31358386</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- outcome/End point do not match that specified in the protocol</p>
|
|
<p>Mixed population</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Syriga, Maria, Ioannou, Zina, Pitsas, Christos
|
|
et al (2022) Diabetic retinopathy in Greece: prevalence and risk factors studied in the medical retina clinic of a Greek tertiary hospital. International ophthalmology
|
|
42(6): 1679–1687
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35098418" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 35098418</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- End point do not match that specified in the protocol</p>
|
|
<p>Prevalence study</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Terada, Noriko, Murakami, Tomoaki, Uji, Akihito
|
|
et al (2020) Hyperreflective Walls in Foveal Cystoid Spaces as a Biomarker of Diabetic Macular Edema Refractory to Anti-VEGF Treatment. Scientific reports
|
|
10(1): 7299
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC7190628/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC7190628</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32350366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32350366</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- End point do not match that specified in the protocol</p>
|
|
<p>Wrong intervention/ outcome measure</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
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Vujosevic, Stela, Pucci, Porzia, Casciano, Margherita
|
|
et al (2017) A decade-long telemedicine screening program for diabetic retinopathy in the north-east of Italy. Journal of diabetes and its complications
|
|
31(8): 1348–1353
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28551296" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 28551296</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- End point do not match that specified in the protocol</p>
|
|
<p>Wrong population</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Wang, Yu T, Tadarati, Mongkol, Wolfson, Yulia
|
|
et al (2016) Comparison of Prevalence of Diabetic Macular Edema Based on Monocular Fundus Photography vs Optical Coherence Tomography. JAMA ophthalmology
|
|
134(2): 222–8
|
|
[<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26719967" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 26719967</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- End point do not match that specified in the protocol</p>
|
|
<p>Wrong outcome measurement</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Wang, Yu, Lin, Zhong, Zhai, Gang
|
|
et al (2022) Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema in Patients with Early- and Late-Onset Diabetes Mellitus. Ophthalmic research
|
|
65(3): 293–299
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC9227665/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC9227665</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32353847" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 32353847</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- End point do not match that specified in the protocol</p>
|
|
<p>Mixed population</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Zander, E, Herfurth, S, Bohl, B
|
|
et al (2000) Maculopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2: associations with risk factors. The British journal of ophthalmology
|
|
84(8): 871–6
|
|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC1723591/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC1723591</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10906094" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 10906094</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross sectional study</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Zhang, Jun, Ma, Jingxue, Zhou, Nalei
|
|
et al (2015) Insulin use and risk of diabetic macular edema in diabetes mellitus: a systemic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Medical science monitor: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research
|
|
21: 929–36
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|
[<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4384512/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4384512</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25816765" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 25816765</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- End point do not match that specified in the protocol</p>
|
|
<p>Systematic review used to check for primary studies</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Zhu, Z., Cheng, W., Bulloch, G.
|
|
et al (2022) Choriocapillaris flow deficit as a biomarker for diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema: 3-year longitudinal cohort: Choriocapillaris flow predicts DR progression and DME development. American journal of ophthalmology [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36436548" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 36436548</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
<p>- End point do not match that specified in the protocol</p>
|
|
<p>Prognostic factor not included in review protocol</p>
|
|
</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
|
|
Zhuang, Xuenan, Cao, Dan, Yang, Dawei
|
|
et al (2019) Association of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema with renal function in southern Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a single-centre observational study. BMJ open
|
|
9(9): e031194 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC6731866/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC6731866</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31494622" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 31494622</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab1_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Cross sectional study</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article><article data-type="table-wrap" id="figobniceng242er1appitab2"><div id="niceng242er1.appi.tab2" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/books/NBK607354/table/niceng242er1.appi.tab2/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__niceng242er1.appi.tab2_lrgtbl__"><table><thead><tr><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Title</th><th id="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Reason for exclusion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab2_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">
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Olson, J, Sharp, P, Goatman, K
|
|
et al (2013) Improving the economic value of photographic screening for optical coherence tomography-detectable macular oedema: a prospective, multicentre, UK study. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England)
|
|
17(51): 1–142 [<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC4781285/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmc">PMC free article<span class="bk_prnt">: PMC4781285</span></a>] [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24225334" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pubmed">PubMed<span class="bk_prnt">: 24225334</span></a>]
|
|
</td><td headers="hd_h_niceng242er1.appi.tab2_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:middle;">Not applicable - not comparing prognostic factors</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></article></div><div id="jr-scripts"><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/libs.min.js"> </script><script src="/corehtml/pmc/jatsreader/ptpmc_3.22/js/jr.min.js"> </script></div></div>
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