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<meta name="description" content="During synaptic vesicle fusion, the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptor (SNARE) protein syntaxin-1 exhibits two conformations that both bind to Munc18-1: a "closed" conformation outside the SNARE complex and an "open" conformation in the SNARE complex. Although SNAR …"><meta name="keywords" content="pmid:18703708, PMC3235364, doi:10.1126/science.1163174, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Stefan H Gerber, Jong-Cheol Rah, Thomas C Südhof, Animals, Calcium / metabolism, Epilepsy / etiology, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Membrane Fusion, Mice, Mice, Knockout, Munc18 Proteins / metabolism, Mutation, Protein Conformation, Protein Structure, Tertiary, SNARE Proteins / metabolism, Sucrose / metabolism, Synapses / physiology, Synaptic Vesicles / physiology*, Synaptic Vesicles / ultrastructure, Syntaxin 1 / chemistry*, Syntaxin 1 / genetics, Syntaxin 1 / metabolism*, PubMed Abstract, NIH, NLM, NCBI, National Institutes of Health, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, MEDLINE"><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive"><meta property="og:title" content="Conformational switch of syntaxin-1 controls synaptic vesicle fusion - PubMed"><meta property="og:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18703708/"><meta property="og:description" content="During synaptic vesicle fusion, the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptor (SNARE) protein syntaxin-1 exhibits two conformations that both bind to Munc18-1: a "closed" conformation outside the SNARE complex and an "open" conformation in the SNARE complex. Although SNAR …"><meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:site_name" content="PubMed"><meta name="twitter:domain" content="pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta name="twitter:title" content="Conformational switch of syntaxin-1 controls synaptic vesicle fusion - PubMed"><meta name="twitter:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18703708/"><meta name="twitter:description" content="During synaptic vesicle fusion, the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptor (SNARE) protein syntaxin-1 exhibits two conformations that both bind to Munc18-1: a "closed" conformation outside the SNARE complex and an "open" conformation in the SNARE complex. Although SNAR …"><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg">
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||
<span class="search-input-link user-guide-link" role="navigation" aria-label="User guide">
|
||
<a href="/help/"
|
||
data-ga-category="featured_link"
|
||
data-ga-action="user_guide">
|
||
User Guide
|
||
</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</form>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="article-page-header">
|
||
<div id="article-top-actions-bar" class="article-top-actions-bar">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<div class="actions-container">
|
||
<div class="return-to-search">
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="multiple-results-actions " role="region" aria-label="save, email, send to">
|
||
<button id="save-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="save-results save-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
aria-controls="save-action-panel"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="open">
|
||
Save
|
||
</button><button id="email-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="email-results email-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="open">
|
||
Email
|
||
</button><div class="more-actions dropdown-block"><button id="more-actions-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="trigger more-actions-trigger"
|
||
ref="linksrc=show_moreactions_btn"
|
||
aria-label="Send to"
|
||
aria-controls="more-actions-dropdown">Send to</button><div id="more-actions-dropdown" class="dropdown dropdown-container" hidden><div class="content"><ul class="more-actions-links"><li><a class="clipboard-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link "
|
||
href="#"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="clipboard"
|
||
data-ga-label="send">
|
||
Clipboard
|
||
</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link bibliography-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F18703708%2F%23open-bibliography-panel">My Bibliography</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link collections-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F18703708%2F%23open-collections-panel">Collections</a></li><li><a role="button" class="citation-manager-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link citation-manager-trigger-target" href="#">Citation manager</a></li></ul></div></div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
|
||
data-default-format-value="abstract"
|
||
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region">
|
||
<button
|
||
class="trigger usa-button"
|
||
title="Change format"
|
||
data-ga-category="display_options"
|
||
data-ga-action="display_options_dialog">
|
||
<span class="button-label">Display options</span>
|
||
</button>
|
||
|
||
<div class="dropdown" hidden>
|
||
<div class="title">
|
||
Display options
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
|
||
<div class="format-container">
|
||
<span class="option-label">
|
||
Format
|
||
</span>
|
||
<select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="article-display-format">
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
|
||
<option value="pubmed">PubMed</option>
|
||
|
||
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
|
||
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="znSUro37eSig2s6MWKUV42I0G3L4Ej44QaCZ4ewtOt5KWTcCz3xXyaeEe7tgxUCo">
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="article-panels-container" class="article-panels-container">
|
||
<div id="save-action-panel" class="save-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Save citation to file
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="save-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="znSUro37eSig2s6MWKUV42I0G3L4Ej44QaCZ4ewtOt5KWTcCz3xXyaeEe7tgxUCo">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="save-action-format" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="save-action-format" name="results-format" class="action-panel-selector">
|
||
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="pubmed-text">PubMed</option>
|
||
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="csv">CSV</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Saving..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create file
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Save citations to file' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_save_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="save-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="email-action-panel"
|
||
class="email-action-panel action-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-recaptcha-script-url="https://www.recaptcha.net/recaptcha/enterprise.js?render=explicit&onload=onloadCaptchaCallback"
|
||
data-recaptcha-enabled="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Email citation
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="email-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/send-email/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-email-by-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/send-email/"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="znSUro37eSig2s6MWKUV42I0G3L4Ej44QaCZ4ewtOt5KWTcCz3xXyaeEe7tgxUCo">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<span class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Subject:
|
||
</span>
|
||
<span class="email-subject" id="email-subject" aria-label="Email subject">1 selected item: 18703708 - PubMed</span>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject" value="1 selected item: 18703708"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject-hash" value="b9be9ff784b39f4993ccbeceb023da1546659c1fc33a28f7bb7649040508835c"/>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-to" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
To:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input type="email" aria-label="Recipient Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-to" class="email-to" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="100" required>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
From:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
|
||
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
|
||
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
|
||
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
|
||
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Sending..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="send">
|
||
Send email
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="collections-action-panel"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Add to Collections
|
||
</h3>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
|
||
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
|
||
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
|
||
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
|
||
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
|
||
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
|
||
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="znSUro37eSig2s6MWKUV42I0G3L4Ej44QaCZ4ewtOt5KWTcCz3xXyaeEe7tgxUCo">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
|
||
<ul class="radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-new"
|
||
class="collections-new"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="new"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
|
||
class="collections-existing"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="existing"
|
||
checked="true"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="controls-wrapper">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name your collection:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="add-to-new-collection"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
|
||
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"
|
||
maxlength="100"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="create_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
|
||
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Name must be less than 100 characters
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Choose a collection:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
|
||
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="select_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
|
||
</select>
|
||
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
|
||
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="add">
|
||
Add
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
|
||
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Add to My Bibliography
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
|
||
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
|
||
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
|
||
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="znSUro37eSig2s6MWKUV42I0G3L4Ej44QaCZ4ewtOt5KWTcCz3xXyaeEe7tgxUCo">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
|
||
<div class="choice-group">
|
||
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
|
||
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
|
||
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Add
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="mybib"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Your saved search
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
|
||
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
|
||
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="znSUro37eSig2s6MWKUV42I0G3L4Ej44QaCZ4ewtOt5KWTcCz3xXyaeEe7tgxUCo">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name of saved search:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input maxlength="200"
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="saved-search-name"
|
||
id="saved-search-name"
|
||
class="saved-search-name"
|
||
value=""
|
||
required
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Search terms:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
|
||
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
|
||
Would you like email updates of new search results?
|
||
</span>
|
||
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
|
||
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
|
||
<ul class="radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
|
||
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</fieldset>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Email:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Frequency:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
|
||
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
|
||
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
|
||
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Which day?
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
|
||
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
|
||
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
|
||
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
|
||
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
|
||
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
|
||
<option value="day">The first day</option>
|
||
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Which day?
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
|
||
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
|
||
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
|
||
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
|
||
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
|
||
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Report format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
|
||
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
|
||
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Send at most:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
|
||
<option value="1">1 item</option>
|
||
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
|
||
<option value="10">10 items</option>
|
||
<option value="20">20 items</option>
|
||
<option value="50">50 items</option>
|
||
<option value="100">100 items</option>
|
||
<option value="200">200 items</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
|
||
Send even when there aren't any new results
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Optional text in email:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
|
||
id="saved-search-email-text"
|
||
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Saving..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Save
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Create a file for external citation management software
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="znSUro37eSig2s6MWKUV42I0G3L4Ej44QaCZ4ewtOt5KWTcCz3xXyaeEe7tgxUCo">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Sending..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create file
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Your RSS Feed
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
|
||
data-search-form-term-value="">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="znSUro37eSig2s6MWKUV42I0G3L4Ej44QaCZ4ewtOt5KWTcCz3xXyaeEe7tgxUCo">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name of RSS Feed:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input maxlength="200"
|
||
placeholder="Name"
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="rss-name"
|
||
id="rss-name"
|
||
class="rss-name"
|
||
value=''
|
||
required
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Number of items displayed:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
|
||
<option value="5">5</option>
|
||
<option value="10">10</option>
|
||
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
|
||
<option value="20">20</option>
|
||
<option value="50">50</option>
|
||
<option value="100">100</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Creating..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create RSS
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
|
||
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
|
||
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
|
||
<button
|
||
type="button"
|
||
disabled
|
||
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="rss"
|
||
data-ga-label="copy">
|
||
Copy
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="18703708">
|
||
<aside class="page-sidebar">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
|
||
<div class="full-text-links">
|
||
<div class="full-view">
|
||
<h3 class="title">
|
||
Full text links
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="full-text-links-list">
|
||
<a class="link-item
|
||
|
||
dialog-focus"
|
||
href="https:///www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1163174?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub 0pubmed"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noopener"
|
||
|
||
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=False&PrId=4487&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=18703708&db=pubmed&nlmid=0404511"
|
||
title="See full text options at Atypon"
|
||
|
||
data-ga-category="full_text"
|
||
data-ga-action="Atypon"
|
||
data-ga-label="18703708"
|
||
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--www.science.org-pb-assets-images-logos-pubmed-science.gif" alt="Atypon full text link"><span class="text">
|
||
|
||
Atypon
|
||
|
||
</span></a><a class="link-item
|
||
pmc
|
||
"
|
||
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/18703708/"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noopener"
|
||
|
||
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=True&PrId=3494&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=18703708&db=pubmed&nlmid=0404511"
|
||
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
|
||
|
||
data-ga-category="full_text"
|
||
data-ga-action="PMC"
|
||
data-ga-label="18703708"
|
||
><span class="text">
|
||
|
||
Free PMC article
|
||
|
||
</span></a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="short-view">
|
||
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
|
||
Full text links
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
|
||
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="cite"
|
||
data-ga-label="open"
|
||
data-all-citations-url="/18703708/citations/"
|
||
data-citation-style="nlm"
|
||
data-pubmed-format-link="/18703708/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="18703708" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
|
||
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_button"
|
||
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
|
||
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F18703708%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
|
||
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
|
||
class="dialog collections-dialog"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
|
||
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
|
||
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
|
||
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
|
||
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="znSUro37eSig2s6MWKUV42I0G3L4Ej44QaCZ4ewtOt5KWTcCz3xXyaeEe7tgxUCo"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
|
||
class="collections-new"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="new"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
|
||
class="collections-existing"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="existing"
|
||
checked="true"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name your collection:
|
||
</label><input
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="add-to-new-collection"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
|
||
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"
|
||
maxlength="100"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="create_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Name must be less than 100 characters
|
||
</div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Choose a collection:
|
||
</label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing"
|
||
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="select_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="add">
|
||
Add
|
||
</button><button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger"
|
||
title="Open dialog with more actions to take"
|
||
ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
|
||
data-default-format-value="abstract"
|
||
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button
|
||
class="trigger usa-button"
|
||
title="Change format"
|
||
data-ga-category="display_options"
|
||
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Conformational switch of syntaxin-1 controls synaptic vesicle fusion
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Conformational switch of syntaxin-1 controls synaptic vesicle fusion
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During synaptic vesicle fusion, the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptor (SNARE) protein syntaxin-1 exhibits two conformations that both bind to Munc18-1: a "closed" conformation outside the SNARE complex and an "open" conformation in the SNARE complex. Although SNARE complexes containing open syntaxin-1 and Munc18-1 are essential for exocytosis, the function of closed syntaxin-1 is unknown. We generated knockin/knockout mice that expressed only open syntaxin-1B. Syntaxin-1B(Open) mice were viable but succumbed to generalized seizures at 2 to 3 months of age. Binding of Munc18-1 to syntaxin-1 was impaired in syntaxin-1B(Open) synapses, and the size of the readily releasable vesicle pool was decreased; however, the rate of synaptic vesicle fusion was dramatically enhanced. Thus, the closed conformation of syntaxin-1 gates the initiation of the synaptic vesicle fusion reaction, which is then mediated by SNARE-complex/Munc18-1 assemblies.
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<p> Figure 1. Syntaxin-1A <sup> KO </sup> /syntaxin-1B <sup> Open </sup> double… </p>
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<p> Figure 1. Syntaxin-1A <sup> KO </sup> /syntaxin-1B <sup> Open </sup> double mutant mice perish postnatally </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i> <b> A </b> </i> . Survival of syntaxin-1 mutant mice…</div>
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Figure 1. Syntaxin-1A<sup>KO</sup>/syntaxin-1B<sup>Open</sup> double mutant mice perish postnatally
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i><b>A</b></i>. Survival of syntaxin-1 mutant mice <i><b>B</b></i>. and <i><b>C</b></i>. Representative immunoblots (B) and levels of synaptic proteins (C) from syntaxin-1A<sup>WT</sup>/1B<sup>WT</sup>, -1A<sup>WT</sup>/1B<sup>Open</sup>, -1A<sup>KO</sup>/1B<sup>WT</sup>, and -1A<sup>KO</sup>/1B<sup>Open</sup> mutant mice determined by quantitative immunoblotting using <sup>125</sup>I-labeled secondary antibodies (see also Table S1). <i><b>D</b></i>. Representative immunoblots (left) and quantitations (right) analyzing co-immunoprecipitation of Munc18-1, SNAP-25, synaptobrevin-2, and synaptotagmin-1 with syntaxin-1B<sup>WT</sup> and -1B<sup>Open</sup> in Triton X-100 solubilized brain proteins. The amounts of co-immunoprecipitated Munc18-1, SNAP-25, synaptobrevin-2, and synaptotagmin-1 were determined by quantitative immunoblotting and normalized for the immunoprecipitated syntaxin-1. Data in C and D are means ± SEMs; *=p<0.05; **=p<0.01; ***=p<0.001 by Student's t-test compared to wild-type. Abbreviations: Synt., syntaxin; Syb-2, synaptobrevin-2; Synph-1, synaptophysin-1; Syt-1, synaptotagmin-1; VCP, p97/vasolin-containing protein; GDI, GDP dissociation inhibitor.</div>
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<p> Figure 2. Syntaxin-1B <sup> Open </sup> impairs chromaffin but… </p>
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<p> Figure 2. Syntaxin-1B <sup> Open </sup> impairs chromaffin but not synaptic vesicle docking </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i> <b> A </b> </i> . and <i> <b> B </b> </i> .…</div>
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Figure 2. Syntaxin-1B<sup>Open</sup> impairs chromaffin but not synaptic vesicle docking
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i><b>A</b></i>. and <i><b>B</b></i>. Representative electron micrographs of neurons cultured from syntaxin-1A<sup>KO</sup> mice containing wild-type syntaxin-1B<sup>WT</sup> (A) or ‘open’ syntaxin-1B<sup>Open</sup> (B; scale bar, 250 nm). <i><b>C</b></i>. Number of docked vesicles per active zone (n = 3 experiments with 1B<sup>WT</sup>=49, 55, and 32 synapses; 1B<sup>Open</sup>=21, 38, and 49 synapses; normalized for wild-type values). <i><b>D.</b></i> Plot of the cumulative distribution of docked vesicles per active zone (statistical significance with Kolmogorov-Simirnov test: p<0.01; 1B<sup>WT</sup>=136, 1B<sup>Open</sup>=108 synapses). <i><b>E</b></i>. and <i><b>F.</b></i> Size of the postsynaptic density (E) and number of docked vesicles/length of postsynaptic density (F; both normalized for wild-type values). <i><b>G.</b> - <b>J.</b></i> Representative electron micrographs of chromaffin cells from control (G,H) and syntaxin-1B<sup>Open</sup> (I,J) littermate mice at embryonic day E18 at two magnifications (G,I: bar, 1 μm; H,J: bar, 200 nm). <i><b>K.</b></i> Distribution of the distance of secretory granules from the plasma membrane in chromaffin cells from syntaxin-1B<sup>WT</sup>, -1B<sup>Open</sup>, Munc18-1 KO, and synaptobrevin-2 KO mice (analyzed separately with wildtype controls and binned as indicated). <i><b>L</b></i>. Total number of secretory granules per chromaffin cell in syntaxin-1B<sup>WT</sup> or -1B<sup>Open</sup> mice, and in Munc18-1 and synaptobrevin-2 KO mice (K and L: N=3 animals, n = 60 chromaffin cells). Data are means ± SEMs; **=p<0.01 by Student's t-test compared to wild-type.</div>
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<p> Figure 3. Neurotransmitter release in syntaxin-1B <sup> Open… </sup> </p>
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<p> Figure 3. Neurotransmitter release in syntaxin-1B <sup> Open </sup> synapses </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i> <b> A </b> </i> .- <i> <b> C </b> </i> . Summary graphs of the…</div>
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Figure 3. Neurotransmitter release in syntaxin-1B<sup>Open</sup> synapses
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i><b>A</b></i>.- <i><b>C</b></i>. Summary graphs of the frequency (A), amplitude (B), and charge (C) of spontaneous synaptic events (mEPSCs) <i><b>D. - F</b></i>. Representative traces (D) and mean EPSC amplitudes (E) and charges (F) in synaptic responses induced by isolated action potentials <i><b>G</b></i>. and <i><b>H</b></i>. EPSC amplitudes of evoked synaptic responses elicited by 10 Hz (G) and 20 Hz stimulus trains (H). Data are means ± SEMs; *=p<0.05 by Student's t-test compared to wild-type; numbers in bars show numbers of neurons analyzed.</div>
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<p> Figure 4. Increased fusogenicity of synaptic vesicles in syntaxin-1B <sup> Open </sup> synapses </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i> <b> A </b> </i> . Average postsynaptic currents…</div>
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Figure 4. Increased fusogenicity of synaptic vesicles in syntaxin-1B<sup>Open</sup> synapses
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i><b>A</b></i>. Average postsynaptic currents elicited by application of 0.5 M sucrose in syntaxin-1B<sup>WT</sup> and -1B<sup>Open</sup> synapses <i><b>B</b></i>. Mean RRP size determined as the transient charge integral induced by application of 0.5 M hypertonic solution <i><b>C</b></i>. Summary graph of the spontaneous vesicular release rate (mini frequency divided by the number of vesicles in the RRP) <i><b>D.</b></i> Mean vesicular release probability (P<sub>vr</sub> = evoked EPSC charge divided by the RRP charge). <i><b>E</b></i>. Time-course of the average cumulative synaptic charge transfer during sucrose-induced release. For syntaxin-1B<sup>Open</sup> synapses, both absolute (blue; left y-axis) and normalized responses (red; right y-axis) are depicted. In B and E, the steady-state component of release during the responses was subtracted. <i><b>F</b></i>. Plot of the half-width vs. time-to-onset of sucrose-induced synaptic responses. <i><b>G</b></i>. Representative traces of synaptic responses induced by 0.25 M, 0.35 M and 0.50 M sucrose. <i><b>H</b></i>. and <i><b>I</b></i>. Plot of the released fraction of the RRP (H; defined as the response to 0.5 M sucrose) and of the vesicular release rate (I) as a function of the sucrose concentration. In G, the 0 mM sucrose value represents the spontaneous vesicular release rate (Fig. 4D). Data are means ± SEMs; **=p<0.01, ***=p<0.001 by Student's t-test compared to wild-type; numbers in bars show numbers of neurons analyzed.</div>
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PMC
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</a>
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-
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<a
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PubMed
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Dulubova I, et al. EMBO J. 1999;18:4372.
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<a
|
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class="reference-link"
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href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1171512/"
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PMC
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Misura KM, Scheller RH, Weis WI. Nature. 2000;404:355.
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<div id="publication-types" class="publication-types keywords-section">
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<h2 class="title">
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Publication types
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
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href="/?term=%22Research+Support%2C+N.I.H.%2C+Extramural%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials
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Membrane Fusion
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aria-expanded="false"
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Mice
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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hidden
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Mice"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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Search in PubMed
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data-search-term=""Mice"[MeSH]"
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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tabindex="0"
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aria-expanded="false"
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data-pinger-ignore>
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Mice, Knockout
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-6"
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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hidden
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Mice, Knockout"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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data-href="/?term=%22Mice%2C+Knockout%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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Protein Conformation
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Protein Structure, Tertiary
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SNARE Proteins / metabolism
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Synapses / physiology
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major"
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Synaptic Vesicles / physiology*
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Synaptic Vesicles / ultrastructure
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Syntaxin 1 / chemistry*
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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data-search-term=""Syntaxin 1/chemistry"[MAJR]"
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Add to Search
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Syntaxin 1 / genetics"
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aria-expanded="false"
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Syntaxin 1 / genetics
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-17"
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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hidden
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Syntaxin 1 / genetics"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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href="/?term=%22Syntaxin+1%2Fgenetics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22Syntaxin+1%2Fgenetics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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Search in PubMed
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Syntaxin+1"
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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data-search-term=""Syntaxin 1/genetics"[MeSH]"
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Add to Search
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aria-expanded="false"
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data-pinger-ignore>
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Syntaxin 1 / metabolism*
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-18"
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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hidden
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Syntaxin 1 / metabolism*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22Syntaxin+1%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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Search in PubMed
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Add to Search
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul>
|
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</div>
|
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|
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|
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|
||
|
||
<div id="substances" class="substances keywords-section">
|
||
<h2 class="title">
|
||
Substances
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Munc18 Proteins"
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tabindex="0"
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aria-expanded="false"
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data-pinger-ignore>
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Munc18 Proteins
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-0"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
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hidden
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Munc18 Proteins"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22Munc18+Proteins%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22Munc18+Proteins%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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Search in PubMed
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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data-search-term=""Munc18 Proteins"[nm]"
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Add to Search
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword SNARE Proteins"
|
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tabindex="0"
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aria-expanded="false"
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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SNARE Proteins
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-1"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword SNARE Proteins"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22SNARE+Proteins%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22SNARE+Proteins%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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Search in PubMed
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Search in MeSH
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data-search-term=""SNARE Proteins"[nm]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""SNARE Proteins"[nm]"
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href="#">
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Add to Search
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
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aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Syntaxin 1"
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tabindex="0"
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-2"
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aria-expanded="false"
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Syntaxin 1
|
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</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-2"
|
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class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Syntaxin 1"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="/?term=%22Syntaxin+1%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22Syntaxin+1%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Syntaxin 1"[nm]"
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data-ga-action="substance"
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data-ga-label="Syntaxin 1">
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Syntaxin+1%22"
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="substance_link"
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data-ga-label="Syntaxin 1">
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Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
|
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Syntaxin 1"[nm]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
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data-ga-label=""Syntaxin 1"[nm]"
|
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href="#">
|
||
Add to Search
|
||
</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Sucrose"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-3"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Sucrose
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-3"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
||
aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Sucrose"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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href="/?term=%22Sucrose%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22Sucrose%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Sucrose"[nm]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="substance"
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data-ga-label="Sucrose">
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Sucrose%22"
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="substance_link"
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data-ga-label="Sucrose">
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Search in MeSH
|
||
</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
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role="button"
|
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data-search-term=""Sucrose"[nm]"
|
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data-ga-category="search"
|
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
|
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data-ga-label=""Sucrose"[nm]"
|
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href="#">
|
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link"
|
||
aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Calcium"
|
||
tabindex="0"
|
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aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-4"
|
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aria-expanded="false"
|
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data-pinger-ignore>
|
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Calcium
|
||
</button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-4"
|
||
class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container"
|
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hidden
|
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aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Calcium"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link"
|
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href="/?term=%22Calcium%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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data-href="/?term=%22Calcium%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Calcium"[nm]"
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data-ga-label="Calcium">
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Search in PubMed
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</a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link"
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ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link"
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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Calcium%22"
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data-ga-category="search_mesh"
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data-ga-action="substance_link"
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data-ga-label="Calcium">
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Search in MeSH
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</a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link"
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ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link"
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role="button"
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data-search-term=""Calcium"[nm]"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="add_to_search"
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data-ga-label=""Calcium"[nm]"
|
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href="#">
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Add to Search
|
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</a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="related-links" class="related-links">
|
||
<h2 class="title">
|
||
Related information
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="related-links-list"><li><a title="PubMed links associated with Books" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books?linkname=pubmed_books_refs&from_uid=18703708"
|
||
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=18703708&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=1">
|
||
Cited in Books
|
||
</a></li><li><a title="Link to related Genes" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?linkname=pubmed_gene&from_uid=18703708"
|
||
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=18703708&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=2">
|
||
Gene
|
||
</a></li><li><a title="Link to Gene for the GeneRIF subcategory" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?linkname=pubmed_gene_rif&from_uid=18703708"
|
||
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=18703708&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=3">
|
||
Gene (GeneRIF)
|
||
</a></li><li><a title="Related information in MedGen" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen?linkname=pubmed_medgen&from_uid=18703708"
|
||
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=18703708&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=4">
|
||
MedGen
|
||
</a></li><li><a title="Related records in MedGen based on citations in GeneReviews and Medical Genetics Summaries" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen?linkname=pubmed_medgen_bookshelf_cited&from_uid=18703708"
|
||
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=18703708&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=5">
|
||
MedGen (Bookshelf cited)
|
||
</a></li><li><a title="OMIM (cited) Links" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim?linkname=pubmed_omim_cited&from_uid=18703708"
|
||
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=18703708&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=6">
|
||
OMIM (cited)
|
||
</a></li><li><a title="Link to Protein RefSeqs" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein?linkname=pubmed_protein_refseq&from_uid=18703708"
|
||
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=18703708&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=7">
|
||
Protein (RefSeq)
|
||
</a></li><li><a title="Related PubChem Compound" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pccompound?linkname=pubmed_pccompound&from_uid=18703708"
|
||
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=18703708&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=8">
|
||
PubChem Compound
|
||
</a></li><li><a title="Related PubChem Compound via MeSH" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pccompound?linkname=pubmed_pccompound_mesh&from_uid=18703708"
|
||
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=18703708&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=9">
|
||
PubChem Compound (MeSH Keyword)
|
||
</a></li><li><a title="Related PubChem Substance" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pcsubstance?linkname=pubmed_pcsubstance&from_uid=18703708"
|
||
ref="log$=recordlinks&logdbfrom=pubmed&ncbi_uid=18703708&ordinalpos=1&linkpos=10">
|
||
PubChem Substance
|
||
</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="grants" class="grants">
|
||
<h2 class="title">
|
||
Grants and funding
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<div class="grants-list"><ul id="grants-head-list"><li class="grant-item"><a
|
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title="All articles for grant R01 NS051262/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States"
|
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href="/?term=R01+NS051262%2FNS%2FNINDS+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=grant_link"
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data-ga-category="search"
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>
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R01 NS051262/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
|
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</a></li><li class="grant-item"><a
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title="All articles for grant R01 NS037200/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States"
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href="/?term=R01+NS037200%2FNS%2FNINDS+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=grant_link"
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data-ga-action="grant"
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>
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R01 NS037200/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
|
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</a></li><li class="grant-item"><a
|
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title="All articles for grant HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States"
|
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href="/?term=HHMI%2FHoward+Hughes+Medical+Institute%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=grant_link"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="grant"
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data-ga-label="None"
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>
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HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States
|
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</a></li><li class="grant-item"><a
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title="All articles for grant NS051262/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States"
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href="/?term=NS051262%2FNS%2FNINDS+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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ref="linksrc=grant_link"
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data-ga-category="search"
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data-ga-action="grant"
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data-ga-label="NS051262"
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>
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NS051262/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States
|
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</a></li><li class="grant-item"><a
|
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title="All articles for grant NS37200/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States"
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href="/?term=NS37200%2FNS%2FNINDS+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc"
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