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|
||
data-ga-category="featured_link"
|
||
data-ga-action="user_guide">
|
||
User Guide
|
||
</a>
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</form>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="article-page-header">
|
||
<div id="article-top-actions-bar" class="article-top-actions-bar">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<div class="actions-container">
|
||
<div class="return-to-search">
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="multiple-results-actions " role="region" aria-label="save, email, send to">
|
||
<button id="save-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="save-results save-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
aria-controls="save-action-panel"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="open">
|
||
Save
|
||
</button><button id="email-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="email-results email-results-panel-trigger"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="open">
|
||
Email
|
||
</button><div class="more-actions dropdown-block"><button id="more-actions-trigger"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="trigger more-actions-trigger"
|
||
ref="linksrc=show_moreactions_btn"
|
||
aria-label="Send to"
|
||
aria-controls="more-actions-dropdown">Send to</button><div id="more-actions-dropdown" class="dropdown dropdown-container" hidden><div class="content"><ul class="more-actions-links"><li><a class="clipboard-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link "
|
||
href="#"
|
||
role="button"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="clipboard"
|
||
data-ga-label="send">
|
||
Clipboard
|
||
</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link bibliography-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F39194290%2F%23open-bibliography-panel">My Bibliography</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link collections-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F39194290%2F%23open-collections-panel">Collections</a></li><li><a role="button" class="citation-manager-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link citation-manager-trigger-target" href="#">Citation manager</a></li></ul></div></div></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
|
||
data-default-format-value="abstract"
|
||
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region">
|
||
<button
|
||
class="trigger usa-button"
|
||
title="Change format"
|
||
data-ga-category="display_options"
|
||
data-ga-action="display_options_dialog">
|
||
<span class="button-label">Display options</span>
|
||
</button>
|
||
|
||
<div class="dropdown" hidden>
|
||
<div class="title">
|
||
Display options
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="content">
|
||
|
||
<div class="format-container">
|
||
<span class="option-label">
|
||
Format
|
||
</span>
|
||
<select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="article-display-format">
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
|
||
<option value="pubmed">PubMed</option>
|
||
|
||
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
|
||
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="TpRCH5YMI8xGwa5PMe7QaUAgxXW1TaSxacBHkVr8iJkaqBbFpxKSE26U51EdMLqR">
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="article-panels-container" class="article-panels-container">
|
||
<div id="save-action-panel" class="save-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Save citation to file
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="save-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="TpRCH5YMI8xGwa5PMe7QaUAgxXW1TaSxacBHkVr8iJkaqBbFpxKSE26U51EdMLqR">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="save-action-format" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="save-action-format" name="results-format" class="action-panel-selector">
|
||
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="pubmed-text">PubMed</option>
|
||
<option value="pmid">PMID</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="csv">CSV</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Saving..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create file
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Save citations to file' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_save_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="save-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="save"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="email-action-panel"
|
||
class="email-action-panel action-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-recaptcha-script-url="https://www.recaptcha.net/recaptcha/enterprise.js?render=explicit&onload=onloadCaptchaCallback"
|
||
data-recaptcha-enabled="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Email citation
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="email-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/send-email/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-email-by-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/send-email/"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="TpRCH5YMI8xGwa5PMe7QaUAgxXW1TaSxacBHkVr8iJkaqBbFpxKSE26U51EdMLqR">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<span class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Subject:
|
||
</span>
|
||
<span class="email-subject" id="email-subject" aria-label="Email subject">1 selected item: 39194290 - PubMed</span>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject" value="1 selected item: 39194290"/>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-subject-hash" value="9d488832d8c0560c7b3fbb6ec86ab2eb933b9b95c6e232962d7999c01089af78"/>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-to" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
To:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input type="email" aria-label="Recipient Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-to" class="email-to" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="100" required>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
From:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
|
||
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
|
||
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
|
||
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
|
||
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Sending..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="send">
|
||
Send email
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="email"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="collections-action-panel"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Add to Collections
|
||
</h3>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
|
||
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
|
||
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
|
||
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
|
||
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
|
||
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
|
||
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="TpRCH5YMI8xGwa5PMe7QaUAgxXW1TaSxacBHkVr8iJkaqBbFpxKSE26U51EdMLqR">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
|
||
<ul class="radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-new"
|
||
class="collections-new"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="new"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
|
||
class="collections-existing"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="existing"
|
||
checked="true"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="controls-wrapper">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name your collection:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="add-to-new-collection"
|
||
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
|
||
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"
|
||
maxlength="100"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="create_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
|
||
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Name must be less than 100 characters
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
|
||
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Choose a collection:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
|
||
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="select_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
|
||
</select>
|
||
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
|
||
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="add">
|
||
Add
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="collections"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
|
||
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Add to My Bibliography
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
|
||
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
|
||
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
|
||
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
|
||
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="TpRCH5YMI8xGwa5PMe7QaUAgxXW1TaSxacBHkVr8iJkaqBbFpxKSE26U51EdMLqR">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
|
||
<div class="choice-group">
|
||
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
|
||
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
|
||
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore>
|
||
Add
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="mybib"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
|
||
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
|
||
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Your saved search
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
|
||
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
|
||
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="TpRCH5YMI8xGwa5PMe7QaUAgxXW1TaSxacBHkVr8iJkaqBbFpxKSE26U51EdMLqR">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name of saved search:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input maxlength="200"
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="saved-search-name"
|
||
id="saved-search-name"
|
||
class="saved-search-name"
|
||
value=""
|
||
required
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Search terms:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
|
||
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
|
||
Would you like email updates of new search results?
|
||
</span>
|
||
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
|
||
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
|
||
<ul class="radio-group-items">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
|
||
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</fieldset>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Email:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Frequency:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
|
||
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
|
||
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
|
||
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Which day?
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
|
||
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
|
||
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
|
||
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
|
||
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
|
||
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
|
||
<option value="day">The first day</option>
|
||
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Which day?
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
|
||
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
|
||
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
|
||
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
|
||
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
|
||
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
|
||
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Report format:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
|
||
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
|
||
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
|
||
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
|
||
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Send at most:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
|
||
<option value="1">1 item</option>
|
||
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
|
||
<option value="10">10 items</option>
|
||
<option value="20">20 items</option>
|
||
<option value="50">50 items</option>
|
||
<option value="100">100 items</option>
|
||
<option value="200">200 items</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
|
||
Send even when there aren't any new results
|
||
</label>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
|
||
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Optional text in email:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
|
||
id="saved-search-email-text"
|
||
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Saving..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Save
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Create a file for external citation management software
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
|
||
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
|
||
method="post"
|
||
data-by-search-method="post"
|
||
data-by-ids-method="post">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="TpRCH5YMI8xGwa5PMe7QaUAgxXW1TaSxacBHkVr8iJkaqBbFpxKSE26U51EdMLqR">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Sending..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create file
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
|
||
Your RSS Feed
|
||
</h2>
|
||
|
||
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
|
||
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
|
||
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
|
||
data-search-form-term-value="">
|
||
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="TpRCH5YMI8xGwa5PMe7QaUAgxXW1TaSxacBHkVr8iJkaqBbFpxKSE26U51EdMLqR">
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
|
||
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name of RSS Feed:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<input maxlength="200"
|
||
placeholder="Name"
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="rss-name"
|
||
id="rss-name"
|
||
class="rss-name"
|
||
value=''
|
||
required
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/">
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
|
||
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Number of items displayed:
|
||
</label>
|
||
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
|
||
<option value="5">5</option>
|
||
<option value="10">10</option>
|
||
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
|
||
<option value="20">20</option>
|
||
<option value="50">50</option>
|
||
<option value="100">100</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-actions">
|
||
<button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Creating..."
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="save">
|
||
Create RSS
|
||
</button>
|
||
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="alert"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
|
||
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
|
||
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
|
||
<button
|
||
type="button"
|
||
disabled
|
||
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="rss"
|
||
data-ga-label="copy">
|
||
Copy
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="39194290">
|
||
<aside class="page-sidebar">
|
||
<div class="inner-wrap">
|
||
|
||
<div class="full-text-links">
|
||
<div class="full-view">
|
||
<h3 class="title">
|
||
Full text links
|
||
</h3>
|
||
<div class="full-text-links-list">
|
||
<a class="link-item
|
||
|
||
dialog-focus"
|
||
href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/abs/10.1128/spectrum.00922-24?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub 0pubmed"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noopener"
|
||
|
||
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=False&PrId=4487&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=39194290&db=pubmed&nlmid=101634614"
|
||
title="See full text options at Atypon"
|
||
|
||
data-ga-category="full_text"
|
||
data-ga-action="Atypon"
|
||
data-ga-label="39194290"
|
||
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--journals.asm.org-pb-assets-pubmed-pubmed_ASMJ_OA.png" alt="Atypon full text link"><span class="text">
|
||
|
||
Atypon
|
||
|
||
</span></a><a class="link-item
|
||
pmc
|
||
"
|
||
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/39194290/"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noopener"
|
||
|
||
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=True&PrId=3494&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=39194290&db=pubmed&nlmid=101634614"
|
||
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
|
||
|
||
data-ga-category="full_text"
|
||
data-ga-action="PMC"
|
||
data-ga-label="39194290"
|
||
><span class="text">
|
||
|
||
Free PMC article
|
||
|
||
</span></a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="short-view">
|
||
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
|
||
Full text links
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
|
||
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
|
||
data-ga-category="save_share"
|
||
data-ga-action="cite"
|
||
data-ga-label="open"
|
||
data-all-citations-url="/39194290/citations/"
|
||
data-citation-style="nlm"
|
||
data-pubmed-format-link="/39194290/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="39194290" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
|
||
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_button"
|
||
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
|
||
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F39194290%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
|
||
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
|
||
class="dialog collections-dialog"
|
||
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
|
||
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
|
||
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
|
||
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
|
||
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
|
||
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
|
||
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="TpRCH5YMI8xGwa5PMe7QaUAgxXW1TaSxacBHkVr8iJkaqBbFpxKSE26U51EdMLqR"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
|
||
class="collections-new"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="new"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
|
||
class="collections-existing"
|
||
name="collections"
|
||
value="existing"
|
||
checked="true"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
|
||
Name your collection:
|
||
</label><input
|
||
type="text"
|
||
name="add-to-new-collection"
|
||
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
|
||
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
|
||
pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"
|
||
maxlength="100"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="create_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Name must be less than 100 characters
|
||
</div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
|
||
Choose a collection:
|
||
</label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing"
|
||
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="select_collection"
|
||
data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
|
||
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit"
|
||
type="submit"
|
||
data-loading-label="Adding..."
|
||
data-pinger-ignore
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="add">
|
||
Add
|
||
</button><button class="action-panel-cancel"
|
||
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
|
||
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
|
||
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
data-ga-category="collections_button"
|
||
data-ga-action="click"
|
||
data-ga-label="cancel">
|
||
Cancel
|
||
</button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger"
|
||
title="Open dialog with more actions to take"
|
||
ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format"
|
||
data-default-format-value="abstract"
|
||
data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button
|
||
class="trigger usa-button"
|
||
title="Change format"
|
||
data-ga-category="display_options"
|
||
data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title">
|
||
Display options
|
||
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The role of exopolysaccharides Psl and Pel in resistance of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> to the oxidative stressors sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide
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The role of exopolysaccharides Psl and Pel in resistance of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> to the oxidative stressors sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide
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<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> is well-known for its antimicrobial resistance and the ability to survive in harsh environmental conditions due to an abundance of resistance mechanisms, including the formation of biofilms and the production of exopolysaccharides. Exopolysaccharides are among the major components of the extracellular matrix in biofilms and aggregates of <i>P. aeruginosa</i>. Although their contribution to antibiotic resistance has been previously shown, their roles in resistance to oxidative stressors remain largely elusive. Here, we studied the function of the exopolysaccharides Psl and Pel in the resistance of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> to the commonly used disinfectants and strong oxidizing agents NaOCl and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. We observed that the simultaneous inactivation of Psl and Pel in <i>P. aeruginosa</i> PAO1 mutant strain ∆<i>pslA pelF</i> resulted in a significant increase in susceptibility to both NaOCl and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Further analyses revealed that Pel is more important for oxidative stress resistance in <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and that the form of Pel (i.e., cell-associated or cell-free) did not affect NaOCl susceptibility. Additionally, we show that Psl/Pel-negative strains are protected against oxidative stress in co-culture biofilms with <i>P. aeruginosa</i> PAO1 WT. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the EPS matrix and, more specifically, Pel exhibit protective functions against oxidative stressors such as NaOCl and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in <i>P. aeruginosa</i>.
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Biofilms are microbial communities of cells embedded in a self-produced polymeric matrix composed of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and extracellular DNA. Biofilm bacteria have been shown to possess unique characteristics, including increased stress resistance and higher antimicrobial tolerance, leading to failures in bacterial eradication during chronic infections or in technical settings, including drinking and wastewater industries. Previous studies have shown that in addition to conferring structure and stability to biofilms, the polysaccharides Psl and Pel are also involved in antibiotic resistance. This work provides evidence that these biofilm matrix components also contribute to the resistance of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> to oxidative stressors including the widely used disinfectant NaOCl. Understanding the mechanisms by which bacteria escape antimicrobial agents, including strong oxidants, is urgently needed in the fight against antimicrobial resistance and will help in developing new strategies to eliminate resistant strains in any environmental, industrial, and clinical setting.
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Keywords:
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa; biofilms; exopolysaccharides; hydrogen peroxide; oxidative stress; reactive chlorine species; sodium hypochlorite.
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<a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" data-ga-category="literature_resources"
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data-ga-action="disclaimer_link" data-ga-label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a>
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<div class="conflict-of-interest" id="conflict-of-interest">
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Conflict of interest statement
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<div class="statement">
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<p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one">The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Susceptibility of PAO1 WT and… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Susceptibility of PAO1 WT and PAO1 ∆ <i> pslA </i> , ∆ <i> pelF </i> , and… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Susceptibility of PAO1 WT and PAO1 ∆<i>pslA</i>, ∆<i>pelF</i>, and ∆<i>pslA pelF</i> to NaOCl. PAO1 WT and mutant strains were grown in polystyrene 96- or 12-well microplates for 24 h at 37°C in BM2 biofilm medium under static conditions and treated with NaOCl. (<b>A</b>) Susceptibility was evaluated by the MBC-B assay. (<b>B</b>) Fluorescence microscopy of PAO1 WT and ∆<i>pslA,</i> ∆<i>pelF,</i> and ∆<i>pslA pelF</i> mutant biofilms treated with 4 µg/mL and 8 µg/mL NaOCl. Biofilms were grown in flat-bottom polystyrene 96-well microplates, treated with NaOCl at 4 and 8 µg/mL NaOCl 1 h at 37°C under static conditions, and stained with DNA-intercalating 1:1 Syto9 and PI dyes and visualized by fluorescence microscopy at 20× magnification. Untreated biofilms were used as controls. Pictures are representative of three independent experiments with three replicates. Scale bars represent 125 µm. (<b>C</b>) Time kill kinetics of PAO1 WT, ∆<i>pslA</i>, ∆<i>pelF</i>, and ∆<i>pslA pelF</i> biofilms treated with 8 µg/mL NaOCl for 5, 15, 30, and 60 min. (<b>D</b>) Susceptibility of PAO1 WT and ∆<i>pslA</i>, ∆<i>pelF</i>, and ∆<i>pslA pelF</i> mutant strains of biofilms using the agar colony biofilm model. <i>P. aeruginosa</i> PAO1 WT, ∆<i>pslA,</i> ∆<i>pelF,</i> and ∆<i>pslA pelF</i> were grown overnight in LB media, harvested by centrifugation, washed twice with PBS, and the OD<sub>600nm</sub> was adjusted to 0.05 (5 × 10<sup>7</sup> CFU/mL). Ten microliters of bacterial culture were inoculated in the center of the semi-permeable membranes, and the plates were incubated for 48 h at 37°C to allow biofilm establishment. Colony biofilms were treated with NaOCl at 32 µg/mL, which were incubated for 1 h at 37°C and plated following the drop plate method. Data represent the mean ± standard deviation of at least three independent experiments. Data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA. *<i>P</i> < 0.05; ***<i>P</i> < 0.001; ****<i>P</i> < 0.0001. Uc: untreated control.</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Susceptibility of PAO1 WT and… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Susceptibility of PAO1 WT and PAO1 ∆ <i> pslA </i> , ∆ <i> pelF </i> , and… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Susceptibility of PAO1 WT and PAO1 ∆<i>pslA</i>, ∆<i>pelF</i>, and ∆<i>pslA pelF</i> biofilms to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. PAO1 WT and mutant strains were grown in polystyrene 96- or 12-well microplates for 24 h at 37°C in BM2 biofilm medium under static conditions and treated with H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. (<b>A</b>) Susceptibility was evaluated by the MBC-B assay. (<b>B</b>) Microscopy pictures of PAO1 WT and ∆<i>pslA,</i> ∆<i>pelF,</i> and ∆<i>pslA pelF</i> mutant biofilms treated with 6,250 µg/mL and 50,000 µg/ml H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Biofilms were grown for 24 h at 37°C in BM2 biofilm medium in flat-bottom polystyrene 96-well microplates. H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> was diluted in BM2, and biofilms were treated for 1 h at 37°C under static conditions. Biofilms were stained with DNA-intercalating 1:1 Syto9 and PI dyes and visualized by fluorescence microscopy at 20× magnification. Untreated biofilms were used as the positive control. Pictures are representative of three independent experiments with three replicates each. Scale bars represent 125 µm. Data represent the mean ± standard deviation of at least three independent experiments. Data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA. **<i>P</i> < 0.01. Uc: untreated control.</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Viability of (<b>A</b>) ∆<i>pslA pelF</i> and (<b>B</b>) <i>E. faecalis</i> cells after the treatment with NaOCl and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> as monoculture or mixed culture. (<b>A</b>) CFU numbers of ∆<i>pslA pelF</i> (pUCP20) cells after NaOCl and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> treatment of mono- and co-culture biofilms with PAO1 WT (pJN105). Mono- and co-culture biofilms were grown for 24 h at 37°C in BM2 biofilm medium in flat-bottom polystyrene 12-well microplates. Biofilms were washed and treated with NaOCl or H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> diluted in BM2 at 8 µg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL, respectively, and biofilms were treated for 1 h at 37°C under static conditions. Then, sodium thiosulfate at 10 mM was added to NaOCl-treated biofilms, and CFU was determined by the drop method. For PAO1 WT (pJN105) was selected in LB agar plates supplemented with 30 µg/mL gentamicin, and ∆<i>pslA pelF</i> (pUCP20) cells were selected in LB agar plates supplemented with 300 µg/mL carbenicillin. (<b>B</b>) CFU numbers of <i>E. faecalis</i> cells after the treatment with NaOCl and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> as monoculture or mixed culture with PAO1 WT or ∆<i>pslA pelF</i>. Mono- and co-culture biofilms were grown for 24 h at 37°C in DMEM in flat-bottom polystyrene 12-well microplates. Biofilms were washed and treated with NaOCl or H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> diluted in BM2 at 8 µg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL, respectively, and biofilms were treated for 1 h at 37°C under static conditions. Then, sodium thiosulfate at 10 mM was added to NaOCl-treated biofilms, and CFU was determined by the drop method. <i>P. aeruginosa</i> was selected using BM2 agar plates, and <i>E. faecalis</i> was selected using LB plates supplemented with 5 µg/mL gentamicin and 12 µg/mL Polymyxin B. Data represent the mean ± standard deviation of at least three independent experiments. Data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA or <i>t</i>-test for comparison between two groups. *<i>P</i> < 0.05; ***<i>P</i> < 0.001.</div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
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<p> Fig 4 </p>
|
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</strong>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Susceptibility of ( <b> A </b> ) PAO1 WT and PAO1 mutants ∆ <i> pslA </i> and… </p></div>
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</div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
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Fig 4
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||
</strong>
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||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Susceptibility of (<b>A</b>) PAO1 WT and PAO1 mutants ∆<i>pslA</i> and ∆<i>pelF</i> and (<b>B</b>) PAO1 Δ<i>wspF</i> Δ<i>psl</i> P<sub>BAD</sub><i>pel</i> biofilms to NaOCl. PAO1 WT and mutant strains were grown in polystyrene 12-well microplates for 24 h at 37°C in BM2 biofilm medium under static conditions and treated with NaOCl at 8, 12, or 16 µg/mL. Then, 10 mM sodium thiosulfate was added to quench the toxic effect of the remaining NaOCl, and CFU was determined by the drop method. Data represent the mean ± standard deviation of at least three independent experiments. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA or <i>t</i>-test for comparison between two groups. *<i>P</i> < 0.05; ****<i>P</i> < 0.0001.</div>
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data-image-width="789"
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data-pmc-id="PMC11448232"
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data-figure-id="F5">
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<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
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id="article-image-4"
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src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7de3/11448232/5aec3a61f987/spectrum.00922-24.f005.gif"
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<strong class="figure-label">
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<p> Fig 5 </p>
|
||
</strong>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Susceptibility of PA14 WT and… </p></div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
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<p> Fig 5 </p>
|
||
</strong>
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|
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||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Susceptibility of PA14 WT and PA14 mutants ∆ <i> pelA, </i> ∆ <i> pelF, </i> and PA14… </p></div>
|
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Fig 5
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</strong>
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||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Susceptibility of PA14 WT and PA14 mutants ∆<i>pelA,</i> ∆<i>pelF,</i> and PA14 <i>pelA</i><sup>E218A</sup> biofilms to NaOCl. PAO1 WT and mutant strains were grown in polystyrene 96- or 12-well microplates for 24 h at 25°C in BM2 biofilm medium under static conditions and treated with NaOCl at 8 µg/mL. Then, 10 mM sodium thiosulfate was added to quench the toxic effect of the remaining NaOCl, and CFU was determined by the drop method. Data represent the mean ± standard deviation of at least three independent experiments. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. *<i>P</i> < 0.05.</div>
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role="button"
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data-image-width="799"
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data-image-height="1050"
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data-image-alt="Fig 6"
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data-pmc-id="PMC11448232"
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data-figure-id="F6">
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<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
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id="article-image-5"
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src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7de3/11448232/6b93b1b6efd9/spectrum.00922-24.f006.gif"
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<strong class="figure-label">
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<p> Fig 6 </p>
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</strong>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> NaOCl susceptibility of PAO1 WT… </p></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
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<p> Fig 6 </p>
|
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</strong>
|
||
|
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|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> NaOCl susceptibility of PAO1 WT biofilms treated with the glycoside hydrolases PslG <sub> h… </sub> </p></div>
|
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|
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|
||
|
||
|
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</div>
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<figcaption id="figure-caption-5" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
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<strong class="figure-label">
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Fig 6
|
||
</strong>
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|
||
|
||
<div class="figure-caption-contents">NaOCl susceptibility of PAO1 WT biofilms treated with the glycoside hydrolases PslG<sub>h</sub> and PelA<sub>h</sub>. PAO1 WT biofilms were grown in polystyrene 12-well microplates for 24 h at 37°C in BM2 biofilm medium under static conditions and treated with 2 µM of PslG<sub>h</sub>, PelA<sub>h</sub>, or a combination of PslG<sub>h</sub> and PelA<sub>h</sub> for 1 h at 25°C. Then, NaOCl at 12 µg/mL was added for 1 h, followed by 10 mM sodium thiosulfate to quench the toxic effect of the remaining NaOCl, and CFU was determined by the drop method. Heat-inactive enzymes were used as a control. Data represent the mean ± standard deviation of at least three independent experiments. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA.</div>
|
||
|
||
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||
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</figcaption>
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Azam MW, Khan AU. 2019. Updates on the pathogenicity status of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Drug Discov Today 24:350–359. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2018.07.003
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Thi MTT, Wibowo D, Rehm BHA. 2020. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Int J Mol Sci 21:8671. doi:10.3390/ijms21228671
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World Health Organization . 2017. WHO publishes list of bacteria for which new antibiotics are urgently needed. Available from: <a href="https://www.who.int/news/item/27-02-2017-who-publishes-list-of-bacteria-for-which-new-antibiotics-are-urgently-needed" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="External link: https://www.who.int/news/item/27-02-2017-who-publishes-list-of-bacteria-for-which-new-antibiotics-are-urgently-needed">https://www.who.int/news/item/27-02-2017-who-publishes-list-of-bacteria-...</a>. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
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Moradali MF, Ghods S, Rehm BHA. 2017. Pseudomonas aeruginosa lifestyle: a paradigm for adaptation, survival, and persistence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 7:39. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2017.00039
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Substances
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