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<title>Genetic regulatory and biological implications of the 10q24.32 schizophrenia risk locus - PubMed</title>
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<meta name="description" content="Genome-wide association studies have identified 10q24.32 as a robust schizophrenia risk locus. Here we identify a regulatory variant (rs10786700) that disrupts binding of transcription factors at 10q24.32. We independently confirmed the association between rs10786700 and schizophrenia in a large Chi …"><meta name="keywords" content="pmid:36152315, PMC10115178, doi:10.1093/brain/awac352, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov&#x27;t, Junyang Wang, Jiewei Liu, Xiong-Jian Luo, Genetic Predisposition to Disease / genetics, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / genetics, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / genetics, Schizophrenia* / genetics, Transcription Factors / genetics, PubMed Abstract, NIH, NLM, NCBI, National Institutes of Health, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, MEDLINE"><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive"><meta property="og:title" content="Genetic regulatory and biological implications of the 10q24.32 schizophrenia risk locus - PubMed"><meta property="og:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36152315/"><meta property="og:description" content="Genome-wide association studies have identified 10q24.32 as a robust schizophrenia risk locus. Here we identify a regulatory variant (rs10786700) that disrupts binding of transcription factors at 10q24.32. We independently confirmed the association between rs10786700 and schizophrenia in a large Chi …"><meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:site_name" content="PubMed"><meta name="twitter:domain" content="pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta name="twitter:title" content="Genetic regulatory and biological implications of the 10q24.32 schizophrenia risk locus - PubMed"><meta name="twitter:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36152315/"><meta name="twitter:description" content="Genome-wide association studies have identified 10q24.32 as a robust schizophrenia risk locus. Here we identify a regulatory variant (rs10786700) that disrupts binding of transcription factors at 10q24.32. We independently confirmed the association between rs10786700 and schizophrenia in a large Chi …"><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg">
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<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
Format:
</label>
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="gOuPOoOhm2HxsQQfGrrOFhsn0BagSY1GxBeUrehDWDu1mhW5jK4Q9pY1yFSsLzz0">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="gOuPOoOhm2HxsQQfGrrOFhsn0BagSY1GxBeUrehDWDu1mhW5jK4Q9pY1yFSsLzz0">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="gOuPOoOhm2HxsQQfGrrOFhsn0BagSY1GxBeUrehDWDu1mhW5jK4Q9pY1yFSsLzz0">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="gOuPOoOhm2HxsQQfGrrOFhsn0BagSY1GxBeUrehDWDu1mhW5jK4Q9pY1yFSsLzz0">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="gOuPOoOhm2HxsQQfGrrOFhsn0BagSY1GxBeUrehDWDu1mhW5jK4Q9pY1yFSsLzz0">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="36152315">
<aside class="page-sidebar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://academic.oup.com/brain/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/brain/awac352"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=7898&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=36152315&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=0372537"
title="See full text options at Silverchair Information Systems"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="Silverchair Information Systems"
data-ga-label="36152315"
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--academic.oup.com-images-oup_pubmed.png" alt="Silverchair Information Systems full text link"><span class="text">
Silverchair Information Systems
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/36152315/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=36152315&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=0372537"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="36152315"
><span class="text">
Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/36152315/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/36152315/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="36152315" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F36152315%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="gOuPOoOhm2HxsQQfGrrOFhsn0BagSY1GxBeUrehDWDu1mhW5jK4Q9pY1yFSsLzz0"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
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Genetic regulatory and biological implications of the 10q24.32 schizophrenia risk locus
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<p>
Genome-wide association studies have identified 10q24.32 as a robust schizophrenia risk locus. Here we identify a regulatory variant (rs10786700) that disrupts binding of transcription factors at 10q24.32. We independently confirmed the association between rs10786700 and schizophrenia in a large Chinese cohort (n = 11 547) and uncovered the biological mechanism underlying this association. We found that rs10786700 resides in a super-enhancer element that exhibits dynamic activity change during the development process and that the risk allele (C) of rs10786700 conferred significant lower enhancer activity through enhancing binding affinity to repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST). CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing identified SUFU as a potential target gene by which rs10786700 might exert its risk effect on schizophrenia, as deletion of rs10786700 downregulated SUFU expression. We further investigated the role of Sufu in neurodevelopment and found that Sufu knockdown inhibited proliferation of neural stem cells and neurogenesis, affected molecular pathways (including neurodevelopment-related pathways, PI3K-Akt and ECM-receptor interaction signalling pathways) associated with schizophrenia and altered the density of dendritic spines. These results reveal that the functional risk single nucleotide polymorphism rs10786700 at 10q24.32 interacts with REST synergistically to regulate expression of SUFU, a novel schizophrenia risk gene which is involved in schizophrenia pathogenesis by affecting neurodevelopment and spine morphogenesis.
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SUFU; dendritic spine density; functional risk variant; rs10786700; schizophrenia.
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<p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one">The authors report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.</p>
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<p> Figure 1 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> rs10786700 shows robust association with… </b></div>
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<p> Figure 1 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> rs10786700 shows robust association with SCZ. </b> ( <b> A </b> and <b> B </b> ) The locus…</div>
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Figure 1
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>rs10786700 shows robust association with SCZ.</b> (<b>A</b> and <b>B</b>) The locus zoom plots show the associations between variants near rs10786700 (500 kb) and SCZ in European and East Asian populations. rs10786700 shows genome-wide significant association with SCZ in both European and East Asian populations.</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Validation of the enhancer regulatory… </b></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> Validation of the enhancer regulatory effect of rs10786700. </b> ( <b> A </b> ) rs10786700 is…</div>
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Figure 2
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>Validation of the enhancer regulatory effect of rs10786700.</b> (<b>A</b>) rs10786700 is located in the last intron of the <i>Sufu</i> gene. (<b>B</b>) rs10786700 is located in an enhancer element (marked with H3K27ac, H3K4me1 and H3K9ac signals) in human foetal brain. Data were from Roadmap (<ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.roadmapepigenomics.org/">http://www.roadmapepigenomics.org/</ext-link>). (<b>C</b>) rs10786700 is located in an open chromatin region (i.e. actively transcribed) marked with strong DNase-seq and histone H3K27ac signals in human neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-SH). (<b>D</b>) Position weight matrix (PWM) and FIMO analyses showed that rs10786700 affects REST binding in SK-N-SH cells. (<b>E</b><b>G</b>) Dual-luciferase reporter gene assays validated the enhancer activity of rs10786700. The genomic sequence containing rs10786700 exhibited enhancer activity compared with control vector in SH-SY5Y and SK-N-SH cells (but not HEK293T). Of note, the risk allele (C allele) of rs10786700 conferred significant lower luciferase activity compared with the T allele in SH-SY5Y and SK-N-SH cells. Values on the <i>y</i>-axis represent relative reporter gene activity (i.e. the luciferase activity of pGL3 promoter vector containing the cloned sequence relative to the pRL-TK (internal control) vector). <i>n</i> = 8 for control group, <i>n</i> = 16 for experimental groups. (<b>H</b>) REST overexpression significantly repressed the luciferase activity of the genomic fragment containing rs10786700. <i>n</i> = 8. (<b>I</b>) EMSA showed the preferential binding of nuclear extracts to C allele of rs10786700. The loaded amounts of nuclear extracts were 0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 μg, respectively (from <i>left</i> to <i>right</i>). Four binding bands were detected, and the risk allele (C allele) of rs10786700 shows stronger binding affinity to nuclear extracts than the T allele for binding band 3. (<b>J</b>) Super-shift and competitive experiments for EMSA. The binding specificity of rs10786700 to transcription factors was verified by competitive experiments (using unlabelled probes). Super shift experiments were performed to detect the binding of rs10786700 to REST by adding 0.8 μg REST antibody; 6.0 μg total nuclear extracts were added to each lane. The amount of labelled probe was 50 fmol per lane. (<b>I</b> and <b>J</b>) Unpaired two-tailed Students <i>t</i>-test; data are presented as mean ± SD; NS, not significant.</div>
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<p> Figure 3 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> rs10786700 regulates <i> SUFU </i> expression by… </b></div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 3 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> rs10786700 regulates <i> SUFU </i> expression by dynamically modulating the activity of the SE in… </b></div>
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Figure 3
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>rs10786700 regulates <i>SUFU</i> expression by dynamically modulating the activity of the SE in neurodevelopment</b>. (<b>A</b>) DNase-seq and histone modifications for genomic region surrounding rs10786700 (1 Mb centred on rs10786700) showed that rs10786700 is located in an actively transcribed genomic region. Of note, ChIP-Seq data showed that EP300 and REST bind to the genomic sequence containing rs10786700 in a development-dependent manner. In early neurodevelopment stage, the ChIP-seq signals of EP300 and REST were high. As development progresses, the ChIP-seq signals decrease gradually. (<b>B</b>) Position weight matrix (PWM) and FIMO analyses showed that rs10786700 disrupts binding of EP300 in SK-N-SH cells. (<b>C</b>) The amounts of nuclear extracts were 0, 3 and 6 μg, respectively (from <i>left</i> to <i>right</i>). Four binding bands were observed. The risk allele (C allele) of rs10786700 showed stronger binding affinity to nuclear extracts than the T allele for binding band 3. (<b>D</b>) Super-shift experiments validated the binding of rs10786700 to EP300. (<b>E</b>) A 379 bp fragment containing rs10786700 (located in the 11th intron of <i>SUFU</i> gene) was knocked out by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing in SH-SY5Y and U251 cells. (<b>F</b>) qPCR showed that rs10786700 knock-out resulted in significant downregulation of <i>SUFU</i> expression in both SH-SY5Y and U251 cells. (<b>G</b>) qPCR validation of <i>SUFU</i> expression in EP300 knocked-down SH-SY5Y cells. <i>n</i> = 3 for <b>F</b> and <b>G</b>. Unpaired two-tailed Students <i>t</i>-test; data are presented as mean ± SD. (<b>H</b>) Expression patterns of <i>SUFU</i> in the developing and adult human frontal cortex. Expression level of <i>SUFU</i> across the entire developing stages (from 8 pcw to 40 years) were depicted in different areas of the frontal cortex. The expression data (42 human subjects) were from BrainSpan (<ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.brainspan.org/)">http://www.brainspan.org/)</ext-link>. Pcw, post-conception weeks; yrs, years; DFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; MFC, medial prefrontal cortex; OFC, orbital prefrontal cortex; VFC, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. (<b>I</b><b>L</b>) The Pearson expression correlations between <i>SUFU</i> and <i>EP300</i> in the human brain. (<b>I</b>) Correlations in prenatal human brain (LIBD dataset). (<b>J</b>) Correlations in prenatal human brain (expression data from Walker <i>et</i> al.). (<b>K</b>) Correlations in childhood human brain. (<b>L</b>) Correlations in adulthood human brain. Sample group: prenatal (age &lt; 0), child (0 &lt; age &lt; 18), adult (age &gt; 18), non-prenatal (age &gt; 0).</div>
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<p> Figure 4 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> <i> Sufu </i> knockdown inhibits proliferation and… </b></div>
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<p> Figure 4 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> <i> Sufu </i> knockdown inhibits proliferation and neurogenesis of mNSCs. </b> ( <b> A </b> ) Immunofluorescence staining…</div>
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Figure 4
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>
<i>Sufu</i> knockdown inhibits proliferation and neurogenesis of mNSCs.</b> (<b>A</b>) Immunofluorescence staining results of three well-characterized markers (SOX2, PAX6 and NESTIN) for neural stem cells confirmed the identity of the isolated mNSCs. (<b>B</b>) Immunofluorescence staining for BrdU incorporation assay. Red indicates BrdU-positive cells undergoing DNA amplification and DAPI was used to stain the nucleus (blue). (<b>C</b>) <i>Sufu</i> expression was efficiently knocked-down by the shRNA in mNSCs. (<b>D</b>) The quantification results of the BrdU incorporation assay. (<b>E</b>) The results of CCK-8 assay. Data were collected at 0, 1, 2 and 3 days after plating. (<b>F</b>) Immunofluorescence staining images for astrocyte cells (GFAP-positive cells) differentiated from mNSCs. (<b>G</b>) Quantification data for the ratio of GFAP-positive cells. <i>Sufu</i> knockdown led to a significant increase of GFAP-positive cells. (<b>H</b>) Immunofluorescence staining images for mature neurons (MAP2-positive cells) differentiated from mNSCs. (<b>I</b>) Quantification data for the percentage of MAP2-positive cells in total cells. <i>Sufu</i> knockdown resulted in a significant decrease of MAP-positive cells. <i>n</i> = 3 for <b>B</b><b>D</b>, <b>F</b><b>I</b>; <i>n</i> = 9 for <b>E</b>. mNSCs, mouse neural stem cells. Unpaired two-tailed Students <i>t</i>-test; data are presented as mean ± SD. NS, not significant.</div>
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<p> Figure 5 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> <i> Sufu </i> regulates SCZ-associated biological processes… </b></div>
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<p> Figure 5 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> <i> Sufu </i> regulates SCZ-associated biological processes and signalling pathways. </b> ( <b> A </b> ) Expression heat…</div>
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Figure 5
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>
<i>Sufu</i> regulates SCZ-associated biological processes and signalling pathways.</b> (<b>A</b>) Expression heat map of 860 DEGs identified in <i>Sufu</i> knockdown mNSCs compared with control mNSCs. (<b>B</b>) Heat map plot of the top 30 DEGs. Five genes (marked by red colour), including <i>Gpr17</i>, <i>Anks1b</i>, <i>Ppp2r2s</i>, <i>Col5a3</i> and <i>Cbs</i>, were selected for qPCR verification (<b>C</b>). (<b>D</b>) GO analysis based on biological process for the 860 DEGs. Terms marked in red indicate schizophrenia-associated biological processes. (<b>E</b>) KEGG analysis of the 860 DEGs. Terms marked in red indicate schizophrenia-associated signalling pathways. (<b>F</b>, <b>G</b>) Validation of PTCH1 expression in <i>Sufu</i> knockdown mNSCs with Western blot. <i>n</i> = 3 for <b>C</b> and <b>G</b>; unpaired two-tailed Students <i>t</i>-test; data are presented as mean ± SD.</div>
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<p> Figure 6 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> <i> Sufu </i> regulates dendritic spine density.… </b></div>
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<p> Figure 6 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> <i> Sufu </i> regulates dendritic spine density. </b> ( <b> A </b> ) Representative immunofluorescence staining images for…</div>
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Figure 6
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>
<i>Sufu</i> regulates dendritic spine density.</b> (<b>A</b>) Representative immunofluorescence staining images for the density and morphology of dendritic spines in <i>Sufu</i> knockdown neuron compared with control neuron. (<b>B</b>) <i>Sufu</i> expression in rat primary neurons was significantly knocked-down by shRNAs. (<b>C</b>) The result of dendritic spine density analysis for stubby, thin and mushroom spines. <i>n</i> = 36 for control, <i>n</i> = 34 for Sufu-Rat-shRNA#1, <i>n</i> = 40 for Sufu-Rat-shRNA#2. Unpaired two-tailed Students <i>t</i>-test; data are presented as mean ± SD.</div>
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<p> Figure 7 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> The working model of rs10786700… </b></div>
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<p> Figure 7 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> The working model of rs10786700 in SCZ pathogenesis. </b> ( <b> A </b> ) rs10786700 is…</div>
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Figure 7
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>The working model of rs10786700 in SCZ pathogenesis.</b> (<b>A</b>) rs10786700 is located at 10q24.32 schizophrenia risk locus, a genomic region with multiple SNPs showing robust associations with SCZ. We confirmed the genetic association between rs10786700 and SCZ in a large Chinese cohort (3 718 cases, 7 829 controls; <i>P</i> = 1.56 × 10<sup>04</sup>). Trans-ancestry meta-analysis indicated that rs10786700 was robustly associated with SCZ (66 467 cases, 701 733 controls; <i>P</i> = 1.25 × 10<sup>25</sup>). (<b>B</b>) Molecular regulatory mechanisms of rs10786700. rs10786700 modulates the activity of the SE (where rs10786700 is located) by dynamically binding EP300 and REST during neurodevelopment. During early neurodevelopmental stages, the genomic region containing rs10786700 exhibits strong SE activity and rs10786700 regulates <i>SUFU</i> expression through affecting REST binding. As development progresses, the activity of the SE containing rs10786700 decreased gradually. The risk allele (C allele) of rs107867000 conferred significant lower <i>SUFU</i> expression by enhancing REST binding. (<b>C</b>) The function of <i>Sufu</i> in the CNS and the potential role of <i>Sufu</i> in SCZ pathogenesis. As a negative regulator of sonic hedgehog signalling pathway, <i>Sufu</i> plays an important role in brain development. Lower <i>Sufu</i> expression inhibits proliferation of mNSCs, promotes gliogenesis and represses neurogenesis. Of note, <i>Sufu</i> knockdown also affected dendritic spine density. Collectively, these results indicated that the functional variant rs10786700 may confer risk of SCZ by dynamically regulating expression of <i>SUFU</i> in the developing human brain, and dysregulation of <i>SUFU</i> contributes to SCZ pathogenesis by affecting neurodevelopment and spine morphogenesis (two characteristic features of schizophrenia pathophysiology).</div>
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