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<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="6W8d90junUnuSEZ4hmaSlbyk0yUM6BRrnJSiMQMQXvaYM55UUFNUPj4YyCCYZcpL">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="6W8d90junUnuSEZ4hmaSlbyk0yUM6BRrnJSiMQMQXvaYM55UUFNUPj4YyCCYZcpL">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="6W8d90junUnuSEZ4hmaSlbyk0yUM6BRrnJSiMQMQXvaYM55UUFNUPj4YyCCYZcpL">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="6W8d90junUnuSEZ4hmaSlbyk0yUM6BRrnJSiMQMQXvaYM55UUFNUPj4YyCCYZcpL">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="6W8d90junUnuSEZ4hmaSlbyk0yUM6BRrnJSiMQMQXvaYM55UUFNUPj4YyCCYZcpL">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="35461357">
<aside class="page-sidebar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://academic.oup.com/ismej/article-lookup/doi/10.1038/s41396-022-01244-5"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=7898&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=35461357&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=101301086"
title="See full text options at Silverchair Information Systems"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="Silverchair Information Systems"
data-ga-label="35461357"
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--academic.oup.com-images-oup_pubmed.png" alt="Silverchair Information Systems full text link"><span class="text">
Silverchair Information Systems
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/35461357/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=35461357&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=101301086"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="35461357"
><span class="text">
Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/35461357/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/35461357/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="35461357" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F35461357%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="6W8d90junUnuSEZ4hmaSlbyk0yUM6BRrnJSiMQMQXvaYM55UUFNUPj4YyCCYZcpL"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
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<h1 class="heading-title">
Trophic interactions between predatory protists and pathogen-suppressive bacteria impact plant health
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<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-4"
id="full-view-affiliation-4"
><sup class="key">4</sup> Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bio-resources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, PR China.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-5"
id="full-view-affiliation-5"
><sup class="key">5</sup> Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China. lirong@njau.edu.cn.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-6"
id="full-view-affiliation-6"
><sup class="key">6</sup> Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China. lirong@njau.edu.cn.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-7"
id="full-view-affiliation-7"
><sup class="key">7</sup> Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China. shenqirong@njau.edu.cn.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-8"
id="full-view-affiliation-8"
><sup class="key">8</sup> Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China. shenqirong@njau.edu.cn.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-9"
id="full-view-affiliation-9"
><sup class="key">9</sup> Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-10"
id="full-view-affiliation-10"
><sup class="key">10</sup> Netherlands Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute for Ecology, (NIOO-KNAW), 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.</li>
</ul>
</div>
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<div class="equal-contrib-explanation" id="full-view-equal-contrib-explanation"><sup class="key">#</sup> Contributed equally.</div>
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Trophic interactions between predatory protists and pathogen-suppressive bacteria impact plant health
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<span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">Sai Guo</span><span class="citation-separator">&nbsp;et al.</span></span>
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Authors
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<span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
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data-ga-label="Sai Guo">Sai Guo</a><sup class="equal-contrib-container"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="equal-contrib" title="Contributed equally" href="#short-view-equal-contrib-explanation" ref="linksrc=author_equal_contrib">#</a></sup><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
1
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
2
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Tao+C&amp;cauthor_id=35461357"
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data-ga-label="Chengyuan Tao">Chengyuan Tao</a><sup class="equal-contrib-container"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="equal-contrib" title="Contributed equally" href="#short-view-equal-contrib-explanation" ref="linksrc=author_equal_contrib">#</a></sup><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
1
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
2
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Jousset+A&amp;cauthor_id=35461357"
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data-ga-label="Alexandre Jousset">Alexandre Jousset</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
3
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Xiong+W&amp;cauthor_id=35461357"
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data-ga-label="Wu Xiong">Wu Xiong</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
1
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
2
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
3
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Wang+Z&amp;cauthor_id=35461357"
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data-ga-label="Zhe Wang">Zhe Wang</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
1
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
2
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Shen+Z&amp;cauthor_id=35461357"
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data-ga-label="Zongzhuan Shen">Zongzhuan Shen</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
1
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
2
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Wang+B&amp;cauthor_id=35461357"
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data-ga-label="Beibei Wang">Beibei Wang</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bio-resources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, PR China." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
4
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Xu+Z&amp;cauthor_id=35461357"
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data-ga-label="Zhihui Xu">Zhihui Xu</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
1
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
2
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Gao+Z&amp;cauthor_id=35461357"
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data-ga-label="Zhilei Gao">Zhilei Gao</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
3
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Liu+S&amp;cauthor_id=35461357"
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data-ga-label="Shanshan Liu">Shanshan Liu</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
1
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
2
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Li+R&amp;cauthor_id=35461357"
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data-ga-label="Rong Li">Rong Li</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China. lirong@njau.edu.cn." href="#short-view-affiliation-5" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
5
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China. lirong@njau.edu.cn." href="#short-view-affiliation-6" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
6
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Ruan+Y&amp;cauthor_id=35461357"
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data-ga-label="Yunze Ruan">Yunze Ruan</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bio-resources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, PR China." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
4
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Shen+Q&amp;cauthor_id=35461357"
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data-ga-label="Qirong Shen">Qirong Shen</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China. shenqirong@njau.edu.cn." href="#short-view-affiliation-7" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
7
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China. shenqirong@njau.edu.cn." href="#short-view-affiliation-8" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
8
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Kowalchuk+GA&amp;cauthor_id=35461357"
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data-ga-label="George A Kowalchuk">George A Kowalchuk</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
3
</a></sup><span class="comma">,&nbsp;</span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name"
href="/?term=Geisen+S&amp;cauthor_id=35461357"
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data-ga-label="Stefan Geisen">Stefan Geisen</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands." href="#short-view-affiliation-9" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
9
</a><span class="author-sup-separator">&nbsp;</span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Netherlands Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute for Ecology, (NIOO-KNAW), 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands." href="#short-view-affiliation-10" ref="linksrc=author_aff">
10
</a></sup></span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="affiliations">
<h3 class="title">
Affiliations
</h3>
<ul class="item-list">
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1"
id="short-view-affiliation-1"
><sup class="key">1</sup> Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2"
id="short-view-affiliation-2"
><sup class="key">2</sup> Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-3"
id="short-view-affiliation-3"
><sup class="key">3</sup> Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-4"
id="short-view-affiliation-4"
><sup class="key">4</sup> Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bio-resources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, PR China.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-5"
id="short-view-affiliation-5"
><sup class="key">5</sup> Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China. lirong@njau.edu.cn.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-6"
id="short-view-affiliation-6"
><sup class="key">6</sup> Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China. lirong@njau.edu.cn.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-7"
id="short-view-affiliation-7"
><sup class="key">7</sup> Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China. shenqirong@njau.edu.cn.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-8"
id="short-view-affiliation-8"
><sup class="key">8</sup> Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, PR China. shenqirong@njau.edu.cn.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-9"
id="short-view-affiliation-9"
><sup class="key">9</sup> Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.</li>
<li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-10"
id="short-view-affiliation-10"
><sup class="key">10</sup> Netherlands Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute for Ecology, (NIOO-KNAW), 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="equal-contrib-block">
<div class="equal-contrib-explanation" id="short-view-equal-contrib-explanation"><sup class="key">#</sup> Contributed equally.</div>
</div>
</div>
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<li>
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PMID:
</span>
<strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">35461357</strong>
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Plant health is strongly impacted by beneficial and pathogenic plant microbes, which are themselves structured by resource inputs. Organic fertilizer inputs may thus offer a means of steering soil-borne microbes, thereby affecting plant health. Concurrently, soil microbes are subject to top-down control by predators, particularly protists. However, little is known regarding the impact of microbiome predators on plant health-influencing microbes and the interactive links to plant health. Here, we aimed to decipher the importance of predator-prey interactions in influencing plant health. To achieve this goal, we investigated soil and root-associated microbiomes (bacteria, fungi and protists) over nine years of banana planting under conventional and organic fertilization regimes differing in Fusarium wilt disease incidence. We found that the reduced disease incidence and improved yield associated with organic fertilization could be best explained by higher abundances of protists and pathogen-suppressive bacteria (e.g. Bacillus spp.). The pathogen-suppressive actions of predatory protists and Bacillus spp. were mainly determined by their interactions that increased the relative abundance of secondary metabolite Q genes (e.g. nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene) within the microbiome. In a subsequent microcosm assay, we tested the interactions between predatory protists and pathogen-suppressive Bacillus spp. that showed strong improvements in plant defense. Our study shows how protistan predators stimulate disease-suppressive bacteria in the plant microbiome, ultimately enhancing plant health and yield. Thus, we suggest a new biological model useful for improving sustainable agricultural practices that is based on complex interactions between different domains of life.
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<p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one">The authors declare no competing interests.</p>
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<p> Fig. 1. Effects and underlying drivers of… </p>
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<p> Fig. 1. Effects and underlying drivers of organic and chemical fertilizer treatments on <i> Fusarium </i> wilt… </p>
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Fig. 1. Effects and underlying drivers of organic and chemical fertilizer treatments on <i>Fusarium</i> wilt disease incidence and banana yield.
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>A</b> Disease incidences of banana <i>Fusarium</i> wilt in organic and chemical fertilizer treatments. <b>B</b> Banana yield in organic and chemical fertilizer treatments. <b>C</b>
<i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> density in organic and chemical fertilizer treatments in the three compartments. <b>D</b>, <b>E</b> The random forest mean predictor importance (% increase of the MSE) of bacterial, fungal and protistan community composition for banana <i>Fusarium</i> wilt disease incidence (<b>D</b>) and banana yield (<b>E</b>) in the three compartments. In panels <b>A</b>, <b>B</b> and <b>C</b>, asterisks indicate significant differences as defined by the Students t test (***<i>p</i>&lt;0.001). OF Organic fertilizer treatment, CF Chemical fertilizer treatment. In panels <b>D</b>, <b>E</b>, to estimate the importance of microbial predictors, we used the percentage increases in the MSE (mean squared error). Significance levels of each predictor are represented by *<i>p</i>&lt;0.05 or **<i>p</i>&lt;0.01.</div>
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<p> Fig. 2. Comparison of protistan and bacterial… </p>
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<p> Fig. 2. Comparison of protistan and bacterial community composition and correlations of key protistan and… </p>
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<figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
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Fig. 2. Comparison of protistan and bacterial community composition and correlations of key protistan and bacterial OTU, predatory protists and <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> density, and predatory protists and <i>Bacillus</i>/ bacteria.
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>A</b> The effects of different fertilization treatments on the relative abundance of protistan and bacterial OTUs in the rhizosphere. <b>B</b> Correlations between key indicator protistan and bacterial OTUs of different fertilization treatments in the rhizosphere multi-bipartite model of the food web. <b>C</b>, <b>D</b> Correlations between the relative change of the relative abundance of protistan functional groups and the relative change of <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> density (<b>C</b>), <i>Bacillus</i> density and the ratio of <i>Bacillus</i> density to total bacteria density (<b>D</b>) in the rhizosphere. In panels <b>A</b>, <b>B</b>, the relative abundances of protistan and bacterial OTUs were significantly higher in the organic and chemical fertilizer treatments based on linear discriminant analysis (higher relative abundance in the organic fertilizer treatment: LDA score&gt;3.0 and <i>p</i>&lt;0.05; higher relative abundance in the chemical fertilizer treatment: LDA score&lt;3.0 and <i>p</i>&lt;0.05). OF Organic fertilizer treatment; CF Chemical fertilizer treatment. Circles are proportional to the average relative abundance of each OTU. RA Relative abundance, relative change=(OF-CF)/CF. In panels <b>C</b>, <b>D</b>, RC=relative change ((OF-CF)/CF); <i>Bacillus</i>/ bacteria = the ratio of <i>Bacillus</i> density to total bacteria density.</div>
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<p> Fig. 3. Microbial functional genes and their… </p>
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<p> Fig. 3. Microbial functional genes and their potential interactions with pathogen density. </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> A </b> The random…</div>
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Fig. 3. Microbial functional genes and their potential interactions with pathogen density.
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>A</b> The random forest mean predictor importance (% increase of the MSE) of the metabolism gene categories for <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> density and the relative abundance of the metabolism gene categories in different fertilization treatments. <b>B</b> The top 10 most important random forest mean predictors (% increase of the MSE) of the Q gene category of <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> density and the relative abundance of these genes in different fertilization treatments. <b>C</b> The top 10 microbial origins of metabolism Q genes. <b>D</b> The top 10 microbial origins of COG1020. In panels <b>A</b>, <b>B</b>, asterisks indicate significant differences of relative abundances as defined by the Students t test (*indicates <i>p</i>&lt;0.05, **indicates <i>p</i>&lt;0.01); for the random forest analysis, to estimate the importance of microbial predictors, we used the percentage increases in the MSE (mean squared error). In panels <b>C</b>, <b>D</b>, bars with different letters indicate significant differences as defined by one-way ANOVA with Tukeys HSD test (<i>p</i>&lt;0.05). Asterisks indicate significant differences as defined by the Students t test (*indicates <i>p</i>&lt;0.05, **indicates <i>p</i>&lt;0.01, ***indicates <i>p</i>&lt;0.001). OF Organic fertilizer treatment; CF Chemical fertilizer treatment.</div>
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<p> Fig. 4. Pathogen suppression capability of predatory… </p>
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<p> Fig. 4. Pathogen suppression capability of predatory protists and their potential interactions with <i> Bacillus </i> and… </p>
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Fig. 4. Pathogen suppression capability of predatory protists and their potential interactions with <i>Bacillus</i> and NRPS gene.
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>A</b> The effects of different concentrations of predatory protists on <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> density. <b>B</b> The effects of different concentrations of predatory protists on the ratio of <i>Bacillus</i> density to total bacteria density. <b>C</b> The effects of different concentrations of predatory protists on the abundance of nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene. In panels <b>A</b><b>C</b>, bars with different letters indicate significant differences as defined by one-way ANOVA with Tukeys HSD test (<i>p</i>&lt;0.05). In the control, no protists were added. <i>Cer</i> (10<sup>1</sup>): <i>Cercomonas lenta</i> strain ECO-P-01 (1.0×10<sup>1</sup>cells g<sup>1</sup> dry soil); <i>Cer</i> (10<sup>2</sup>): <i>Cercomonas lenta</i> strain ECO-P-01 (1.0×10<sup>2</sup>cells g<sup>1</sup> dry soil); <i>Cer</i> (10<sup>3</sup>): <i>Cercomonas lenta</i> strain ECO-P-01 (1.0×10<sup>3</sup>cells g<sup>1</sup> dry soil). <i>Bacillus</i>/ bacteria = the ratio of <i>Bacillus</i> density to total bacteria density.</div>
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<p> Fig. 5. Interactions between the pathogen, the… </p>
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<p> Fig. 5. Interactions between the pathogen, the bacterial isolates and the predator in the greenhouse… </p>
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Fig. 5. Interactions between the pathogen, the bacterial isolates and the predator in the greenhouse experiment.
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">In panels <b>A</b>, <b>C</b>, <b>F</b> and <b>G</b>, bars with different letters indicate significant differences as defined by one-way ANOVA with Tukeys HSD test (<i>p</i>&lt;0.05). In panels <b>D</b>, <b>E</b>, asterisks indicate significant differences as defined by the Students t test (***<i>p</i>&lt;0.001). Relative change=(X-control)/control, X=<i>Bacillus</i>+<i>Cercomonas lenta</i>, control = <i>Bacillus</i> only. B <i>Bacillus</i> isolate; <i>Cer</i>: <i>Cercomonas lenta</i> strain ECO-P-01. WT_<i>Bac</i>: wild type <i>Bacillus</i> strain. Mut_<i>Bac</i>: mutant <i>Bacillus</i> strain (disrupted in the bacillomycin D pathway) [54]. Predation intensity=(YcYp)/Yc, where Yc is the <i>Bacillus</i> density in the control, and Yp is the <i>Bacillus</i> density in the <i>Bacillus</i>+<i>Cercomonas lenta</i> treatment [51].</div>
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<p> Fig. 6. Conceptual model. </p>
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<p> Fig. 6. Conceptual model. </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Conceptual model depicting the mechanisms illustrating how selective grazing by protists… </p></div>
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Fig. 6. Conceptual model.
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Conceptual model depicting the mechanisms illustrating how selective grazing by protists on rhizosphere bacteria favours pathogen-antagonistic bacteria, ultimately inhibiting plant pathogens.</div>
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