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<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="BAig1e0rXrF0rTm3dXPkqm3m4X1IWG58Sn2lE4tNx2sulksTQgsmUuz0C1JUPhDs">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="BAig1e0rXrF0rTm3dXPkqm3m4X1IWG58Sn2lE4tNx2sulksTQgsmUuz0C1JUPhDs">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="BAig1e0rXrF0rTm3dXPkqm3m4X1IWG58Sn2lE4tNx2sulksTQgsmUuz0C1JUPhDs">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="BAig1e0rXrF0rTm3dXPkqm3m4X1IWG58Sn2lE4tNx2sulksTQgsmUuz0C1JUPhDs">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="BAig1e0rXrF0rTm3dXPkqm3m4X1IWG58Sn2lE4tNx2sulksTQgsmUuz0C1JUPhDs">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="28765157">
<aside class="page-sidebar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=28765157"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=3051&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=28765157&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=101513680"
title="See full text options at HighWire"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="HighWire"
data-ga-label="28765157"
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/http:--highwire.stanford.edu-icons-externalservices-pubmed-standard-cshperspect_full.gif" alt="HighWire full text link"><span class="text">
HighWire
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/28765157/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=28765157&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=101513680"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="28765157"
><span class="text">
Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/28765157/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/28765157/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="28765157" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F28765157%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="BAig1e0rXrF0rTm3dXPkqm3m4X1IWG58Sn2lE4tNx2sulksTQgsmUuz0C1JUPhDs"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
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Ciliary motility is crucial for the development and health of many organisms. Motility depends on the coordinated activity of multiple dynein motors arranged in a precise pattern on the outer doublet microtubules. Although significant progress has been made in elucidating the composition and organization of the dyneins, a comprehensive understanding of dynein regulation is lacking. Here, we focus on two conserved signaling complexes located at the base of the radial spokes. These include the I1/<i>f</i> inner dynein arm associated with radial spoke 1 and the calmodulin- and spoke-associated complex and the nexin-dynein regulatory complex associated with radial spoke 2. Current research is focused on understanding how these two axonemal hubs coordinate and regulate the dynein motors and ciliary motility.
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<p> Figure 1. </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Cross section of the axoneme… </p></div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 1. </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Cross section of the axoneme and illustration of the “switching model” for alternating… </p></div>
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Figure 1.
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Cross section of the axoneme and illustration of the “switching model” for alternating forward and reverse bends. The 9 + 2 structure comprises nine outer doublet microtubules and a pair of singlet microtubules, C1 and C2, collectively known as the central pair. The outer doublet anchors the outer dynein arms (ODA), the radial spokes (RS), and the inner dynein arms, including I1 dynein. The black line passing through doublet #6 and between doublets #1 and #2 represents the plane/axis of bending. According to the switching model, when dyneins on one side of the axis are active (i.e., on doublets #2, #3, and #4), microtubule sliding can result in the forward, or effective, bend (green in <i>inset</i>). When the direction of bending reverses, the dyneins on doublets #2, #3, and #4 are inactivated, and dyneins on doublets #6, #7, and #8 are switched on to generate the recovery, or reverse, bend (blue in <i>inset</i>). (Adapted, with permission, from Smith 2007, © Journal of Cell Biology.)</div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 2. </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Parallel control pathways associated with… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 2. </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Parallel control pathways associated with the two regulatory hubs present in the 96-nm… </p></div>
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Figure 2.
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Parallel control pathways associated with the two regulatory hubs present in the 96-nm repeat: (1) RS1 and I1 dyneinMIA complex, and (2) RS2, CSC, and N-DRC. The blue arrows indicate chemical and mechanical signals that emanate from the central pair (CP) projections and are transmitted through the radial spoke heads to the bases of RS1 and RS2. The red arrows indicate signals transmitted from RS1 to the I1 dynein-MIA complex and from RS2 to the CSC and N-DRC, respectively, to control ciliary motility. The outer dynein arms (ODA) are also connected to both the I1MIA complex and the N-DRC, also shown by the red arrows. CSC, calmodulin- and spoke-associated complex; N-DRC, nexindynein regulatory complex; IC, intermediate chain; LC, light chain; MIA, modifier of inner arms; RS, radial spoke. (Adapted from Yamamoto et al. 2013; King 2013.)</div>
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src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/7fbe/5538414/e2385413c487/cshperspect-CTO-018325_F3.gif"
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 3. </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Diagram of interactions within I1… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 3. </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Diagram of interactions within I1 dynein and with the MIA complex and associated… </p></div>
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<figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 3.
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Diagram of interactions within I1 dynein and with the MIA complex and associated proteins. As illustrated in the <i>inset</i>, I1 dynein contains two distinct heavy chain motor domains (HC1α and HC1β), three intermediate chains (IC140, IC97, and IC138), and five light chains (Tctex1, Tctex2b, LC8, LC7a, and LC7b). The solid lines represent proteinprotein interactions determined by biochemical and/or structural analysis of I1 dynein assembly mutants (<i>1</i>: Myster et al. 1997; <i>2</i>: Perrone et al. 2000; <i>3</i>: Bower et al. 2009; <i>4</i>: Toba et al. 2011; <i>5</i>: VanderWaal et al. 2011; <i>6</i>: Perrone et al. 1998; <i>8</i>: Wirschell et al. 2009; <i>9</i>: Hendrickson et al. 2004; <i>11</i>: DiBella et al. 2004a; <i>16</i>: Yamamoto et al. 2013). The dashed lines indicate predicted interactions based on the analysis of I1 assembly mutants (<i>6</i>: Perrone et al. 1998; <i>7</i>: Heuser et al. 2012a; <i>10</i>: Ikeda et al. 2009; <i>11</i>: DiBella et al. 2004a; <i>12</i>: Viswanadha et al. 2014; <i>13</i>: Wu et al. 2005; <i>14</i>: Harrison et al. 1998; <i>15</i>: Yang et al. 2009; <i>16</i>: DiBella et al. 2004b). (Adapted from DiBella et al. 2004a; King 2013.)</div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 4. </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The <i> Chlamydomonas </i> axoneme ultrastructure. (… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 4. </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The <i> Chlamydomonas </i> axoneme ultrastructure. ( <i> A </i> <i> C </i> ). Cryo-electron tomography slices show… </p></div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 4.
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">The <i>Chlamydomonas</i> axoneme ultrastructure. (<i>A</i><i>C</i>). Cryo-electron tomography slices show (<i>A</i>) a longitudinal view, (<i>B</i>) a 3D view, and (<i>C</i>) a cross section of a <i>Chlamydomonas</i> axoneme. The red boxes highlight one 96-nm axonemal repeat unit in both views. (<i>D</i>,<i>E</i>) Isosurface renderings show an averaged 96-nm axonemal repeat in (<i>D</i>) longitudinal and (<i>E</i>) cross-sectional orientation. The cross-sectional slice is taken close to radial spoke 2, viewing from the proximal to the distal end. Key axonemal structures are highlighted: A- and B-tubule (A<sub>t</sub>,B<sub>t</sub>), nexindynein regulatory complex (N-DRC), radial spokes (RS1,RS2), calmodulin- and spoke-associated complex (CSC), and inner and outer dynein arms (IA,OA). Inner-arm dyneins include the I1 complex (dynein <i>f</i> α and β heavy chain motor domains) and dyneins ag. (Adapted from Satir et al. 2014; originally from Heuser et al. 2012b, with permission of the American Society for Cell Biology; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.; Heuser et al. 2012a.)</div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 5. </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) reconstruction of… </p></div>
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<p> Figure 5. </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) reconstruction of the nexindynein regulatory complex (N-DRC). This image shows… </p></div>
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Figure 5.
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) reconstruction of the nexindynein regulatory complex (N-DRC). This image shows the N-DRC in yellow, as viewed from the distal end of a 96-nm axoneme repeat in cross section. A single outer doublet is shown here, with a subset of protofilaments numbered in the A tubule (A<sub>t</sub>) and B tubule (B<sub>t</sub>). The outer dynein arms (ODA) are shown in gray at the <i>top left</i>, and one of the inner dynein arms (IDA) is shown in gray at the <i>bottom left</i>. The baseplate of the N-DRC is attached to protofilament 11 on the B tubule and wraps around the underside of the A tubule until protofilament 4. The linker of the N-DRC extends from the surface of the A tubule toward the neighboring outer doublet, and it also contacts both the IDA (at L1) and the ODA (red arrowhead). Radial spoke 2 (RS2) attaches to the A tubule just behind the N-DRC. The calmodulin- and spoke-associated complex (CSC) sits at the base of RS2 and wraps around the N-DRC to the next RS3 or RS3S, which is not shown here. The precise boundaries among the subunits of RS2, the CSC, and the base of the DRC are not well defined. (Adapted from Heuser et al. 2009.)</div>
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