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<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
Format:
</label>
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="jhkCCTFipEQ9r4PORQ6vCMgKxP2owm9YA44HfJ8EZfDDlvVEu9Jx6UMo5TKApXHi">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="jhkCCTFipEQ9r4PORQ6vCMgKxP2owm9YA44HfJ8EZfDDlvVEu9Jx6UMo5TKApXHi">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="jhkCCTFipEQ9r4PORQ6vCMgKxP2owm9YA44HfJ8EZfDDlvVEu9Jx6UMo5TKApXHi">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="jhkCCTFipEQ9r4PORQ6vCMgKxP2owm9YA44HfJ8EZfDDlvVEu9Jx6UMo5TKApXHi">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="jhkCCTFipEQ9r4PORQ6vCMgKxP2owm9YA44HfJ8EZfDDlvVEu9Jx6UMo5TKApXHi">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="20371514">
<aside class="page-sidebar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://academic.oup.com/nar/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/nar/gkq214"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=7898&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=20371514&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=0411011"
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Silverchair Information Systems
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/20371514/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=20371514&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=0411011"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="20371514"
><span class="text">
Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/20371514/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/20371514/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="20371514" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F20371514%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="jhkCCTFipEQ9r4PORQ6vCMgKxP2owm9YA44HfJ8EZfDDlvVEu9Jx6UMo5TKApXHi"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
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CdnL, a member of the large CarD-like family of bacterial proteins, is vital for Myxococcus xanthus and differs functionally from the global transcriptional regulator CarD
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Abstract
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<p>
CarD, a global transcriptional regulator in Myxococcus xanthus, interacts with CarG via CarDNter, its N-terminal domain, and with DNA via a eukaryotic HMGA-type C-terminal domain. Genomic analysis reveals a large number of standalone proteins resembling CarDNter. These constitute, together with the RNA polymerase (RNAP) interacting domain, RID, of transcription-repair coupling factors, the CarD_TRCF protein family. We show that one such CarDNter-like protein, M. xanthus CdnL, cannot functionally substitute CarDNter (or vice versa) nor interact with CarG. Unlike CarD, CdnL is vital for growth, and lethality due to its absence is not rescued by homologs from various other bacteria. In mycobacteria, with no endogenous DksA, the function of the CdnL homolog mirrors that of Escherichia coli DksA. Our finding that CdnL, like DksA, is indispensable in M. xanthus implies that they are not functionally redundant. Cells are normal on CdnL overexpression, but divide aberrantly on CdnL depletion. CdnL localizes to the nucleoid, suggesting piggyback recruitment by factors such as RNAP, which we show interacts with CdnL, CarDNter and RID. Our study highlights a complex network of interactions involving these factors and RNAP, and points to a vital role for M. xanthus CdnL in an essential DNA transaction that affects cell division.
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 1. </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i> M. xanthus </i> CarD and the…</div>
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<p> Figure 1. </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i> M. xanthus </i> CarD and the PF02559 protein family. ( <b> A </b> ) Schematic showing…</div>
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Figure 1.
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i>M. xanthus</i> CarD and the PF02559 protein family. (<b>A</b>) Schematic showing CarD domain architecture. Residue numbers (on top) demarcate the distinct regions. The CarD N-terminal domain, CarDNter, defines the PF02559 family that includes a number of CarDNter-like proteins and TRCF-RID. CarDCter denotes the HMGA-like CarD C-terminal domain, with human HMGA1a shown for comparison (+ indicate the basic AT-hooks and the acidic region). (<b>B</b>) Sequence alignment of representative PF02559 family members. NCBI accession codes and the corresponding bacterium are indicated in brackets: CarDNter (CAA91224; <i>M. xanthus</i>); CdnL (YP_630846; <i>M. xanthus</i>); TRCF-RID, the segment corresponding to residues 514587 of TRCF (YP_629274; <i>M. xanthus</i>); BbCdnL (NP_969149; <i>B. bacteriovorus</i>); CgCdnL (YP_001139479; <i>C. glutamicum</i>); ScCdnL (NP_628406; <i>S. coelicolor</i>); TtCdnL (YP_005787; <i>T. thermophilus</i>). Residues are shaded black (with an asterisk in the consensus line below) when identical in the majority of the aligned sequences, or grey when similar.</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> CdnL cannot replace CarDNter in… </p></div>
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<p> Figure 2. </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> CdnL cannot replace CarDNter in CarD function. ( <b> A </b> ) Schematic of the… </p></div>
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Figure 2.
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">CdnL cannot replace CarDNter in CarD function. (<b>A</b>) Schematic of the CarD chimera with CarDNter (residues 1178) replaced by CdnL. (<b>B</b>) Western blot of pure CarD (lane 1) and cell extracts of strains expressing CarD (WT; lane 2), the CdnL-CarDCter chimera (Chimera, lane 4), or no CarD (‘Δ<i>carD</i>; lane 3) probed with monoclonal anti-CarD antibodies. (<b>C</b>) Top: colour phenotypes of cell spots after growth for 1 day on CTT plates in the dark or in the light. Bottom: expression levels of the reporter P<sub>QRS</sub>::<i>lacZ</i> probe in strains bearing the indicated <i>carD</i> allele. Cell cultures were grown to early exponential phase in the dark, divided into two, grown for a further 8 h, one in the dark (filled bars) and the other in the light (empty bars). The specific β-galactosidase activities (in nanomoles of <i>o</i>-nitrophenyl β-<sc>d</sc>-galactoside hydrolyzed/min/mg protein) are from two or more independent measurements. (<b>D</b>) Bacterial two-hybrid analysis of cell spots expressing the protein pair indicated on plates containing X-gal. Cells expressing only one fusion protein served as the negative control.</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Genome context, promoter elements and… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Genome context, promoter elements and expression of <i> cdnL </i> . ( <b> A </b> ) <i> cdnL… </i> </p></div>
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Figure 3.
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Genome context, promoter elements and expression of <i>cdnL</i>. (<b>A</b>) <i>cdnL</i> genome context. Genes are represented by the thick arrows. Those unlabeled encode hypothetical proteins of unknown functions. <i>comEC/rec2</i> encodes a predicted DNA-internalization competence protein and <i>k9ap1</i> is Pk9 associate protein 1, a predicted FHA (forkhead associated) domain signaling protein. (<b>B</b>) DNA sequence of the <i>cdnL</i> promoter region. The 10 and 35 promoter elements and the Shine-Dalgarno ribosome binding site are boxed; +1 is the transcription start site determined by 5-RACE. The two arrows bracket the DNA segment fused to a reporter <i>lacZ</i> gene used for analyzing promoter activity. Lowercase letters in the sequences below the boxed 10 and 35 regions indicate bases that were mutated in the corresponding hexamers. (<b>C</b>) Specific β-galactosidase activities in nmol of <i>o</i>-nitrophenyl β-<sc>d</sc>-galactoside hydrolyzed/min/mg protein (mean of three independent measurements) of reporter <i>lacZ</i> probe with native (filled circle) or mutated P<sub>cdnL</sub> in the 35 (open triangle) or 10 (open square) promoter regions for different cell densities during vegetative growth.</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Conditional expression of <i> cdnL </i> shows… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Conditional expression of <i> cdnL </i> shows it is essential. (Top) Schematic for <i> M. xanthus… </i> </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Conditional expression of <i>cdnL</i> shows it is essential. (Top) Schematic for <i>M. xanthus</i> strains conditionally expressing <i>cdnL</i>. (Bottom) Cells grown on CTT plates in the light were streaked on CTT plates ± B<sub>12</sub>, then incubated at 33°C for 2 days under permissive (plates without B<sub>12</sub> incubated in the light) or restrictive (plates with B<sub>12</sub> incubated in the dark) conditions. Note the lack of growth of MR1467 under restrictive conditions. The red colour in the light is due to carotenogenesis.</div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Growth rate and cellular morphology… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Growth rate and cellular morphology of cells conditionally expressing <i> cdnL </i> . ( <b> A… </b> </p></div>
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Figure 5.
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">Growth rate and cellular morphology of cells conditionally expressing <i>cdnL</i>. (<b>A</b>) Growth curves for MR1466 and MR1467 under permissive (left) or restrictive (right) conditions. Cells were grown in the light at 33°C, 300 rpm, and aliquots of 10<sup>6</sup> cells were innoculated into 10 ml CTT in separate flasks. One was grown in the light (permissive conditions) and one in the dark with 0.75 µM B<sub>12</sub> (restrictive conditions) at 33°C, 300 rpm; the abscissa indicates time (in hours) after the shift in growth conditions. (<b>B</b>) Cellular morphology of cell samples from cultures grown as in <b>A</b>, examined at an OD<sub>550</sub> 0.8 after DAPI-staining by DIC and fluorescence microscopy. Note the unusually elongated cells indicative of aberrant cell division on shifting to restrictive conditions for the strain conditionally expressing <i>cdnL</i> and the extended span of the pole regions lacking DAPI-stained foci (scale marker: 5 μm).</div>
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<p> Figure 6. </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> CdnL subcellular localization. ( <b> A… </b> </p></div>
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<p> Figure 6. </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> CdnL subcellular localization. ( <b> A </b> ) Scheme of <i> cdnL </i> alleles in MR1488 and… </p></div>
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Figure 6.
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">CdnL subcellular localization. (<b>A</b>) Scheme of <i>cdnL</i> alleles in MR1488 and MR1489 (left). Western blots of the corresponding cell extracts probed with polyclonal anti-CdnL antibodies are shown on the right. (<b>B</b>) Subcellular localization of CdnL-eGFP in MR1488 and MR1489. Cells were grown to mid-log phase and examined by DIC (left panels) and fluorescence microscopy for CdnL-eGFP (middle panels) or DAPI-stained nucleoid (right panels). Arrows point to the more intense CdnL-eGFP foci in MR1489, which coincide with the nucleoid (scale marker: 5 μm).</div>
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<p> Figure 7. </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> CdnL and CarDNter physically interact… </p></div>
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<p> Figure 7. </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> CdnL and CarDNter physically interact with <i> M. xanthus </i> RNAP. ( <b> A </b> ) Analysis… </p></div>
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Figure 7.
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<div class="figure-caption-contents">CdnL and CarDNter physically interact with <i>M. xanthus</i> RNAP. (<b>A</b>) Analysis of RNAP retention by CdnL-His<sub>6</sub> immobilized on TALON metal affinity resin. Shown are silver-stained 10% SDSPAGE gels of the flowthrough (FT), low salt (50 mM) and high salt (500 mM) eluates on passing <i>M. xanthus</i> core RNAP through a column of TALON resin alone (No His<sub>6</sub>-protein), TALON bound to His<sub>6</sub>-DksA as the positive control, or TALON bound to CdnL-His<sub>6</sub>. The α, β and β′ RNAP subunits are indicated. (<b>B</b>) Bacterial two-hybrid analysis of the interaction of <i>M. xanthus</i> RNAP β<sub>19148</sub> region (in plasmid pUT18C) with the TRCF segment (514645), CdnL, or CarDNter (in pKT25) as indicated. Cells expressing only one fusion protein are negative controls.</div>
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<p> Figure 8. </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i> M. xanthus </i> CdnL cannot be…</div>
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<p> Figure 8. </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i> M. xanthus </i> CdnL cannot be replaced by CarDNter or by CdnL homologs from…</div>
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Figure 8.
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i>M. xanthus</i> CdnL cannot be replaced by CarDNter or by CdnL homologs from other bacteria. (<b>A</b>) Scheme showing the strategy used for complementation analysis. A plasmid derived from pMR2873, with Y (CarDNter, CdnL, or a given CdnL homolog) under P<sub>cdnL</sub> control and DNA segments flanking <i>cdnL</i> upstream (grey) and downstream (black) in the genome, was introduced into the MR1467 strain conditionally expressing <i>cdnL</i>. Merodiploids resulting from plasmid integration by recombination at either 1 or 2 would exhibit constitutive expression of the inserted variant and conditional expression of the <i>cdnL</i> allele at the heterologous site. (<b>B</b>) Complementation analysis with CarDNter. The test strain CarDNter resulted from using pMR2873 with Y = CarDNter coding sequence; C+, is the positive control derived from using pMR2873 with Y = <i>cdnL</i>, and the negative control C is the recipient strain MR1467. (<b>C</b>) Complementation analysis with BbCdnL, CgCdnl, ScCdnL, and TtCdnL. Test strains were generated using the pMR2873 with Y = <i>cdnL<sub>Bb</sub></i> (Bb), <i>cdnL<sub>Cg</sub></i> (Cg), <i>cdnL<sub>Sc</sub></i> (Sc) or <i>cdnL<sub>Tt</sub></i> (Tt). C+ and C are as in <b>B</b>. In <b>B</b> and <b>C</b>, cells grown on CTT plates in the light were streaked on CTT plates ± B<sub>12</sub>, then incubated at 33°C for 2 days under permissive (plates without B<sub>12</sub> incubated in the light) or restrictive conditions (plates with B<sub>12</sub> incubated in the dark). The red colour in the light is due to carotenogenesis.</div>
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