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<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
Format:
</label>
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="mtcdrlgV0axPWFBYx6bCcPBkO2Ab1f7IDgWi4bJhALkjQ6HOapOEGX7Ym6inUQF2">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="mtcdrlgV0axPWFBYx6bCcPBkO2Ab1f7IDgWi4bJhALkjQ6HOapOEGX7Ym6inUQF2">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="mtcdrlgV0axPWFBYx6bCcPBkO2Ab1f7IDgWi4bJhALkjQ6HOapOEGX7Ym6inUQF2">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="mtcdrlgV0axPWFBYx6bCcPBkO2Ab1f7IDgWi4bJhALkjQ6HOapOEGX7Ym6inUQF2">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="mtcdrlgV0axPWFBYx6bCcPBkO2Ab1f7IDgWi4bJhALkjQ6HOapOEGX7Ym6inUQF2">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="11533226">
<aside class="page-sidebar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1128/MCB.21.19.6359-6368.2001?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&amp;rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&amp;rfr_dat=cr_pub 0pubmed"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=4487&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=11533226&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=8109087"
title="See full text options at Atypon"
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Atypon
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/11533226/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=11533226&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=8109087"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
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Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/11533226/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/11533226/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="11533226" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F11533226%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="mtcdrlgV0axPWFBYx6bCcPBkO2Ab1f7IDgWi4bJhALkjQ6HOapOEGX7Ym6inUQF2"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
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The phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) plays a key role in mRNA metabolism. The relative ratio of hyperphosphorylated RNAP II to hypophosphorylated RNAP II is determined by a dynamic equilibrium between CTD kinases and CTD phosphatase(s). The CTD is heavily phosphorylated in meiotic Xenopus laevis oocytes. In this report we show that the CTD undergoes fast and massive dephosphorylation upon fertilization. A cDNA was cloned and shown to code for a full-length xFCP1, the Xenopus orthologue of the FCP1 CTD phosphatases in humans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two critical residues in the catalytic site were identified. CTD phosphatase activity was observed in extracts prepared from Xenopus eggs and cells and was shown to be entirely attributable to xFCP1. The CTD dephosphorylation triggered by fertilization was reproduced upon calcium activation of cytostatic factor-arrested egg extracts. Using immunodepleted extracts, we showed that this dephosphorylation is due to xFCP1. Although transcription does not occur at this stage, phosphorylation appears as a highly dynamic process involving the antagonist action of Xp42 mitogen-activated protein kinase and FCP1 phosphatase. This is the first report that free RNAP II is a substrate for FCP1 in vivo, independent from a transcription cycle.
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data-figure-id="F1">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-0"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/4681/99784/a234ddb90940/mb1910685001.gif"
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG. 1 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> CTD phosphatase activity in <i> Xenopus… </i> </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG. 1 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> CTD phosphatase activity in <i> Xenopus </i> . (A) Interphasic egg extracts or low-salt extracts… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
FIG. 1
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">CTD phosphatase activity in <i>Xenopus</i>. (A) Interphasic egg extracts or low-salt extracts from <i>Xenopus</i> A6 cells were incubated with labeled RNAP IIO for the amount of time indicated. (B) Extracts were incubated for 15 min with labeled RNAP IIO in the absence (control) or presence of 10 nM okadaic acid (OA), 5 nM microcystin (mic), or 120 mM KCl (K+). The labeled IIO form was incubated in pure buffer (). Dephosphorylation of the CTD was visualized by SDS-PAGE followed by autoradiography. The positions of subunits IIa and IIo are indicated in both panels.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
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data-slide-index="1"
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itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-1"
role="button"
data-image-width="628"
data-image-height="820"
data-image-alt="FIG. 2"
data-pmc-id="PMC99784"
data-figure-id="F2">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-1"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/4681/99784/ab8e9f15590e/mb1910685002.gif"
alt="FIG. 2" />
</a>
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<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG. 2 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Alignment of FCP1 protein sequences.… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG. 2 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Alignment of FCP1 protein sequences. The human (Hs), <i> Xenopus </i> (Xl), and yeast (Sc)… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
FIG. 2
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Alignment of FCP1 protein sequences. The human (Hs), <i>Xenopus</i> (Xl), and yeast (Sc) FCP1 sequences were deduced from their cDNA sequences (GenBank numbers AF154115, AF348120, and NC_001145). The homologies are in gray shaded boxes. The dark boxes enclose residues conserved in all three species. ◊, crucial aspartate residue.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
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itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="2"
data-label-slug="fig-3">
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href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/4681/99784/c786016c440d/mb1910685003.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-2"
role="button"
data-image-width="539"
data-image-height="763"
data-image-alt="FIG. 3"
data-pmc-id="PMC99784"
data-figure-id="F3">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-2"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/4681/99784/fb2aebeb1f1b/mb1910685003.gif"
alt="FIG. 3" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="539">
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<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG. 3 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i> X </i> . <i> laevis </i> FCP1 exhibits…</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG. 3 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i> X </i> . <i> laevis </i> FCP1 exhibits CTD phosphatase activity. (A) Labeled RNAP IIO was…</div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
FIG. 3
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i>X</i>. <i>laevis</i> FCP1 exhibits CTD phosphatase activity. (A) Labeled RNAP IIO was incubated for 10 min with GST or increasing amounts of GST-xFCP1. (B) The experiment was carried out in the absence (control) or presence of 10 nM okadaic acid (OA), 5 nM microcystin (mic), or 120 mM KCl (K+). (C) Purified wild-type or mutant GST-xFCP1 fusion proteins were incubated for 10 min with labeled RNAP IIO. The amounts of the fusion proteins were checked by Western blot analysis with a GST-specific antibody. Dephosphorylation was visualized by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. Unreacted RNAP IIO was loaded as a control () in each experiment. The positions of the subunits IIa and IIo are indicated in each panel.</div>
</figcaption>
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data-slide-index="3"
data-label-slug="fig-4">
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itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-3"
role="button"
data-image-width="533"
data-image-height="569"
data-image-alt="FIG. 4"
data-pmc-id="PMC99784"
data-figure-id="F4">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-3"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/4681/99784/755baa53eab7/mb1910685004.gif"
alt="FIG. 4" />
</a>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG. 4 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i> Xenopus </i> CTD phosphatase activity is…</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG. 4 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i> Xenopus </i> CTD phosphatase activity is attributable to xFCP1. (A) Low-salt A6 cell extract…</div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
FIG. 4
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><i>Xenopus</i> CTD phosphatase activity is attributable to xFCP1. (A) Low-salt A6 cell extract or purified GST-xFCP1wt fusion protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting with anti-hFCP1 (α-hFCP1). Total lysates from control A6 cells or cells transfected with 5 μg of the plasmid encoding FLAG-xFCP1 were analyzed with anti-FLAG (α-FLAG). The positions of recombinant GST-xFCP1, endogenous xFCP1, and transfected FLAG-xFCP1 are indicated. (B) Labeled RNAP IIO was incubated for 15 min with crude egg or low-salt A6 cell extracts (control) which had been either mock or xFCP1 (α-FCP1) depleted. CTD dephosphorylation was monitored as indicated above. Nonincubated labeled RNAP IIO was loaded as a control (). The positions of the subunits IIa and IIo are indicated. The presence of xFCP1 was checked by Western blotting.</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure-item "
itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"
itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="4"
data-label-slug="fig-5">
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href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/4681/99784/701ffa0ecbc9/mb1910685005.jpg"
itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-4"
role="button"
data-image-width="400"
data-image-height="518"
data-image-alt="FIG. 5"
data-pmc-id="PMC99784"
data-figure-id="F5">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-4"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/4681/99784/6cb128ac1f7d/mb1910685005.gif"
alt="FIG. 5" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="400">
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<div class="caption-wrap">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG. 5 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> CTD phosphorylation state after fertilization… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG. 5 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> CTD phosphorylation state after fertilization in <i> Xenopus </i> . (A) CTD dephosphorylation after fertilization… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
FIG. 5
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">CTD phosphorylation state after fertilization in <i>Xenopus</i>. (A) CTD dephosphorylation after fertilization in <i>Xenopus</i> embryos. Batches of 10 unfertilized eggs or embryos were sampled; lysed at 0 (unfertilized eggs), 1, 2, or 3 h postfertilization (hpf); and analyzed by SDS-PAGE along with a whole-cell lysate from A6 cells. The phosphorylation state of the largest RNAP II subunit was analyzed by Western blotting using an anti-Rpb1 antibody. The positions of the subunits IIa and IIo are indicated. (B) CTD dephosphorylation after in vitro activation of a meiotic extract. Activation was performed at 22°C by adding Ca<sup>2+</sup> to the CSF-arrested meiotic extract for the indicated time. The phosphorylation state of the CTD and the level of active MAPK were analyzed by Western blotting with anti-Rpb1 and anti-active-MAPK (MAPK-P) antibodies, respectively. The positions of the subunits IIa and IIo are indicated. The presence of xFCP1 was checked by Western blot analysis.</div>
</figcaption>
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itemprop="associatedMedia"
data-slide-index="5"
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data-figure-id="F6">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-5"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/4681/99784/9f0cf2df0f52/mb1910685006.gif"
alt="FIG. 6" />
</a>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG. 6 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> CTD dephosphorylation upon activation of… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG. 6 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> CTD dephosphorylation upon activation of a meiotic extract requires xFCP1. (A) Experimental scheme.… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-5" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
FIG. 6
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">CTD dephosphorylation upon activation of a meiotic extract requires xFCP1. (A) Experimental scheme. The CSF-arrested extract was immunodepleted for 30 min at 4°C before activation by Ca<sup>2+</sup> at 22°C for the indicated time. Samples were taken at the various time points as indicated (arrows) and analyzed by Western blotting with the appropriate antibodies. (B) CTD phosphorylation, active MAPK (MAPK-P), and FCP1 were analyzed in untreated (U), mock-depleted (mock), and anti-FCP1-depleted (α-FCP1) extracts. The positions of the subunits IIa and IIo are indicated.</div>
</figcaption>
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itemprop="associatedMedia"
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data-label-slug="fig-7">
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aria-describedby="figure-caption-6"
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data-image-width="403"
data-image-height="681"
data-image-alt="FIG. 7"
data-pmc-id="PMC99784"
data-figure-id="F7">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-6"
src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/4681/99784/4f72fb7afa4b/mb1910685007.gif"
alt="FIG. 7" />
</a>
<meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="403">
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG. 7 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Rapid CTD phosphate turnover in… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG. 7 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Rapid CTD phosphate turnover in CSF-arrested and interphasic egg extracts. (A) <sup> 32 </sup> P-labeled… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-6" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
FIG. 7
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Rapid CTD phosphate turnover in CSF-arrested and interphasic egg extracts. (A) <sup>32</sup>P-labeled (on the CTD repeats) RNAP IIO was added to CSF-arrested egg extract. Samples were analyzed after increasing incubation times by autoradiography and Western blotting. The positions of the subunits IIa and IIo are indicated. (B) <sup>32</sup>P-labeled RNAP IIO was added to an egg extract that was either unactivated (▪) or activated (□) by Ca<sup>2+</sup> at 22°C for 60 min. The percentage of radioactivity associated with subunit IIo (arbitrary units) is plotted as a function of time.</div>
</figcaption>
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data-slide-index="7"
data-label-slug="fig-8">
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itemprop="contentUrl"
aria-describedby="figure-caption-7"
role="button"
data-image-width="675"
data-image-height="950"
data-image-alt="FIG. 8"
data-pmc-id="PMC99784"
data-figure-id="F8">
<img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail"
id="article-image-7"
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<p> FIG. 8 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> A model of two distinct… </p></div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> FIG. 8 </p>
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<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> A model of two distinct CTD phosphorylation cycles. The FCP1 CTD phosphatase may… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-7" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
FIG. 8
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">A model of two distinct CTD phosphorylation cycles. The FCP1 CTD phosphatase may counteract distinct CTD kinases in early embryos (A) or somatic cells (B).</div>
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