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<meta name="description" content="Cd(1) nitrite reductase catalyzes the conversion of nitrite to NO in denitrifying bacteria. Reduction of the substrate occurs at the d(1)-heme site, which faces on the distal side some residues thought to be essential for substrate binding and catalysis. We report the results obtained by mutating to …"><meta name="keywords" content="pmid:11226222, PMC30121, doi:10.1073/pnas.041365298, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov&#x27;t, F Cutruzzola, K Brown, M Brunori, Binding Sites, Catalysis, Crystallography, X-Ray, Histidine / metabolism*, Kinetics, Mutagenesis, Site-Directed, Nitrate Reductase, Nitrate Reductases / chemistry, Nitrate Reductases / genetics, Nitrate Reductases / metabolism*, Protein Conformation, Pseudomonas aeruginosa / enzymology*, PubMed Abstract, NIH, NLM, NCBI, National Institutes of Health, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, MEDLINE"><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive"><meta property="og:title" content="The nitrite reductase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: essential role of two active-site histidines in the catalytic and structural properties - PubMed"><meta property="og:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11226222/"><meta property="og:description" content="Cd(1) nitrite reductase catalyzes the conversion of nitrite to NO in denitrifying bacteria. Reduction of the substrate occurs at the d(1)-heme site, which faces on the distal side some residues thought to be essential for substrate binding and catalysis. We report the results obtained by mutating to …"><meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:site_name" content="PubMed"><meta name="twitter:domain" content="pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta name="twitter:title" content="The nitrite reductase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: essential role of two active-site histidines in the catalytic and structural properties - PubMed"><meta name="twitter:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11226222/"><meta name="twitter:description" content="Cd(1) nitrite reductase catalyzes the conversion of nitrite to NO in denitrifying bacteria. Reduction of the substrate occurs at the d(1)-heme site, which faces on the distal side some residues thought to be essential for substrate binding and catalysis. We report the results obtained by mutating to …"><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg">
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<input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label">
Format:
</label>
<select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format">
<option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option>
<option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="include-supplemental-container">
<input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental">
<label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label>
</div>
<div class="form-field recaptcha ">
<div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div>
</div>
<div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="send">
Send email
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_email_panel"
aria-controls="email-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="email"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" />
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="collections-action-panel"
class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to Collections
</h3>
<form id="collections-action-panel-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="zorJWfXyBfdYd6lL7MwQsdgjCsiyQ7uAoWrWAFtQghSKyaZRY9WNEbLv9WnUXl0I">
<div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup">
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new">
<label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label>
</li>
<li>
<input type="radio"
id="collections-action-panel-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing">
<label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="controls-wrapper">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label>
<input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="create_collection"
data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection">
<div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Name must be less than 100 characters
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls">
<label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label">
Choose a collection:
</label>
<select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing"
class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="select_collection"
data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'">
</select>
<div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your collection due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="add">
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel"
aria-controls="collections-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="collections"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="bibliography-action-panel"
class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel"
aria-hidden="true"
data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h3 class="action-panel-heading">
Add to My Bibliography
</h3>
<form id="bibliography-action-panel-form"
class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100"
data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10"
data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/"
data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/"
data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/"
data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="zorJWfXyBfdYd6lL7MwQsdgjCsiyQ7uAoWrWAFtQghSKyaZRY9WNEbLv9WnUXl0I">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls">
<div class="choice-group">
<ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items">
<li>
<input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/>
<label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message">
Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br>
<a href="#">Please try again</a>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Adding..."
data-pinger-ignore>
Add
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel"
aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="mybib"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"
data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false"
data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your saved search
</h2>
<form id="saved-search-action-panel-form"
class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/"
data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/"
data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="zorJWfXyBfdYd6lL7MwQsdgjCsiyQ7uAoWrWAFtQghSKyaZRY9WNEbLv9WnUXl0I">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of saved search:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
type="text"
name="saved-search-name"
id="saved-search-name"
class="saved-search-name"
value=""
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Search terms:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea>
</div>
<div class="test-search-term-wrap">
<a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a>
</div>
<div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label">
Would you like email updates of new search results?
</span>
<fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label">
<legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend>
<ul class="radio-group-items">
<li>
<input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked>
<label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label>
</li>
<li>
<input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no">
<label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label>
</li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="alert-schedule-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label class="action-panel-label">
Email:
</label>
<span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label">
Frequency:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency">
<option value="monthly">Monthly</option>
<option value="weekly">Weekly</option>
<option value="daily">Daily</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector">
<option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">The first Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">The first Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option>
<option value="day">The first day</option>
<option value="weekday">The first weekday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional">
<label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label">
Which day?
</label>
<select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day">
<option value="Sunday">Sunday</option>
<option value="Monday">Monday</option>
<option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option>
<option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option>
<option value="Thursday">Thursday</option>
<option value="Friday">Friday</option>
<option value="Saturday">Saturday</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label">
Report format:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report">
<option value="DocSum">Summary</option>
<option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option>
<option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label">
Send at most:
</label>
<select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount">
<option value="1">1 item</option>
<option value="5" selected>5 items</option>
<option value="10">10 items</option>
<option value="20">20 items</option>
<option value="50">50 items</option>
<option value="100">100 items</option>
<option value="200">200 items</option>
</select>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result">
<label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox">
Send even when there aren't any new results
</label>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap">
<label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label">
Optional text in email:
</label>
<textarea name="saved-search-email-text"
id="saved-search-email-text"
class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Saving..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Save
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel"
aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Create a file for external citation management software
</h2>
<form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form"
class="action-panel-content action-form"
action="/results-export-ids/"
data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/"
data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/"
method="post"
data-by-search-method="post"
data-by-ids-method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="zorJWfXyBfdYd6lL7MwQsdgjCsiyQ7uAoWrWAFtQghSKyaZRY9WNEbLv9WnUXl0I">
<input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Sending..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="save">
Create file
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel"
aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="citation_manager"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<h2 class="action-panel-heading">
Your RSS Feed
</h2>
<form id="rss-action-panel-form"
class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form"
data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/"
data-search-form-term-value="">
<input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="zorJWfXyBfdYd6lL7MwQsdgjCsiyQ7uAoWrWAFtQghSKyaZRY9WNEbLv9WnUXl0I">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap">
<label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name of RSS Feed:
</label>
<input maxlength="200"
placeholder="Name"
type="text"
name="rss-name"
id="rss-name"
class="rss-name"
value=''
required
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/">
</div>
<div class="rss-limit-wrap">
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top">
<label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label">
Number of items displayed:
</label>
<select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit">
<option value="5">5</option>
<option value="10">10</option>
<option value="15" selected="selected">15</option>
<option value="20">20</option>
<option value="50">50</option>
<option value="100">100</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-actions">
<button class="action-panel-submit"
type="submit"
data-loading-label="Creating..."
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="save">
Create RSS
</button>
<button class="action-panel-cancel"
aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel"
ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel"
aria-controls="rss-action-panel"
aria-expanded="false"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="alert"
data-ga-label="cancel">
Cancel
</button>
</div>
<div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap">
<label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label>
<input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link">
<button
type="button"
disabled
class="rss-link-copy-button disabled"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="rss"
data-ga-label="copy">
Copy
</button>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="11226222">
<aside class="page-sidebar">
<div class="inner-wrap">
<div class="full-text-links">
<div class="full-view">
<h3 class="title">
Full text links
</h3>
<div class="full-text-links-list">
<a class="link-item
dialog-focus"
href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.041365298?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&amp;rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&amp;rfr_dat=cr_pub 0pubmed"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=False&amp;PrId=4487&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=11226222&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=7505876"
title="See full text options at Atypon"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="Atypon"
data-ga-label="11226222"
><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--pnas.org-pb-assets-images-pubmed-pnas-pubmed-fulltext.png" alt="Atypon full text link"><span class="text">
Atypon
</span></a><a class="link-item
pmc
"
href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/11226222/"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&amp;is_pmc=True&amp;PrId=3494&amp;itool=Abstract-def&amp;log$=linkouticon&amp;uid=11226222&amp;db=pubmed&amp;nlmid=7505876"
title="Free full text at PubMed Central"
data-ga-category="full_text"
data-ga-action="PMC"
data-ga-label="11226222"
><span class="text">
Free PMC article
</span></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-view">
<a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger">
Full text links
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles"
data-ga-category="save_share"
data-ga-action="cite"
data-ga-label="open"
data-all-citations-url="/11226222/citations/"
data-citation-style="nlm"
data-pubmed-format-link="/11226222/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="11226222" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger"
aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections."
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_button"
data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false"
data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F11226222%2F%23open-collections-dialog"
data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog"
class="dialog collections-dialog"
aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form"
class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors"
data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/"
data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/"
data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/"
data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100"
data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="zorJWfXyBfdYd6lL7MwQsdgjCsiyQ7uAoWrWAFtQghSKyaZRY9WNEbLv9WnUXl0I"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-new"
class="collections-new"
name="collections"
value="new"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio"
id="collections-action-dialog-existing"
class="collections-existing"
name="collections"
value="existing"
checked="true"
data-ga-category="collections_button"
data-ga-action="click"
data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk">
Name your collection:
</label><input
type="text"
name="add-to-new-collection"
id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new"
class="collections-action-add-to-new"
pattern="[^&quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: &quot;&amp;=&lt;&gt;/"
maxlength="100"
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<p>
Cd(1) nitrite reductase catalyzes the conversion of nitrite to NO in denitrifying bacteria. Reduction of the substrate occurs at the d(1)-heme site, which faces on the distal side some residues thought to be essential for substrate binding and catalysis. We report the results obtained by mutating to Ala the two invariant active site histidines, His-327 and His-369, of the enzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Both mutants have lost nitrite reductase activity but maintain the ability to reduce O(2) to water. Nitrite reductase activity is impaired because of the accumulation of a catalytically inactive form, possibly because the productive displacement of NO from the ferric d(1)-heme iron is impaired. Moreover, the two distal His play different roles in catalysis; His-369 is absolutely essential for the stability of the Michaelis complex. The structures of both mutants show (i) the new side chain in the active site, (ii) a loss of density of Tyr-10, which slipped away with the N-terminal arm, and (iii) a large topological change in the whole c-heme domain, which is displaced 20 A from the position occupied in the wild-type enzyme. We conclude that the two invariant His play a crucial role in the activity and the structural organization of cd(1) nitrite reductase from P. aeruginosa.
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<p> Figure 1 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The active site of cd… </p></div>
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<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 1 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The active site of cd <sub> 1 </sub> NIR from <i> P. aeruginosa </i> (Pa-NIR). The model… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 1
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">The active site of cd<sub>1</sub> NIR from <i>P.
aeruginosa</i> (Pa-NIR). The model of the d<sub>1</sub>-heme
pocket of the wt reduced enzyme complexed with nitrite is shown in
<i>A</i>. The stereochemistry of NO<sub>2</sub><sup></sup>
was simulated starting from the coordinates of the NO adduct of reduced
Pa-NiR (5). Among the key amino acid side chains shown here, notice
that Tyr-10 comes from the other monomer (identified as sub. B), as a
result of a domain swapping across the 2-fold axis of the homodimer
(4). The 3D structure of the d<sub>1</sub>-heme pocket of the two
mutants in the oxidized state is shown in the same orientation in
<i>B</i> (for H369A) and <i>C</i> (for H327A). The
<i>F</i><sub>o</sub><i>F</i><sub>c</sub> Sigma A
negative electron density map is also represented at the place of the
missing side chain; this map is contoured at 3σ for
<i>B</i> and 4σ for <i>C</i>.</div>
</figcaption>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 2 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Static and transient optical spectra… </p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 2 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Static and transient optical spectra of wt and mutants Pa-NIR. ( <i> Upper </i> )… </p></div>
</div>
<figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description">
<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 2
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Static and transient optical spectra of wt and mutants Pa-NIR.
(<i>Upper</i>) Absolute spectra of the oxidized (bold line),
reduced (thin line), and reduced NO (dotted line) derivatives for the
wt NIR (<i>Left</i>), mutant H327A (<i>Center</i>), and
mutant H369A (<i>Right</i>). (<i>Lower</i>) Time
evolution of the kinetic difference spectra observed for the same
proteins, after the reduced enzyme is mixed with nitrite anaerobically.
The two sets of difference spectra for each protein refer to
experiments carried out at the lowest (10 μM; <i>A</i>,
<i>C</i>, and <i>E</i>) and the highest
(0.15 or 0.5 mM; <i>B</i>, <i>D</i>, and
<i>F</i>) nitrite concentrations. The arrow indicates the
direction of the time course, from 6 ms to 245 s. To better follow
the spectral evolution with time, the difference spectra at selected
times (6 ms and 1, 25, and 180 s) are drawn as thick lines. The
insets show the time course as followed at the maximum of reduced
d<sub>1</sub>-heme (462 nm for the wt and 472 nm for the two mutants),
fitted to two or three exponentials (continuous lines). Kinetic
experiments were carried out in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) and
25°C.</div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 3 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> A proposed scheme for the… </p></div>
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</div>
<div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true">
<strong class="figure-label">
<p> Figure 3 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> A proposed scheme for the reaction mechanism of cd <sub> 1 </sub> NIR with NO… </p></div>
</div>
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<strong class="figure-label">
Figure 3
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">A proposed scheme for the reaction mechanism of cd<sub>1</sub>
NIR with NO<sub>2</sub><sup></sup>. When nitrite is mixed with the
reduced enzyme (species <b>1</b>), the formation of the Michaelis
complex (species <b>2</b>) is followed by very rapid formation of
NO, involving bond breaking and loss of a hydroxide ion; yet this
process is assumed to be reversible. The resulting mixed-valence
species <b>3</b> or <b>4</b>
(c<sup>+2</sup>d<sub>1</sub><sup>+3</sup>
NO or
c<sup>+2</sup>d<sub>1</sub><sup>+2</sup>
NO<sup>+</sup>) may dissociate NO and be reduced to species
<b>1</b> (via <b>6</b> and <b>7</b>) to enter a new
productive cycle; however, <i>in vitro</i> it seems to be
progressively inhibited to a dead-end state with NO bound to the
ferrous d<sub>1</sub>-heme (species <b>8</b>). Species
<b>15</b> equilibrate rapidly [see also George <i>et al.</i>
(20)], accounting for a fraction of oxidized c-heme formed during the
dead time of the stopped flow. The relative population of each species
depends on experimental conditions, such as pH and concentration of
substrate and reductant, and it may even differ in NIR from different
species. The Michaelis complex, formed rapidly even at low nitrite
concentrations (e.g., 100 μM), accounts for considerably less than
100% of the enzyme; therefore the bimolecular rate constant is fast,
but the affinity is lower than previously suggested (24). Nevertheless,
our kinetic data are consistent with the value of
<i>K</i><sub>m</sub> = 6 μM
NO<sub>2</sub><sup></sup>, which was independently
determined (not shown). Species <b>6</b> builds up slowly
(<i>k</i> = 2 s<sup>1</sup>) and incompletely
under our experimental conditions; the internal redox equilibrium
between species <b>6</b> and <b>7</b> is assigned a rate
constant of 0.3 s<sup>1</sup>. Because it is well
established that the electron accepting site is the c-heme, only
species <b>5</b> and <b>7</b> can be reduced with the use of
ascorbate, azurin, or cytochrome <i>c</i><sub>551</sub>.
In the scheme, there are two paths leading to
c<sup>+2</sup>d<sub>1</sub><sup>+2</sup>
NO, the dead-end species <b>8</b>: either by reaction of the
reduced enzyme with NO or by reduction of species <b>5</b> by
external reductants. In <i>P. pantotrotrophus</i> NiR, species
<b>5</b> forms completely and instantaneously at
[NO<sub>2</sub><sup></sup>] = 0.25.0 mM;
thereafter it decays to species <b>4</b> at 38
s<sup>1</sup>, as shown by George <i>et al.</i> (20);
it is possible that a similar reequilibration also occurs in Pa-NIR,
but if so, it is lost in the dead time.</div>
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<p> Figure 4 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Crystallographic structure of the two… </p></div>
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<p> Figure 4 </p>
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Crystallographic structure of the two mutants of Pa-NiR. ( <i> A </i> ) Top view… </p></div>
</div>
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Figure 4
</strong>
<div class="figure-caption-contents">Crystallographic structure of the two mutants of Pa-NiR.
(<i>A</i>) Top view of the mutant proteins superimposed on the
wt enzyme. Color code for the c-heme domains: dark green, H327A; light
green, H369A; red, wt. It is evident that the c-heme domains glide away
in a new configuration, which is almost the same for the two mutants.
Notice also that the 3D structure of the d<sub>1</sub>-heme domain
(gray) is identical for the three proteins. (<i>B</i>) Side
view of the three structures (same color code); only one monomer is
shown for the sake of clarity.</div>
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Nitrite and nitrate chemical biology and signalling.
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<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">DeMartino AW, Kim-Shapiro DB, Patel RP, Gladwin MT.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">DeMartino AW, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Br J Pharmacol. 2019 Jan;176(2):228-245. doi: 10.1111/bph.14484. Epub 2018 Oct 3.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Br J Pharmacol. 2019.</span>
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Rational design of a nitrite reductase based on myoglobin: a molecular modeling and dynamics simulation study.
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<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Lin YW, Nie CM, Liao LF.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Lin YW, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">J Mol Model. 2012 Sep;18(9):4409-15. doi: 10.1007/s00894-012-1451-y. Epub 2012 May 16.</span>
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Higher diversity and abundance of denitrifying microorganisms in environments than considered previously.
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<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Wei W, Isobe K, Nishizawa T, Zhu L, Shiratori Y, Ohte N, Koba K, Otsuka S, Senoo K.</span>
<span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Wei W, et al.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">ISME J. 2015 Sep;9(9):1954-65. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2015.9. Epub 2015 Mar 10.</span>
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Phylogenetics and environmental distribution of nitric oxide-forming nitrite reductases reveal their distinct functional and ecological roles.
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<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Pold G, Bonilla-Rosso G, Saghaï A, Strous M, Jones CM, Hallin S.</span>
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<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">ISME Commun. 2024 Feb 2;4(1):ycae020. doi: 10.1093/ismeco/ycae020. eCollection 2024 Jan.</span>
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The functional role of the structure of the dioxo-isobacteriochlorin in the catalytic site of cytochrome cd<sub>1</sub> for the reduction of nitrite.
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<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Fujii H, Yamaki D, Ogura T, Hada M.</span>
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<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Chem Sci. 2016 Apr 1;7(4):2896-2906. doi: 10.1039/c5sc04825g. Epub 2016 Jan 20.</span>
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