CDC-Data-2025/autism_prevalence_studies.csv

1	Author	Title	Year Published	Country	Area(s)	Age Range	Study Years	Case Identification Method	Case Criterion	Sample Size	Number of Cases	ASD Prevalence Estimate per 1,000	Confidence Interval (CI)	Male:Female Sex Ratio	Non-Hispanic White:Hispanic Prevalence Ratio	White:Black Prevalence Ratio	Diagnosis Age Range (months)	Diagnosis Mean Age (months)	Diagnosis Median Age (months)	IQ Score <70 (%)	Adaptive Score <70 (%)	Non-Verbal or Minimally Verbal (%)	Percentage of Individual Co-occurring Conditions	Autism Types Included	Link to Publication	CDC Calculated Values
2	Lotter	Epidemiology of Autistic Conditions in Young Children	1966	England	County of Middlesex	8 to 10	1964	survey (mail); health records	Kanner	78000	35	0.45	0.32 - 0.62	2.6						84		59		autistic conditions	https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00584048	IQ Score <70 (%); CI
3	Treffert	Epidemiology of infantile Autism	1970	USA	Wisconsin	2 to 12	1962-1967	health records	Kanner	899750	69	0.077	0.06 - 0.10	3.1										classic infantile autism	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5436867	CI
4	Brask	A Prevalence investigation of Childhood Psychoses	1972	Denmark	Åarhus County	2 to 14	1962	health records; service provider records	clinical interpretation	46500	20	0.43	0.28 - 0.66	1.7										autistic syndrome		CI
5	Wing, et al.	The prevalence of early childhood autism: comparison of administrative and epidemiological studies	1976	England	Camberwall	5 to 14	1974	registry; survey (unspecified)	clinical interpretation	25000	12	4.48	0.27 - 0.84											early childhood autism	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/935299/	CI
6	Wing, et al.	Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: Epidemiology and classification	1979	England	Camberwell	0 to 14	1970	registry; service provider records	Kanner; clinical interpretation	35000	17	0.49	0.30 - 0.78							70		59	0 (Down syndrome)	autism	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/155684	IQ Score <70 (%); CI
7	Hoshino, et al.	The epidemiological study of autism in Fukushima-ken	1982	Japan	Fukushima-ken	0 to 17	1977-1979	survey (mail)	Kanner	609848	320	0.525	0.47 - 0.59	9.9										early infantile autism, autistic mental retardation	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7129258	prevalence estimate; CI
8	Bohman, et al.	Childhood psychosis in a northern Swedish county: Some preliminary findings from an epidemiological survey	1983	Sweden	Västerbotten County	0 to 20	1979	survey (mail)	Rutter; clinical interpretation	69000	39	0.56	0.41 - 0.77	1.6										early infantile autism		CI
9	McCarthy, et al.	Prevalence of childhood autism in Ireland.	1984	Ireland	East	8 to 10	1979	survey (mail)	Kanner	65000	28	0.43	0.30 - 0.62	1.3								54		childhood autism	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6610668	CI
10	Gillberg	Infantile autism and other child psychoses in a Swedish urban region	1984	Sweden	Gothenburg	4 to 18	1980	survey (unspecified)	clinical interpretation	128584	26	0.2	0.16 - 0.32	3.3						77			19 (epilepsy)	infantile autism	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6607262	CI; IQ Score <70 (%)
11	Steinhausen, et al.	A community survey of infantile autism	1986	Germany	West Berlin	0 to 14	1978-1982	health records	Rutter	279616	52	0.19	0.14 - 0.24	2.3						44				infantile autism	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3486202	CI
12	Steffenberg, et al.	Autism and autism-like conditions in Swedish rural and urban areas: a population study	1986	Sweden	Gothenburg; Bohuslän	0 to 10	1984	health records; registry	DSM-III	78413	35	0.66	0.32 - 0.62	2.9						88			23 (epilepsy); 3 (tuberous sclerosis); 6 (cerebral palsy)	infantile autism, autistic-like conditions	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3779317	IQ Score <70 (%); CI; percent co-occurring conditions
13	Matsuishi, et al.	High prevalence of infantile autism in Kurume City, Japan	1987	Japan	Kurume	4 to 12	1983	health records; education records	DSM-III	32834	51	1.55	1.18 - 2.04	4.7										infantile autism	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3498744	CI
14	Burd, et al.	A Prevalence Study of Pervasive Developmental Disorders in North Dakota	1987	USA	North Dakota	2 to 18	1985	health records; education records	DSM-III	180986	59	0.33	0.25 - 0.42	2.7										infantile autism, childhood onset PDD, atypial PDD, all PDD	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3499432	CI
15	Bryson, et al.	First report of a Canadian epidemiological study of autistic syndromes	1988	Canada	Nova Scotia	6 to 14	1985	survey (unspecified)	clinical interpretation; autism test (ABC); other (new diagnostic criteria, Denckla 1986); other (psychometric data/Rutter)	20800	21	1.01	0.66 - 1.54	2.5		19.2				76		19		autism	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3265136	CI; IQ Score <70 (%); percent non-verbal; White:Black prevalence ratio
16	Tanoue, et al.	Epidemiology of infantile autism in southern Ibaraki, japan: differences in prevalence in birth cohorts	1988	Japan	Southern Ibaraki	7	1977-1985	health records; service provider records; education records	DSM-III	95394	132	1.38	1.17 - 1.64	4.1										infantile autism	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3410807	CI
17	Ciadella, et al.	An epidemiological study of infantile autism in a French department (Rhône): A research note	1989	France	Rhône	3 to 9	1986	survey (unspecified)	other (study specific operational criteria for survey completed by service providers)	135180	61	0.45	0.35 - 0.58	2.6										simple autism, autism with major neurological abnormalities	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2784446	CI
18	Sugiyama, et al.	The prevalence of autism in Nagoya, Japan: A total population study	1989	Japan	Nagoya	1.5 to 5 .5	1979-1984	health records	DSM-III	12263	16	1.3	0.80 - 2.12							38				autism	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2708306	CI
19	Ritvo, et al.	The UCLA-University of Utah epidemiologic survey of autism: prevalence	1989	USA	Utah	8 to 12	1984-1988	survey (mail); health records; education records; service provider records; other (media campaign)	DSM-III	184822	66	0.357	0.28 - 0.45	3.7						66			1.2 (down syndrome); 0.8 (fragile X); 0.8 (Tourette syndreom); 1.7 (Rett syndrome)	autism syndrome	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2783539	IQ Score <70 (%); percent co-occurring conditions; prevalence estimate; CI
20	Gillberg, et al.	Is autism more common now than ten years ago?	1991	Sweden	Göteborg; Bohuslän	4 to 13	1988	registry; health records	DSM-III-R	78106	74	0.95	0.75 - 1.20	2.8						82			30 (epilepsy); 6 (CP); 3 (tuberous sclerosis)	autistic disorder, autistic-like conditions	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1828000	CI; IQ Score <70 (%); percent co-occuring conditions
21	Wignyosumarto, et al.	Epidemiological and clinical study of autistic children in Yogyakarta, Indonesia	1992	Indonesia	Yogyakart	4 to 7	1991	other (reserchers conducted initial screening using Bryson Screening Test)	autism test (CARS); clinical interpretation	5120	6	1.2	0.54 - 2.55	2								50		autism	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1495268	% non-verbal
22	Fombonne, et al.	Prevalence of infantile autism in four French regions	1992	France	Aquitaine; Ile-de-France; Lorraine; Picardie	9 to 13	1985	other (government administrative data)	other (French Classification of Infantile autism)	274816	154	0.49	0.36 - 0.61	2.1						87			22 (epilepsy); 2.6 (cerebral palsy); 1.3 (down syndrome); 1.3 (tuberous sclerosis); 0.6 (fragile X)	infantile autism	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1411750	IQ Score <70 (%); percent co-occurring conditions (fragile X only)
23	Honda, et al.	Cumulative incidence and prevalence of childhood autism in children in Japan	1996	Japan	Yokohama	5	1994	health records	ICD-10; clinical interpretation	8537	18	2.11	1.33 - 3.33	2.6						50				childhood autism	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8871801	IQ Score <70 (%)
24	Fombonne, et al.	Autism and associated medical disorders in a French epidemiological survey	1997	France	Haute-Garonne; Isère; Saône-et-Loire	6 to 16	1992-1993	service provider records	ICD-10	325347	174	0.54	0.46 - 0.61	1.8						88			26.4 (epilepsy); 1.7 (down syndrome); 1.7 (fragile x); 2.9 (cerebral palsy); 1.1 (tuberous sclerosis)	infantile autism	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9394941	IQ Score <70 (%)
25	Arvidsson, et al.	Autism in 3-6 year-old children in a suburb of Goteborg, Sweden	1997	Sweden	Mölnlycke	3 to 6	1994	health records	ICD-10; autism test (ADI-R); clinician interpretation	1941	9	4.6	2.44 - 8.79	3.5						78			22.2 (epilepsy); 11.1 (down syndrome)	childhood autism, early infantile autism, autism-like conditions	https://jourls.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1362361397012004	IQ Score <70 (%); percent co-occuring conditions
26	Webb, et al.	The changing prevalence of autistic disorder in a Welsh health district	1997	Wales	South Glamorgan	3 to 15	1992	health records; education records; survey (mail)	DSM-III-R	73300	53	0.72	0.54 - 0.95	6.6										autistic disorder	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9112962	none
27	Sponheim, et al.	Autism and related disorders: Epidemiological findings in a Norwegian study using ICD-10 diagnostic criteria	1998	Norway	Akershus County	3 to 14	1992	health records	ICD-10	65688	34	0.52	0.32 - 0.64	2						64			23 (epilepsy); 3 (tuberous sclerosis); 6 (Down syndrome); 0 (fragile X); 3 (Encephalopathy)	childhood autism, atypical autism, disintegrative disorder, Asperger syndrome	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9656133	percent co-occurring conditions
28	Kadesjö, et al.	Brief report: autism and asperger syndrome in seven-year-old children: a total population study	1999	Sweden	Karlstad	6.7 to 7.7	1992	survey (mail)	DSM-III-R; ICD-10; autism test (ADI-R)	826	10	12.1	5.8 - 22.5	9						30			10 (down syndrome)	autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, other autistic-like conditions	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10478732	IQ Score <70 (%); percent co-occuring conditions
29	Taylor, et al.	Autism and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: No epidemiological evidence for a causal association	1999	England	North Thames	0 to 15	1998	special needs registry; education records	ICD-10; clinical interpretation	492453	498	1.01	0.93 - 1.10						37 (core autism) 42 (atypical autism) 73 (Asperger's syndrome)					core autism, atypical autism, Asperger syndrome	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10376617	sample size; prevalence estimate; CI
30	Halfon, et al.	Prevalence and impact of parent-reported disabling mental health conditions among U.S. children	1999	USA	Nationwide	0 to 17	1992-1994	survey (in-person)	parental report; ICD-9	99513	46	0.38												infantile autism	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10230193/	CI
31	Baird, et al.	A screening instrument for autism at 18 months of age: a 6-year follow-up study	2000	England	South East Thames	1.5 to 8	1998	survey (mail); health records; education records	ICD-10	16235	94	5.79	4.73 - 7.08	7.5						40				childhood autism, Asperger syndrome, PDD (including atypical autism)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10846303	number of cases; prevalence estimate; CI; IQ Score <70 (%)
32	Hillman, et al.	Prevalence of autism in Missouri: changing trends and the effect of a comprehensive state autism project	2000	USA	Missouri	0 to 15	1995	registry	DSM (not specified)			0.14		3.2		1.7								autism	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10832323/	none
33	Powell, et al.	Changes in the incidence if childhood autism and other autistic spectrum disorders in preschool children from two areas of the west midlands, UK	2000	England	West Midlands	1 to 4	1995	health records	DSM-III-R; DSM-IV; ICD-10; autism test (ADI)	29200	59	2.02	1.53 - 2.60	6										autistic disorder, PDD, Asperger syndrome, atypical autism, OMRS, Rett syndrome	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11034456	none
34	Kielinen, et al.	Autism in Northern Finland	2000	Finland	North (Oulu and Lapland)	5 to 18	1996-1997	health records	DSM-IV; ICD-10	152732	187	1.39	1.2 - 1.57							50				autism, autistic-like conditions	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11095038	none
35	Magnússon, et al.	Prevalence of autism in Iceland	2001	Iceland	Nationwide	5 to 14	1997	service provider records	ICD-9; ICD-10; autism test (ADI-R, CARS)	43153	57	1.32	0.98 - 1.66	4.2			26-165		48	84		39		infantile autism, childhood autism, atypical autism	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11450814	none
36	Fombonne, et al.	Prevalence of pervasive developmental disorders in the British Nationwide survey of Child mental health	2001	United Kingdom	England; Wales; Scotland	5 to 15	1999	registry	DSM-IV; ICD-10; clinical interpretation	12529	27	2.61	1.62 - 3.60	4.8						44			13.8 (epilepsy); 3.4 (fragile x); 0 (down's syndrome); 0 (cerebral palsy) 0 (tuberous sclerosis); 0 (congenital rubella)	PDD (not specified)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11437021	percent co-occurring conditions (fragile X only)
37	Chakrabarti, et al.	Pervasive Developmental Disorders in Preschool Children	2001	England	Staffordshire	2.5 to 6.5	1998	health records; education records	autism test (ADI-R); clinical interpretation; DSM-IV	15500	97	6.26	5.08 - 7.63				21-78	41		26		30	1 (tuberous sclerosis); 0 (fragile X); 2.1 (CP);	PDD (AD, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, PDD-NOS, childhood disintegrative disorder)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11427137	percent co-occuring conditions
38	Bertrand, et al.	Prevalence of Autism in a United States Population: The Brick Township, New Jersey, Investigation	2001	USA	Brick Township, NJ	3 to 10	1998	health records; education records; other (parent referral)	DSM-IV	8996	60	6.7	5.1 - 8.7	2.7						49	58		1.67 (fragile X); 1.67 (seizure disorder)	AD, PDD-NOS, Asperger syndrome	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11694696	none
39	Croen, et al.	The changing prevalence of autism in California	2002	USA	California	0 to 12	1987-1999	registry	DSM-III-R; DSM-IV	4590333	5038	1.1	1.07 - 1.13	4.5	1.7	3.9				25				full syndrome autism	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12108622	IQ Score <70 (%)
40	Scott, et al.	Brief report: prevalence of autism spectrum conditions in children aged 5-11 years in Cambridgeshire, UK.	2002	England	Cambridgeshire	5 to 11	1999	education records; health records; service provider records	DSM-IV; ICD-10	34262	196	5.7	4.96 - 6.58	4										autism spectrum condition	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12212915	none
41	Yeargin-Allsopp, et al.	Prevalence of autism in a US metropolitan area	2003	USA	Atlanta, GA	3 to 10	1996	education records; health records; service provider records	DSM-IV	289456	987	3.4	3.2 - 3.6	4		1		45		68			8 (epilepsy); 5 (CP)	autistic disorder, PDD-NOS, Asperger syndrome	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12503976	none
42	Gurney, et al.	Analysis of prevalence trends of autism spectrum disorder in Minnesota	2003	USA	Minnesota	6 to 17	1981-2002	education records	DMS-IV; clinical interpretation			6.6												autism, PDD-NOS, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12860781	none
43	Lingam, et al.	Prevalence of autism and parentally reported triggers in a north east London population	2003	England	North East London	5 to 14	2000	registry; health records; education records	ICD-10	186206	567	3.05	2.80 - 3.31	4.8					40 (childhood) 51 (atypical) 97 (Asperger's)					ASD (not specified)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12876158	prevalence estimate; CI
44	Webb, et al.	Prevalence of autistic spectrum disorder in children attending mainstream schools in a Welsh education authority	2003	Wales	Cardiff	7 to 11	1998	health records; survey (in-person)	clinical interpretation; ICD-10	11692	17	2.02								0				high functioning autism, asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12785438/	none
45	Geier, et al.	A comparative evaluation of the effects of MMR immunization and mercury doses from thimerosal-containing childhood vaccines on the population prevalence of autism	2004	USA	Nationwide			other (government administrative data)	other (definition used by U.S. department of education)	3891494	10813	2.78	2.72 - 2.83											autism	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14976450/	CI
46	Iscasiano, et al.	Childhood autism spectrum disorder in the Barwon region: A community based study	2004	Australia	Barwon	2 to 17	2002	health records; education records	DSM-IV; clinical interpretation	45153	177	3.92	3.38 - 4.54	8.3			27-195			47		7	24.3 (ADD/ADHD); 6.2 (epilepsy); 1.6 (CP); 0 (fragile X); 0.6 (tuberous sclerosis)	ASD (autistic disorder, Asperger's syndrome, PDD-NOS)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15569287	CI; diagnosis age range (years to months)
47	Tebruegge, et al.	Does routine health surveillance contribute to the early detection of children with pervasive developmental disorders? - An epidemiological study in Kent, U.K.	2004	England	Kent	8 to 9	2000	education records; health records	ICD-10	2536	21	8.28	5.42 - 12.63	6			33-113	60	53				23.8 (ADHD); 9.5 (epilepsy)	PDD (childhood autism, Asperger's syndrome, and autistic spectrum disorder)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC375534/pdf/1471-2431-4-4.pdf	diagnosis age range, mean age, median age (years to months)
48	Lauritsen, et al.	The incidence of pervasive developmental disorders: a Danish population-based study	2004	Denmark	Nationwide	0 to 9	2001	registry	ICD-10	682397	2061	3.02	2.89 - 3.15											childhood autism, atypical autism, Asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15697060	prevalence estimate; CI
49	Chakrabarti, et al.	Pervasive Developmental Disorders in Preschool Children: Confirmation of High Prevalence	2005	England	Stafford; Cannock	4 to 6	2002	health records	DSM-IV	10903	64	5.87	4.52 - 7.49	6.1				37.8		30				PDD (autistic disorder, PDD-NOS, Asperger syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15930062	none
50	Honda, et al.	Cumulative incidence of childhood autism: a total population study of better acuracy and precision	2005	Japan	Yokohama	5	1994-1997	health records	ICD-10	8250	34	4.12	2.95 - 5.75											childhood autism	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15686284	CI
51	Newschaffer, et al.	National autism prevalence trends from United States special education data	2005	USA	Nationwide	6	2000	other (government administrative data)	special education classification			2.41												autism	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15741352/	none
52	Jané, et al.	Parents and teachers reports of DSM-IV psychopathological symptoms in preschool children: differences between urban-rural Spanish areas	2005	Spain	Catalonia	3 to 6		survey (in-person)	DSM-IV	1104	19	17.2	11.04 - 26.72											autistic disorder; Asperger syndrome	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16520884/	prevalence estimate; CI
53	Zhang, et al.	Autism and mental retardation of young children in Chi	2005	China	Tianjin	2 to 6		health records	autism test (CARS); DSM-IV; clinical interpretation	7345	8	1.1	0.34 - 2.54	7						50			12.5 (prematurity); 12.5 (cerebral palsy)	autistic disorder	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16370317	IQ Score <70 (%)
54	Fombonne, et al.	Pervasive developmental disorders in Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Prevalence and links with immunizations	2006	Canada	Montreal; Quebec	5 to 21	1987-1998	education records	DSM-IV	27749	180	6.49	5.58 - 7.50	4.8										PDD (autistic disorder, PDD-NOS, Asperger syndrome)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16818529	none
55	Blanchard, et al.	Emotional, developmental, and behavioral health of American children and their families: a report from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health	2006	USA	Nationwide	0 to 17	2003	survey (phone)	parental report	102353		5												autism	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16740820/	none
56	Baird, et al.	Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SP)	2006	England	South Thames	9 to 10	1990-1991	registry; service provider records	ICD-10; clinical interpretation	56946	158	11.61	9.04 - 14.18	3.3						55				ASD (not specified)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16844490	none
57	Gillberg, et al.	Brief Report:" The Autism Epidemic". The registered prevalence of autism in a Swedish urban area	2006	Sweden	Götenburg	7 to 24	2001	registry; health records	DSM-III; DSM-III-R; DSM-IV; other (Gillberg criteria for Asperger's)	102485	546	5.33	4.88 - 5.78	3.6										ASD (infantile autism, autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, PDD-NOS, Asperger syndrome)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16568356	age range (months to years)
58	Harrison, et al.	Prevalence of autistic spectrum disorders in Lothian, Scotland: an estimate using the "capture-recapture: technique	2006	Scotland	Lothian	0 to 14	2001	health records; service provider records; survey (mail)	ICD-10; DSM-IV	134661	443	4.42	3.95 - 4.89	7										ASD (not specified)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2083098/	none
59	Ouellette-Kuntz, et al.	Prevalence of pervasive developmental disorders in two Canadian provinces	2006	Canada	Manitoba; Prince Edward Island	1 to 14	2002	service provider records; education records	ICD-9; ICD-10; DSM-III; DSM-III-R; DSM-IV	227526	662	2.91	2.70 - 3.14	3.9					44.4 (Manitoba) 43.2 (Prince Edward Island)					PDD/ASD (AD, PDD-NOS, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder)	https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1741-1130.2006.00076.x	sample size; number of cases; prevalence estimate; CI; sex ratio
60	Petersen, et al.	The population prevalence of child psychiatric disorders in Danish 8- to 9-year-old children	2006	Denmark	County of Funen	8 to 9	2000	survey (mail)	DSM-IV; clinical interpretation	690	11	11		2.7										PDD (autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16477477/	sample size; number of cases
61	Shattuck, et al.	The contribution of diagnostic substitution to the growing administrative prevalence of autism in US special education	2006	USA	Nationwide	6 to 11	2003	other (government administrative data)	other (definition used by U.S. department of education)			3.1												autism	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16585296/	none
62	Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network Surveillance Year 2000 Principal Investigators (CDC ADDM)	Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders - Autism and Developmental Disabilites Monitoring Network, six sites, United States, 2000	2007	USA	Arizona; Georgia; Maryland; New Jersey; South Carolina; West Virginia	8	2000	health records; education records	DSM-IV-TR; clinician interpretation	187761	1252	6.7	6.31 - 7.04				12-106		52-56	43				ASD (autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17287714/	prevalence estimate; CI; IQ Score <70 (%)
63	Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network Surveillance Year 2002 Principal Investigators (CDC ADDM)	Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders - Autism and Developmental Disabilites Monitoring Network, 14 sites, United States, 2002	2007	USA	Alabama; Arizona; Arkansas; Colorado; Georgia; Maryland; Missouri; New Jersey; North Carolina; Pennsylvania; South Carolina; Utah; West Virginia; Wisconsin	8	2002	health records; education records	DSM-IV-TR; clinical interpretation	407578	2685	6.6	6.3 - 6.8						49-66	45				ASD (autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17287715/	none
64	Ouellette-Kuntz, et al.	Trends for special education code assignment for autism: Implication for prevalence estimates	2007	Canada	British Colombia	4 to 9	1996-2004	education records	DSM-IV	2240537	1003	4.31	4.05 - 4.58	5.2										autistic disorder	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17216561	CI
65	Ellefsen, et al.	Autism in the Faroe Islands. An epidemiological study	2007	Denmark	Faroe Islands	8 to 17	2002	education records; other (referral)	ICD-10; other (Gillberg criteria for Asperger's); clinical interpretation	7689	43	5.6	3.8 - 7.3	5						32				childhood autism, atypical autism, Asperger syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17029020	age range; IQ Score <70 (%)
66	Croen, et al.	Maternal and paternal age an risk of autism spectrum disorders	2007	USA	Northern California	5 to 10	2005	health records	ICD-9	132844	593	4.5	4.12 - 4.84	5.4										ASD (autistic disorder, PDD-NOS, Asperger syndrome)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17404129	CI
67	Latif, et al.	Diagnostic trends in autistic spectrum disorders in the South Wales valleys	2007	Wales	Rhondda; Taff Ely districts	0 to 17	1994-2003	registry	Kanner; other (Gillberg criteria for Asperger's)	39220	240	6.12	5.39 - 6.94	5.9				66						ASD (Kanner autism, Asperger syndrome, 'other forms' which include atypical autism, mental retardation, fragile x, and other conditions associated with autism)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17947285	CI
68	Oliveira, et al.	Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorder in Portugal: prevalence, clinical characterization, and medical conditions	2007	Portugal	Mainland; Azores	6 to 9	2000	survey (mail)	DSM-IV; autism test (ADI-R, CARS)			0.92	0.81 - 1.0	2.9						83			15.8 (epilepsy)	ASD (not specified)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17880640	number of cases; prevalence estimate; CI
69	Eapen, et al.	Prevalence of pervasive developmental disorders in preschool children in the UAE	2007	United Arab Emirates	Dubai; Al Ain in Abu Dhabi Emirate; Ras Al-Khaimah	3		survey (unspecified)	DSM-IV	694	2	2.9	0.0 - 7.9											PDD	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17244665	none
70	Coo, et al.	Trends in autism prevalence: diagnostic substitution revisited	2008	Canada	British Colombia	4 to 9	2004	other (government administratove data)	special education classification	232945	1003	4.31	4.04 - 4.58											ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17975721/	CI
71	Parner, et al.	Autism prevalence trends over time in Denmark: changes in prevalence and age at diagnosis	2008	Denmark	Nationwide	9	2006	registry	ICD-10	132607	714	6.19	5.71 - 6.70					5.3						ASD, childhood autism	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19047542/	none
72	Wong, et al.	Epidemiological study of autism spectrum disorder in Chi	2008	China	Hong Kong	0 to 14	1986-2005	registry; health records	DSM-III-R; DSM-IV; autism test (CARS, ADI-R)	4247206	682	1.6	1.48 - 1.73	6.6										ASD (not specified)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18160559	CI
73	Williams, K. et al.	The prevalence of autism in Australia. Can it be established from existing data?	2008	Australia	Nationwide	6 to 12	2003-2004	other (government administrative data)	receipt of autism-specific services; special education classification; other (receipt of government services)	5459		6.25	6.13 - 6.36	4										ASD (autism, Asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18564076	none
74	Montiel, et al.	Epidemiological findings of pervasive developmental disorders in a Venezuelan study	2008	Venezuela	Maracaibo County	3 to 9	2005-2006	health records; education records; service provider records	DSM-IV-TR	254905	430	1.7	0.1 - 2.0	3.3									1.1 (fragile X); 0.7 (tuberous sclerosis); 4.9 (epilepsy); 0.7 (Down syndrome)	ASD (autism, Asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18308767	none
75	Williams, E. et al.	Prevalence and characteristics of autistic spectrum disorders in the ALSPAC cohort	2008	England	Avon area in Southwest England	0 to 11	1991-2003	health records; education records	ICD-10; special education classification	14026	86	6.19	4.48 - 7.49	6.8					81.9				14.7 (epilepsy); 33.8 (learning disability); 4.3 (CP)	ASD (childhood autism, atypical autism, Asperger syndrome, unspecified ASD)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18754916	none
76	Nicholas, et al.	Prevalence and Characteristics of Children with Autism-Spectrum Disorders	2008	USA	South Carolina	8	2000 & 2002	education records; health records	DSM-IV-TR; clinical interpretation	47726	295	6.2	5.6 - 7.0	3.1					58	60				ASD (autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS)	https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1047279707004632?via%3Dihub	none
77	Baron-Cohen, et al.	Prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions: UK school-based population study	2009	England	Cambridgeshire	5 to 9	2003-2004	education records; survey (unspecified)	ICD-10; autism test (ADOS, ADI-R) ; clinical interpretation	12197	116	15.7	9.9 - 24.6											ASD (autism, Asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS, atypical autism)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19478287	number of cases
78	Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network Surveillance Year 2006 Principal Investigators (CDC ADDM)	Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, United States, 2006	2009	USA	Alabama; Florida; Missouri; Pennsylvania; Wisconsin; Arizona; Colorado; Georgia; Maryland; North Carolina; South Carolina	8	2006	health records; education records	DSM-IV-TR; clinical interpretation	308038	2757	9	8.6 - 9.3	4.5					50-66	41				autistic disorder, PDD-NOS (including atypical autism), Asperger syndrome	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20023608/	none
79	Nicholas, et al.	Autism spectrum disorders in preschool-aged children: Prevalence and comparison to a school-aged population	2009	USA	South Carolina	4	2006	health records; education records; registry; service provider records	DSM-IV-TR	8156	65	8	6.1 - 9.9	4.7		1.5			34	56				ASD (autistic disorder, PDD-NOS including atypical autism, Asperger syndrome)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19541501	IQ Score <70 (%)
80	Nassar, et al.	Autism spectrum disorders in young children: effect of changes in diagnostic practices	2009	Australia	Western Australia	2 to 8	2004	registry; service provider records; other (data from health records collected for a previous study)	DSM (not specified); clinical interpretation	419917	982	2.34	2.19 - 2.48							56.2				ASD (autism, Asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3166636/	none
81	van Balkom, et al.	Prevalence of treated autism spectrum disorders in Aruba	2009	Caribbean	Aruba	0 to 13	1997-2003	health records	DSM-IV	13109	69	5.3	4.1 - 6.7							42				ASD (autistic disorder, PDD-NOS, Rett, Asperger syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3196319/	age range
82	Perera, et al,	Screening of 18-24-month-old children for autism in a semi-urban community in Sri Lanka	2009	Sri Lanka	A semi-urban community	1.5 to 2	2007	survey (in-person)	DSM-IV; clinical interpretation	374	4	10.7	4.17 - 27.17											ASD (unspecified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19401407/	CI
83	Kogan, et al.	Prevalence of parent-reported diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder among children in the US, 2007	2009	USA	Nationwide	3 to 17	2007	survey (phone)	parental report	77911	913	11	9.4 - 12.8	4.2	1.2	2							32.75 (ADD/ADHD); 30.56 (anxiety); 12.16 (depression)	ASD (autism, Asperger syndrome, PDD, other ASD)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19805460	percent co-occurring conditions
84	Lazoff, et al.	Prevalence of pervasive developmental disorders among children at the English Montreal school board	2010	Canada	Montreal	6 to 17	2008	education records	special education classification	23635	187	7.91	6.78 - 9.04	5.4										PDD (autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS, childhood disintegrative disorder)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21070699	none
85	Posserud, et al.	The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders: impact of diagnostic instrument and non-response bias	2010	Norway	Bergen	7 to 9		survey (unspecified)	clinical interpretation; autism test (Kiddie-SADS, DISCO)	6609	14	8.7		7										ASD (autistic disorder, childhood autism, Asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS/atypical autism)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19551326	CI
86	Maenner, et al.	Trends in the prevalence of autism on the basis of special education data	2010	USA	Wisconsin		2002-2008	education records	special education classification	428030	3831	9	8.67 - 9.24											autism	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20974790	CI
87	Fernell, et al.	Autism spectrum disorder diagnoses in Stockholm preschoolers	2010	Sweden	Stockholm	6	2005-2008	health records; service provider records	DSM-IV; DSM-IV-TR	23566	147	6.2	5.2 - 7.2	5.1						35			25 (ADHD); 7 (epilepsy); 0.7 (tuberous sclerosis); 0.7 (down syndrome); 24 (learning disability)	ASD (autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, atypical autism, unspecified ASD)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20149593	IQ Score <70 (%)
88	Al-Farsi, et al.	Brief report: Prevalence of autistic disorders in the Sultate of Oman	2011	Oman	Nationwide	0 to 14	2009	health records	DSM-IV-TR	798913	113	0.14	0.12 - 0.17	3										ASD (not specified)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20809376	none
89	Boyle, et al.	Trends in the prevalence of developmental disabilities in US children, 1997-2008	2011	USA	Nationwide	3 to 17	1997-2008	other (government administraive data)	parental report		537	4.7		3.9	1.63	1.28								autism (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21606152/	sex ratio; non-hispanic white:hispanic and white:black autism prevalence ratio
90	King, et al.	Socioeconomic Status and the Increased Prevalence of Autism in California	2011	USA	California	6	2006	other (government administrative data); service provider records	ICD-9	4906926		4.9							45.6					ASD (not specified)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3086778/	age range; mean diagnosis age (years to months)
91	Parner, et al.	A comparison of autism trends in Denmark and Western Australia	2011	Denmark	Nationwide	5 to 10	2004	registry	ICD-10	404816	2002	6.85	6.50 - 7.21	5										childhood autism, atypical autism, Asperger syndrome, other PDD, PDD-NOS	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=A+comparison+of+autism+prevalence+trends+in+Denmark+and+Western+Australia	sex ratio
92	Parner, et al.	A comparison of autism trends in Denmark and Western Australia	2011	Australia	Western Australia	5 to 10	2004	registry	DSM-IV; DSM-IV-TR	152060	678	5.1	4.70 - 5.53	4.8										autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS (including atypical autism)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=A+comparison+of+autism+prevalence+trends+in+Denmark+and+Western+Australia	sex ratio
93	Chien, et al.	Prevalence and incidence of autism spectrum disorders among Prevalence and incidence of autism spectrum disorders among national health insurance enrollees in Taiwan from 1996 to 2005 health insurance enrollees in Taiwan from 1996 to 2005	2011	Taiwan	Nationwide	0 to 17	2005	other (government administrative data)	receipt of autism-specific services; ICD-9	229454	659	2.9	2.66 - 3.10											ASD (infantile autism, disintegrative psychosis, other specified early childhood psychoses, unspecified psychoses with origin specific to childhood)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21460178	sample size; CI
94	Wingdham, et al.	Birth prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in the San Francisco Bay area by demographic and ascertainment source characteristics	2011	USA	San Francisco Bay Area	0 to 8	1994 & 1996	health records; service provider records	DSM-IV	80249	374	4.7	4.2 - 5.2	6.2	2.2	1.8								ASD (not specified)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21264681	none
95	Kim, et al.	Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in total population sample	2011	South Korea	Ilsan district of Goyang City	7 to 12	2005-2009	survey (unspecified)	DSM-IV; autism test (ADOS, ADI-R); clinical interpretation	55266	201	26.4	19.1 - 33.7	3.4						37				ASD (PDD, autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21558103	sex ratio; IQ Score <70 (%)
96	Paula, et al.	Brief report: prevalence of pervasive developmental disorder in Brazil: a pilot study	2011	Brazil	Atibaia	7 to 12		health records; education records	autism test (K-SADS, ADI-R); clinical interpretation	1470	4	2.72	1.76 - 3.68											PDD (autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, PDD-NOS, Asperger syndrome)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21337063	none
97	Brugha, et al.	Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders in adults in the community in England	2011	England	Nationwide	≥ 16	2007	survey (in-person)	autism test (ADOS-4)	7333	72	9.8	3.0 - 16.5											ASD (not specified)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21536975	none
98	Mattila, et al.	Autism spectrum disorders according to DSM-IV-TR and comparison with DSM-5 draft criteria: an epidemiological study	2011	Finland	Northern Ostrobothnia	8		survey (unspecified)	autism test (ADR-R, ADOS); clinical interpretation; DSM-IV-TR	4422	37	8.4	6.1 - 11.5	1.8						35				ASD (not specified)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21621142	none
99	Pinborough-Zimmerman, et al.	Changes in administrative prevalence of autism spectrum disorders: contribution of special education from 2002-2008	2012	USA	Utah	8	2002-2008	health records; education records	special education classification; ICD-9	33757	432	13	11.8 - 14.2	4										ASD (not specified)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21538173	none
100	Lopez, et al.	The Arkansas Autism Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (AR ADDM) project: statewide autism surveillance in a rural state	2012	USA	Arkansas	8	2002	health records; education records	DSM-IV-TR; clinical interpretation	36472	252	6.9	6.1 - 7.8	3.7	2.6	1.3								ASD (autism, Asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22479981/	none
101	Kočovská, et al.	The rising prevalence of autism: A perspective longitudinal study in the Faroe Islands	2012	Denmark	Faroe Islands	15 to 24	2009	survey (unspecified)	autism test (DISCO-11, ADOS); ICD-10; DSM-IV; other (Gillberg criteria); clinical interpretation	7128	67	9.4	7.3 - 11.9	2.7										childhood autism/autistic disorder, atypical autism/PDD-NOS, Asperger's disorder	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22271195	none
102	Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network Surveillance Year 2008 Principal Investigators (CDC ADDM)	Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders--Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 14 sites, United States, 2008	2012	USA	Alabama; Arizona; Arkansas; Colorado; Florida; Maryland; Missouri; New Jersey; North Carolina; Pennsylvania; South Carolina; Utah; West Virginia; Wisconsin	8	2008	health records; education records	DSM-IV-TR	337093	3820	11.3	11.0 - 11.7		1.5	1.2			53	38				ASD (autistic disorder, PDD-NOS/aytpical autism, Asperger syndrome)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22456193	none
103	Surén, et al.	Autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, epilepsy, and cerebral palsy in Norwegian children	2012	Norway	Nationwide	0 to 11	2010	registry	ICD-10	731318	2352	3.22	3.09 - 3.35	4.3									17.3 (ADHD); 11.2 (epilepsy)	ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22711729/	sex ratio; prevalence estimate; CI
104	Samadi, et al.	A national study of the prevalence of autism among five-year-old children in Iran	2012	Iran	Nationwide	5	2006-2009	education records	autism test (ADI-R)	1320000	826	0.63	0.58 - 0.67	4										ASD (autistic disorder)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21610190	CI
105	Isaksen, et al.	Observed prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in two Norwegian counties	2012	Norway	Oppland; Hedmark	6 to 12		education records; health records	autism test (ADI-R, ADOS-G); clinical interpretation	31015	158	5.1	4.3 - 5.9	4.27										ASD (childhood autism, atypical autism, Asperger syndrome)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22342070	none
106	Indring, et al.	Autism spectrum disorders in the Stockholm youth cohort: Design, prevalence, and validity	2012	Sweden	Stockholm County	0 to 17	2007	registry	ICD-9; ICD-10; DSM-IV; receipt of autism specific services	444154	5100	11.5	11.2 - 11.8	2.6			12-228		96	43				ASD (not specified)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3401114/	diagnosis median age and age range (years to months)
107	Lai, et al.	Gender and geographic differences in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in children: analysis of data from the national disability registry of Taiwan	2012	Taiwan	Nationwide	6 to 11	2010	registry	DSM-IV-TR; clinical interpretation	1538830	3893	2.53	2.45 - 2.61	6.6										ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22245733/	CI
108	Nygren, et al.	The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in toddlers: A population study of 2-year-old Swedish children	2012	Sweden	Gothenburg	2	2010	health records	DSM-IV-TR	6220	40	6.4	4.6 - 8.7	4										ASD (autism, atypical autism)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22048962	none
109	Pedersen, et al.	Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white children	2012	USA	Arizona	8	2006	health records; education records	DSM-IV-TR; clinician interpretation	41647	504	15	13.4 - 16.8		1.9									ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22351889/	none
110	Schieve, et al.	Parent-reported prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in US-born children: an assessment of changes within birth cohorts from the 2003 to the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health	2012	USA	Nationwide	7 to 17	2007	parental report	survey (phone)	56728		18.9												ASD (autism, Asperger syndrome, PDD, other autism spectrum disorder)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22476793/	none
111	Al-Ansari, et al.	Epidemiology of autistic disorder in Bahrain: prevalence and obstetric and familial characteristics	2013	Bahrain		2 to 27	2005	health records	clinical interpretation			0.43		4								38		ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24313037/	none
112	Davidovitch, et al.	Prevalence and incidence of autism spectrum disorder in an Israeli population	2013	Israel		1 to 12	2010	health records	DSM-IV; clinical interpretation	423524	2034	4.8	4.59 - 5.01	5.2				63.5						ASD (autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22836322	none
113	Lai, et al.	Trends in the prevalence of childhood disability: analysis of data from the national disability registry of Taiwan, 2000-2011	2013	Taiwan	Nationwide	3 to 17	2011	registry	DSM-IV; DSM-IV-TR; clinical interpretation	3917643	8671	2.21	2.17 - 2.26											ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24021391/	CI
114	Saemunds, et al.	Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in Icelandic birth cohort	2013	Iceland		11 to 15	2005-2009	service provider records	autism test (ADI-R, ADOS); clinical interpretation	22229	267	12	10.7 - 13.5	2.8						45			7.1 (epilepsy)	ASD (childhood autism, Asperger syndrome)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23788511	IQ Score <70 (%)
115	Surén, et al.	Differences across counties in the registered prevalence of autism, ADHD, epilepsy and cerebral palsy in Norway	2013	Norway	Nationwide	0 to 12	2008-2011	registry	ICD-10	797356	3101	6		4.5										PDD	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24084968/	case number
116	Taylor, et al.	Prevalence and incidence rates of autism in the UK: Time trend from 2004-2010 in children aged 8 years	2013	United Kingdom	Nationwide	8	2004-2010	health records	other (specialist reports from multidisiplinary diagnostic teams)	256278	616	2.4	2.22 - 2.60	5.1										ASD (not specified)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24131525	number of cases; sample size; prevalence estimate; CI
117	Blumberg, et al.	Changes in prevalence of parent-reported autism spectrum disorder in school-aged U.S. children: 2007 to 2011-2012	2013	USA	Nationwide	6 to 17	2011-2012	survey (phone)	parental report	65556	1393	20												ASD (not specified)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24988818	none
118	Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network Surveillance Year 2010 Principal Investigators (CDC ADDM)	Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years - Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2010	2014	USA	Alabama; Arizona; Arkansas; Colorado; Georgia; Maryland; Missouri; New Jersey; North Carolina; Utah; Wisconsin	8	2010	health records; education records	DSM-IV-TR	363749	5338	14.7	14.3 - 15.1	4.5	1.5	1.3				31				ASD (autistic disorder, PDD-NOS/atypical autism, PDD-NOS, Asperger syndrome)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24670961	none
119	Huang, et al.	Prevalence and early signs of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among 18-36 month-old children of Tianjin in China	2014	China	Tianjin	1.5 to 3	2009-2011	survey (in-person)	DSM-IV	8000	22	2.75	1.6 - 3.9	4.5								72.7		ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24961855/	sex ratio; study years
120	Kim, et al.	A comparison of DSM-IV pervasive developmental disorder and DSM-5 autism spectrum disorder prevalence in an epidemiologic sample	2014	South Korea	South Korea	7 to 12	2005-2006	survey (unspecified); registry	DSM-IV; DSM-5; clinical interpretation			22	17.7 - 26.4											ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24745950/	study years
121	Ouellette-Kuntz, et al.	The changing prevalence of autism in three regions of Canada	2014	Canada	Newfoundland; Labrador; Prince Edward Island; Southeastern Ontario	2 to 14	2003-2010	health records; education records; service provider records	receipt of autism specific services	156569	1636	10.45	9.96 - 10.96				13-143 (newfoundland & Labrador); 19-164 (Prince Edward Island); 18-172 (Southeastern Ontario)		41 (Newfoundland & Labrador); 55 (Prince Edward Island); 56 (SE Ontario)					autism (autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23771514	sample size; number of cases; prevalence estimate; CI
122	Kakooza-Mwesige, et al.	Adaptation of the "ten questions" to screen for autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders in Uganda	2014	Uganda	Kampala District; Wakiso District	2 to 9	2010-2011	survey (in-person)	DSM-IV-TR	1169	8	12												ASD (not specified)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23536263	none
123	Russell, et al.	Prevalence of parent-reported ASD and ADHD in the UK: findings from the Millennium Cohort Study	2014	United Kindgom	England; Scotland; Wales; Northern Ireland	7	2008-2009	survey (unspecified)	parental report	14043	209	17	14.0 - 20.0	5									19.9 (ADHD)	ASD (autism spectrum disorder, autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23719853/#:~:text=1.7%20%25%20of%20children%20were%20reported,%25%20CI%200.2%2D0.5).	none
124	Zahorodny, et al.	Increasing autism prevalence in metropolitan New Jersey	2014	USA	New Jersey	8	2006	health records; education records	DSM-IV-TR; clinical interpretation	30570	533	17.4	15.9 - 18.9	5	2.66	2.66	9-102		48					ASD (autism spectrum disorder, autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23203404/	none
125	Sun, et al.	Parental concerns, socioeconomic status, and the risk of autism spectrum conditions in a population-based study	2014	United Kindgon	Cambridgeshire	5 to 9	2003-2004	survey (mail); education records	ICD-10; autism test (ADI-R, ADOS); clinical interpretation	3404	46	14	10.1 - 18.0	3.2										Autistic Spectrum Conditions (classic autism, Asperger syndrome, and PDD-NOS)	https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891422214003138	CI
126	Zablotsky, et al.	Estimated prevalence of autism and other developmental disabilities following questionnaire changes in the 2014 natiol health interview survey	2015	USA	Nationwide	3 to 17	2014	survey (in-person, phone)	parental report	13000		22.4												ASD (autism)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26632847	none
127	Atladottir, et al.	The increasing prevalence of reported diagnoses of childhood psychiatric disorders: a descriptive multinational comparison	2015	Denmark	Nationwide	0 to 21	2011	registry	ICD-8; ICD-10	1191012	13567	11.4	11.20 - 11.58											ASD, childhood autism	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24796725/	prevalence estimate; CI; age range
128	Atladottir, et al.	The increasing prevalence of reported diagnoses of childhood psychiatric disorders: a descriptive multinational comparison	2015	Finland	Nationwide	0 to 21	2011	registry	ICD-9; ICD-10	1079796	8088	7.5	7.32 - 7.65											ASD, childhood autism	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24796725/	prevalence estimate; CI; age range
129	Atladottir, et al.	The increasing prevalence of reported diagnoses of childhood psychiatric disorders: a descriptive multinational comparison	2015	Sweden	Nationwide	0 to 19	2011	registry	ICD-9; ICD-10	1797704	11887	6.6	6.49 - 6.73											ASD, childhood autism	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24796725/	prevalence estimate; CI; age range
130	Atladottir, et al.	The increasing prevalence of reported diagnoses of childhood psychiatric disorders: a descriptive multinational comparison	2015	Australia	Western Australia	0 to 20	2011	medical records; service provider records	ICD-9; ICD-10; DSM-IV	465724	2321	5	4.79 - 5.19											ASD, childhood autism	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24796725/	prevalence estimate; CI; age range
131	Delobel-Ayoub, et al.	Socioeconomic Disparities and Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders and Intellectual Disability	2015	France	Haute-Garonne	8	2003-2012	registry	ICD-10		500	3.6	3.3 - 3.9	4.2						51.2				ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26540408/	none
132	Idring, et al.	Changes in prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in 2001-2011: findings from the Stockholm youth cohort	2015	Sweden	Stockholm County	0 to 27	2011	registry	DSM-IV; ICD-9; ICD-10; receipt of autism-specific services	735096	11330	15.4	15.1 - 15. 7	2.4						25.6				ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25475364/#:~:text=The%20corresponding%20proportion%20of%20cases,children%20aged%202%2D17%20years.	sex ratio; IQ score
133	Lundström, et al.	Autism phenotype versus registered diagnosis in Swedish children: prevalence trends over 10 years in general population samples	2015	Sweden	Nationwide			registry	ICD-9; ICD-10	1078975	4620	4.2	4.16 - 4.41											ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25922345/	CI
134	Pelly, et al.	Incidence and cohort prevalence for autism spectrum disorders in the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland and Labrador	2015	Canada	Newfoundland; Labrador	4	2013	health records	DSM-IV-TR; clinical interpretation	2668	58	21.6	16.85 - 28.0											ASD (autism spectrum disorder, autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4593414/	CI
135	Sun, et al.	Exploring the Underdiagnosis and Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Conditions in Beijing	2015	China	Xicheng Districy, Beijing	6 to 11		survey (mail)	autism test (ADOS, ADI-R); clinical interpretation	737	6	11.9	5.3 - 26.5											autism spectrum conditions (ASC)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25952676/	none
136	van Bakel, et al.	Low but increasing prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in a French area from register-based data	2015	France	Haute-Garonne; Isere; Savoy; Upper-Savoy counties	7	1997-2003	registry	clinical interpretation	307751	1123	3.65	3.44 - 3.87	4.1						47			4.7 (epilepsy); 0.8 (fragile X); <0.5 (tuberous sclerosis)	childhood autism, Asperger syndrome, and other ASDs (excluding Rett syndrome)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26048041	none
137	Van Naarden Braun, et al.	Trends in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy, hearing loss, intellectual disability, and vision impairment, metropolitan atlanta, 1991-2010	2015	USA	Atlanta, GA	8	2010	health records; education records	DSM-IV-TR; clinical interpretation		752	15.5		4.6	1.7	1.3				35.7				ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25923140/	none
138	Dekkers, et al.	Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in Ecuador: A pilot study in Quito	2015	Ecuador	Quito	5 to 15		survey (in-person)	DSM-III; DSM-IV-TR; clinical interpretation	51453	57	1.1	0.86 - 1.43	4.7										ASD (classical autism, Aperger syndrome, PDD-NOS, childhood disintergrative disorder, Rett syndrome)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4653240/	CI
139	Quinlan, et al.	Parental Age and Autism Spectrum Disorders Among New York City Children 0-36 Months of Age	2015	USA	New York City, NY			registry ;other (government administrative data); education records	clinical interpretation	113364	493	4.3	4.0 - 4.8											ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25776271/	none
140	Samadi, et al.	Screening for Autism in Iranian Preschoolers: Contrasting M-CHAT and a Scale Developed in Iran	2015	Iran	Mahabad	2 to 5		survey (in-person; online)	autism test (ADI-R, ADOS)	2941	28	9.52	6.6 - 13.7											ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25911978/	none
141	Bakare, et al.	Neurodevelopmental delay among children under the age of three years at immunization clinics in Lagos State, Nigeria - Preliminary report	2016	Nigeria	Lagos State	0 to 3		survey (in-person)	ICD-10	3011	4	1.33	0.52 - 3.41											autism spectrum disorder trait	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4850395/	CI
142	Boilson, et al.	Operationalisation of the European Protocol for Autism Prevalence (EPAP) for Autism Spectrum Disorder Prevalence Measurement in Ireland	2016	Ireland	Galway City; Waterford City; Cork	6 to 11		survey (mail)	DSM-IV-TR; clinical interpretation	5589	63	10	8.8 - 14.4											autism, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrone, childhood disintegrative disorder, PDD-NOS	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27364514/	CI
143	Bourke, et al.	Population-Based Prevalence of Intellectual Disability and Autism Spectrum Disorders in Western Australia: A Comparison With Previous Estimates	2016	Australia	Western Australia	0 to 27	2010	registry; service provider records	DSM (not specified)		2307	4.1		4.1						70.7				ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27227936/	age range
144	Chaaya, et al.	Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Nurseries in Lebanon: A Cross Sectional Study	2016	Lebanon	Beirut; Mount-Lebanon	1.3 to 4		survey (in-person)	other (child fails 3 or more items in M-CHAT questionnaire)	998	263	15.3	7.7 - 22.9	1.2										ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26362151/	none
145	Christensen, et al. (CDC ADDM)	Prevalence and characteristics of autism apectrum disorder among 4-year-old children in the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network	2016	USA	Arizona; Missouri; New Jersey; Utah; Wisconsin	4	2010	education records; health records	DSM-IV-TR; clinical interpretation	58467	783	13.4	12.5 - 14.4	3.5	0.9	1.2			32	46				ASD (autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26651088	none
146	Chiwa, et al.	Prevalence and socioeconomic correlates of autism among children attending primary and secondary schools in south east Nigeria	2016	Nigeria	Enugu; Ebonyi	3 to 18	2014	survey (in-person)	DSM-IV-TR	721	21	29	19.12 - 44.12	1.1										ASD (not specified)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5398438/	CI
147	Fombonne, et al.	Prevalence of autism apectrum aisorders in Guanajuato, Mexico: The Leon survey	2016	Mexico	Leon	8	2011-2012	education records; health records; service provider records; survey (mail, in-person)	DSM-IV-TR	12200	36	8.7	6.2 - 11.0	4.1						31		36	19.4 (epilepsy); 2.8 (Down syndrome); 2.8 (Rett syndrome); 2.8 (fragile X) ; 44.4 (emotional problems)	ASD (autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26797939	IQ Score <70 (%)
148	Randall, et al.	Autism spectrum disorder: Presentation and prevalence in a nationally representative Australian sample	2016	Australia	Nationwide	6 to 7	2010-2011	other (parent interview as part of on-going cohort study)	parental report	4239	107	25	20.0 - 30.0											autism, Asperger syndrome, other autism spectrum	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26282446	none
149	Poovathil, et al.	Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in a semiurban community in South India	2016	India	Kerala	1 to 30	2011-2012	survey (in-person)	DSM-IV-TR	18480	43	2.33	1.73 - 3.13	2.1										ASD (not specified)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27497678	CI
150	Christensen, et al. (CDC ADDM)	Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorders among 8-years -- Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2012	2016	USA	Arkansas; Arizona; Colorado; Georgia; Maryland; Missouri; New Jersey; North Carolina; South Carolina; Utah; Wisconsin	8	2012	health records; education records	DSM-IV-TR; clinical interpretation	346038	5063	14.6	14.2 - 15.0	4.5	1.5	1.2			50	32				ASD (autistic disorder, PDD-NOS including atypical autism, Asperger syndrome)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27031587	none
151	Durkin, et al.	Autism Spectrum Disorder Among US Children (2002-2010): Socioeconomic, Racial, and Ethnic Disparities	2017	USA	Alabama; Arizona; Arkansas; Colorado; Georgia; Maryland; Missouri; New Jersey; North Carolina; Utah; Wisconsin	8	2006-2010	health records; education records	DSM-IV-TR; clinical interpretation	929182	11058	11.9	11.7 - 12.1	4.7	1.65	1.19				26.43				ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28933930/	sex ratio; IQ score; non-Hispanic White:Hispanic and White:Black ratio
152	May, et al.	Autism spectrum disorder: Updated prevalence and comparison of two birth cohorts in a nationally representative Australian sample	2017	Australia	Nationwide	10 to 11	2014	other (parent interview as part of on-going cohort study)	parental report	3764	145	39	32.0 - 45.0					67.4						ASD (autism, Asperger syndrome, other autism spectrum)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5623420/	none
153	Raina, et al.	Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder among Rural, Urban, and Tribal Children (1-10 Years of Age)	2017	India	Himachal Pradesh	1 to 10		survey (in-person)	clinical interpretation	28070	43	1.5	1.5 - 2.5											ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28694615/	none
154	Rudra, et al.	Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder and autistic symptoms in a school-based cohort of children in Kolkata, India	2017	India	Kolkata	3 to 8	2010-2013	survey (phone, in-person)	ADOS; clinical interpretation	11849	6	2.3	0.7 - 4.6											ASD (autism, broader autism spectrum)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5655917/	none
155	Skoniecz-Żydecka, et al.	The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in West Pomeranian and Pomeranian Regions of Poland	2017	Poland	West Pomeranian; Pomeranian regions	0 to 16	2010-2014	other (government administrative data)	clinical interpretation; autism test (ADOS-2, ADI-R)	707975	2464	3.5	3.35 - 3.62	4.3										ASD (autism, atypical autism, Rett syndrome, children disintegrative disorder, hyperkinetic disorder accompied mental retardation and stereotyped movements, Asperger syndrome, PDD, PDD-NOS)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26771078	CI
156	Soke, et al.	Brief Report: Estimated Prevalence of a Community Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder by Age 4 Years in Children from Selected Areas in the United States in 2010: Evaluation of Birth Cohort Effects	2017	USA	Arizona; New Jersey; Utah; Missouri; Wisconsin	4	2010	health records; education records	DSM-IV-TR; clinical interpretation	58467	465	8	7.2 - 8;7	3.9	2.2	3.1			32	48.7				ASD (not specified)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5650225/	number of cases
157	Thomas, et al.	Brief Report: Prevalence of Co-occurring Epilepsy and Autism Spectrum Disorder: The U.S. National Survey of Children's Health 2011-2012	2017	USA	Nationwide	2 to 17	2011-2012	survey (phone)	parental report	85248	1604	18	17.93 - 19.75	4.3	7.76	9.23				22.3			8.6 (epilepsy)	ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27752862/	CI
158	Xie, et al.	Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders with and without Intellectual Disability by Gestational Age at Birth in the Stockholm Youth Cohort: a Register Linkage Study	2017	Sweden	Stockholm	0 to 17	2011	service provider records	ICD-9; ICD-10; DSM-IV	480728	10025	21	20.45 - 21.26	2.4						23.6				ASD (not specified)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6827186/	CI
159	Zablotsky, et al.	Estimated Prevalence of Children With Diagnosed Developmental Disabilities in the United States, 2014-2016	2017	USA	Nationwide	3 to 17	2014-2016	survey (in-person)	parental report			24.7	22.3 - 27.2		1.52	1.11								ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29235982/	none
160	Kogan, et al.	The prevalence of parent-reported autism spectrum disorder among US children.	2018	USA	Nationwide	3 to 17	2016	survey (online, mail)	parental report	43021	1131	25	22.3 - 28.1	4.2	1.1	0.9								ASD (autism)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30478241	White:Hispanic and White:black prevalence ratio
161	Arora, et al.	Prevalence of childhood neurodevelopmental disorders across five regions in India	2018	India	Kangra; Hyderabad; Dhenkal; North Goa	6 to 9	2011-2012	survey (in-person)	clinical interpretation	3964	44	14	6.0 - 32.0											ASD (autism, Asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS, childhood disintegrative disorder)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6057634/pdf/pmed.1002615.pdf	none
162	Baio, et al. (CDC ADDM)	Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years - Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2014	2018	USA	Arizona; Arkansas; Colorado; Georgia; Maryland; Minnesota; Missouri; New Jersey; North Carolina; Tennessee; Wisconsin	8	2014	health records; education records	DSM-IV-TR; clinical interpretation	325483	5473	16.8	16.4 - 17.3	4	1.2	1.1			52	31				ASD (autistic disorder, PDD-NOS/atypical autism, Asperger syndrome)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29701730	none
163	Xu, et al.	Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children and adolescents, 2014-2016	2018	USA	Nationwide	3 to 17	2014-2016	survey (in-person, phone)	parental report	30502	711	24.7	22.0 - 27.3	3.3	1.5	1.1								ASD (not specified)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5833544/	none
164	Heys, et al.	The estimated prevalence of autism in school-aged children living in rural Nepal using a population-based screening tool	2018	Nepal	Makwanpur district	9 to 13	2014-2015	survey (in-person)	other (AQ-10 score ≥ 6)	4098	14	3	2.00 - 5.00	1.3										autism	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6153945/	prevalence estimate; CI
165	Rydzewska, et al.	Prevalence of long-term health conditions in adults with autism: Prevalence of long-term health conditions in adults with autism: observational study of a whole country population study of a whole country population	2018	Scotland	Nationwide	0 to 25	2011	other (census data)	self-report	3746584	6649	1.77	1.73 - 1.82	2.3						29			31.8 (mental health conditions)	ASD, Asperger syndrome	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6120653/	prevalence estimate; CI
166	Bachmann, et al.	Diagnoses of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Germany: Time Trends in Administrative Prevalence and Diagnostic Stability	2018	Germany	Nationwide	0 to 24	2012	other (health insurance records)	ICD-10	6400000	21186	3.8												ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29671642/	CI
167	Diallo, et al.	Prevalence and correlates of autism spectrum disorders in Quebec	2018	Canada	Quebec	1 to 17	2014-2015	other (government administrative data)	ICD-9; ICD-10	1464600	16940	12.2											8.4 (epilepsy); 42 (ADHD); 34.2 (anxio-depressive disorders)	ASD (autistic disorder, childhood disintergrative disorder, PDD, PDD-NOS, Rett syndrome)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5894913/	none
168	Nevison, et al.	California autism prevalence trends from 1931 to 2014 and comparison to national ASD data from IDEA and ADDM	2018	USA	California	5	2017	service provider records	receipt of autism specific services			11.8												autism disorder	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29974300/	none
169	Narzisi, et al.	Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder in a large Italian catchment area: a school-based population study within the ASDEU project	2018	Italy	Pisa	7 to 9		education records; health records; survey (unspecified)	clinical interpretation; autism test (ADI-R, ADOS-2)	10138	81	7.9	6.2 - 9.7	5.2								52		ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30187843/	none
170	Jin, et al.	Prevalence of DSM-5 Autism Spectrum Disorder Among School-Based Children Aged 3-12 Years in Shanghai, China	2018	China	Shanghi	3 to 12	2014	survey (unspecified)	DSM-5; clinical interpretation	74252	203	0.758	0.687 - 0.829	3.6						93				ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29453711/	none
171	Akhter, et al.	Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) among the children aged 18-36 months in a rural community of Bangladesh: A cross sectional study	2018	Bangladesh	Sirajganj district	1.5 to 3	2016	survey (in-person)	DSM-IV-TR; autism test (ADOS); clinical interpretation	5286	4	0.75	0.29 - 1.94	3										ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30026928/	CI
172	Morales-Hidalgo, et al.	Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Spanish School-Age Children	2018	Spain	Tarragona	3 to 5		survey (unspecified)	autism test (ADI-R, ADOS-2); clinical interpretation	1358	21	15.5	8.9 - 22.0	4.3									25 (language delay)	ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29696527/	none
173	Sun, et al.	Autism prevalence in Chi is comparable to Western prevalence	2019	China	Jilin City; Jiamusi City; Shenzen city	6 to 10	2013	survey (mail); other (government administrative data)	clinical interpretation; DSM-IV-TR; DSM-5; autism test (ADI-R, ADOS)	7349	77	10.8	8.7 - 13.5											autism	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6394100/	sample size; number of cases
174	Xu, et al.	The prevalence and treatment patterns of autism spectrum disorder in the United States, 2016	2019	USA	Nationwide	3 to 17	2016	survey (online)	parental report	43031	1229	27.9	24.6 - 31.2	4.3	1.1	0.8								ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30508021/	none
175	Imm, et al.	Assessment of racial and ethnic bias in autism spectrum disorder prevalence estimates from a US surveillance system	2019	USA	Colorado; Wisconsin	8	2012 & 2014	health records; education records	DSM-IV-TR; clinical interpretation	152259	1913	12.6	12.1 - 13.2		1.51	1.53								autistic disorder, PDD-NOS including atypical autism or Asperger syndrome	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30892923/	none
176	Zablotsky, et al.	Prevalence and Trends of Developmental Disabilities among Children in the United States: 2009-2017	2019	USA	Nationwide	3 to 17	2009-2017	survey (in-person)	parental report	88530	1550	17.4	16.67 - 18.39	2.3	1.1	1.3								ASD (autism, Asperger syndrome, PDD)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31558576/#:~:text=Results%3A%20From%202009%20to%202011,%25%2D1.2%25%2C%20P%20%3C%20.	sex ratio; White:Hispanic and White:Black prevalence ratio
177	Christensen, et al. (CDC ADDM)	Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children 4 years - Early autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, seven sites, United Stated, 2010, 2012, and 2014	2019	USA	Arizona; Colorado; Missouri; New Jersey; North Carolina; Utah; Wisconsin	4	2014	education records; health records	DSM-IV-TR; clinical interpretation	70887	1208	17	16.1 - 18.0	4.1						46				ASD (autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS)	https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/ss/ss6802a1.htm?s_cid=ss6802a1_e	none
178	Al-Mamri, et al.	Revisiting the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among Omani children: A multicentre study	2019	Oman		0 to 14	2011-2015	health records	DSM-5; clinical interpretation	837655	1705	2.04	1.94 - 2.13	3.6										ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31897313/	none
179	Alshaban, et al.	Prevalence and correlates of autism spectrum disorder in Qatar: A national study	2019	Qatar	Nationwide	6 to 11	2015-2018	service provider records; education records; survey (mail, phone)	autism test (ADOS-2, ADI-R); clinical interpretation; DSM-5	142855	844	11.4	8.9 - 14.6	4.3				42.8				19	5.1 (prematurity); 30.2 (ADHD); 11 (anxiety); 82.1 (learning disability); 91.4 (language delay)	ASD (not specified)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6899566/	sample size
180	Chen, et al.	Prevalence of DSM-5 mental disorders in a nationally representative sample of children in Taiwan: Methodology and main findings	2019	Taiwan	Nationwide	7 to 14	2015-2017	survey (in-person)	DSM-5; autism test ( K-SADS-E in Mandarin); clinical interpretation	4816	52	10	6.0 - 15.0											ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30696515/	none
181	Hoang, et al.	Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders and their relation to selected socio-demographic factors among children aged 18-30 months in northern Vietnam, 2017	2019	Vietnam	Hanoi; Thai Binh province; Hoa Binh province	1.5 to 2.5	2017	survey (in-person)	DSM-IV; clinical interpretation	17277	130	7.52	6.29 - 8.93	4.7										ASD (not specified)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6487529/	age range (months to years)
182	Mohammadi, et al.	Prevalence of autism and its comorbidities and the relationship with maternal psychopathology: A national population-based study	2019	Iran	Nationwide	6 to 18		survey (in-person)	other (Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Present and Lifetime (K-SADS-PL-2009) diagnostic tool)	29737	37	1.8	1.20 - 2.40	2						70			2.7 (depressive disorders); 27 (anxiety disorders); 21.6 (ADHD); 29.7 (epilepsy)	ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31679355/	none
183	Pérez-Crespo, et al.	Temporal and Geographical Variability of Prevalence and Incidence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnoses in Children in Catalonia, Spain	2019	Spain	Catalonia	2 to 17	2017	registry	ICD-9	1326666	15466	12.3	12.1 - 12.5	4.5				105.6	96					autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, other specified pervasive development disorder, PDD-NOS	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31317678/	none
184	Jariwala-Parikh, et al.	Autism Prevalence in the Medicaid Program and Healthcare Utilization and Costs Among Adult Enrollees Diagnosed with Autism	2019	USA	Alabama; Arizona; Arkansas; California; Colorado; Conneticut; Delaware; Florida; Georgia; Idaho; Illinois; India; Iowa; Kansas; Kentucky; Louisia; Maryland; Massachusetts; Michigan; Minnesota; Mississippi; Nebraska; Nevada; New Hampshire; New Jersey; New Mexico; New York; North Carolina; Ohio; Oklahoma; Oregon; Rhode Island; South Carolina; Tennessee; Texas; Vermont; Virginia; Washington; West Virginia	18 to 64	2008	other (government administrative data)	ICD-9-CM	8127049	29745	3.66	3.62 - 3.70	2.8	3.4	1.6								autism	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31352637/	sample size; CI; White:Hispanic and White:Black prevalence ratio
185	Hamad, et al.	Annual trends in prevalence and incidence of autism spectrum disorders in Manitoba preschoolers and toddlers: 2004-2015	2019	Canada	Manitoba	1 to 5	2015	health records	ICD-9; ICD-10	59438	578	9.7	8.97 - 10.55					39.6						ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30747348/	CI
186	Maenner, et al. (CDC ADDM)	Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years - Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2016	2020	USA	Arizona; Arkansas; Colorado; Georgia; Maryland; Minnesota; Missouri; New Jersey; North Carolina; Tennessee; Wisconsin	8	2016	education records; health records	DSM-IV-TR; DSM-5; clinical interpretation	275419	5108	18.5	18.0 - 19.1	4.3	1.2	1			51	33				ASD (not specified)	https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/ss/ss6904a1.htm?s_cid=ss6904a1_w	none
187	Shaw, et al. (CDC ADDM)	Early identification of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 4 years - Early autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, six sites, United States, 2016	2020	USA	Arizona; Colorado; Missouri; New Jersey; North Carolina; Utah; Wisconsin	4	2016	education records; health records	DSM-5; clinical interpretation	72277	1125	15.6	14.7 - 16.5	3.5	0.7	0.9			33	53				ASD (not specified)	https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/ss/ss6903a1.htm?s_cid=ss6903a1_e&deliveryme=USCDC_921-DM23839#T2_down	none
188	Hong, et al.	Prevalence and economic burden of autism spectrum disorder in South Korea using national health insurance data from 2008 to 2015	2020	South Korea	Nationwide		2015	other (government administrative data)	ICD-10	51529338	5663	0.11	0.107 - 0.112	5.1										ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31630294/	CI
189	Saito, et al.	Prevalence and cumulative incidence of autism spectrum disorders and the patterns of co-occurring neurodevelopmental disorders in a total population sample of 5-year-old children	2020	Japan	Hirosaki	5	2013-2016	survey (mail)	clinical interpretation; DSM-5	5016	87	32.2	26.6 - 3.76	2.2						37			50.57 (ADHD)	ASD (not specified)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7227343/	none
190	Zablotsky, et al.	Prevalence of Children Aged 3-17 Years With Developmental Disabilities, by Urbanicity: United States, 2015-2018	2020	USA	Nationwide	3 to 17	2015-2018	survey (in-person, phone)	parental report	33775	856	25	22.0 - 27.0											ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32510313/	none
191	Fuentes, et al.	The ASDEU autism prevalence study in northern Spain	2020	Basque Country, Spain	County of Gipuzkoa	7 to 9		survey (unspecified); service provider records	autism test (ADOS-G, ADOS-2, ADI-R); clinical interpretation	14734	87	5.9	4.8 - 7.3	6.2						50				ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32388625/	none
192	May, et al.	Autism spectrum disorder prevalence in children aged 12-13 years from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children	2020	Australia	Nationwide	12 to 13		survey (in-person)	parental report	3300	145	43.6	35.6 - 51.9					73.44						ASD (autism, Asperger syndrome, other autism spectrum)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32124539/	none
193	Kita, et al.	Prevalence Estimates of Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Japan: A community sample questionnaire study	2020	Japan		6 to 9	2015	survey (in-person)	parental report	2085	40	19	13.0 - 25.0											ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31657492/	number of cases
194	Thomaidis, et al.	Autism Spectrum Disorders in Greece: Nationwide Prevalence in 10-11 Year-Old Children and Regional Disparities	2020	Greece	Nationwide	10 to 11	2019	service provider records	special education classification	182879	2108	11.5	11.4 - 11.7	4.14				6						ASD, autism, PDD	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7408756/	none
195	Zhou, et al.	Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Chi: A Nationwide Multi-center Population-based Study Among Children Aged 6 to 12 Years	2020	China	Shanghi; Guangzhou; Changsha; Chengdu; Chongquig; Wenzhou; Beijing; Harbin	6 to 12	2014-2016	registry	DSM-5; autism test (ADI-R, ADOS)	125806	363	7	6.4 - 7.4	4.3						64			43.1 (ADHD); 6.4 (OCD); 5.7 (epilepsy)	ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32607739/	none
196	Nevison, et al.	California Autism Prevalence by County and Race/Ethnicity: Declining Trends Among Wealthy Whites	2020	USA	California	6	2019	service provider records	receipt of autism specific services			15			1.2	0.8								ASD (autism, Asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32193763/	White:Hispanic and White:Black prevalence ratio
197	Safer-Lichtenstein, et al.	School-Based Autism Rates by State: An Analysis of Demographics, Political Leanings, and Differential Identification	2020	USA	Nationwide	6 to 21	2015, 2016, 2017	other (government education data)	special education classification	50693053	625215	12.3	12.30- 12.36											ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32926306/	CI
198	Bosch, et al.	Neurodevelopmental disorders among Spanish school-age children: prevalence and sociodemographic correlates	2020	Spain	Catalonia	5 to 17	2011-2017	survey (in-person)	clinical interpretation	7180	48	7	5.05 - 8.85	7										ASD (unspecified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33436129/	CI; study years
199	Brooks, et al.	Identifying Children and Youth with Autism Spectrum Diorder in Electronic Medical Records: Examining Health System Utilization and Comorbidities	2021	Canada	Ontario	1 to 24	2016	health records; other (government administrative data)	other (site-specific administrative billing codes)	80237	1062	13.2	12.47 - 14.05	4									21.5 (mood and affective disorder)	ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33098262/	CI
200	Yuan, et al.	Racial/ethnic disparities in the prevalence and trends of autism specrum disorder in US children and adolescents	2021	USA	Nationwide	3 to 17	2014-2019	survey (in-person; phone)	parental report	52550	1330	24.9	22.9 - 26.8	3.5	1.4	0.99								ASD (not specified)	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7936258/	none
201	Morales-Hidalgo	Autism spectrum disorder prevalence and associated sociodemographic factors in the school population: EPINED study	2021	Spain	Tarragona	4 to 5; 10 to 11	2014-2019	survey (unspecified)	autism test (ADI-R, ADOS-2); clinical interpretation	3727	57	15.3	11.4 - 19.2	4.7									18.8 (ADHD for ages 4-5); 44 (ADHD for ages 10-11)	ASD (unspecified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33884927/	none
202	AlBatti, et al.	Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among Saudi children between 2 and 4 years old in Riyadh	2022	Saudi Arabia	Riyadh	2 to 4	2017-2018	health records	clinical interpretation; ADOS-2	398	10	25	13.70 - 45.62	2.2										ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35248844/	CI, Male:Female prevalence ratio (in-text ratio is 3:1)
203	Li, et al.	Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children and Adolescents in the United States From 2019 to 2020	2022	USA	National	3 to 17	2019-2020	survey (unspecified)	parental report	12554	410	31.4	27.30 - 35.40	3	1.1	0.9								ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29297068/	CI; Male:Female prevalence ratio; White:Hispanic prevalence ratio; White:Black prevalence ratio
204	Maenner, et al.	Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2018	2021	USA	Arizona; Arkansas; California; Georgia; Maryland; Minnesota; Missouri; New Jersey; Tennessee; Utah; Wisconsin	8	2018	health records; education records	DSM-IV-TR; DSM-5; ICD-9; ICD-10; a special education classification of autism	220281	5058	23	22.30 - 23.60	4.2	0.9	0.9	36.0 - 63.0		50	35.2				ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34855725/	none
205	Roman-Urrestarazu, et al.	Association of Race/Ethnicity and Social Disadvantage With Autism Prevalence in 7 Million School Children in England	2021	England	National	5 to 19	2017	registry	a special education classification of autism	7047238	119821	17.6	16.90 - 17.10	4.3		1.3								ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33779707/	CI; White:Black prevalence ratio
206	Shenouda, et al.	Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in a large, diverse metropolitan area: Variation by sociodemographic factors	2022	USA	New Jersey	8	2016	health records; education records	DSM-5; clinical interpretation	26083	942	36	34.00 - 38.00	4.3	1.7	1.4				25.2				ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34672116/	White:Hispanic prevalence ratio; White:Black prevalence ratio
207	Villegas-Lirola, et al.	Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children in Andalusia (Spain)	2022	Spain	Andalusia	6 to 12	2020-2021	registry	ICD-10		4678	8.65	8.40 - 8.90	5.4				53.3	42					Autism, Asperger Syndrome, Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified, Rett Syndrome and Childhood Disintegrative Disorder	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36076115/	number of cases; sex ratio; mean diagnosis age (years to months); median diagnosis age (years to months)
208	Yoo, et al.	Prevalence and Premature Mortality Statistics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children in Korea: A Nationwide Population-Based Birth Cohort Study	2022	Korea	National	0 to 8	2010-2020	health records	ICD-10	4989351	35529	7.12	7.00 - 7.20	2.7										ASD (not specified)	https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34981677/	CI; Male:Female prevalence ratio