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<h1>Social Security Programs Throughout the World: The Americas, 2015</h1>
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<h1>Ecuador</h1>
<div class="exchangeRate">Exchange rate: Currency is the <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> dollar ($).</div>
<h2>Old Age, Disability, and Survivors</h2>
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1928.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 2001 (social security), 2006 (social pensions), 2010 (disability attendance grant), 2012 (general law on disabilities), and 2013 (social pensions increment).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance and social assistance system.</p>
<p>Note: The provision under the 2001 law to create a system of individual accounts to complement the social insurance <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension program was not implemented.</p>
<p>The social insurance system also includes special programs to provide <span class="nobr">old-age,</span> disability, and survivor benefits for families of rural workers and fishermen and for unpaid home-based workers. The programs&nbsp;are financed by a nominal contribution from the head of the family and contributions from workers, employers (except for unpaid home-based workers), and the government.</p>
<h3>Coverage</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Social insurance:</span> Persons receiving income for work.</p>
<p>Voluntary coverage for persons without mandatory coverage, including Ecuadorian citizens living abroad.</p>
<p>Special systems for agricultural workers and small-scale fishermen and for unpaid home-based workers.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Social assistance:</span> Needy citizens of Ecuador.</p>
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Insured person</span></p>
<p><span class="h5">Social insurance:</span> 6.64% (public sector) and 8.64% (private sector) of gross earnings, plus 1% (special disability pension). The voluntarily insured pay 9.74% of gross earnings, plus 1% (special disability pension).</p>
<p>The minimum earnings used to calculate contributions are $354.</p>
<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Social assistance:</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person</span></p>
<p><span class="h5">Social insurance:</span> 9.74% of gross declared earnings, plus 1% (special disability pension).</p>
<p>The minimum earnings used to calculate contributions are $354.</p>
<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Social assistance:</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Employer</span></p>
<p><span class="h5">Social insurance:</span> 3.10% (public sector) and 1.10% (private sector) of gross payroll.</p>
<p>The minimum earnings used to calculate contributions are $354.</p>
<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Social assistance:</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Government</span></p>
<p><span class="h5">Social insurance:</span> 40% of the cost of <span class="nobr">old-age,</span> disability, and survivor pensions; contributes as an employer.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Social assistance:</span> The total cost.</p>
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension</span></p>
<p><span class="h5">Old-age pension (social insurance):</span> At any age with at least 480&nbsp;months of contributions; age&nbsp;60 with at least 360&nbsp;months of contributions; age&nbsp;65 with at least 180&nbsp;months of contributions; or age&nbsp;70 with at least 120&nbsp;months of contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Old-age pension (social assistance):</span> Age&nbsp;65 and not insured under any social insurance system.</p>
<p>Income test: Families must have income in the bottom 40% of all household incomes according to the SIIRS.</p>
<p>The SIIRS is a national registry used to target needy families.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Disability pension</span></p>
<p><span class="h5">Disability pension (social insurance):</span> Must have at least 60&nbsp;months of contributions including the six months before the disability began and an assessed loss of more than 50% of earning capacity; at least 120&nbsp;months of contributions and not receiving an <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension if the disability began within two years after the termination of employment.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Special disability pension (social insurance):</span> Must be assessed with a disability of at least 40% (physical disability) or 20% (mental disability) and have at least 300 (physical disability) or 240 (mental disability) months of contributions; no contribution requirements for a total or absolute disability.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Disability pension (social assistance):</span> Must be assessed with a disability of at least 40% and not be insured under any social insurance scheme.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Attendance grant Joaquin Gallegos Lara (social assistance):</span> Paid to the primary caregiver of a person assessed with a severe physical (at least 75%) or mental (at least 65%) disability, suffering from a rare or catastrophic disease, or living with <abbr class="spell">HIV</abbr>/<abbr>AIDS</abbr> and younger than age&nbsp;14.</p>
<p>Income test: Families must have no more than 50&nbsp;points in the SIIRS; no income test if living with <abbr class="spell">HIV</abbr>/<abbr>AIDS</abbr> and younger than age&nbsp;14.</p>
<p>The SIIRS is a national registry used to target needy families.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension</span></p>
<p><span class="h5">Survivor pension (social insurance):</span> The deceased received or was entitled to receive a social insurance <span class="nobr">old-age</span> or disability pension or had at least 60&nbsp;months of contributions at the time of death.</p>
<p>Eligible survivors include a widow or a dependent, disabled widower; a female or dependent, disabled male partner who cohabitated with the deceased for at least two years before the death or had children with the deceased; dependent children younger than age&nbsp;18 (no limit if disabled); and,&nbsp;if there are no other survivors, a dependent mother and a dependent, disabled father.</p>
<p>The <span class="nobr">widow(er)'s</span> pension ceases on remarriage or cohabitation.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Funeral grant (social insurance):</span> The deceased received or was entitled to receive a social insurance <span class="nobr">old-age</span> or disability pension or had at least six months of contributions in the last 12&nbsp;months at the time of death.</p>
<h3>Old-Age Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension (social insurance):</span> A percentage of the insured's average monthly earnings in the five best years of earnings is paid, according to the total number of years of contributions (50% for 10&nbsp;years, 75% for 30&nbsp;years, 81.25% for 35&nbsp;years, and 100% for 40&nbsp;years). The pension is increased by 1.25% for each year exceeding 40&nbsp;years.</p>
<p>The minimum monthly pension is $177.</p>
<p>The maximum monthly pension is $1,947.</p>
<p>Old-age pensioners may return to work and receive a pension. During the first year of receiving the pension, the pensioner must work for a different employer than the employer who certified the pension claim.</p>
<p>Schedule of payments: 12&nbsp;monthly payments plus two bonus payments a year.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted annually. Adjustments range from 4.31% to 16.16% and are inversely proportional to the amount of benefit.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension (social assistance):</span> $50 a month is paid.</p>
<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Disability pension (social insurance):</span> A percentage of the insured's average monthly earnings in the five best years of earnings is paid, according to the total number of years of contributions (43.75% for five years, 50% for 10&nbsp;years, 62.5% for 20&nbsp;years, 68.75% for 25&nbsp;years, and 75% for 30&nbsp;years).</p>
<p>The minimum monthly pension is $177.</p>
<p>The maximum monthly pension is $1,947.</p>
<p>Schedule of payments: 12&nbsp;monthly payments plus two bonus payments a year.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Special disability pension (social insurance):</span> 68.75% of the insured's average monthly earnings in the best five years of earnings is paid.</p>
<p>The minimum monthly pension is $177.</p>
<p>The maximum monthly pension is $1,947.</p>
<p>Schedule of payments: 12&nbsp;monthly payments plus two bonus payments a year.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted annually. Adjustments range from 4.31% to 16.16% and are inversely proportional to the amount of benefit.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Disability pension (social assistance):</span> $50 a month is paid.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Joaquin Gallegos Lara attendance grant (social assistance):</span> $240 a month is paid.</p>
<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Spouse's pension:</span> 40% of the <span class="nobr">old-age</span> or disability&nbsp;pension the deceased received or was entitled to receive is paid to an eligible <span class="nobr">widow(er)</span> or partner.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Orphan's pension:</span> 20% of the <span class="nobr">old-age</span> or disability pension the deceased received or was entitled to receive is paid to each orphan younger than age&nbsp;18 (no limit if disabled); 40% for a full orphan.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Other eligible survivors:</span> 20% of the <span class="nobr">old-age</span> or disability pension the deceased received or was entitled to receive is paid to a mother or father.</p>
<p>The minimum monthly pension is $177.</p>
<p>The maximum monthly pension is $1,947.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted annually by 8.4%.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Funeral grant:</span> Up to $1,416 is paid.</p>
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
<p>Social Security Institute (<a href="https://www.iess.gob.ec/">http://www.iess.gov.ec</a>), through its Directive Council, regulates and administers the social insurance program.</p>
<p>Ministry of Social and Economic Inclusion (<a href="https://www.inclusion.gob.ec">http://www.inclusion.gob.ec</a>) administers the <span class="nobr">old-age</span> and disability social assistance pensions as part of the Bono de Desarrollo Humano program (see Family Allowances) and pays the Joaquin Gallegos Lara attendance grant.</p>
<h2>Sickness and Maternity</h2>
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1935.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Current law:</span> 2001 (social security).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance system.</p>
<h3>Coverage</h3>
<p>Persons receiving income for work and beneficiaries of <span class="nobr">old-age,</span> disability, work injury, or survivor benefits.</p>
<p>Voluntary coverage for persons not subject to mandatory coverage</p>
<p>Special systems for agricultural workers and small-scale fishermen.</p>
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None; 4.15% of the pension (survivor beneficiaries); 5.71% of gross earnings (voluntarily insured persons).</p>
<p>Insured persons may insure their spouse with an additional contribution of 3.41%.</p>
<p>The minimum earnings used to calculate contributions are $354.</p>
<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> 5.71% of gross declared earnings.</p>
<p>The minimum earnings used to calculate contributions are&nbsp;$354.</p>
<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> 5.71% of payroll.</p>
<p>The minimum earnings used to calculate contributions are $354.</p>
<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> The total cost for <span class="nobr">old-age,</span> disability, and work injury beneficiaries.</p>
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Cash sickness benefits:</span> Must have at least six months of contributions before the incapacity began or at least 189&nbsp;days of contributions in the eight months before the incapacity began. Coverage continues for 60&nbsp;days after the insured ceases to pay contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Cash maternity benefits:</span> Must have at least 12&nbsp;months of contributions before giving birth. Prenatal care is provided with at least three months of contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits:</span> Must have at least three months of continuous contributions. Coverage continues for 60&nbsp;days after the insured ceases to pay contributions.</p>
<h3>Sickness and Maternity Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Sickness benefit:</span> Paid from the fourth day of incapacity for the first 10&nbsp;weeks, 75% of the insured's earnings used to calculate contributions in the three months before the incapacity began is paid for up to 70&nbsp;days; thereafter, 66% for up to 182&nbsp;days.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Maternity benefit:</span> 75% of the insured's last earnings used to calculate contributions is paid for two weeks before and 10&nbsp;weeks after the expected date of childbirth; paid for an additional 10&nbsp;days for multiple births. (The employer pays 25% of the insured's last earnings for the same period of time.)</p>
<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
<p>Medical facilities of the Social Security Institute provide medical services directly to patients. Benefits include general and specialist care, surgery, hospitalization, medicine, laboratory services, and dental care. A refund for the cost of medical care provided through medical facilities not part of the Social Security Institute is possible in case of emergency.</p>
<h3>Dependents' Medical Benefits</h3>
<p>Full medical care is provided for children of insured persons up to age&nbsp;18 and beneficiaries of the orphan's pension.</p>
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
<p>Social Security Institute (<a href="https://www.iess.gob.ec/">http://www.iess.gob.ec</a>), through its Directive Council, regulates and administers the program and operates its own clinics, dispensaries, and hospitals.</p>
<h2>Work Injury</h2>
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1964.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Current law:</span> 2001 (social security).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance system.</p>
<h3>Coverage</h3>
<p>Persons receiving income for work.</p>
<p>Voluntary coverage for persons without mandatory coverage.</p>
<p>Exclusions: Ecuadorians citizens residing abroad.</p>
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None; 0.55% of gross earnings for the voluntarily insured.</p>
<p>The minimum earnings used to calculate contributions are $354.</p>
<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> 0.55% of gross declared earnings.</p>
<p>The minimum earnings used to calculate contributions are $354.</p>
<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> 0.55% of payroll.</p>
<p>The minimum earnings used to calculate contributions are $354.</p>
<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> 40% of the cost of work injury pensions.</p>
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Work injury benefits:</span> There is no minimum qualifying period.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Occupational disease benefits:</span> Must have at least six months of contributions.</p>
<h3>Temporary Disability Benefits</h3>
<p>For the first 10&nbsp;weeks, 75% of the insured's average earnings in the three months before the disability began is paid after a <span class="nobr">two-day</span> waiting period for up to 70&nbsp;days; after 70&nbsp;days, 66% until the end of the 12th&nbsp;month. If the disability lasts more than one year, 80% is paid for up to two additional years.</p>
<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Permanent disability pension:</span> 80% of the insured's average earnings (100% if constant attendance is required) in the last year or in the previous five years (whichever is greater) is paid.</p>
<p>Partial disability: A percentage of the full pension is paid according to the assessed degree of disability.</p>
<p>Schedule of payments: 12&nbsp;monthly payments plus two bonus payments a year.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted annually. Adjustments range from 4.31% to 16.16% and are inversely proportional to the amount of benefit.</p>
<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
<p>Benefits include medical and surgical care, hospitalization, appliances, and rehabilitation.</p>
<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Spouse's pension:</span> 40% of the permanent disability pension the deceased received or was entitled to receive is paid to a widow or a dependent, disabled widower, or to a female or dependent, disabled male partner who cohabitated with the deceased.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Orphan's pension:</span> 20% of the permanent disability pension the deceased received or was entitled to receive is paid to each dependent orphan younger than age&nbsp;18 (no limit if disabled); 40% for a full orphan.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Other eligible survivors:</span> If there is no eligible spouse, partner, or child, 20% of the permanent disability pension the deceased received or was entitled to receive is paid to a dependent mother or a dependent, disabled father.</p>
<p>The minimum monthly pension is $177.</p>
<p>The maximum monthly pension is $1,947.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Funeral grant:</span> Up to $1,416 is paid.</p>
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
<p>Social Security Institute (<a href="https://www.iess.gob.ec/">http://www.iess.gov.ec</a>), through its Directive Council, regulates and administers the program.</p>
<h2>Unemployment</h2>
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1951.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 2001 (social security).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Mandatory individual account system.</p>
<h3>Coverage</h3>
<p>Employed persons.</p>
<p>Exclusions: Self-employed persons.</p>
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> 2% of gross earnings.</p>
<p>The minimum earnings used to calculate contributions are $354.</p>
<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> Not applicable.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> 1% of gross payroll.</p>
<p>The minimum earnings used to calculate contributions are $354.</p>
<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> Provides subsidies in special cases; contributes as an employer.</p>
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
<p>Must have at least 24&nbsp;months of contributions. The benefit is paid after two months of unemployment.</p>
<h3>Unemployment Benefits</h3>
<p>A lump sum of the individual account balance is paid to the insured person if unemployed or when the insured person begins to receive an <span class="nobr">old-age,</span> permanent disability, or permanent work injury pension; if the insured person dies, the benefit is paid to a widow, a disabled widower, children younger than age&nbsp;18, or, if there is no surviving spouse or child, certain other surviving relatives.</p>
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
<p>Social Security Institute (<a href="https://www.iess.gob.ec/">http://www.iess.gov.ec</a>) administers the program.</p>
<h2>Family Allowances</h2>
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1998 (Bono Solidario).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 2003 (conditional cash transfer) and 2013 (conditional cash transfer increment).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social assistance system.</p>
<h3>Coverage</h3>
<p>Needy citizens of Ecuador.</p>
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> The total cost.</p>
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Bono de Desarrollo Humano cash transfer (social assistance):</span> Children younger than age&nbsp;5 and pregnant women must attend regular medical visits; children aged&nbsp;5 to 18 must be enrolled in and regularly attend school. Parents must receive training in early childhood development.</p>
<p>Income test: Families must have income in the bottom 40% of all household incomes according to the SIIRS.</p>
<p>The SIIRS is a national registry used to target needy families.</p>
<h3>Family Allowance Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Bono de Desarrollo Humano cash transfer (social assistance):</span> $50 a month is paid to the mother.</p>
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
<p>Ministry of Social and Economic Inclusion (<a href="https://www.inclusion.gob.ec">http://www.inclusion.gob.ec</a>) administers the program.</p>
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