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<h1>Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Asia and the Pacific, 2012</h1>
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<h1>Kazakhstan</h1>
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<div class="exchangeRate">Exchange rate: <abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$1.00 = 147.70 tenge.</div>
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<h2>Old Age, Disability, and Survivors</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1991.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 1997 (pensions), implemented in 1997 and 1998; 1997 (social allowances), implemented in 1997; 2003 (compulsory social insurance), implemented in 2005; and 2007 (social security).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Mandatory individual account, social insurance, and social assistance system.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Mandatory individual account (old age):</span> Employed and self-employed residents of Kazakhstan.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Solidarity pension (old age):</span> Employed Kazakh citizens with at least six months of contributions before January 1, 1998.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">State basic pension (old age):</span> Kazakh citizens.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social insurance (disability and survivors):</span> Employed and self-employed persons, including foreign citizens and persons without citizenship who work and reside permanently in Kazakhstan.</p>
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<p>Exclusions: Employed pensioners.</p>
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<p>Special systems for government employees, teachers, professional athletes, specific categories of performing artists, truck drivers, machine operators, railway employees, and test pilots.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">State social benefit (social assistance):</span> Residents of Kazakhstan.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Mandatory individual account (old age):</span> 10% of monthly earnings.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Solidarity pension (old age):</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">State basic pension (old age):</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Social insurance (disability and survivors):</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">State social benefit (social assistance):</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Mandatory individual account (old age):</span> 10% of monthly income.</p>
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<p>The minimum earnings used to calculate contributions are 10% of the monthly minimum wage.</p>
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<p>The maximum earnings used to calculate contributions are 10% of 75 times the monthly minimum wage.</p>
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<p>The monthly minimum wage is 17,439 tenge.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Solidarity pension (old age):</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">State basic pension (old age):</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Social insurance (disability and survivors):</span> 5% of monthly income.</p>
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<p>The minimum earnings used to calculate contributions are 5% of the monthly minimum wage.</p>
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<p>The monthly minimum wage is 17,439 tenge.</p>
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<p>The self-employed person's social insurance contributions also finance disability, survivor, and unemployment benefits.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">State social benefit (social assistance):</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Mandatory individual account (old age):</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Solidarity pension (old age):</span> 11% levy on payroll.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">State basic pension (old age):</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Social insurance (disability and survivors):</span> 5% of monthly payroll.</p>
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<p>The employer's social insurance contributions also finance disability, survivor, and unemployment benefits.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">State social benefit (social assistance):</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Mandatory individual account (old age):</span> The cost of the guaranteed minimum pension.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Solidarity pension (old age):</span> Subsidies as needed.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">State basic pension (old age):</span> The total cost.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Social insurance (disability and survivors):</span> None; contributes as an employer.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">State social benefit (social assistance):</span> The total cost.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Mandatory individual account (old age):</span> Age 63 (men) or age 58 (women) with at least 35 years of contributions. Age 50 (men) or age 45 (women) and lived in certain ecologically damaged zones for at least 10 years from 1949 to 1963. Age 53 for mothers living in rural areas with five or more children older than age 8.</p>
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<p>Age 55 (men and women) if the accumulated capital is sufficient to finance a benefit at least equal to the minimum pension, or if unemployed with at least 35 years of contributions.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Solidarity pension (old age):</span> Age 63 with at least 25 years of contributions (men) or age 58 with at least 20 years of contributions (women). Age 50 with at least 25 years of contributions (men) or age 45 with at least 20 years of contributions (women) and lived in certain ecologically damaged zones for at least 10 years from 1949 to 1963. Age 53 for mothers living in rural areas with five or more children older than age 8.</p>
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<p>Partial pension: Paid if the insured does not meet the coverage requirements for the full <span class="nobr">old-age</span> solidarity pension at the normal retirement age.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">State basic pension (old age):</span> Paid at the retirement age regardless of the insurance period and income to pensioners with less than a government-defined minimum level and to those who are not entitled to contributory benefits.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social insurance (disability):</span> Assessed with at least a 30% loss of working capacity.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">State social benefit (disability):</span> Assessed with a disability.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social insurance (survivors):</span> Paid to survivors when the insured family breadwinner dies.</p>
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<p>Eligible survivors include dependents unable to work, including children younger than age 18 (age 23 if a <span class="nobr">full-time</span> student; no limit if disabled before age 18); a <span class="nobr">widow(er)</span> of retirement age, disabled, or caring for children younger than age 18; and any relative caring for children younger than age 18.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">State social benefit (survivors):</span> Paid to survivors when the family breadwinner dies.</p>
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<p>Eligible survivors include dependents unable to work, including children younger than age 18 (age 23 if a <span class="nobr">full-time</span> student; no limit if disabled before age 18); a <span class="nobr">widow(er)</span> of retirement age, disabled, or caring for children younger than age 18; and any relative caring for children younger than age 18.</p>
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<h3>Old-Age Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Mandatory individual account:</span> The benefit is based on the insured's contributions plus accrued interest and may be paid monthly, quarterly, or annually.</p>
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<p>A lump sum is paid if the value of the insured's contributions plus accrued interest is less than 100,000 tenge or less than 12 times the minimum pension.</p>
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<p>The monthly minimum pension is 17,490 tenge.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Solidarity pension:</span> 60% of the insured's earnings in the best three consecutive years after 1995 plus 1% of earnings for each year in excess of 25 years (men) or 20 years (women) of work is paid.</p>
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<p>The maximum monthly <span class="nobr">old-age</span> solidarity pension is 75% of the insured's earnings in the best three consecutive years after 1995.</p>
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<p>Partial pension: A percentage of the full pension is paid according to the number of years below the required number of years of coverage.</p>
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<p>The monthly minimum pension is 17,490 tenge.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">State basic pension:</span> 50% of the monthly minimum wage is paid.</p>
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<p>The monthly minimum wage is 17,439 tenge.</p>
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<p>The monthly minimum pension is 17,490 tenge.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: The benefit is set annually in the national budget.</p>
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<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">State social benefit (disability):</span> A <span class="nobr">flat-rate</span> monthly benefit is paid according to the assessed degree of disability and the prescribed category of disability.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social insurance (disability):</span> A monthly benefit is paid based on the difference between average monthly insured earnings in the last 24 months and 80% of the monthly minimum wage, multiplied by the income replacement rate, the loss of working capacity rate, and the covered period rate.</p>
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<p>The monthly minimum wage is 17,439 tenge.</p>
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<p>The income replacement rate is 0.6.</p>
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<p>The loss of working capacity rate is 0.7 for a loss of working capacity of 80% to 100%; 0.5 for a loss of 60% to 79%; and 0.3 for a loss of 30% to 59%.</p>
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<p>The covered period rate is 0.1 with less than six months of coverage; 0.7 with six to 11 months; 0.75 with 12 to 23 months; 0.85 with 24 to 35 months; 0.9 with 36 to 47 months; 0.95 with 48 to 59 months; and 1.0 with 60 or more months.</p>
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<p>The disability pension ceases at the retirement age and is replaced by the <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
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<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">State social benefit (survivors):</span> A <span class="nobr">flat-rate</span> monthly benefit is paid according to family size and whether any family members have disabilities.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social insurance (survivors):</span> A monthly benefit is paid based on the difference between the insured's average monthly earnings in the last 24 months and 80% of the monthly minimum wage, multiplied by the income replacement rate, the number of survivors rate, and the covered period rate.</p>
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<p>The monthly minimum wage is 17,439 tenge.</p>
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<p>The income replacement rate is 0.6.</p>
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<p>The number of survivors rate is 0.4 for one dependent survivor; 0.5 for two; 0.6 for three; and 0.8 for four or more.</p>
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<p>The covered period rate is 0.1 with less than six months of coverage; 0.7 with six to 11 months; 0.75 with 12 to 23 months; 0.85 with 24 to 35 months; 0.9 with 36 to 47 months; 0.95 with 48 to 59 months; and 1.0 with 60 or more months.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Mandatory individual account:</span> Kazakhstan Agency for Financial Market and Financial Organizations supervises pension funds and insurance companies.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age solidarity pension:</span> Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population provides general coordination and supervision. Regional departments administer the program.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social insurance:</span> Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population provides general coordination and supervision.</p>
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<p>State Fund of Social Insurance (http://www.gfss.kz) manages the program finances.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">State social benefit:</span> Regional departments of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population administer the program.</p>
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<h2>Sickness and Maternity</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First and current laws:</span> 1999 (employer-financed benefits); 2003 (compulsory social insurance), implemented in 2005; 2007 (labor code); and 2007 (social security), implemented in 2008.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Employer-liability (cash sickness), social insurance (maternity), and universal (medical care) system.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Cash benefits:</span> Employed Kazakh citizens.</p>
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<p>Exclusions: Self-employed persons.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits:</span> Permanent residents of Kazakhstan.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> Not applicable.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> The total cost of sickness benefits.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> The total cost.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Cash sickness and maternity benefits and medical benefits:</span> There is no minimum qualifying period.</p>
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<h3>Sickness and Maternity Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Sickness benefit:</span> The daily benefit is calculated based on average earnings, according to a schedule in law.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Maternity benefit:</span> A benefit based on the mother's average monthly earnings for the last 12 months, up to a maximum, is paid for children younger than age 1.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
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<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>Benefits include general and specialist care, hospitalization, laboratory services, dental care, maternity care, and transportation.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Cash benefits:</span> Employers pay benefits directly to employees.</p>
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<p>Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population provides general coordination and supervision.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits:</span> Ministry of Health (http://www.mz.gov.kz) and health departments of local governments provide general supervision and coordination.</p>
|
|
<p>Clinics, hospitals, and other facilities administered by the Ministry of Health and local health departments provide medical services.</p>
|
|
<h2>Work Injury</h2>
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|
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1955 (temporary benefits).</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 1993 (work injury) and 2005 (employer-liability).</p>
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|
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Employer-liability, normally involving compulsory insurance with a private carrier, and social assistance system.</p>
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|
<h3>Coverage</h3>
|
|
<p>Employed persons.</p>
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|
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
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|
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> The cost of certain benefits.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> Pays the total cost of insurance premiums that range from 0.04% to 9.9% of payroll or directly provides benefits to the insured (temporary disability benefit, the <span class="nobr">lump-sum</span> grant, medical benefits, and the funeral benefit).</p>
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|
<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> The total cost of permanent disability and survivor benefits.</p>
|
|
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Work injury benefits:</span> There is no minimum qualifying period.</p>
|
|
<h3>Temporary Disability Benefits</h3>
|
|
<p>100% of earnings is paid from the first day of incapacity until recovery or award of a permanent disability pension.</p>
|
|
<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
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|
<p><span class="h4">State social benefit (permanent disability):</span> A <span class="nobr">flat-rate</span> monthly benefit is paid according to the assessed degree and prescribed category of disability.</p>
|
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Lump-sum grant:</span> According to collective agreements, at least five times annual earnings is paid for a Group <abbr title="one">I</abbr> (incapacity for any work) or Group <abbr title="two">II</abbr> (incapacity for usual work) disability; two times annual earnings for a Group <abbr title="three">III</abbr> (capacity for work) disability; or 100% of annual earnings for the permanent loss of working capacity if no disability group is determined.</p>
|
|
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
|
|
<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits:</span> Benefits include general and specialist care, hospitalization, laboratory services, transportation, appliances, and rehabilitation.</p>
|
|
<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">State social benefit (survivors):</span> A <span class="nobr">flat-rate</span> monthly allowance is paid according to family size and whether any family members have disabilities.</p>
|
|
<p>Eligible survivors include dependents unable to work, including children younger than age 18 (age 23 if a <span class="nobr">full-time</span> student; no limit if disabled before age 18); a <span class="nobr">widow(er)</span> of retirement age, disabled, or caring for children younger than age 18; and any other relative caring for children younger than age 18.</p>
|
|
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Funeral benefit:</span> The cost of the funeral if the death was the result of a work injury or an occupational disease.</p>
|
|
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Temporary disability benefits:</span> Employers pay benefits directly to employees.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Permanent disability and survivor benefits:</span> Regional departments of Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population administer the program.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits:</span> Ministry of Health (http://www.mz.gov.kz) and health departments of local governments provide general supervision and coordination.</p>
|
|
<p>Clinics, hospitals, and other facilities administered by the Ministry of Health and local health departments provide medical services.</p>
|
|
<h2>Unemployment</h2>
|
|
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">First and current law:</span> 2003 (compulsory social insurance), implemented in 2005.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance system.</p>
|
|
<h3>Coverage</h3>
|
|
<p>Employed and self-employed permanent residents of Kazakhstan.</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusions: Employed pensioners.</p>
|
|
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> See source of funds under Old Age, Disability, and Survivors.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> See source of funds under Old Age, Disability, and Survivors.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> See source of funds under Old Age, Disability, and Survivors.</p>
|
|
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Unemployment benefit:</span> Must have at least six months of coverage.</p>
|
|
<h3>Unemployment Benefits</h3>
|
|
<p>A monthly benefit is paid based on average monthly insured earnings in the last 24 months multiplied by the income replacement rate and the covered period rate.</p>
|
|
<p>The income replacement rate is 0.3.</p>
|
|
<p>The covered period rate is 0.7 with six to 11 months of coverage; 0.75 with 12 to 23 months; 0.85 with 24 to 35 months; 0.9 with 36 to 47 months; 0.95 with 48 to 59 months; and 1.0 with 60 or more months.</p>
|
|
<p>The duration of the benefit depends on the insured's coverage period.</p>
|
|
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
|
|
<p>Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population provides general coordination and supervision.</p>
|
|
<p>State Fund of Social Insurance (http://www.gfss.kz) manages the program finances.</p>
|
|
<h2>Family Allowances</h2>
|
|
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">First and current law:</span> 2001 (social assistance), implemented in 2002.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social assistance system.</p>
|
|
<h3>Coverage</h3>
|
|
<p>Needy residents of Kazakhstan; persons with disabilities; <span class="nobr">full-time</span> students and persons in training; persons aged 80 or older; and children younger than age 7.</p>
|
|
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> None.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> None.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> The total cost.</p>
|
|
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Family allowances:</span> Must reside in Kazakhstan and satisfy needs and income tests.</p>
|
|
<h3>Family Allowance Benefits</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Family allowance:</span> Cash benefits are based on individual or family income, subject to needs and income tests. (Income from state social benefits is not included.)</p>
|
|
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
|
|
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
|
|
<p>Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population provides general coordination and supervision. Regional departments of labor and social protection administer the program.</p>
|
|
</div>
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</article>
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