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<h1>Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Asia and the Pacific, 2008</h1>
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<h1>Turkmenistan</h1>
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<div class="exchangeRate">Exchange rate: <abbr>US</abbr>$1.00 equals 3,733.23 manat.</div>
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<h2>Old Age, Disability, and Survivors</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1956.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 2007 (social security), with 2008 amendment.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance and social assistance system.</p>
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<p>Note: Local governments and employers may provide supplementary benefits out of their own budgets.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Social insurance:</span> All employed and self-employed persons.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social assistance:</span> Persons not eligible for benefits under social insurance.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> 1% of all earnings.</p>
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<p>The insured's contributions also finance sickness and maternity benefits, work injury benefits, and family allowances.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> 1% of all earnings.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> 20% of payroll. For certain employers, the contribution varies according to sector.</p>
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<p>The employer's contributions also finance sickness, maternity, and work injury benefits.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> Subsidies as needed and the total cost of social allowances.</p>
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<p>The government also subsidizes cash benefits for sickness, maternity, and work injury.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension (social insurance):</span> A full pension is paid at age 62 with at least 25 years of covered employment (men) or age 57 with at least 20 years of covered employment (women); the age and number of years of covered employment required for a full pension are reduced for mothers with three or more children or disabled children. A minimum pension is paid for insured persons with not less than 5 years of covered employment.</p>
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<p>Age 52 (men) or age 48 (women) for military personnel; age 50 (men) or age 48 (women) for pilots and flight crew.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social pension (old-age):</span> Age 62 or older (men) or age 57 or older (women) and not eligible for the old-age pension.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability pension:</span> The pension is paid according to three groups of assessed disability: totally disabled, incapable of any work, and requiring constant care (Group I); disabled persons with reduced working capacity and occasionally requiring care (Group II); disabled persons with reduced working capacity (Group III).</p>
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<p>Eligible persons include persons disabled while in military service, disabled children younger than age 16, or persons disabled since childhood.</p>
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<p>A territorial or state medical commission under the Ministry of Social Security assesses the degree of disability.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social pension (disability):</span> Paid to disabled persons not eligible for the disability pension.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension:</span> The pension is paid to surviving dependent family members regardless of whether the deceased was insured.</p>
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<h3>Old-Age Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension:</span> The monthly pension is based on 2.5% for each year of covered employment, gross monthly national average earnings in the last quarter before retirement, a personal pension coefficient, and the number of years of covered employment.</p>
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<p>The personal pension coefficient is the ratio of assessed earnings to gross national average earnings. Assessed earnings are equal to the insured's gross average earnings during the best 5 consecutive years in all the years of covered employment. Gross national average earnings are based on the number of years of covered employment used to calculate assessed earnings.</p>
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<p>The minimum pension is 550,000 manat a month (January 2009).</p>
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<p>The maximum pension is 2,420,000 manat a month (January 2009).</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the national average wage.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social pension (old-age):</span> 100% of the minimum old-age pension is paid a month.</p>
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<p>The minimum pension is 550,000 manat a month (January 2009).</p>
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<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability pension:</span> For a Group I disability (totally disabled, incapable of any work, and requiring constant care), the monthly pension is equal to 60% of the personal coefficient multiplied by gross national average earnings; for a Group II disability (disabled with reduced working capacity and occasionally requiring care), 50% of the personal coefficient multiplied by gross national average earnings; for a Group III disability (disabled with reduced working capacity), 40% of the personal coefficient multiplied by gross national average earnings.</p>
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<p>The personal pension coefficient is the ratio of assessed earnings to gross national average earnings. Assessed earnings are equal to the insured's gross average earnings during the best 5 consecutive years in all the years of covered employment. Gross national average earnings are based on the number of years of covered employment used to calculate assessed earnings.</p>
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<p>The minimum pension is equal to 40% of the national minimum wage.</p>
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<p>The maximum pension is equal to 75% of the national minimum wage.</p>
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<p>Persons eligible for more than one benefit (sickness, maternity, child care allowance, survivor, or social pension) must choose only one benefit.</p>
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<p>Constant-attendance allowance: 30% of the minimum old-age pension is paid a month (Groups I and II); 50% for a disabled war veteran or blind person (Group I) or a single disabled person (Group II).</p>
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<p>Dependent's supplement (Groups I and II): 50% of the minimum old-age pension is paid a month for each nonworking dependent.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the national average wage.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social pension (disability):</span> 150% of the minimum old-age pension is paid a month if the disability began after childhood (Groups I and II) or for disabled children younger than age 16; 120% of the minimum benefit a month if the disabled person (Groups I and II) is not eligible for the disability pension; 100% of the minimum benefit a month for a person with a Group III disability.</p>
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<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension:</span> 100% of the minimum pension is paid for one eligible survivor; if more than one eligible survivor, each receives 30% of the deceased's personal coefficient (40% for military personnel) multiplied by gross national average earnings.</p>
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<p>The personal pension coefficient is the ratio of assessed earnings to gross national average earnings. Assessed earnings are equal to the insured's gross average earnings during the best 5 consecutive years in all the years of covered employment. Gross national average earnings are based on the number of years of covered employment used to calculate assessed earnings.</p>
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<p>The minimum pension is equal to 40% of the national minimum wage.</p>
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<p>The maximum pension is equal to 100% of the national minimum wage.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the national average wage.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>Ministry of Social Security provides general coordination and supervision.</p>
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<p>Regional and local social security departments administer the program.</p>
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<h2>Sickness and Maternity</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1955.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 1994; and 2007 (social security), with 2008 amendment.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance (cash benefits) and universal (medical care) system.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Cash benefits:</span> Employed and unemployed citizens.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits:</span> All persons residing in Turkmenistan.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<h4>Insured person</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> See source of funds under Old Age, Disability, and Survivors, above.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> Voluntary supplementary contributions for medical benefits.</p>
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<h4>Self-employed person</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> See source of funds under Old Age, Disability, and Survivors, above.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> Voluntary supplementary contributions for medical benefits.</p>
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<h4>Employer</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> See source of funds under Old Age, Disability, and Survivors, above.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> None.</p>
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<h4>Government</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> The total cost for nonworking citizens.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> The total cost.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Cash and medical benefits:</span> There is no minimum qualifying period.</p>
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<h3>Sickness and Maternity Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Sickness benefit:</span> With less than 5 years of uninterrupted work, the benefit is equal to 60% of earnings; with between 5 and 8 years, 80%; or with more than 8 years (or with three or more children younger than age 16; age 18 if a student), 100%.</p>
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<p>Insured persons may receive 5 days of paid leave to care for a sick family member; 7 days in exceptional cases or 14 days if caring for a child younger than age 14 (or for the duration if the sick child is hospitalized).</p>
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<p>Fourteen days of unpaid leave is provided to women caring for children younger than age 3, a woman or a single parent raising two or more children younger than age 14, or a man whose wife is on maternity leave. Disabled workers are entitled to 30 days of unpaid leave.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Maternity benefit:</span> The benefit is equal to 100% of earnings and is paid for 56 days before and 56 days after the expected date of childbirth (72 days after for a difficult childbirth; 96 days after for multiple births).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Birth grant:</span> A lump sum is paid for the first four children, regardless of whether parents are in covered work. The grant is 500,000 manat for each of the first two children; 1,000,000 manat for the third child; and 2,000,000 manat for the fourth child.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Child care allowance:</span> 250,000 manat a month is paid for children older than age 18 months.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the national average wage.</p>
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<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>Medical services are provided directly to patients by public health providers. Benefits include general and specialized care, hospitalization, laboratory services, dental care, maternity care, vaccination, and transportation. Medicines are free if hospitalized.</p>
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<h3>Dependents' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>Medical services are provided directly to patients by public health providers. Benefits include general and specialized care, hospitalization, laboratory services, dental care, maternity care, vaccination, and transportation. Medicines are free if hospitalized.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Cash benefits:</span> Ministry of Social Security and regional social security departments administer the program. Regional and local departments of social security administer maternity benefits for the unemployed and other nonworking citizens.</p>
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<p>Enterprises and employers pay benefits to their own employees using funds from the Social Insurance Fund.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits:</span> Ministry of Health and Medical Industry and regional health departments are responsible for implementing state health care policy and developing health care programs. Ministry of Health and Medical Industry and regional health departments are responsible for providing medical services through clinics, hospitals, maternity homes, and other medical facilities, including private health providers.</p>
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<h2>Work Injury</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1955.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current law:</span> 1998 (state allowances).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance (cash benefits) and universal (medical care) system.</p>
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<p>Local authorities and employers can provide supplementary pension benefits out of their own budgets.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p>All employed persons.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<h4>Insured person</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> See source of funds under Old Age, Disability, and Survivors, above.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> None.</p>
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<h4>Self-employed person</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> Not applicable.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> None.</p>
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<h4>Employer</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> See source of funds under Old Age, Disability, and Survivors, above.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> None.</p>
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<h4>Government</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> See source of funds under Old Age, Disability, and Survivors, above.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> The total cost.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Work injury benefits:</span> There is no minimum qualifying period.</p>
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<h3>Temporary Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p>The benefit is equal to 100% of earnings and is paid from the first day of disability until recovery or the award of a permanent disability pension.</p>
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<p>Work injuries must be assessed by the competent authority.</p>
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<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Permanent disability pension:</span> For a Group I disability (totally disabled, incapable of any work, and requiring constant care), the monthly pension is equal to 60% of the personal coefficient multiplied by gross national average earnings; for a Group II disability (disabled with reduced working capacity and occasionally requiring care), 50% of the personal coefficient multiplied by gross national average earnings; for a Group III disability (disabled with reduced working capacity), 40% of the personal coefficient multiplied by gross national average earnings.</p>
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<p>The personal pension coefficient is the ratio of assessed earnings to gross national average earnings. Assessed earnings are equal to the insured's gross average earnings during the best 5 consecutive years in all the years of covered employment. Gross national average earnings are based on the number of years of covered employment used to calculate assessed earnings.</p>
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<p>The minimum pension is equal to 40% of the national minimum wage.</p>
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<p>The maximum pension is equal to 75% of the national minimum wage.</p>
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<p>Persons eligible for more than one benefit (sickness, maternity, child care allowance, survivor, or social pension) must choose only one benefit.</p>
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<p>Constant-attendance allowance: 30% of the minimum benefit is paid a month (Groups I and II); 50% for a disabled war veteran or blind person (Group I) or a single disabled person (Group II).</p>
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<p>Dependent's supplement (Groups I and II): 50% of the minimum benefit is paid a month for each nonworking dependent.</p>
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<p>Work injuries must be assessed by the competent authority.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the national average wage.</p>
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<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>Medical services are provided directly to patients by government health providers. Benefits include general and specialist care, hospitalization, laboratory services, transportation, and the full cost of appliances and medicines.</p>
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<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension:</span> 100% of the minimum pension is paid for one eligible survivor; if more than one eligible survivor, each receives 30% of the deceased's personal coefficient (40% for military personnel) multiplied by gross national average earnings.</p>
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<p>The personal pension coefficient is the ratio of assessed earnings to gross national average earnings. Assessed earnings are equal to the insured's gross average earnings during the best 5 consecutive years in all the years of covered employment. Gross national average earnings are based on the number of years of covered employment used to calculate assessed earnings.</p>
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<p>The minimum pension is equal to 40% of the national minimum wage.</p>
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<p>The maximum pension is equal to 100% of the national minimum wage.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the national average wage.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Temporary disability benefits:</span> Enterprises and employers pay benefits to their own employees using funds from the Social Insurance Fund.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Pensions:</span> Ministry of Social Security provides general coordination and supervision.</p>
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<p>Regional and local departments of social security administer pensions.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits:</span> Ministry of Health and Medical Industry and health departments of local governments provide general supervision and policy coordination. Ministry of Health and health departments of local governments administer the provision of medical services through clinics, hospitals, and other facilities.</p>
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<h2>Unemployment</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First and current law:</span> 1991 (employment).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance system.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p>All persons of working age residing permanently in Turkmenistan.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> 2% of payroll.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> Subsidies as needed from central and local governments.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Unemployment benefits:</span> Registered at an employment office, able and willing to work, and receiving no income from employment. The benefit may be reduced, suspended, or terminated if the insured is discharged for violating work discipline, leaving employment without good cause, violating the conditions for job placement or vocational training, or filing fraudulent claims.</p>
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<h3>Unemployment Benefits</h3>
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<p>The total benefit is equal to three times the worker's gross average earnings.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the national average wage.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>State Employment Service and local employment offices regulate and administer the program.</p>
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<p>Employers pay cash benefits.</p>
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<h2>Family Allowances</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p>A child care allowance is provided under Sickness and Maternity.</p>
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</div>
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</article>
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