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<h1>Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Europe, 2004</h1>
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<h1>Belgium</h1>
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<div class="exchangeRate">Exchange rate: US$1.00 equals 0.80 euros (€).</div>
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<h2>Old Age, Disability, and Survivors</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First laws:</span> 1900 (old age) and 1944 (disability).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 1967, 1990, and 1996 (old-age pensions for employees); 1963 (disability); and 2001 (means-tested allowance for the elderly).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance system.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p>Employed persons; special provisions for miners and seamen.</p>
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<p>Coverage for disability is provided under the Sickness and Maternity program.</p>
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<p>Special systems for self-employed persons and civil servants.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> 7.5% of earnings. Pensioners contribute 0.5% to 2% of pensions or prepensions.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> 8.86% of payroll.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> Annual subsidies.</p>
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<p>Contribution rates are applied to 100% of earnings (payroll) for white-collar workers and to 108% of earnings (payroll) for blue-collar workers.</p>
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<p>Disability pensions and funeral grants are financed under the Sickness and Maternity program.</p>
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<p>If the insured person and employer are affiliated with all branches of social security, a global contribution is paid and split according to each branch's needs. (See source of funds under Family Allowances.)</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension:</span> Age 65 with 45 years of coverage for men and women. (To be phased in for women by 2009.)</p>
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<p>In 2004, the retirement age for women is age 63, rising to age 64 (2006) and age 65 (2009). The full benefit for women is based on 43 years of coverage, rising to 44 years (2006) and 45 years (2009).</p>
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<p>Partial pension: Paid for an incomplete qualifying period.</p>
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<p>Early pension: Age 60 (men and women) with 30 years of covered employment.</p>
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<p>Special old-age pension: Paid to a divorced husband or wife at age 60.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability pension:</span> A loss of 2/3 of earning capacity in the usual occupation with 6 months of insurance, including 120 days of actual or credited work and insurance coverage during the last quarter.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension:</span> A <span class="nobr">widow(er)</span> aged 45 (any age if disabled or caring for a child) and married for at least 1 year at the time of the insured's death; conditions are waived if a child was born during the marriage or in the case of an accidental death. The benefit ceases on remarriage.</p>
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<h3>Old-Age Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension:</span> The full pension is 60% of average lifetime earnings (75% for a married couple).</p>
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<p>The maximum annual earnings for benefit purposes are €39,367.70. Past earnings are adjusted to reflect wage and price changes.</p>
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<p>Partial pension: A percentage of the full pension corresponding to the portion of the qualifying period completed.</p>
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<p>Special old-age pension: The special pension is 37.5% of the former spouse's earnings during the period of the marriage, less any pension earned by the divorced person in his or her own right during the same years.</p>
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<p>The minimum pension is €9,991.63 a year for a single person insured during the full qualifying period; €12,485.63 a year for a married couple. For workers with at least 2/3 of the insurance coverage required for the full pension, the minimum pension is proportionately reduced.</p>
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<p>Vacation allowance: An annual payment of €475.94 for a single person; €594.94 for a couple (in 2002).</p>
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<p>Means-tested allowance: €7,022.70 a year for a person living alone; €4,681.80 a year for a person cohabiting (in 2002).</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically for retail price changes.</p>
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<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability pension:</span> Equal to 65% of lost earnings (subject to a ceiling) for an insured person with dependents; 40% if there are no dependents; 50% if there are no dependents but the claimant is living with others who have no income. The pension is payable after 1 year of incapacity. (The first year is paid under sickness benefit.)</p>
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<p>The ceiling applied to the basis salary (earnings) is €101.21 a day.</p>
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<p>The minimum pension for regular workers is €27.18 a day if there are no dependents; €30.62 a day for a person living alone; €37.97 a day with dependents. If the insured does not meet the legal requirements for a regular worker, the minimum pension is €23.05 a day with no dependents; €30.73 a day with dependents.</p>
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<p>The maximum pension is €40.48 a day with no dependents; €60.72 a day with dependents.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically for retail price changes.</p>
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<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension:</span> Equal to 80% of the pension paid or accrued to the deceased.</p>
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<p>The minimum pension is €9,834.53 a year if the worker was insured for the full qualifying period for the old-age pension. For survivors of workers with at least 2/3 of the full qualifying period, the minimum pension is reduced proportionately.</p>
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<p>The survivor's pension plus the <span class="nobr">widow(er)'s</span> own pension entitlements must not exceed 110% of his or her own pension entitlement. A <span class="nobr">widow(er)</span> who is not eligible for a survivor pension receives the survivor pension for a limited period of 12 months.</p>
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<p>Vacation allowance: An annual payment of €475.94 (in 2002).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Funeral grant:</span> A lump sum is payable under sickness insurance.</p>
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<p>Means-tested allowances: Allowances are payable to needy survivors.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically for retail price changes (except for the funeral grant).</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>Ministry of Social Affairs, Public Health, and the Environment provides general supervision.</p>
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<p>National Social Security Office is responsible for the collection of contributions and their distribution to national offices administering benefits.</p>
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<p>National Pensions Office provides the administrative management of old-age and survivor pensions and the financial management of the program.</p>
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<p>National Insurance Institute for Sickness and Disability provides the general administration of disability pensions.</p>
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<h2>Sickness and Maternity</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1894 (mutual benefit societies).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current law:</span> 1994.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance system.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p>The employee must be a member of a mutual benefit society or the public auxiliary fund.</p>
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<p>Pensioners and other social security beneficiaries are covered for medical benefits.</p>
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<p>Voluntary affiliation is possible for persons not covered under compulsory coverage.</p>
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<p>Special systems operate for self-employed persons (health care only) and seamen.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> 3.55% of earnings (medical benefits) and 1.15% of earnings (cash benefits and disability pensions). Pensioners contribute 3.55% of the old-age or survivor pension (low-income pensioners are exempt from contributions).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> 3.8% of payroll (medical benefits), 2.2% of payroll (cash benefits and disability pensions), and 0.15% (maternity benefits).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> Subsidy for the management of the social security system. Proceeds from a surcharge on automobile insurance and on hospitalization insurance premiums and a tax on the profit made on reimbursable drugs.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Sickness and medical benefits:</span> Six months of insurance, including 120 days of actual or credited work.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Maternity benefits:</span> Six months of insurance preceding the expected date of childbirth.</p>
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<h3>Sickness and Maternity Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Cash sickness benefit:</span> 60% of earnings, subject to a ceiling. After the 31st day of incapacity, the entitlement is 55%; 60% if there are dependents or if the insured is the sole breadwinner. In general, benefits are not payable if the employer provides a guaranteed salary.</p>
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<p>The ceiling applied to the basis salary (earnings) is €101.21 a day.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Cash maternity benefit:</span> The benefit is payable for a maximum of 15 weeks (17 weeks in the case of multiple births), including a maximum of 7 weeks (9 weeks in the case of multiple births) before the expected date of childbirth (of which at least 1 week is compulsory) and a minimum of 8 weeks after childbirth. During the first 30 days, the maternity benefit for active workers is 82% of the basis salary (no ceiling); for the unemployed or other eligible persons, 79.5% of the basis salary (subject to a ceiling). The benefit from the 31st day to the end of the 15th week (17th week in the case of multiple births) is 75% of the basis salary (subject to a ceiling) for all types of eligible persons.</p>
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<p>The ceiling applied to the basis salary (earnings) is €101.21 a day.</p>
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<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>The benefits provided include general and specialist care, surgery, hospitalization, medicines, laboratory services, maternity care, dental care, nursing, rehabilitation, transportation, and appliances.</p>
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<p>The insured person pays varying copayments depending on income and status.</p>
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<p>There is no limit to duration.</p>
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<h3>Dependents' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>The benefits provided include general and specialist care, surgery, hospitalization, medicines, laboratory services, maternity care, dental care, nursing, rehabilitation, transportation, and appliances.</p>
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<p>The insured person pays varying copayments depending on income and status.</p>
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<p>There is no limit to duration.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>Ministry of Social Affairs, Public Health, and the Environment provides general supervision.</p>
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<p>National Social Security Office collects contributions.</p>
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<p>National Sickness and Invalidity Insurance Institute coordinates the program together with various management committees for cash and medical benefits.</p>
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<p>Local agencies pay benefits, including about 78 approved mutual benefit societies, federated into five national unions, and a separate fund for railway employees. District offices of the public auxiliary fund pay benefits for persons not belonging to a mutual society.</p>
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<h2>Work Injury</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First laws:</span> 1903 (work accidents) and 1927 (occupational diseases).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 1963 (occupational diseases) and 1971 (work accidents).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance system.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p>Employed persons, including casual labor.</p>
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<p>Special system for public-sector employees.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
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<h4>Employer</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Work injury:</span> 0.3% of payroll, plus an insurance premium varying according to the assessed degree of risk.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Occupational disease:</span> 1.1% of payroll.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> None.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Work injury benefits:</span> There is no minimum qualifying period.</p>
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<h3>Temporary Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p>90% of base earnings are payable until recovery or until permanent disability is established.</p>
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<p>Daily base earnings equal 1/365 of the full-year earnings for the year before the accident or the cessation of work because of an occupational disease. The full-year earnings taken into account must be between €5,282.14 and €26,470.73. Base earnings are adjusted annually.</p>
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<p>Partial temporary disability: Equal to the difference between earnings before the onset of disability and current earnings (after starting part-time work).</p>
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<p>In cases of an occupational disease, temporary disability benefit (for total or partial disability) is not payable unless the disability lasts at least 15 days.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically for retail price changes in cases in which benefits have been paid for at least 3 months.</p>
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<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Permanent disability pension:</span> 100% of earnings if totally disabled.</p>
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<p>Base earnings used for calculating the benefit are total earnings of the year before the accident or the cessation of work because of an occupational disease, up to a ceiling of €26,470.73.</p>
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<p>Constant-attendance supplement: The level of the supplement depends on the assessed degree of need of assistance, up to a maximum of 12 times the average monthly guaranteed income for a full-time worker. The supplement is terminated on the 91st day of hospitalization.</p>
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<p>Partial disability: A percentage of base earnings corresponding to the assessed degree of permanent disability, except where the assessed degree of disability is less than 10% (the percentage amount paid is reduced by half for an assessed disability of between 0% and 5% and by a quarter if between 5% and 10%).</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically for retail price changes (except benefits for an assessed disability of less than 16%).</p>
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<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>Benefits include medical treatment, surgery, dental treatment, hospitalization, medicines, appliances, and transportation. There is full reimbursement of costs according to the schedule in law.</p>
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<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension:</span> 30% of the deceased's earnings, up to a maximum. The pension is payable to a <span class="nobr">widow(er)</span> and to a divorced spouse receiving alimony. No pension is payable to a cohabiting partner. Remarriage has no influence on continuing entitlement.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Orphan's pensions:</span> 15% of the deceased's covered earnings for each orphan (20% for a full orphan) under age 18; age 18 or older if entitled to a family allowance.</p>
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<p>The total orphans' pension is 45% of the deceased's covered earnings; 60% for full orphans.</p>
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<p>Other eligible survivors (in the absence of dependent children): Parents, grandchildren, and brothers or sisters under age 18.</p>
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<p>The total survivor pension must not exceed 75% of the deceased's earnings.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Funeral grant:</span> A lump sum of 30 days' earnings; the minimum is equivalent to the sickness benefit.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Transport costs:</span> Includes administrative costs and the cost of transporting the body to the place of burial (including abroad).</p>
|
|
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically for retail price changes.</p>
|
|
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
|
|
<p>Ministry of Social Affairs, Public Health, and the Environment provides general supervision.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Work injury:</span> Work Injury Fund, a public interest organization, administers the program and is responsible for controlling the benefits paid by private companies.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Occupational disease:</span> Occupational Diseases Fund, a public interest organization, operates under the joint administration of employers and employees and is responsible for the compensation of injured workers.</p>
|
|
<h2>Unemployment</h2>
|
|
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1920.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Current law:</span> 1991.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance system.</p>
|
|
<h3>Coverage</h3>
|
|
<p>Employed persons, including stage performers, temporary workers, home workers, disabled workers, and professional athletes.</p>
|
|
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> 0.87% of earnings.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> 1.46% of earnings.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> Covers any deficit.</p>
|
|
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Unemployment benefit:</span> Under age 36 with 312 days of insured employment or deemed employment in the 18 months preceding the date of application for benefit; between ages 36 and 50 with 468 days in the 27 months preceding the date of application for benefit; or over age 50 with 624 days in the 36 months preceding the date of application for benefit. The insured must be registered at an unemployment office and capable and available for work. Unemployment must be involuntary; otherwise, disqualification for 8 to 52 weeks or the loss of eligibility to benefit.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Prepension supplement:</span> Age 58 with 25 years of employment.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Aged unemployed person's supplement:</span> Aged 50 or older with 20 years of employment and unemployed for 12 months.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Job search benefit:</span> Under age 30 and does not meet the requirement for previous insured employment.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Supplementary subsistence benefit:</span> Payable to specified occupational groups to ensure minimum income.</p>
|
|
<h3>Unemployment Benefits</h3>
|
|
<p>Based on the last mean daily salary, up to a ceiling of €64.46. The benefit depends on the insured's family status and the period of unemployment. For the household head, the benefit is 60% of the basis salary during the entire period of unemployment; for a single person living alone, 60% of the basis salary during the first year and 50% thereafter; for a single person living with other persons who have an income source, 55% of the basis salary during the first year and 40% during a second period (the minimum duration of that period is 3 months, and the total duration depends on the person's professional career record); thereafter, a flat-rate monthly benefit of €381.68.</p>
|
|
<p>The employer may pay a complementary unemployment benefit under collective agreement.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Prepension supplement:</span> 50% of the difference between the monthly benefit and net earnings. The supplement is payable until retirement age.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Aged unemployed person's supplement:</span> A monthly supplement set according to age and family status. Single persons aged 55 or older are guaranteed 60% of their previous salary level.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Job search benefit:</span> A variable amount depending on age and family status.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Supplementary subsistence benefit:</span> Benefit levels are set under collective agreement.</p>
|
|
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically for retail price changes.</p>
|
|
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
|
|
<p>Ministry of Employment and Labor provides general supervision.</p>
|
|
<p>National Social Security Office collects contributions.</p>
|
|
<p>National Employment Office adjudicates claims, supervises the paying agencies, and oversees employment policies through 30 regional offices.</p>
|
|
<p>Public payment offices, or trade unions for their own members, pay benefits at the local level.</p>
|
|
<h2>Family Allowances</h2>
|
|
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1930.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 1939 (salaried workers), 1965 (civil servants), 1971 (guaranteed family allowances), and 1976 (self-employed).</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance and social assistance (guaranteed family allowances) system.</p>
|
|
<h3>Coverage</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Salaried workers scheme:</span> Eligible children of salaried workers (including active, unemployed, retired, disabled, or deceased workers).</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Guaranteed family allowances scheme (means-tested):</span> Eligible children not covered under any other statutory scheme.</p>
|
|
<p>Special systems for civil servants and the self-employed.</p>
|
|
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> 7% of payroll (included in the contribution for Old Age, Disability, and Survivors, above). The social security management board sets the share of the global contribution allocated to family allowances annually.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> None.</p>
|
|
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Family allowances:</span> Awarded without conditions until the last day of August of the calendar year in which the child reaches age 18 (age 21 if disabled; age 25 if a student, an apprentice, or a jobseeker registered for less than 270 days).</p>
|
|
<p>Eligible children are those of the insured or the insured's partner, dependent brothers and sisters, and any other children in the insured's household.</p>
|
|
<h3>Family Allowance Benefits</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Basis family allowance:</span> €74.06 a month for the first child; €137.03 for the second child; €204.60 for the third and each subsequent child. €284.50 a month for each orphan.</p>
|
|
<p>Social supplement: €37.70 for the first child of a pensioner or of a person unemployed for longer than 6 months; €81.12 for the first child of a disabled worker. €23.34 for the second and each subsequent child of a pensioner, a person unemployed for longer than 6 months, or a disabled worker.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Age supplement (children born before January 1, 1991):</span> For a healthy first child born between January 1, 1985, and December 31, 1990, the supplement is €25.73 if the child is younger than age 18; otherwise, €27.63. For children born between January 1, 1981, and December 31, 1984, the supplement is €41.22. For children born before January 1, 1981, the supplement is €43.38. For other children, or any sick child, the supplement is €25.73 if between ages 6 and 12; €39.31 if older than age 12 but younger than age 18; and €49.99 if older than age 18.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Age supplement (children born after December 31, 1990):</span> For a healthy first child, the supplement is €12.90 a month if between ages 6 and 12; €19.65 if older than age 12 but younger than age 18; and €22.64 if older than age 18. For other children, or for any sick child, the supplement is €25.73 a month if between ages 6 and 12; €39.31 if older than age 12 but younger than age 18; and €49.99 if older than age 18.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Sick or disabled child supplement (old system):</span> For a disabled child born before January 2, 1996, with an assessed degree of incapacity of at least 66%, supplements vary between €333.17 and €389.87. The child's autonomy is calculated according to a <span class="nobr">0–9</span> point schedule.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Sick or disabled child supplement (new system implemented May 1, 2003):</span> For a disabled child born after January 2, 1996, supplements are awarded according to the impact of the illness on the physical and mental capacity of the child, the activity and participation capacity of the child, and the implications for the child's surroundings. Supplements vary between €64.94 and €432.96.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Birth grant:</span> €1,003.33 for the first birth (or per child for multiple births); €754.89 for the second and each subsequent birth.</p>
|
|
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically for wage and price changes and other economic factors.</p>
|
|
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
|
|
<p>Ministry of Social Affairs, Public Health, and the Environment provides general supervision.</p>
|
|
<p>National Social Security Office collects contributions and distributes them among individual funds.</p>
|
|
<p>Family allowances are paid by about 26 approved private occupational, regional, and specialist funds and by two public organizations.</p>
|
|
<p>National Family Allowances Office supervises private funds and administers allowances to families not covered by a private fund.</p>
|
|
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