191 lines
No EOL
38 KiB
HTML
191 lines
No EOL
38 KiB
HTML
<!doctype html>
|
|
<html class="no-js" lang="en">
|
|
<head>
|
|
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
|
|
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1" />
|
|
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
|
|
<title>International Update, March 2020</title>
|
|
<meta name="dc.identifier" content="https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/intl_update/2020-03/index.html" />
|
|
<meta name="DCTERMS:contentOffice" content="ORDP:ORES" />
|
|
<meta name="DCTERMS:contentOwner" content="publications@ssa.gov" />
|
|
<meta name="DCTERMS:coderOffice" content="ORDP:ORES:OD" />
|
|
<meta name="DCTERMS:coder" content="op.webmaster@ssa.gov" />
|
|
<meta name="DCTERMS:dateCertified" content="2025-01-01" />
|
|
<meta name="description" content="Social Security Administration Research, Statistics, and Policy Analysis" />
|
|
<!-- STYLES & SCRIPTS -->
|
|
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.7.1.min.js" integrity="sha256-/JqT3SQfawRcv/BIHPThkBvs0OEvtFFmqPF/lYI/Cxo=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
|
|
<link href="/framework/css/phoenix.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" />
|
|
<link href="/policy/styles/nav.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" />
|
|
<link href="/policy/styles/nav-shared.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" />
|
|
<!-- SSA INTERNET HEAD SCRIPTS -->
|
|
<script src="/framework/js/ssa.internet.head.js"></script>
|
|
|
|
<script>(window.BOOMR_mq=window.BOOMR_mq||[]).push(["addVar",{"rua.upush":"false","rua.cpush":"false","rua.upre":"false","rua.cpre":"false","rua.uprl":"false","rua.cprl":"false","rua.cprf":"false","rua.trans":"SJ-3a3bb884-f513-47e3-a86c-84bab05e21dc","rua.cook":"true","rua.ims":"false","rua.ufprl":"false","rua.cfprl":"false","rua.isuxp":"false","rua.texp":"norulematch","rua.ceh":"false","rua.ueh":"false","rua.ieh.st":"0"}]);</script>
|
|
<script>!function(e){var n="https://s.go-mpulse.net/boomerang/";if("False"=="True")e.BOOMR_config=e.BOOMR_config||{},e.BOOMR_config.PageParams=e.BOOMR_config.PageParams||{},e.BOOMR_config.PageParams.pci=!0,n="https://s2.go-mpulse.net/boomerang/";if(window.BOOMR_API_key="LERZW-HECFS-R8H4E-23UQ7-ERMQB",function(){function e(){if(!o){var e=document.createElement("script");e.id="boomr-scr-as",e.src=window.BOOMR.url,e.async=!0,i.parentNode.appendChild(e),o=!0}}function t(e){o=!0;var n,t,a,r,d=document,O=window;if(window.BOOMR.snippetMethod=e?"if":"i",t=function(e,n){var t=d.createElement("script");t.id=n||"boomr-if-as",t.src=window.BOOMR.url,BOOMR_lstart=(new Date).getTime(),e=e||d.body,e.appendChild(t)},!window.addEventListener&&window.attachEvent&&navigator.userAgent.match(/MSIE [67]\./))return window.BOOMR.snippetMethod="s",void t(i.parentNode,"boomr-async");a=document.createElement("IFRAME"),a.src="about:blank",a.title="",a.role="presentation",a.loading="eager",r=(a.frameElement||a).style,r.width=0,r.height=0,r.border=0,r.display="none",i.parentNode.appendChild(a);try{O=a.contentWindow,d=O.document.open()}catch(_){n=document.domain,a.src="javascript:var d=document.open();d.domain='"+n+"';void(0);",O=a.contentWindow,d=O.document.open()}if(n)d._boomrl=function(){this.domain=n,t()},d.write("<bo"+"dy onload='document._boomrl();'>");else if(O._boomrl=function(){t()},O.addEventListener)O.addEventListener("load",O._boomrl,!1);else if(O.attachEvent)O.attachEvent("onload",O._boomrl);d.close()}function a(e){window.BOOMR_onload=e&&e.timeStamp||(new Date).getTime()}if(!window.BOOMR||!window.BOOMR.version&&!window.BOOMR.snippetExecuted){window.BOOMR=window.BOOMR||{},window.BOOMR.snippetStart=(new Date).getTime(),window.BOOMR.snippetExecuted=!0,window.BOOMR.snippetVersion=12,window.BOOMR.url=n+"LERZW-HECFS-R8H4E-23UQ7-ERMQB";var i=document.currentScript||document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0],o=!1,r=document.createElement("link");if(r.relList&&"function"==typeof r.relList.supports&&r.relList.supports("preload")&&"as"in r)window.BOOMR.snippetMethod="p",r.href=window.BOOMR.url,r.rel="preload",r.as="script",r.addEventListener("load",e),r.addEventListener("error",function(){t(!0)}),setTimeout(function(){if(!o)t(!0)},3e3),BOOMR_lstart=(new Date).getTime(),i.parentNode.appendChild(r);else t(!1);if(window.addEventListener)window.addEventListener("load",a,!1);else if(window.attachEvent)window.attachEvent("onload",a)}}(),"".length>0)if(e&&"performance"in e&&e.performance&&"function"==typeof e.performance.setResourceTimingBufferSize)e.performance.setResourceTimingBufferSize();!function(){if(BOOMR=e.BOOMR||{},BOOMR.plugins=BOOMR.plugins||{},!BOOMR.plugins.AK){var n="false"=="true"?1:0,t="cookiepresent",a="eyd7g6aaiaaamjqacqdfqaaaabt3moqe-f-f74b82fce-clienttons-s.akamaihd.net",i="false"=="true"?2:1,o={"ak.v":"39","ak.cp":"1204614","ak.ai":parseInt("728289",10),"ak.ol":"0","ak.cr":3,"ak.ipv":6,"ak.proto":"h2","ak.rid":"c7b240","ak.r":19138,"ak.a2":n,"ak.m":"dsca","ak.n":"essl","ak.bpcip":"2607:f378:40:6::","ak.cport":40614,"ak.gh":"184.50.26.202","ak.quicv":"","ak.tlsv":"tls1.3","ak.0rtt":"","ak.0rtt.ed":"","ak.csrc":"-","ak.acc":"","ak.t":"1739995652","ak.ak":"hOBiQwZUYzCg5VSAfCLimQ==74AUVmG11exoY2XLDBX1VhkaScZeDAAFoiMauLoMPM9dMqcBtLVBfNXcLjVt6q8ef18Bn0tMeohJaIt6qYqz7OoI2Fa0g9wEpmfPtzk4t3RCvketO1yXongUvu5pLdh4G9OJiqSmJiWDc9PApE3GW+KHvguQnGM5ZaAGHBLQ/mdj3VEXSTEs6eVeNf7MtRz2VEohEUy82SkATJirlPpmKAb3F5Cymk8SXnB6ikMpYOxkU+H7UmTaBz+j/mWjzgsUsOfj67IDOeq9tvRY1BG1aJsOxTWPIeX2baU2x2j5tV4/pbgo3C6WZspCrfpq6rmLvaGoFAJ3S7WjvjtUVxb2D4uhCSfW0O/YALbPk2+1RhfC3D2kCpxP8cLqV7Sl09ow/aq9d0/5O5g3AKSDQP58SpDbhVO5wkFF/NugtSidnpE=","ak.pv":"98","ak.dpoabenc":"","ak.tf":i};if(""!==t)o["ak.ruds"]=t;var r={i:!1,av:function(n){var t="http.initiator";if(n&&(!n[t]||"spa_hard"===n[t]))o["ak.feo"]=void 0!==e.aFeoApplied?1:0,BOOMR.addVar(o)},rv:function(){var e=["ak.bpcip","ak.cport","ak.cr","ak.csrc","ak.gh","ak.ipv","ak.m","ak.n","ak.ol","ak.proto","ak.quicv","ak.tlsv","ak.0rtt","ak.0rtt.ed","ak.r","ak.acc","ak.t","ak.tf"];BOOMR.removeVar(e)}};BOOMR.plugins.AK={akVars:o,akDNSPreFetchDomain:a,init:function(){if(!r.i){var e=BOOMR.subscribe;e("before_beacon",r.av,null,null),e("onbeacon",r.rv,null,null),r.i=!0}return this},is_complete:function(){return!0}}}}()}(window);</script></head>
|
|
<body class="RA IU">
|
|
<div id="page">
|
|
<div class="bg-dark-gray accessibility" id="accessibility"><a id="skip-navigation" href="#content">Skip to main content</a></div><ssa-header class="print-hide"><noscript><header class="banner-neo" id="banner" role="banner" style="background-color: #0b4778;"><div class="banner-wrapper"><h1 class="banner-logo"><a class="banner-logo__link" href="/">Social Security</a></h1><nav class="banner-nav" id="banner-nav"><a class="banner-nav__link banner-search" href="https://search.ssa.gov/search?affiliate=ssa" title="Search" target="_blank"><svg class="banner-nav__icon" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M 10 23 C 11.219 23 12.384 22.762 13.496 22.285 C 14.608 21.808 15.565 21.169 16.367 20.367 C 17.169 19.565 17.808 18.608 18.285 17.496 C 18.762 16.384 19 15.219 19 14 C 19 12.953 18.829 11.951 18.488 10.992 C 18.147 10.033 17.661 9.164 17.031 8.383 L 22.711 2.711 C 22.904 2.518 23 2.281 23 2 C 23 1.713 22.905 1.475 22.715 1.285 C 22.525 1.095 22.287 1 22 1 C 21.719 1 21.482 1.096 21.289 1.289 L 15.617 6.969 C 14.836 6.339 13.966 5.853 13.008 5.512 C 12.05 5.171 11.047 5 10 5 C 8.781 5 7.616 5.238 6.504 5.715 C 5.392 6.192 4.435 6.831 3.633 7.633 C 2.831 8.435 2.192 9.392 1.715 10.504 C 1.238 11.616 1 12.781 1 14 C 1 15.219 1.238 16.384 1.715 17.496 C 2.192 18.608 2.831 19.565 3.633 20.367 C 4.435 21.169 5.392 21.808 6.504 22.285 C 7.616 22.762 8.781 23 10 23 Z M 10 21 C 9.052 21 8.146 20.815 7.281 20.445 C 6.416 20.075 5.672 19.578 5.047 18.953 C 4.422 18.328 3.925 17.584 3.555 16.719 C 3.185 15.854 3 14.948 3 14 C 3 13.052 3.185 12.146 3.555 11.281 C 3.925 10.416 4.422 9.672 5.047 9.047 C 5.672 8.422 6.416 7.925 7.281 7.555 C 8.146 7.185 9.052 7 10 7 C 10.948 7 11.854 7.185 12.719 7.555 C 13.584 7.925 14.328 8.422 14.953 9.047 C 15.578 9.672 16.075 10.416 16.445 11.281 C 16.815 12.146 17 13.052 17 14 C 17 14.948 16.815 15.854 16.445 16.719 C 16.075 17.584 15.578 18.328 14.953 18.953 C 14.328 19.578 13.584 20.075 12.719 20.445 C 11.854 20.815 10.948 21 10 21 Z" transform="matrix(-1, 0, 0, -1, 24.000001, 24.000001)" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke"></path></svg> <span>Search</span> </a><a class="banner-nav__link banner-menu" href="/menu" id="ssa-menu" title="Menu"><svg class="banner-nav__icon" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 5h18q.414 0 .707.293T22 6t-.293.707T21 7H3q-.414 0-.707-.293T2 6t.293-.707T3 5zm0 12h18q.414 0 .707.293T22 18t-.293.707T21 19H3q-.414 0-.707-.293T2 18t.293-.707T3 17zm0-6h18q.414 0 .707.293T22 12t-.293.707T21 13H3q-.414 0-.707-.293T2 12t.293-.707T3 11z" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke"></path></svg> <span>Menu</span> </a><a class="banner-nav__link banner-languages" href="/es" id="ssa-languages" title="Español" hreflang="es"><svg class="banner-nav__icon" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 0C5.373 0 0 5.373 0 12s5.373 12 12 12c.812 0 1.604-.08 2.37-.235-.31-.147-.343-1.255-.037-1.887.34-.703 1.406-2.485.35-3.08-1.053-.6-.76-.868-1.405-1.56-.644-.692-.38-.796-.422-.974-.14-.61.62-1.523.656-1.616.035-.094.035-.446.023-.55-.012-.107-.48-.387-.597-.4-.117-.01-.176.188-.34.2-.164.012-.88-.433-1.03-.55-.154-.117-.224-.398-.435-.61-.21-.212-.235-.047-.562-.175-.327-.13-1.382-.516-2.19-.844-.81-.33-.88-.79-.892-1.114-.012-.325-.492-.797-.718-1.137-.225-.342-.267-.81-.348-.705-.082.106.422 1.336.34 1.37-.083.037-.26-.338-.493-.643-.235-.304.245-.14-.505-1.617-.75-1.476.235-2.23.282-3 .048-.77.633.28.328-.21-.304-.493.023-1.524-.21-1.9-.235-.374-1.57.423-1.57.423.034-.363 1.17-.985 1.99-1.56.82-.573 1.322-.128 1.982.083.66.21.703.142.48-.07-.222-.21.094-.316.61-.235.516.082.656.704 1.442.645.784-.06.08.152.186.35.105.2-.117.177-.633.53-.516.35.012.35.926 1.02.913.667.632-.447.538-.94-.094-.49.668-.105.668-.105.563.375.46.02.87.15.408.13 1.52 1.07 1.52 1.07-1.395.762-.516.844-.282 1.02.235.175-.48.515-.48.515-.294-.293-.34.012-.528.117-.187.105-.012.375-.012.375-.97.153-.75 1.173-.738 1.418.012.247-.62.622-.786.973-.164.35.423 1.113.117 1.16-.305.048-.61-1.148-2.25-.703-.495.134-1.593.703-1.008 1.863.585 1.16 1.558-.328 1.886-.164.33.163-.093.902-.023.913.07.012.927.033.974 1.032.048 1 1.3.914 1.57.938.27.023 1.173-.74 1.3-.774.13-.035.646-.47 1.77.175 1.126.644 1.7.55 2.086.82.387.27.117.81.48.985.365.176 1.818-.058 2.18.54.364.597-1.5 3.597-2.085 3.925-.586.328-.856 1.078-1.442 1.558-.69.563-1.418 1.076-2.18 1.535-.684.407-.807 1.137-1.112 1.367C19.984 22.52 24 17.73 24 12c0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12zm2.813 11.262c-.165.047-.504.352-1.336-.14-.832-.494-1.406-.4-1.477-.48 0 0-.07-.2.293-.236.747-.072 1.688.692 1.9.704.21.012.315-.21.69-.09.375.12.094.195-.07.242zM10.887 1.196c-.082-.06.068-.128.157-.246.05-.07.013-.182.078-.246.175-.177 1.043-.423.874.058-.17.48-.98.527-1.11.434zm2.098 1.523c-.293-.013-.983-.086-.856-.212.494-.492-.188-.633-.61-.668-.423-.036-.598-.27-.388-.294.21-.024 1.055.013 1.196.13.14.117.902.422.95.644.047.223 0 .41-.293.4zm2.542-.083c-.234.188-1.413-.673-1.64-.867-.985-.844-1.513-.563-1.72-.703-.206-.142-.132-.33.184-.61.318-.282 1.21.094 1.724.152.516.058 1.113.457 1.125.93.01.474.562.91.327 1.097z" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke"></path></svg> <span>Español</span> </a><a class="banner-nav__link banner-signin" href="https://secure.ssa.gov/RIL/SiView.action" id="ssa-signin" title="Sign in" target="_blank"><svg class="banner-nav__icon" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 17.016q-.797 0-1.406-.61t-.61-1.405.61-1.405 1.406-.61 1.406.61.61 1.406-.61 1.407-1.406.61zm6 3V9.986H6v10.03h12zm-6-17.11q-1.266 0-2.18.914T8.906 6H9v2.016h6.094V6q0-1.266-.914-2.18T12 2.906zm6 5.11q.797 0 1.406.586t.61 1.383v10.03q0 .798-.61 1.384T18 21.984H6q-.797 0-1.406-.586t-.61-1.384V9.986q0-.798.61-1.384T6 8.016h.984V6q0-2.063 1.477-3.54T12 .985t3.54 1.477T17.015 6v2.016H18z" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke"></path></svg> <span>Sign in</span></a></nav></div></header></noscript></ssa-header><script src="https://www.ssa.gov/legacy/components/dist/ssa-header.js"></script>
|
|
<div id="title-bar"><h2>Research, Statistics & Policy Analysis</h2></div>
|
|
<div class="rMenuBtn show-phone" id="rMenuBtn">☰ Browse publications</div>
|
|
<div id="content" role="main">
|
|
<div class="grid">
|
|
<div class="breadRSPA" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BreadcrumbList">You are here: <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Social Security Administration</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1" /></span> > <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/policy/index.html" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Research, Statistics & Policy Analysis</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="2" /></span> > <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/policy/research.html" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Research & Analysis Archives</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="3" /></span> > International Update, March 2020</div>
|
|
<div class="row-12">
|
|
<div class="column-3 leftNav"><nav class="rMenu" id="rMenu" role="navigation" aria-label="Main Navigation">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li id="RSH"><a href="/policy/index.html">Research & Statistics Home</a></li>
|
|
<li class="hasFly menu1a" id="RA"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Research & Analysis</a>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/progdesc/intl_update/index.html">International Update</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/research.html?type=Issue%20Paper">Issue Papers</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/research.html?type=ORES%20Working%20Paper"><abbr class="spell">ORES</abbr> Working Papers</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/research.html?type=Policy%20Brief">Policy Briefs</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/research.html?type=Research%20and%20Statistics%20Note">Research & Statistics Notes</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/research.html?type=Research%20Summary">Research Summaries</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/ssb/index.html">Social Security Bulletin</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li class="menu2a"><a href="/policy/research.html" title="Research and Analysis Archives">Archives</a></li>
|
|
<li class="menu2a"><a href="/policy/author-index.html">Author index</a></li>
|
|
<li class="noClick menu1a" id="SDF"><a href="#" tabindex="-1">Statistics</a></li>
|
|
<li class="hasFly menu2a"> <a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Current editions</a>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/di_asr/index.html">Annual Statistical Report on the Social Security Disability Insurance Program</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/supplement/index.html">Annual Statistical Supplement</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/factsheets/cong_stats/index.html">Congressional Statistics</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/chartbooks/di-ssi-employment/index.html"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> & <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> Program Participants: Characteristics & Employment</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/eedata_sc/index.html">Earnings & Employment Data..., by State & County</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/chartbooks/expenditures_aged/index.html">Expenditures of the Aged Chartbook</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/chartbooks/fast_facts/index.html">Fast Facts & Figures About Social Security</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/chartbooks/income_aged/index.html">Income of the Aged Chartbook</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/income_pop55/index.html">Income of the Population 55 or Older</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/nbs/index.html">National Beneficiary Survey: Disability Statistics</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/oasdi_sc/index.html"><abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> Beneficiaries by State & County</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/oasdi_zip/index.html"><abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> Beneficiaries by State & <abbr>ZIP</abbr> Code</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/ssi_asr/index.html"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> Annual Statistical Report</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/ssi_monthly/index.html"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> Monthly Statistics</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/ssi_sc/index.html"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> Recipients by State & County</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/statistics.html?type=Statistics%20at%20a%20Glance">Statistics At a Glance</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li class="menu2b"> <a href="/policy/statistics.html" title="Statistics Archives">Archives</a></li>
|
|
<li class="menu1b" id="PUDF"><a href="/policy/docs/data/index.html">Public-Use Data Files</a></li>
|
|
<li class="hasFly menu1b" id="POP"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Population Profiles</a>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/population-profiles/child-beneficiaries.html">Child Beneficiaries</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/population-profiles/child-beneficiary-families.html">Child Beneficiary Families</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/population-profiles/fully-insured-workers.html">Fully Insured Workers</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/population-profiles/marital-status-poverty.html">Marital Status & Poverty</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/population-profiles/middle-class-beneficiaries.html">Middle Class Beneficiaries</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/population-profiles/never-beneficiaries.html">Never Beneficiaries</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/population-profiles/tax-max-earners.html">Taxable Maximum Earners</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/population-profiles/veteran-beneficiaries.html">Veteran Beneficiaries</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li class="hasFly menu1b" id="PE"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Program Explainers</a>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/program-explainers/benefit-claiming-age.html">Benefit Claiming Age</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/program-explainers/government-pension-offset.html">Government Pension Offset</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/program-explainers/retirement-earnings-test.html">Retirement Earnings Test</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/program-explainers/scheduled-payable.html">Scheduled <abbr title="versus">vs.</abbr> Payable Benefits</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/program-explainers/special-minimum.html">Special Minimum Benefit</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/program-explainers/poverty-decline.html">Why Will Poverty Decline for Beneficiaries?</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/program-explainers/windfall-elimination-provision.html">Windfall Elimination Provision</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li class="noClick menu1a" id="PM"><a href="#" tabindex="-1">Projections</a></li>
|
|
<li class="hasFly menu2a" id="PFS"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Fact sheets</a>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/projections/populations/divorced-spousal-2050.html">By beneficiary type</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/projections/populations/beneficiaries-60-or-older.html">By demographic group</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li class="hasFly menu2a" id="PPO"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Tables</a>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/projections/policy-options/index.html">Policy options/proposals</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/projections/tables/beneficiaries.html">Profile of beneficiaries by race & ethnicity</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/projections/tables/taxpayers.html">Profile of taxpayers by race & ethnicity</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav></div>
|
|
<div class="column-9">
|
|
<div id="docTitle">
|
|
<h3>International Update, March 2020</h3>
|
|
<div class="releaseDate">(released March 2020)</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sidebar">
|
|
<img src="cover.jpg" alt="International Update cover" class="cover" />
|
|
<h4 class="sidebar-gray">Contact</h4>
|
|
<p><a href="mailto:research@ssa.gov?subject=International%20Update">research@ssa.gov</a></p>
|
|
<h4 class="sidebar-gray">Next Expected Update</h4>
|
|
<p id="js-exp"></p>
|
|
<p><a class="mailIcon" href="/policy/notify/index.html">Subscribe to Updates</a></p>
|
|
<p><a class="calendarIcon" href="/policy/pub_schedule.html">Publishing Schedule</a></p>
|
|
<div id="js-ed"></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="order5">
|
|
<div class="container-red downloadBox">
|
|
<p><a href="/policy/docs/progdesc/intl_update/2020-03/2020-03.pdf" title="Download entire publication as PDF">Download entire publication</a> <span class="eightypercent">(0.3 MB)</span></p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h4 id="toc">In This Issue</h4>
|
|
<ul class="IUtoc">
|
|
<li><a href="#asia">Asia and the Pacific</a>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="#japan">Japan Approves Plan to Expand Pension Coverage to <span class="nobr">Part-Time</span> Employees in Smaller Companies</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#malaysia">Malaysia Approves Changes to Provident Fund Program</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li><a href="#africa">Africa</a>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="#mauritius">Mauritius Reforms Retirement Gratuity Benefit</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<h4 id="asia">Asia and the Pacific</h4>
|
|
<h5 id="japan">Japan Approves Plan to Expand Pension Coverage to <span class="nobr">Part-Time</span> Employees in Smaller Companies</h5>
|
|
<p>On March 3, the Japanese cabinet approved a pension reform plan that would gradually expand coverage under the country's earnings-related Employee Pension Insurance (<abbr class="spell">EPI</abbr>) program to <span class="nobr">part-time</span> employees in smaller companies. Currently, companies with at least 501 employees are required to enroll <span class="nobr">part-time</span> employees who work at least 20 hours a week and have monthly earnings of at least 88,000 yen (<abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$809.30). If enacted into law by parliament, the new reform plan would extend this requirement to companies with 101 to 500 employees beginning in October 2022, and to companies with 51 to 100 employees in October 2024. (The minimum work hours and earning requirements will be the same.) According to the government, the reform aims to increase the country's retirement savings and boost <abbr class="spell">EPI</abbr> program participation by around 650,000 new members. (Around 44 million workers out of a total labor force of 57 million workers currently participate in <abbr class="spell">EPI</abbr>.) The Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare intends to submit a legislative bill for consideration by parliament sometime in 2020.</p>
|
|
<p>Japan's <span class="nobr">pay-as-you-go</span> public pension system comprises two major programs—the earnings-related <abbr class="spell">EPI</abbr> program and the <span class="nobr">flat-rate</span> National Pension (<abbr class="spell">NP</abbr>) program—supplemented by a means-tested program for low-income pension recipients (first available October 1, 2019). <abbr class="spell">EPI</abbr> covers employed persons younger than age 70 in covered firms, with voluntary coverage available under certain conditions to employed persons aged 70 or older. Employees and employers both contribute 9.15 percent of wage class earnings/payroll (on monthly earnings from 88,000 yen to 620,000 yen [<abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$5,701.86]), based on 31 wage classes, to finance the program. The <abbr class="spell">NP</abbr> program covers all residents of Japan aged 20 to 59, with voluntary coverage available to certain older workers and Japanese citizens residing abroad. Insured persons contribute 16,410 yen (<abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$150.92, for April 2019 through March 2020) a month and the government contributes 50 percent of the cost of benefits and the total cost of administration; employers do not contribute to the <abbr class="spell">NP</abbr> program. The means-tested program pays benefits to recipients of retirement, disability, and survivor pensions who meet certain income and other requirements.</p>
|
|
<div class="reference"><b>Sources:</b> “<a href="/policy/docs/progdesc/intl_update/2017-01/index.html#japan">Japan</a>,” <i>International Update</i>, <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Social Security Administration, January 2017; <a href="/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2018-2019/asia/index.html"><i>Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Asia and the Pacific, 2018</i></a>, <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Social Security Administration, March 2019; “Japan: Country Manual,” <abbr>IBIS</abbr> eVisor News, September 12, 2019; “Japan Mulls Expansion of Pension Coverage to Include More <span class="nobr">Part-Time</span> Workers,” <i>The Japan Times</i>, November 27, 2019; “Japan: Draft in Progress to Allow <span class="nobr">Part-time</span> Employees to Join <abbr class="spell">EPI</abbr>, Expand <abbr class="spell">NP</abbr>,” <abbr>IBIS</abbr> eVisor News, December 16, 2019; “Japan Adopts Pension System Reform Plan,” <i>The Japan Times</i>, March 3, 2020.</div>
|
|
<h5 id="malaysia">Malaysia Approves Changes to Provident Fund Program</h5>
|
|
<p>Malaysia's government recently approved a series of reforms to the Employees Provident Fund (<abbr class="spell">EPF</abbr>), including a temporary reduction in the employee contribution rate, a new withdrawal option, and a provision allowing male participants to divert a portion of their employee contributions to their wives' accounts. The contribution rate reduction is expected to be in effect from April 1 through the end of year and is aimed at reducing the economic impact of the <span class="nobr"><abbr>COVID</abbr>-19</span> outbreak. The implementation dates for the other reforms, which are part of the Employees Provident Fund (Amendment) Bill 2019 published in the country's official gazette on December 31, are not yet known.</p>
|
|
<p>Key details of the new reforms include:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><i>Temporary reduction in the employee contribution rate:</i> On April 1, the employee contribution rate will fall from 11 percent of monthly earnings to 7 percent for fund members younger than age 60. (Fund members aged 60 or older do not contribute to the <abbr class="spell">EPF</abbr>.) However, fund members can choose to keep their contribution rate at 11 percent by submitting a form on the <abbr class="spell">EPF</abbr> website. Employer contribution rates remain unchanged at 13 percent of monthly payroll for fund members younger than age 60 with monthly earnings up to 5,000 ringgits (<abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$1,186.37); 12 percent for fund members younger than age 60 with monthly earnings exceeding 5,000 ringgits; and 4 percent for fund members aged 60 to 75.</li>
|
|
<li><i>New withdrawal option:</i> Under the current rules, contributions made to a fund member's account after he or she has reached the normal retirement age of 55 cannot be withdrawn until the member reaches age 60. The new reform will allow a fund member to withdraw these contributions if he or she: (1) is physically or mentally incapacitated and unable to work, or (2) does not have Malaysian citizenship and is leaving Malaysia. (As before, fund members aged 55 or older may withdraw all contributions made prior to reaching the normal retirement age without restrictions.)</li>
|
|
<li><i>New option to share contributions with wives:</i> Once this reform is implemented, a male fund member can choose to divert 2 percent of his monthly earnings (from the total 11 percent employee contribution rate) into the <abbr class="spell">EPF</abbr> <span class="nobr">account(s)</span> of his lawful wife or wives. (It is unclear how the contributions are divided in the case of multiple wives, and whether the recent employee contribution rate reduction will affect this reform.) To be eligible, a wife must be a Malaysian citizen; the male fund member's citizenship status is not considered. According to the government, the reform is meant to increase retirement savings among women. (There are no plans to allow female fund members to divert a portion of their contributions to their husbands' accounts.)</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>The <abbr class="spell">EPF</abbr> is the primary source of <span class="nobr">old-age,</span> disability, and survivor benefits in Malaysia. Coverage is mandatory for all private-sector employees and public-sector employees not covered by the separate public-sector pension system, and voluntary for certain other workers. In addition to the <abbr class="spell">EPF</abbr>, Malaysia's pension system includes a social insurance program for those who are mandatorily covered by the <abbr class="spell">EPF</abbr> (voluntary coverage under the social insurance program is not possible) and a social assistance program for needy elderly persons. The social insurance program provides disability and survivor pensions to eligible workers; it does not provide <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pensions.</p>
|
|
<div class="reference"><b>Sources:</b> “An Act to Amend the Employees Provident Fund Act 1991,” 2019; <a href="/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2018-2019/asia/index.html"><i>Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Asia and the Pacific, 2018</i></a>, <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Social Security Administration, March 2019; “Dewan Rakyat Approves Bill to Allow Men to Transfer <abbr class="spell">EPF</abbr> Contributions to Their Wives,” <i>New Straits Times</i>, December 4, 2019; “Amendments to the Employees Provident Fund Act 1991,” Donovan & Ho, January 9, 2020; “<abbr class="spell">EPF</abbr> to Slash Employees' Contribution to 7%,” <i>The Malaysian Reserve</i>, February 28, 2020; “Malaysia Slashes Minimum <abbr class="spell">EPF</abbr> Employee Contribution Rate to 7%,” <abbr class="spell">HRM</abbr> Asia, March 2, 2020.</div>
|
|
<h4 id="africa">Africa</h4>
|
|
<h5 id="mauritius">Mauritius Reforms Retirement Gratuity Benefit</h5>
|
|
<p>On January 1, Mauritius made significant changes to the country's retirement gratuity benefit, including its coverage, financing, calculation, and administration. (The retirement gratuity benefit is a <span class="nobr">lump-sum</span> benefit paid to workers at retirement based on their years of service for employers that do not offer qualified pension plans. To qualify for the benefit, a worker must have at least 1 year of continuous service with an employer.) One of the key changes is a requirement that employers prefund the benefit by paying monthly contributions to the Portable Retirement Gratuity Fund (<abbr class="spell">PRGF</abbr>), a government-administered system of individual accounts for covered workers. At retirement, a worker's <abbr class="spell">PRGF</abbr> account balance will be used to pay his or her gratuity benefit. (Previously, employers were responsible for managing the retirement gratuity benefit program and paid benefits directly to their workers.) Mauritius's parliament approved the changes on August 13, 2019, as part of the Workers' Rights Act, a reform law that overhauls much of the country's labor code. The gratuity benefit changes are intended to improve retirement security in Mauritius by making the benefit more portable and financially stable.</p>
|
|
<p>The main changes made to the retirement gratuity benefit include:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><i>Covered workers:</i> Citizens of Mauritius employed in the private sector accrue rights to the gratuity benefit if their monthly basic earnings do not exceed 200,000 Mauritian rupees (<abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$5,257.62) and they are: (1) aged 50 or older and not covered by a qualified employer-sponsored pension plan, or (2) older than age 18 and not covered by a standard employment contract. Voluntary coverage is also available for self-employed persons. Previously, the program did not cover nonstandard workers or allow self-employed persons to participate.</li>
|
|
<li><i>Monthly contributions:</i> To finance the gratuity benefit, employers must make monthly contributions to the <abbr class="spell">PRGF</abbr> individual accounts for their covered employees. The employer contribution rate is 4.5 percent of monthly payroll, but this rate will be phased in for certain small- and medium-sized employers (<abbr class="spell">SME</abbr>s). The <abbr class="spell">SME</abbr> contribution rate in 2020 ranges from 2.1 percent to 3.5 percent, depending on an <abbr class="spell">SME</abbr>'s annual revenue, and this rate will gradually increase each year until it reaches 4.5 percent for all employers in January 2023. (The government will pay the difference between the reduced rate and the standard rate to the individual accounts of <abbr class="spell">SME</abbr> employees during this phase-in period.) Employers have until April 1 to begin paying the <abbr class="spell">PRGF</abbr> contributions, which started to be collected on January 1.</li>
|
|
<li><i>Benefit calculation:</i> As before, the gratuity benefit will be equal to 15 days of an employee's monthly earnings for each year of covered service. The monthly earnings used to calculate the benefit are still based on the greater of the employee's last monthly earnings or the employee's average monthly earnings in the last 12 months, including commissions (up to 1.2 million Mauritian rupees [<abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$31,545.74] a year) and any other regular payments. The years of service used to calculate the benefit include service with all employers from January 1, 2020 (including any <span class="nobr">pre-2020</span> service with these employers). Previously, only service with the last employer was used to calculate the benefit.</li>
|
|
<li><i>Program administration:</i> The Mauritius Revenue Authority, the country's tax agency, is responsible for collecting contributions, administering the <abbr class="spell">PRGF</abbr> individual accounts, and paying the gratuity benefit to covered workers at retirement. (The gratuity benefit can also be paid under certain conditions for the permanent disability or death of a worker.)</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>In addition to the retirement gratuity benefit, Mauritius's <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension system includes a universal pension covering the country's residents and a social insurance pension covering private-sector employees. To qualify for the universal pension, a person must have reached age 60 and have at least 12 years of residence in Mauritius since age 18 (if a Mauritian citizen) or have at least 15 years of residence since age 40, including the 3 years immediately before the claim is made (if not a Mauritian citizen). To qualify for the social insurance pension, a person must have reached age 65 with contributions equivalent to at least 150 pension points (there is no contribution requirement for persons insured before January 1, 2012). (The government sets the value of pension points based on actuarial projections.)</p>
|
|
<div class="reference"><b>Sources:</b> “Monthly Portable Retirement Gratuity Fund (<abbr class="spell">PRGF</abbr>) Return,” Mauritius Revenue Authority; Employment Rights Act 2009; Workers' Rights Act 2019; “Parlement: Chuttoo et Subron s'opposent sur fond de nouvelles législations du travail,” <i>L'Express</i>, July 16, 2019; <a href="/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2018-2019/africa/index.html"><i>Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Africa, 2019</i></a>; <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Social Security Administration, September 2019; Workers' Rights (Portable Retirement Gratuity Fund) Regulations 2020; “Mauritius: Law Brings Benefit Entitlements, Mandatory Retirement Funding,” Global News Briefs, Willis Towers Watson, January 31, 2020; “Travail: L'introduction du Portable Retirement Gratuity Fund n'avance pas, la faute au secteur privé,” Radio One, February 22, 2020; “The Minister of Labour Issues Regulations on the Portable Retirement Gratuity Fund (<abbr class="spell">PRGF</abbr>),” Appleby, March 6, 2020.</div>
|
|
<div class="container-blue aboutIU">
|
|
<p>For more information about social security programs in these and other countries, please see <a href="/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/index.html"><i>Social Security Programs Throughout the World</i></a>.</p>
|
|
<p><b><i>International Update</i></b> is a monthly publication of the Social Security Administration's (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s) Office of Retirement and Disability Policy. It reports on the latest developments in public and private pensions worldwide. The news summaries presented do not necessarily reflect the views of <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>.</p>
|
|
<p>Editor: John Jankowski.<br />Writers/researchers: Ben Danforth, John Jankowski, and David Rajnes.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<!-- END COLUMN, ROW, GRID, CONTENT -->
|
|
<ssa-footer class="print-hide"><noscript><footer class="footer" id="footer" role="contentinfo"><a href="/menu#footer">Footer menu</a></footer></noscript></ssa-footer><script src="https://www.ssa.gov/legacy/components/dist/ssa-footer.js"></script>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<!-- END PAGE CONTAINER -->
|
|
<!-- SSA INTERNET BODY SCRIPTS -->
|
|
<script src="/framework/js/ssa.internet.body.js"></script>
|
|
<script src="/policy/js/rspa.nav.js"></script>
|
|
<script src="/policy/js/rspa-shared.js"></script>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html> |