201 lines
No EOL
41 KiB
HTML
201 lines
No EOL
41 KiB
HTML
<!doctype html>
|
|
<html class="no-js" lang="en">
|
|
<head>
|
|
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
|
|
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1" />
|
|
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
|
|
<title>International Update, December 2019</title>
|
|
<meta name="dc.identifier" content="https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/intl_update/2019-12/index.html" />
|
|
<meta name="DCTERMS:contentOffice" content="ORDP:ORES" />
|
|
<meta name="DCTERMS:contentOwner" content="publications@ssa.gov" />
|
|
<meta name="DCTERMS:coderOffice" content="ORDP:ORES:OD" />
|
|
<meta name="DCTERMS:coder" content="op.webmaster@ssa.gov" />
|
|
<meta name="DCTERMS:dateCertified" content="2025-01-01" />
|
|
<meta name="description" content="Social Security Administration Research, Statistics, and Policy Analysis" />
|
|
<!-- STYLES & SCRIPTS -->
|
|
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.7.1.min.js" integrity="sha256-/JqT3SQfawRcv/BIHPThkBvs0OEvtFFmqPF/lYI/Cxo=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
|
|
<link href="/framework/css/phoenix.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" />
|
|
<link href="/policy/styles/nav.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" />
|
|
<link href="/policy/styles/nav-shared.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" />
|
|
<!-- SSA INTERNET HEAD SCRIPTS -->
|
|
<script src="/framework/js/ssa.internet.head.js"></script>
|
|
|
|
<script>(window.BOOMR_mq=window.BOOMR_mq||[]).push(["addVar",{"rua.upush":"false","rua.cpush":"false","rua.upre":"false","rua.cpre":"false","rua.uprl":"false","rua.cprl":"false","rua.cprf":"false","rua.trans":"SJ-3a3bb884-f513-47e3-a86c-84bab05e21dc","rua.cook":"true","rua.ims":"false","rua.ufprl":"false","rua.cfprl":"false","rua.isuxp":"false","rua.texp":"norulematch","rua.ceh":"false","rua.ueh":"false","rua.ieh.st":"0"}]);</script>
|
|
<script>!function(e){var n="https://s.go-mpulse.net/boomerang/";if("False"=="True")e.BOOMR_config=e.BOOMR_config||{},e.BOOMR_config.PageParams=e.BOOMR_config.PageParams||{},e.BOOMR_config.PageParams.pci=!0,n="https://s2.go-mpulse.net/boomerang/";if(window.BOOMR_API_key="LERZW-HECFS-R8H4E-23UQ7-ERMQB",function(){function e(){if(!o){var e=document.createElement("script");e.id="boomr-scr-as",e.src=window.BOOMR.url,e.async=!0,i.parentNode.appendChild(e),o=!0}}function t(e){o=!0;var n,t,a,r,d=document,O=window;if(window.BOOMR.snippetMethod=e?"if":"i",t=function(e,n){var t=d.createElement("script");t.id=n||"boomr-if-as",t.src=window.BOOMR.url,BOOMR_lstart=(new Date).getTime(),e=e||d.body,e.appendChild(t)},!window.addEventListener&&window.attachEvent&&navigator.userAgent.match(/MSIE [67]\./))return window.BOOMR.snippetMethod="s",void t(i.parentNode,"boomr-async");a=document.createElement("IFRAME"),a.src="about:blank",a.title="",a.role="presentation",a.loading="eager",r=(a.frameElement||a).style,r.width=0,r.height=0,r.border=0,r.display="none",i.parentNode.appendChild(a);try{O=a.contentWindow,d=O.document.open()}catch(_){n=document.domain,a.src="javascript:var d=document.open();d.domain='"+n+"';void(0);",O=a.contentWindow,d=O.document.open()}if(n)d._boomrl=function(){this.domain=n,t()},d.write("<bo"+"dy onload='document._boomrl();'>");else if(O._boomrl=function(){t()},O.addEventListener)O.addEventListener("load",O._boomrl,!1);else if(O.attachEvent)O.attachEvent("onload",O._boomrl);d.close()}function a(e){window.BOOMR_onload=e&&e.timeStamp||(new Date).getTime()}if(!window.BOOMR||!window.BOOMR.version&&!window.BOOMR.snippetExecuted){window.BOOMR=window.BOOMR||{},window.BOOMR.snippetStart=(new Date).getTime(),window.BOOMR.snippetExecuted=!0,window.BOOMR.snippetVersion=12,window.BOOMR.url=n+"LERZW-HECFS-R8H4E-23UQ7-ERMQB";var i=document.currentScript||document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0],o=!1,r=document.createElement("link");if(r.relList&&"function"==typeof r.relList.supports&&r.relList.supports("preload")&&"as"in r)window.BOOMR.snippetMethod="p",r.href=window.BOOMR.url,r.rel="preload",r.as="script",r.addEventListener("load",e),r.addEventListener("error",function(){t(!0)}),setTimeout(function(){if(!o)t(!0)},3e3),BOOMR_lstart=(new Date).getTime(),i.parentNode.appendChild(r);else t(!1);if(window.addEventListener)window.addEventListener("load",a,!1);else if(window.attachEvent)window.attachEvent("onload",a)}}(),"".length>0)if(e&&"performance"in e&&e.performance&&"function"==typeof e.performance.setResourceTimingBufferSize)e.performance.setResourceTimingBufferSize();!function(){if(BOOMR=e.BOOMR||{},BOOMR.plugins=BOOMR.plugins||{},!BOOMR.plugins.AK){var n="false"=="true"?1:0,t="cookiepresent",a="eyd7g6aaiaaamjqacqdfqaaaabt3mowh-f-7753e2bb2-clienttons-s.akamaihd.net",i="false"=="true"?2:1,o={"ak.v":"39","ak.cp":"1204614","ak.ai":parseInt("728289",10),"ak.ol":"0","ak.cr":6,"ak.ipv":6,"ak.proto":"h2","ak.rid":"14c97ba3","ak.r":19138,"ak.a2":n,"ak.m":"dsca","ak.n":"essl","ak.bpcip":"2607:f378:40:6::","ak.cport":40630,"ak.gh":"23.60.168.62","ak.quicv":"","ak.tlsv":"tls1.3","ak.0rtt":"","ak.0rtt.ed":"","ak.csrc":"-","ak.acc":"","ak.t":"1739995847","ak.ak":"hOBiQwZUYzCg5VSAfCLimQ==7Z59mepBopKa6N6v/uSU8f8ErZLK2KeiQof6MWgt6jmD882jk5iAqEpiAWOY/LwFC/aw6Ovi/59NIi2VOjRs5udd9Nsim78Q6HLY4V6MjbEyyvncYgROBqX31UOe3t+fuqDRedsm/5YJm/DLD4+DatwEEEQ+TQzzbBmQs++vwmnRqP6rQg1+4c67BM96TEJ1HF1Madm18Lgayn+WdKb84JGdDS1IpMzXP4OEZHQR51hBrZ8fESNMYYkDRleA1AGVzhtay9JCgiwcSvd7jHbb6f3uQXbKaaqaTmkvli0EoLbtTVqM9+RTy/tikeicvUQHxw/zs44B4Y9g04rW4qY6zYmcm3trAXFFGBXStdW7erZSC+kkkAHypMbS1f+/odTDCGdymu9ydmWPh9wdElFHkcqtJG0f91hN7wHYyI/O64I=","ak.pv":"98","ak.dpoabenc":"","ak.tf":i};if(""!==t)o["ak.ruds"]=t;var r={i:!1,av:function(n){var t="http.initiator";if(n&&(!n[t]||"spa_hard"===n[t]))o["ak.feo"]=void 0!==e.aFeoApplied?1:0,BOOMR.addVar(o)},rv:function(){var e=["ak.bpcip","ak.cport","ak.cr","ak.csrc","ak.gh","ak.ipv","ak.m","ak.n","ak.ol","ak.proto","ak.quicv","ak.tlsv","ak.0rtt","ak.0rtt.ed","ak.r","ak.acc","ak.t","ak.tf"];BOOMR.removeVar(e)}};BOOMR.plugins.AK={akVars:o,akDNSPreFetchDomain:a,init:function(){if(!r.i){var e=BOOMR.subscribe;e("before_beacon",r.av,null,null),e("onbeacon",r.rv,null,null),r.i=!0}return this},is_complete:function(){return!0}}}}()}(window);</script></head>
|
|
<body class="RA IU">
|
|
<div id="page">
|
|
<div class="bg-dark-gray accessibility" id="accessibility"><a id="skip-navigation" href="#content">Skip to main content</a></div><ssa-header class="print-hide"><noscript><header class="banner-neo" id="banner" role="banner" style="background-color: #0b4778;"><div class="banner-wrapper"><h1 class="banner-logo"><a class="banner-logo__link" href="/">Social Security</a></h1><nav class="banner-nav" id="banner-nav"><a class="banner-nav__link banner-search" href="https://search.ssa.gov/search?affiliate=ssa" title="Search" target="_blank"><svg class="banner-nav__icon" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M 10 23 C 11.219 23 12.384 22.762 13.496 22.285 C 14.608 21.808 15.565 21.169 16.367 20.367 C 17.169 19.565 17.808 18.608 18.285 17.496 C 18.762 16.384 19 15.219 19 14 C 19 12.953 18.829 11.951 18.488 10.992 C 18.147 10.033 17.661 9.164 17.031 8.383 L 22.711 2.711 C 22.904 2.518 23 2.281 23 2 C 23 1.713 22.905 1.475 22.715 1.285 C 22.525 1.095 22.287 1 22 1 C 21.719 1 21.482 1.096 21.289 1.289 L 15.617 6.969 C 14.836 6.339 13.966 5.853 13.008 5.512 C 12.05 5.171 11.047 5 10 5 C 8.781 5 7.616 5.238 6.504 5.715 C 5.392 6.192 4.435 6.831 3.633 7.633 C 2.831 8.435 2.192 9.392 1.715 10.504 C 1.238 11.616 1 12.781 1 14 C 1 15.219 1.238 16.384 1.715 17.496 C 2.192 18.608 2.831 19.565 3.633 20.367 C 4.435 21.169 5.392 21.808 6.504 22.285 C 7.616 22.762 8.781 23 10 23 Z M 10 21 C 9.052 21 8.146 20.815 7.281 20.445 C 6.416 20.075 5.672 19.578 5.047 18.953 C 4.422 18.328 3.925 17.584 3.555 16.719 C 3.185 15.854 3 14.948 3 14 C 3 13.052 3.185 12.146 3.555 11.281 C 3.925 10.416 4.422 9.672 5.047 9.047 C 5.672 8.422 6.416 7.925 7.281 7.555 C 8.146 7.185 9.052 7 10 7 C 10.948 7 11.854 7.185 12.719 7.555 C 13.584 7.925 14.328 8.422 14.953 9.047 C 15.578 9.672 16.075 10.416 16.445 11.281 C 16.815 12.146 17 13.052 17 14 C 17 14.948 16.815 15.854 16.445 16.719 C 16.075 17.584 15.578 18.328 14.953 18.953 C 14.328 19.578 13.584 20.075 12.719 20.445 C 11.854 20.815 10.948 21 10 21 Z" transform="matrix(-1, 0, 0, -1, 24.000001, 24.000001)" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke"></path></svg> <span>Search</span> </a><a class="banner-nav__link banner-menu" href="/menu" id="ssa-menu" title="Menu"><svg class="banner-nav__icon" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 5h18q.414 0 .707.293T22 6t-.293.707T21 7H3q-.414 0-.707-.293T2 6t.293-.707T3 5zm0 12h18q.414 0 .707.293T22 18t-.293.707T21 19H3q-.414 0-.707-.293T2 18t.293-.707T3 17zm0-6h18q.414 0 .707.293T22 12t-.293.707T21 13H3q-.414 0-.707-.293T2 12t.293-.707T3 11z" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke"></path></svg> <span>Menu</span> </a><a class="banner-nav__link banner-languages" href="/es" id="ssa-languages" title="Español" hreflang="es"><svg class="banner-nav__icon" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 0C5.373 0 0 5.373 0 12s5.373 12 12 12c.812 0 1.604-.08 2.37-.235-.31-.147-.343-1.255-.037-1.887.34-.703 1.406-2.485.35-3.08-1.053-.6-.76-.868-1.405-1.56-.644-.692-.38-.796-.422-.974-.14-.61.62-1.523.656-1.616.035-.094.035-.446.023-.55-.012-.107-.48-.387-.597-.4-.117-.01-.176.188-.34.2-.164.012-.88-.433-1.03-.55-.154-.117-.224-.398-.435-.61-.21-.212-.235-.047-.562-.175-.327-.13-1.382-.516-2.19-.844-.81-.33-.88-.79-.892-1.114-.012-.325-.492-.797-.718-1.137-.225-.342-.267-.81-.348-.705-.082.106.422 1.336.34 1.37-.083.037-.26-.338-.493-.643-.235-.304.245-.14-.505-1.617-.75-1.476.235-2.23.282-3 .048-.77.633.28.328-.21-.304-.493.023-1.524-.21-1.9-.235-.374-1.57.423-1.57.423.034-.363 1.17-.985 1.99-1.56.82-.573 1.322-.128 1.982.083.66.21.703.142.48-.07-.222-.21.094-.316.61-.235.516.082.656.704 1.442.645.784-.06.08.152.186.35.105.2-.117.177-.633.53-.516.35.012.35.926 1.02.913.667.632-.447.538-.94-.094-.49.668-.105.668-.105.563.375.46.02.87.15.408.13 1.52 1.07 1.52 1.07-1.395.762-.516.844-.282 1.02.235.175-.48.515-.48.515-.294-.293-.34.012-.528.117-.187.105-.012.375-.012.375-.97.153-.75 1.173-.738 1.418.012.247-.62.622-.786.973-.164.35.423 1.113.117 1.16-.305.048-.61-1.148-2.25-.703-.495.134-1.593.703-1.008 1.863.585 1.16 1.558-.328 1.886-.164.33.163-.093.902-.023.913.07.012.927.033.974 1.032.048 1 1.3.914 1.57.938.27.023 1.173-.74 1.3-.774.13-.035.646-.47 1.77.175 1.126.644 1.7.55 2.086.82.387.27.117.81.48.985.365.176 1.818-.058 2.18.54.364.597-1.5 3.597-2.085 3.925-.586.328-.856 1.078-1.442 1.558-.69.563-1.418 1.076-2.18 1.535-.684.407-.807 1.137-1.112 1.367C19.984 22.52 24 17.73 24 12c0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12zm2.813 11.262c-.165.047-.504.352-1.336-.14-.832-.494-1.406-.4-1.477-.48 0 0-.07-.2.293-.236.747-.072 1.688.692 1.9.704.21.012.315-.21.69-.09.375.12.094.195-.07.242zM10.887 1.196c-.082-.06.068-.128.157-.246.05-.07.013-.182.078-.246.175-.177 1.043-.423.874.058-.17.48-.98.527-1.11.434zm2.098 1.523c-.293-.013-.983-.086-.856-.212.494-.492-.188-.633-.61-.668-.423-.036-.598-.27-.388-.294.21-.024 1.055.013 1.196.13.14.117.902.422.95.644.047.223 0 .41-.293.4zm2.542-.083c-.234.188-1.413-.673-1.64-.867-.985-.844-1.513-.563-1.72-.703-.206-.142-.132-.33.184-.61.318-.282 1.21.094 1.724.152.516.058 1.113.457 1.125.93.01.474.562.91.327 1.097z" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke"></path></svg> <span>Español</span> </a><a class="banner-nav__link banner-signin" href="https://secure.ssa.gov/RIL/SiView.action" id="ssa-signin" title="Sign in" target="_blank"><svg class="banner-nav__icon" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 17.016q-.797 0-1.406-.61t-.61-1.405.61-1.405 1.406-.61 1.406.61.61 1.406-.61 1.407-1.406.61zm6 3V9.986H6v10.03h12zm-6-17.11q-1.266 0-2.18.914T8.906 6H9v2.016h6.094V6q0-1.266-.914-2.18T12 2.906zm6 5.11q.797 0 1.406.586t.61 1.383v10.03q0 .798-.61 1.384T18 21.984H6q-.797 0-1.406-.586t-.61-1.384V9.986q0-.798.61-1.384T6 8.016h.984V6q0-2.063 1.477-3.54T12 .985t3.54 1.477T17.015 6v2.016H18z" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke"></path></svg> <span>Sign in</span></a></nav></div></header></noscript></ssa-header><script src="https://www.ssa.gov/legacy/components/dist/ssa-header.js"></script>
|
|
<div id="title-bar"><h2>Research, Statistics & Policy Analysis</h2></div>
|
|
<div class="rMenuBtn show-phone" id="rMenuBtn">☰ Browse publications</div>
|
|
<div id="content" role="main">
|
|
<div class="grid">
|
|
<div class="breadRSPA" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BreadcrumbList">You are here: <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Social Security Administration</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1" /></span> > <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/policy/index.html" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Research, Statistics & Policy Analysis</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="2" /></span> > <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/policy/research.html" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Research & Analysis Archives</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="3" /></span> > International Update, December 2019</div>
|
|
<div class="row-12">
|
|
<div class="column-3 leftNav"><nav class="rMenu" id="rMenu" role="navigation" aria-label="Main Navigation">
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li id="RSH"><a href="/policy/index.html">Research & Statistics Home</a></li>
|
|
<li class="hasFly menu1a" id="RA"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Research & Analysis</a>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/progdesc/intl_update/index.html">International Update</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/research.html?type=Issue%20Paper">Issue Papers</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/research.html?type=ORES%20Working%20Paper"><abbr class="spell">ORES</abbr> Working Papers</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/research.html?type=Policy%20Brief">Policy Briefs</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/research.html?type=Research%20and%20Statistics%20Note">Research & Statistics Notes</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/research.html?type=Research%20Summary">Research Summaries</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/ssb/index.html">Social Security Bulletin</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li class="menu2a"><a href="/policy/research.html" title="Research and Analysis Archives">Archives</a></li>
|
|
<li class="menu2a"><a href="/policy/author-index.html">Author index</a></li>
|
|
<li class="noClick menu1a" id="SDF"><a href="#" tabindex="-1">Statistics</a></li>
|
|
<li class="hasFly menu2a"> <a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Current editions</a>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/di_asr/index.html">Annual Statistical Report on the Social Security Disability Insurance Program</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/supplement/index.html">Annual Statistical Supplement</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/factsheets/cong_stats/index.html">Congressional Statistics</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/chartbooks/di-ssi-employment/index.html"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> & <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> Program Participants: Characteristics & Employment</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/eedata_sc/index.html">Earnings & Employment Data..., by State & County</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/chartbooks/expenditures_aged/index.html">Expenditures of the Aged Chartbook</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/chartbooks/fast_facts/index.html">Fast Facts & Figures About Social Security</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/chartbooks/income_aged/index.html">Income of the Aged Chartbook</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/income_pop55/index.html">Income of the Population 55 or Older</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/nbs/index.html">National Beneficiary Survey: Disability Statistics</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/oasdi_sc/index.html"><abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> Beneficiaries by State & County</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/oasdi_zip/index.html"><abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> Beneficiaries by State & <abbr>ZIP</abbr> Code</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/ssi_asr/index.html"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> Annual Statistical Report</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/ssi_monthly/index.html"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> Monthly Statistics</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/ssi_sc/index.html"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> Recipients by State & County</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/statistics.html?type=Statistics%20at%20a%20Glance">Statistics At a Glance</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li class="menu2b"> <a href="/policy/statistics.html" title="Statistics Archives">Archives</a></li>
|
|
<li class="menu1b" id="PUDF"><a href="/policy/docs/data/index.html">Public-Use Data Files</a></li>
|
|
<li class="hasFly menu1b" id="POP"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Population Profiles</a>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/population-profiles/child-beneficiaries.html">Child Beneficiaries</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/population-profiles/child-beneficiary-families.html">Child Beneficiary Families</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/population-profiles/fully-insured-workers.html">Fully Insured Workers</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/population-profiles/marital-status-poverty.html">Marital Status & Poverty</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/population-profiles/middle-class-beneficiaries.html">Middle Class Beneficiaries</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/population-profiles/never-beneficiaries.html">Never Beneficiaries</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/population-profiles/tax-max-earners.html">Taxable Maximum Earners</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/population-profiles/veteran-beneficiaries.html">Veteran Beneficiaries</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li class="hasFly menu1b" id="PE"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Program Explainers</a>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/program-explainers/benefit-claiming-age.html">Benefit Claiming Age</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/program-explainers/government-pension-offset.html">Government Pension Offset</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/program-explainers/retirement-earnings-test.html">Retirement Earnings Test</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/program-explainers/scheduled-payable.html">Scheduled <abbr title="versus">vs.</abbr> Payable Benefits</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/program-explainers/special-minimum.html">Special Minimum Benefit</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/program-explainers/poverty-decline.html">Why Will Poverty Decline for Beneficiaries?</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/program-explainers/windfall-elimination-provision.html">Windfall Elimination Provision</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li class="noClick menu1a" id="PM"><a href="#" tabindex="-1">Projections</a></li>
|
|
<li class="hasFly menu2a" id="PFS"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Fact sheets</a>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/projections/populations/divorced-spousal-2050.html">By beneficiary type</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/projections/populations/beneficiaries-60-or-older.html">By demographic group</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li class="hasFly menu2a" id="PPO"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Tables</a>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/projections/policy-options/index.html">Policy options/proposals</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/projections/tables/beneficiaries.html">Profile of beneficiaries by race & ethnicity</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="/policy/docs/projections/tables/taxpayers.html">Profile of taxpayers by race & ethnicity</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav></div>
|
|
<div class="column-9">
|
|
<div id="docTitle">
|
|
<h3>International Update, December 2019</h3>
|
|
<div class="releaseDate">(released December 2019)</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="sidebar">
|
|
<img src="cover.jpg" alt="International Update cover" class="cover" />
|
|
<h4 class="sidebar-gray">Contact</h4>
|
|
<p><a href="mailto:research@ssa.gov?subject=International%20Update">research@ssa.gov</a></p>
|
|
<h4 class="sidebar-gray">Next Expected Update</h4>
|
|
<p id="js-exp"></p>
|
|
<p><a class="mailIcon" href="/policy/notify/index.html">Subscribe to Updates</a></p>
|
|
<p><a class="calendarIcon" href="/policy/pub_schedule.html">Publishing Schedule</a></p>
|
|
<div id="js-ed"></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="order5">
|
|
<div class="container-red downloadBox">
|
|
<p><a href="/policy/docs/progdesc/intl_update/2019-12/2019-12.pdf" title="Download entire publication as PDF">Download entire publication</a> <span class="eightypercent">(0.3 MB)</span></p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h4 id="toc">In This Issue</h4>
|
|
<ul class="IUtoc">
|
|
<li><a href="#europe">Europe</a>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="#ireland">Ireland Announces Key Elements of New Auto-Enrollment Plan</a></li>
|
|
<li><a href="#sweden">Sweden Implements Retirement Age Reforms</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li><a href="#asia">Asia and the Pacific</a>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="#vietnam">Vietnam Approves Gradual Retirement Age Increases</a></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<h4 id="europe">Europe</h4>
|
|
<h5 id="ireland">Ireland Announces Key Elements of New Auto-Enrollment Plan</h5>
|
|
<div class="container-blue">
|
|
<p><i><b>Correction (January 24, 2020):</b> The original version of this article, released December 19, 2019, incorrectly stated that Ireland was the only member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development that does not have a mandatory earnings-related or occupational pension program. The correct information now appears in this article.</i></p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>On October 30, Ireland's government announced key elements of a new auto-enrollment defined-contribution retirement savings plan, including the plan's coverage, contribution rates, opting-out and reenrollment rules, administrative organization, investment options, and administrative fees. The government officially started developing the plan in February 2018 as part of a broader effort to reform Ireland's <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension system, and it expects to have the plan fully designed and launched by 2022. The plan is intended to improve future retirement security by boosting workers' supplemental retirement savings. According to the government, only about <span class="nobr">one-third</span> of private-sector employees in Ireland currently participate in occupational pension plans, which can help supplement the <span class="nobr">flat-rate</span> benefits paid under the public State Pension program. Ireland is currently the only member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (<abbr class="spell">OECD</abbr>) that does not have a mandatory earnings-related or auto-enrollment pension program. (36 countries are currently members of the <abbr class="spell">OECD</abbr>.)</p>
|
|
<p>The key elements of the new auto-enrollment plan include:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><i>Plan coverage:</i> Current and new employees aged 23 to 60 with annual earnings of at least €20,000 (<abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$22,034.20) will be automatically enrolled in the plan if they are not members of an approved supplemental pension plan. (To be approved, a plan must meet certain minimum standards and contribution levels.) Employees who fall outside of these categories will be able to opt in to the auto-enrollment plan. In all cases, there will be no waiting period for enrolling employees in the plan.</li>
|
|
<li><i>Contribution rates:</i> Employees and employers will each be subject to the same minimum contribution rate of 1.5 percent of covered earnings or payroll during the first 3 years of the plan's existence. Thereafter, the contribution rate will increase by 1.5 percentage points every 3 years until it reaches 6 percent. (The government also plans to contribute, but this detail has not been finalized.) The maximum earnings used to calculate an employer's contributions will initially be €75,000 (<abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$82,628.24), and employer contributions will be tax deductible.</li>
|
|
<li><i>Opting-out and reenrollment rules:</i> An employee will be allowed to opt out during a <span class="nobr">2-month</span> window after 6 months of enrollment. During these initial 6 months, contributions will be mandatory. Thereafter, an employee who does not opt out of the plan will be given a limited number of opportunities to suspend his or her contributions temporarily. (Employer and government contributions will also temporarily cease during these periods.) Employees who opt out of the plan will automatically be reenrolled after 3 years, but they will be able to opt out again under the same rules.</li>
|
|
<li><i>Administrative organization:</i> The government will establish a Central Processing Authority (<abbr class="spell">CPA</abbr>) to collect contributions and oversee the plan providers that will administer participants' accounts. The <abbr class="spell">CPA</abbr> will select the plan providers on a competitive basis and set minimum standards for service delivery and investment options. The number of plan providers will be limited, and the initial service contracts will last 10 years. Participants (not their employers) will be responsible for choosing the plan providers for their accounts. (Participants who do not actively choose will be assigned to plan providers on a rotating basis.)</li>
|
|
<li><i>Investment options:</i> Plan providers will have to offer participants a standard set of investment options, including a default option for participants who do not choose their investments. (The <abbr class="spell">CPA</abbr> will determine the standard set of investment options.) The investment options offered by plan providers can include life-cycle or target-date funds, which automatically adjust their asset allocations over time to meet certain risk objectives.</li>
|
|
<li><i>Administrative fees:</i> The total annual administrative fees that plan providers can charge participants will be capped at 0.5 percent of assets under management.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>Until the auto-enrollment plan is launched, the State Pension program will remain the main source of retirement income for most residents of Ireland. The program consists of a contributory pension for residents with an annual average of at least 10 weeks of paid or credited contributions since entering the workforce or 1979 (whichever is later) and a means-tested noncontributory pension for residents who do not qualify for a contributory pension or only qualify for a reduced contributory pension. The normal retirement age for both the contributory and noncontributory pensions is 66 (rising to 67 in 2021 and 68 in 2028). The full weekly <span class="nobr">flat-rate</span> benefit is currently €248.30 (<abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$273.55) for the contributory pension (with an annual average of at least 48 weeks of contributions) and €237 (<abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$261.10) for the noncontributory pension. (Additional amounts may be paid if a pensioner is aged 80 or older, lives alone, or has dependents.)</p>
|
|
<div class="reference"><b>Sources:</b> “A Roadmap for Pensions Reform <span class="nobr">2018–2023,</span>” Government of Ireland, February 28, 2018; “<a href="/policy/docs/progdesc/intl_update/2018-03/index.html#ireland">Ireland Announces <span class="nobr">Five-Year</span> Pension Reform Strategy</a>,” <i>International Update</i>, <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Social Security Administration, March 2018; <a href="/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2018-2019/europe/index.html"><i>Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Europe, 2018</i></a>; <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Social Security Administration, September 2018; “State Pension (Non-Contributory),” Citizens Information, October 18, 2019; “Minister Doherty Announces Key Elements of Design for New Automatic Enrolment Retirement Savings System,” Department of Employment Affairs and Social Protection, October 30, 2019; “Almost 600,000 People Will Be Auto-Enrolled in Retirement Saving Schemes,” <i>Irish Examiner</i>, October 30, 2019; “Automatic Pension Scheme to Be Introduced over Decade,” <i>Irish Times</i>, October 30, 2019; “Irish Government Approves Key Auto-Enrolment Provisions,” <abbr class="spell">IPE</abbr>.com, October 31, 2019; “State Pension (Contributory),” Citizens Information, November 14, 2019.</div>
|
|
<h5 id="sweden">Sweden Implements Retirement Age Reforms</h5>
|
|
<div class="container-blue">
|
|
<p><i><b>Correction (January 24, 2020):</b> The original version of this article, released December 19, 2019, incorrectly stated that legislation had been passed increasing the minimum retirement age for contributory pensions and the minimum retirement age for the guarantee pension in 2023 and 2026. While these increases have been approved by most major political parties as part of a 2017 pension reform agreement, implementing legislation has not yet been passed. The correct information now appears in this article.</i></p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>On January 1, Sweden's government will implement amendments to a 2010 social security law that will gradually increase the country's flexible retirement age and change how future retirement age adjustments will be made. The reforms will affect the contributory pensions paid under the notional defined contribution (<abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>) and mandatory individual account programs, and the noncontributory guarantee pension. Sweden's parliament approved the amendments on June 18 and October 16 as part of an effort to extend the working lives of the country's residents. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (<abbr class="spell">OECD</abbr>), the average effective age of retirement in Sweden for the <span class="nobr">2013–2018</span> period was 66.4 for men and 65.4 for women compared to averages of 65.4 and 63.7, respectively, across all 36 <abbr class="spell">OECD</abbr>-member countries.</p>
|
|
<p>Effective January 1, the amendments will make the following retirement age changes:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><i>Minimum retirement age for contributory pensions:</i> The minimum retirement age for contributory pensions will increase from 61 to 62.</li>
|
|
<li><i>Age at which employment protection ends:</i> The age at which employment protection ends will immediately increase from 67 to 68 and then rise to 69 in 2023. (Retirement is usually compulsory at this age unless an employer agrees to extend an employee's work contract.)</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>Under a cross-party pension reform agreement reached in 2017, the minimum retirement age for contributory pensions is expected to increase further to 63 in 2023 and to 64 in 2026. In addition, the minimum retirement age for the guarantee pension is expected to increase from 65 to 66 in 2023 and to 67 in 2026.</p>
|
|
<p>After the scheduled retirement age increases are implemented by 2026, further increases will be linked to life expectancy changes through a new mechanism called the target age (<i>riktålder</i>). Starting in 2020, a target age will be calculated every year by: (1) subtracting the life expectancy of Sweden's population at age 65 for the <span class="nobr">5-year</span> period ending in 1994 from the same figure for the <span class="nobr">5-year</span> period ending in the year preceding the calculation year, (2) adding <span class="nobr">two-thirds</span> of this difference to 65 years, and (3) rounding this sum to the nearest whole year. The target age will become effective 6 years after its calculation and be used to set Sweden's retirement ages: the guarantee pension's minimum retirement age will equal the target age and the contributory <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pensions' minimum retirement age will be 3 years less than the target age. (The government has not decided how the age at which employment protection ends will be linked to the target age.) To limit the frequency of retirement age changes, the target age can increase only once every 3 years.</p>
|
|
<p>Sweden's public <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension system consists of the <abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr> pension program, mandatory individual accounts, the guarantee pension program, and social assistance benefits. To qualify for the contributory <abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr> and individual account pensions, an individual must have contributed for at least 3 years with annual covered earnings above an annually set minimum. (In 2019, the minimum is 19,670 kronor [<abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$2,055.38].) The guarantee pension is paid if an individual has income from contributory pensions below a certain amount and has resided in Sweden for at least 40 years. (A proportionally reduced guarantee pension is paid with at least 3 years but less than 40 years of residency.) Needy retires may also qualify for other means-tested benefits, including a housing allowance and <span class="nobr">old-age</span> income support.</p>
|
|
<div class="reference"><b>Sources:</b> <a href="/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2018-2019/europe/index.html"><i>Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Europe, 2018</i></a>; <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Social Security Administration, September 2018; Arbetsmarknadsutskottets betänkande 2018/19:<abbr class="spell">AU</abbr>12; <abbr class="spell">SFS</abbr> 2019:644; <abbr class="spell">SFS</abbr> 2019:646; <abbr class="spell">SFS</abbr> 2019:647; <abbr class="spell">SFS</abbr> 2019:648; <abbr class="spell">SFS</abbr> 2019:648; “ Höjd pensionsålder nästa år,” <i>Aftonbladet</i>, October 14, 2019; “Höjd pensionsålder och höjd garantipension från 2020,” Pensionsmyndigheten, October 17, 2019; “Vad är riktålder? Hur påverkar det pensionen?” <abbr class="spell">AP</abbr>7, November 19, 2019; “Sweden,” <abbr>IBIS</abbr> eVisor Compliance Alerts, November 26, 2019; <i>Pensions at a Glance 2019: <abbr class="spell">OECD</abbr> and G20 Indicators</i>, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, November 27, 2019.</div>
|
|
<h4 id="asia">Asia and the Pacific</h4>
|
|
<h5 id="vietnam">Vietnam Approves Gradual Retirement Age Increases</h5>
|
|
<p>On November 20, Vietnam's parliament adopted an amendment to the labor code that will gradually increase the normal retirement age from 60 to 62 for men and from 55 to 60 for women, starting in January 2021. The rate of the increases will be 3 months a year for men (through 2028) and 4 months a year for women (through 2035). (As under the current rules, certain workers will be able to retire up to 5 years before the normal retirement age. In addition, the new amendment will allow certain high-skilled workers to delay retirement by up to 5 years; further details on this provision are not yet available.) According to the government, the amendment aims to improve the financial sustainability of Vietnam's social insurance pension program in the face of rapid population aging and increased life expectancy. The United Nations Population Division (<abbr class="spell">UNPD</abbr>) estimates that Vietnam's <span class="nobr">old-age</span> dependency ratio—the population aged 65 or older divided by the population aged 15 to 64—will increase from 11.4 percent in 2020, to 32.8 percent in 2050, and to 52.6 percent in 2100. Furthermore, the <abbr class="spell">UNPD</abbr> projects that life expectancy at birth will increase from 75.77 years in the <span class="nobr">2020–2025</span> period to 80.17 years in the <span class="nobr">2050–2055</span> period.</p>
|
|
<p>The retirement age increases are the latest in a series of reforms to the country's social insurance pension program. Most notably, a 2014 law extended the program's coverage to more workers (including workers with <span class="nobr">1-month</span> labor contracts; <span class="nobr">part-time</span> workers in communes, wards, and townships; and foreign citizens legally working in Vietnam), changed the monthly wage base used to calculate contributions, increased certain minimum contribution requirements, and equalized one component of the <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension formula for men and women.</p>
|
|
<p>Vietnam's social insurance program covers most private- and public-sector employees. The <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension is generally paid at the normal retirement age with at least 20 years of contributions. (The retirement age may be reduced under certain conditions, including for workers in hazardous or arduous occupations and workers with disabilities.) An <span class="nobr">old-age</span> grant is paid to those with less than 20 years of contributions at the normal retirement age who do not qualify for an <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension. In addition, a social assistance (social pension) program covers needy persons aged 60 to 79 who are living alone without family support, or aged 80 or older and not receiving any social insurance pension.</p>
|
|
<div class="reference"><b>Sources:</b> “<a href="/policy/docs/progdesc/intl_update/2016-01/index.html#vietnam">Vietnam Implements a Revised Social Insurance Law</a>,” <i>International Update</i>, <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Social Security Administration, January 2016; “<a href="/policy/docs/progdesc/intl_update/2018-02/index.html#vietnam">Vietnam Changes Benefit Formula for <span class="nobr">Old-Age</span> Pensions</a>,” <i>International Update</i>, <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Social Security Administration, February 2018; “World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision,” United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2019; <a href="/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2018-2019/asia/index.html"><i>Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Asia and the Pacific, 2018</i></a>, <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Social Security Administration, March 2019; “Vietnam to Extend Retirement Age by 2 Years for Men, 5 Years for Women,” Bloomberg, November 20, 2019; Vietnam Social Security Agency press release, November 20, 2019.</div>
|
|
<div class="container-blue aboutIU">
|
|
<p>For more information about social security programs in these and other countries, please see <a href="/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/index.html"><i>Social Security Programs Throughout the World</i></a>.</p>
|
|
<p><b><i>International Update</i></b> is a monthly publication of the Social Security Administration's (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s) Office of Retirement and Disability Policy. It reports on the latest developments in public and private pensions worldwide. The news summaries presented do not necessarily reflect the views of <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>.</p>
|
|
<p>Editor: John Jankowski.<br />Writers/researchers: Ben Danforth, John Jankowski, and David Rajnes.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<!-- END COLUMN, ROW, GRID, CONTENT -->
|
|
<ssa-footer class="print-hide"><noscript><footer class="footer" id="footer" role="contentinfo"><a href="/menu#footer">Footer menu</a></footer></noscript></ssa-footer><script src="https://www.ssa.gov/legacy/components/dist/ssa-footer.js"></script>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<!-- END PAGE CONTAINER -->
|
|
<!-- SSA INTERNET BODY SCRIPTS -->
|
|
<script src="/framework/js/ssa.internet.body.js"></script>
|
|
<script src="/policy/js/rspa.nav.js"></script>
|
|
<script src="/policy/js/rspa-shared.js"></script>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html> |