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<h1 itemprop="headline">The Increasing Labor Force Participation of Older Workers and its Effect on the Income of the Aged</h1>
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<div id="hByline">by <span itemprop="author">Michael V. Leonesio, Benjamin Bridges, Robert Gesumaria, and Linda Del Bene</span><br>Social Security Bulletin, <abbr title="Volume">Vol.</abbr> 72, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 1, 2012 (released February 2012)</div>
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<div id="breadcrumbs" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BreadcrumbList">You are here: <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Social Security Administration</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1" /></span> > <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/policy/index.html" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Research, Statistics & Policy Analysis</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="2" /></span> > <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/policy/docs/ssb/index.html" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Social Security Bulletin</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="3" /></span> > <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="index.html" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name"><abbr title="Volume">Vol.</abbr> 72, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 1</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="4" /></span></div>
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<p id="synopsis" itemprop="description">The labor force participation rates of men and women aged <span class="nobr">62–79</span> have notably increased since the <span class="nobr">mid-1990s.</span> The result is a dramatic increase in the share of total money income attributable to earnings. For persons aged <span class="nobr">65–69</span>, the earnings share of total income increased from 28 percent in 1980 to 42 percent in 2009. For this age group in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Social Security benefits and earnings were roughly equal shares of total money income (about 30 percent); the earnings share is now more than 12 percentage points larger. When we focus on aged persons who receive Social Security benefits, earnings shares have increased markedly throughout the <span class="nobr">62–79</span> age range since the early 1990s. We show that for aged persons with labor market earnings, those earnings have a large effect on their relative position in the distribution of annual money income of older Americans.</p>
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<hr />
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<div class="eightypercent">
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<p>The authors are with the Division of Economic Research, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, Office of Retirement and Disability Policy, Social Security Administration. An earlier version of this article was presented at the 31st General Conference of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Gallen, Switzerland, August <span class="nobr">22–28</span>, 2010.</p>
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<p><i>Acknowledgments:</i> The authors thank Clark Burdick, Lynn Fisher, Susan Grad, Dean Leimer, David Pattison, and Patrick Purcell for comments and advice on earlier drafts, and Richard Burkhauser and Jeff Larrimore for providing us with their estimates of income amounts subject to <span class="nobr">top-coding</span> in the Current Population Survey.</p>
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<p>Contents of this publication are <a href="/policy/accessibility.html">not copyrighted</a>; any items may be reprinted, but citation of the <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> as the source is requested. The findings and conclusions presented in the <i>Bulletin</i> are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Social Security Administration.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<h2>Introduction</h2>
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<div class="abbrtable">
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<table role="presentation">
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<caption>Selected Abbreviations</caption>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">ASEC</abbr></td>
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<td>Annual Social and Economic Supplement</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr></td>
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<td>Current Population Survey</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">DRC</abbr></td>
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<td>Delayed retirement credit</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr></td>
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<td>Full retirement age</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr></td>
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<td>Labor force participation rate</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</div>
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<p>The labor force participation rates (<abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr>s) of American men aged 62 or older fell for nearly four decades after World War <abbr title="two">II</abbr>. Many factors contributed to that decline, including the availability of Social Security retirement benefits, the provision of employer-provided pension plans, the advent of Medicare in 1965 to finance health care for the aged, and sustained economic growth that increased real lifetime incomes for successive birth cohorts. In short, as Americans became wealthier, they viewed earlier retirements as both desirable and affordable.</p>
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<p>A combination of greater longevity and earlier retirements substantially increased the expected duration of retirement over most of the 20<sup>th</sup> century. For example, in the early 1950s, the median age for leaving the labor force was 66.9 for men and 67.6 for women, while life expectancy at age 65 was 12.8 years for men and 15.1 years for women (Gendell 2008, Table 1; Board of Trustees 2011, Table V.A3). Fifty years later, the median age of exit from the labor force by men was 61.6 and 60.5 for women. In 2000, life expectancy at age 65 was 15.9 years for men and 19.0 years for women. Thus, over the half century, the average duration of retirement—as an approximation—increased from 10.9 to 19.3 years for men and from 12.5 to 23.5 years for women.</p>
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<p>Since the 1980s, public policymakers, employers, and individual workers have had cause to reassess the affordability of early retirement. Longer retirements require commensurate increases in resources to maintain an adequate standard of living. Those resources are typically drawn from three sources: Social Security benefits, employer-provided pensions, and personal savings. The aging of the population implies that the ratio of workers to retirees is falling. For Social Security, primarily a <span class="nobr">pay-as-you-go</span> program, the ratio is projected to fall from its current level of about three workers per beneficiary to about two by 2030 as the baby boom generation leaves the labor force. The Social Security Board of Trustees (2011) projects that assets of the combined Social Security trust funds will be fully exhausted in 2036.<sup><a href="#mn1" id="mt1">1</a></sup> Social Security retirement benefits were never intended to be the sole source of retirement income, and their projected cost growth is unlikely to prompt policymakers to make scheduled benefits more generous.<sup><a href="#mn2" id="mt2">2</a></sup> Furthermore, Social Security's net replacement rates—defined as the percentage of preretirement earnings that benefits (net of taxes) represent—are declining under current law because of the gradual increase in the full retirement age (<abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>) from 65 to 67, increasing taxation of benefits, and rising Medicare Part B premiums, which are deducted from Social Security benefits (Reno and Lavery 2007).<sup><a href="#mn3" id="mt3">3</a></sup></p>
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<p>Employers have their own set of concerns about the potential adverse impact on competitiveness of costs associated with pensions and retiree health benefits. Private pension coverage rates have stagnated, at best, for decades—about half of the workforce is covered—and there has been a well-documented shift from defined benefit to defined contribution plans. That change has effectively shifted much of the risk associated with funding adequate pensions from employers to employees. Furthermore, rapidly rising costs of health insurance have discouraged employers from offering such insurance to retirees in recent years.</p>
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<p>Recent retirees and older workers currently planning their retirements face a decidedly different environment from that of two decades ago. As the Social Security <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> increases, the benefit reduction for retirement at earlier ages increases, reducing the benefit amount payable each month. About half of the work force does not have an employer-provided pension, and one consequence of the now-chronic low personal saving rate is that many workers have not saved adequate resources for retirement. Those workers with self-managed assets in either private savings or defined contribution pension plans have seen a decade of wide swings in equity prices that have produced limited gains for investors. More recently, a large downturn in housing prices lowered the real value of the single most valuable asset for many near-retirees. It is unsurprising, therefore, that recent surveys show that large numbers of younger workers and near-retirees—though usually not majorities—appear to have inadequate retirement resources and lack confidence about their long-range financial status (Helman, Copeland, and VanDerhei 2011).</p>
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<p>With these factors at work, for much of the past two decades public officials and financial planners have encouraged people to work longer and to delay claiming Social Security benefits. This strategy shortens the retirement period that needs to be funded and can generate additional savings. The evidence presented in this article indicates that earnings have indeed become a much greater share of total income of the older population since the <span class="nobr">mid-1990s.</span> Around the middle of the 1980s, <abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr>s for older men ended a downward trend that had endured since World War <abbr title="two">II</abbr>. After stabilizing for about a decade, they began to rise by the <span class="nobr">mid-1990s.</span> The increased labor force participation is associated with substantial increases in the labor market earnings of the older population, particularly among those aged <span class="nobr">65–74</span>, and especially among Social Security beneficiaries. This article discusses the emerging importance of earnings as an income source for older Americans and the factors that may be driving this change.</p>
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<h2>Background</h2>
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<p>This article's statistical results are based on the Census Bureau's Current Population Survey (<abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr>) monthly files and Annual Social and Economic Supplement (<abbr class="spell">ASEC</abbr>) files for the period <span class="nobr">1980–2010</span>.<sup><a href="#mn4" id="mt4">4</a>, <a href="#mn5" id="mt5">5</a></sup> All statistics pertain to the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Chart 1 displays annual <abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr>s during <span class="nobr">1980–2010</span> for men and women aged <span class="nobr">62–79</span>.<sup><a href="#mn6" id="mt6">6</a></sup> The choice of population ages to study is somewhat arbitrary. Some workers younger than age 62 leave the labor force for retirement and <abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr>s for both men and women begin to decline noticeably by age 55. At age 80 or older, about 7 percent of men participated in the labor force in <span class="nobr">2009–2010</span>, a figure that has trended upward during the past decade. Nonetheless, a large majority of retirements, under various definitions of the term, occur during ages <span class="nobr">62–79</span>.</p>
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<div class="chartCenter">
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<div class="chart700" id="chart1">
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<div class="title">Chart 1.<br><abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr>s for the population aged <span class="nobr">62–79</span>, by age group and sex, <span class="nobr">1980–2010</span></div>
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<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v72n1p59-chart01.gif" alt="Set of two line charts with tabular version below." width="700" height="773" /></div>
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<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
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<table>
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<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 1. </span><abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr>s for the population aged <span class="nobr">62–79</span>, by age group and sex, <span class="nobr">1980–2010</span></caption>
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<colgroup span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
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<colgroup span="4" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th rowspan="2" class="stubHeading" scope="colgroup">Year</th>
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<th colspan="4" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">Age group</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th scope="col"><span class="nobr">62–64</span></th>
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<th scope="col"><span class="nobr">65–69</span></th>
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<th scope="col"><span class="nobr">70–74</span></th>
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<th scope="col"><span class="nobr">75–79</span></th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<th colspan="4" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Men</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
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<td>52.90</td>
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<td>28.65</td>
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<td>18.26</td>
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<td>12.30</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
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<td>49.74</td>
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<td>28.17</td>
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<td>16.96</td>
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<td>11.91</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
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<td>48.37</td>
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<td>27.25</td>
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<td>16.96</td>
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<td>11.11</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
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<td>47.61</td>
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<td>26.42</td>
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<td>17.33</td>
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<td>10.61</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
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<td>47.94</td>
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<td>24.63</td>
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<td>16.20</td>
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<td>10.18</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
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<td>46.11</td>
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<td>24.64</td>
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<td>14.97</td>
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<td>9.13</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
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<td>45.86</td>
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<td>25.09</td>
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<td>14.92</td>
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<td>8.28</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
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<td>46.34</td>
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<td>25.87</td>
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<td>14.77</td>
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<td>9.71</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
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<td>45.30</td>
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<td>25.86</td>
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<td>15.34</td>
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<td>9.97</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
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<td>45.39</td>
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<td>26.15</td>
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<td>15.48</td>
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<td>9.56</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
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<td>46.58</td>
|
|
<td>26.03</td>
|
|
<td>15.50</td>
|
|
<td>9.51</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>45.61</td>
|
|
<td>25.13</td>
|
|
<td>14.84</td>
|
|
<td>8.80</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>46.16</td>
|
|
<td>26.08</td>
|
|
<td>15.08</td>
|
|
<td>9.08</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>46.07</td>
|
|
<td>25.56</td>
|
|
<td>14.84</td>
|
|
<td>8.85</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>45.36</td>
|
|
<td>26.96</td>
|
|
<td>15.90</td>
|
|
<td>9.84</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>45.11</td>
|
|
<td>27.12</td>
|
|
<td>16.96</td>
|
|
<td>9.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>45.72</td>
|
|
<td>27.61</td>
|
|
<td>17.49</td>
|
|
<td>9.92</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>46.41</td>
|
|
<td>28.60</td>
|
|
<td>17.39</td>
|
|
<td>10.82</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>47.41</td>
|
|
<td>28.86</td>
|
|
<td>16.98</td>
|
|
<td>10.72</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>47.28</td>
|
|
<td>29.33</td>
|
|
<td>17.88</td>
|
|
<td>11.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>47.33</td>
|
|
<td>30.92</td>
|
|
<td>18.38</td>
|
|
<td>11.16</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>49.07</td>
|
|
<td>30.82</td>
|
|
<td>18.66</td>
|
|
<td>11.20</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>51.06</td>
|
|
<td>31.98</td>
|
|
<td>18.17</td>
|
|
<td>10.59</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>50.05</td>
|
|
<td>32.84</td>
|
|
<td>19.08</td>
|
|
<td>11.80</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>50.79</td>
|
|
<td>33.02</td>
|
|
<td>19.40</td>
|
|
<td>12.78</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>52.61</td>
|
|
<td>33.71</td>
|
|
<td>21.31</td>
|
|
<td>13.47</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>52.85</td>
|
|
<td>34.33</td>
|
|
<td>22.31</td>
|
|
<td>13.91</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>52.19</td>
|
|
<td>34.09</td>
|
|
<td>21.88</td>
|
|
<td>14.28</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>53.31</td>
|
|
<td>35.28</td>
|
|
<td>22.80</td>
|
|
<td>14.08</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>55.17</td>
|
|
<td>35.55</td>
|
|
<td>23.40</td>
|
|
<td>14.38</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2010</th>
|
|
<td>55.08</td>
|
|
<td>36.06</td>
|
|
<td>22.96</td>
|
|
<td>14.53</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="4" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Women</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>28.63</td>
|
|
<td>15.10</td>
|
|
<td>7.46</td>
|
|
<td>3.73</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>27.74</td>
|
|
<td>15.06</td>
|
|
<td>7.43</td>
|
|
<td>4.04</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>28.84</td>
|
|
<td>14.96</td>
|
|
<td>7.24</td>
|
|
<td>4.19</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>28.96</td>
|
|
<td>14.94</td>
|
|
<td>7.49</td>
|
|
<td>3.90</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>28.79</td>
|
|
<td>14.25</td>
|
|
<td>7.55</td>
|
|
<td>3.78</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>28.64</td>
|
|
<td>13.50</td>
|
|
<td>7.58</td>
|
|
<td>3.47</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>28.51</td>
|
|
<td>14.34</td>
|
|
<td>6.95</td>
|
|
<td>3.84</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>27.88</td>
|
|
<td>14.27</td>
|
|
<td>6.80</td>
|
|
<td>3.64</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>28.55</td>
|
|
<td>15.40</td>
|
|
<td>7.57</td>
|
|
<td>3.67</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>30.26</td>
|
|
<td>16.40</td>
|
|
<td>7.98</td>
|
|
<td>3.79</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>30.60</td>
|
|
<td>17.07</td>
|
|
<td>8.20</td>
|
|
<td>3.92</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>29.13</td>
|
|
<td>16.96</td>
|
|
<td>7.99</td>
|
|
<td>4.56</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>30.30</td>
|
|
<td>16.24</td>
|
|
<td>8.13</td>
|
|
<td>4.49</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>31.70</td>
|
|
<td>16.24</td>
|
|
<td>7.91</td>
|
|
<td>4.35</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>33.12</td>
|
|
<td>18.04</td>
|
|
<td>8.70</td>
|
|
<td>4.43</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>32.51</td>
|
|
<td>17.70</td>
|
|
<td>9.42</td>
|
|
<td>4.86</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>31.74</td>
|
|
<td>17.33</td>
|
|
<td>8.92</td>
|
|
<td>4.73</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>33.73</td>
|
|
<td>17.63</td>
|
|
<td>9.07</td>
|
|
<td>4.30</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>33.49</td>
|
|
<td>18.29</td>
|
|
<td>9.79</td>
|
|
<td>4.54</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>33.73</td>
|
|
<td>18.89</td>
|
|
<td>10.12</td>
|
|
<td>5.44</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>34.72</td>
|
|
<td>20.14</td>
|
|
<td>10.25</td>
|
|
<td>5.55</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>36.84</td>
|
|
<td>20.48</td>
|
|
<td>11.31</td>
|
|
<td>5.18</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>38.06</td>
|
|
<td>20.81</td>
|
|
<td>11.25</td>
|
|
<td>5.75</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>38.59</td>
|
|
<td>22.82</td>
|
|
<td>11.36</td>
|
|
<td>6.20</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>38.79</td>
|
|
<td>23.54</td>
|
|
<td>12.19</td>
|
|
<td>6.43</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>40.21</td>
|
|
<td>23.93</td>
|
|
<td>12.99</td>
|
|
<td>7.02</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>41.80</td>
|
|
<td>24.76</td>
|
|
<td>13.36</td>
|
|
<td>7.26</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>42.18</td>
|
|
<td>25.90</td>
|
|
<td>14.36</td>
|
|
<td>7.97</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>42.45</td>
|
|
<td>26.57</td>
|
|
<td>14.73</td>
|
|
<td>7.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>44.00</td>
|
|
<td>26.73</td>
|
|
<td>15.11</td>
|
|
<td>8.30</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2010</th>
|
|
<td>45.42</td>
|
|
<td>27.13</td>
|
|
<td>14.94</td>
|
|
<td>8.40</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="5"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCE: Authors' calculations using <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> monthly files.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote">NOTE: Annual figures are weighted arithmetic means of the 12 monthly values.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>For most of the latter half of the 20th century, successive generations of Americans with substantial lifetime labor force attachment scaled back or ceased labor force participation at increasingly younger ages.<sup><a href="#mn7" id="mt7">7</a></sup> For men in all four of the age intervals (<span class="nobr">62–64</span>, <span class="nobr">65–69</span>, <span class="nobr">70–74</span>, and <span class="nobr">75–79</span>) displayed in Chart 1, the early 1980s show the final years of the long decline in <abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr>s. Those rates then stabilize, more or less, for about a decade; then they begin a period of generally sustained annual increases in the mid-1990s.<sup><a href="#mn8" id="mt8">8</a></sup> The largest percentage point increase (11.4) between the low point and 2010 occurred for the group aged <span class="nobr">65–69</span>, but the proportional <abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr> increases for the other three age groups are also substantial. Recent labor force projections from the Bureau of Labor Statistics indicate that the <abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr>s for three of the four age groups will continue to increase during <span class="nobr">2008–2018</span> at roughly the same pace as occurred during <span class="nobr">1998–2008</span>; for 65- to 69-year-olds, the increase will decline from 7.6 to 4.7 percentage points (Toossi 2009).</p>
|
|
<p>The <abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr>s for women in the same age groups show little trend until the 1990s, at which point they begin to increase at rates similar to those for men. In part, increasing lifetime labor force attachment drives the trend for later birth cohorts. Each successive cohort of women reaching age 62 tends to have a higher percentage with recent work experience than earlier cohorts had. The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects <abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr> increases for all four age groups during <span class="nobr">2008–2018</span> roughly similar to those in the previous decade (Toossi 2009).</p>
|
|
<p>The <abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr> trends for the older population depicted in Chart 1 are well known. Less studied is the nature of the jobs held by older workers. More specifically, what role does self-employment play versus wage-and-salary work, and is the increased work primarily full time or part time? Charts 2a and 2b present <abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr>s for men and women categorized by both employment characteristics. Following Bureau of Labor Statistics convention, we define <span class="nobr">part-time</span> employment as that which involves working fewer than 35 hours per week.<sup><a href="#mn9" id="mt9">9</a></sup></p>
|
|
<p>Since the mid-1990s, most of the increase in <abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr>s for older men has been in <span class="nobr">full-time</span> wage-and-salary employment (Chart 2a). The two youngest age groups show the largest percentage-point gains. For men aged <span class="nobr">62–64</span>, the <span class="nobr">full-time</span> wage-and-salary rate increased from 23.6 percent in 1995 to 33.4 percent in 2010, while the rate for those aged <span class="nobr">65–69</span> increased from 8.7 percent to 17.3 percent. Although the absolute increases for the two oldest groups are smaller, the proportional increases during that interval are larger, as their 2010 rates more than double their 1995 <abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr>s. Among the employment categories, <span class="nobr">part-time</span> wage-and-salary work shows the second-largest <abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr> gains since 1993 for all four age groups. At ages younger than 70, <span class="nobr">full-time</span> work has long been more important than <span class="nobr">part-time</span> work for men, but the recent data indicate that even among men aged <span class="nobr">70–74</span>, <span class="nobr">full-time</span> work is now more prevalent; only men aged <span class="nobr">75–79</span> are more likely to work part time. Finally, during the past 15 years, increases in wage-and-salary employment are the primary drivers of rising labor force participation for all four age groups, with self-employment rates exhibiting little change.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart2a">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 2a.<br><abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr>s for men aged <span class="nobr">62–79</span> by age group: Wage-and-salary versus self-employed workers by <span class="nobr">full-time</span> versus <span class="nobr">part-time</span> work status, <span class="nobr">1980–2010</span></div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v72n1p59-chart02a.gif" alt="Set of four line charts with tabular version below." width="700" height="822" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 2a. </span><abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr>s for men aged <span class="nobr">62–79</span> by age group: Wage-and-salary versus self-employed workers by <span class="nobr">full-time</span> versus <span class="nobr">part-time</span> work status, <span class="nobr">1980–2010</span></caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stubHeading" scope="colgroup">Year</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">Wage and salary</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">Self-employed</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Full time</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Part time</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Full time</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Part time</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="4" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Men <span class="nobr">62–64</span></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>36.67</td>
|
|
<td>5.72</td>
|
|
<td>7.61</td>
|
|
<td>2.90</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>34.85</td>
|
|
<td>5.41</td>
|
|
<td>7.22</td>
|
|
<td>2.26</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>32.80</td>
|
|
<td>5.64</td>
|
|
<td>7.15</td>
|
|
<td>2.78</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>32.72</td>
|
|
<td>5.45</td>
|
|
<td>6.79</td>
|
|
<td>2.64</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>32.77</td>
|
|
<td>5.70</td>
|
|
<td>6.62</td>
|
|
<td>2.85</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>30.67</td>
|
|
<td>5.78</td>
|
|
<td>6.87</td>
|
|
<td>2.82</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>30.78</td>
|
|
<td>6.03</td>
|
|
<td>6.47</td>
|
|
<td>2.54</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>31.29</td>
|
|
<td>5.80</td>
|
|
<td>6.81</td>
|
|
<td>2.41</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>29.79</td>
|
|
<td>6.82</td>
|
|
<td>6.24</td>
|
|
<td>2.44</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>25.96</td>
|
|
<td>6.53</td>
|
|
<td>9.60</td>
|
|
<td>3.30</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>26.73</td>
|
|
<td>6.64</td>
|
|
<td>9.54</td>
|
|
<td>3.67</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>25.57</td>
|
|
<td>6.45</td>
|
|
<td>10.43</td>
|
|
<td>3.12</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>26.54</td>
|
|
<td>6.50</td>
|
|
<td>9.81</td>
|
|
<td>3.30</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>25.96</td>
|
|
<td>6.63</td>
|
|
<td>10.14</td>
|
|
<td>3.37</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>23.41</td>
|
|
<td>8.99</td>
|
|
<td>8.21</td>
|
|
<td>4.76</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>23.59</td>
|
|
<td>9.04</td>
|
|
<td>8.14</td>
|
|
<td>4.37</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>25.03</td>
|
|
<td>8.82</td>
|
|
<td>7.86</td>
|
|
<td>4.00</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>23.81</td>
|
|
<td>9.08</td>
|
|
<td>8.75</td>
|
|
<td>4.80</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>24.63</td>
|
|
<td>9.40</td>
|
|
<td>9.05</td>
|
|
<td>4.33</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>25.60</td>
|
|
<td>9.54</td>
|
|
<td>8.22</td>
|
|
<td>3.92</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>25.80</td>
|
|
<td>8.87</td>
|
|
<td>8.80</td>
|
|
<td>3.86</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>26.54</td>
|
|
<td>9.44</td>
|
|
<td>9.14</td>
|
|
<td>3.91</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>28.24</td>
|
|
<td>9.87</td>
|
|
<td>9.13</td>
|
|
<td>3.81</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>28.09</td>
|
|
<td>8.87</td>
|
|
<td>8.87</td>
|
|
<td>4.25</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>29.18</td>
|
|
<td>8.73</td>
|
|
<td>8.91</td>
|
|
<td>3.98</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>30.49</td>
|
|
<td>9.49</td>
|
|
<td>8.48</td>
|
|
<td>4.13</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>30.24</td>
|
|
<td>9.05</td>
|
|
<td>9.21</td>
|
|
<td>4.35</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>30.19</td>
|
|
<td>8.55</td>
|
|
<td>9.36</td>
|
|
<td>4.09</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>32.37</td>
|
|
<td>8.72</td>
|
|
<td>8.40</td>
|
|
<td>3.81</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>31.94</td>
|
|
<td>10.49</td>
|
|
<td>8.83</td>
|
|
<td>3.94</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2010</th>
|
|
<td>33.41</td>
|
|
<td>9.64</td>
|
|
<td>8.03</td>
|
|
<td>3.98</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="4" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Men <span class="nobr">65–69</span></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>11.91</td>
|
|
<td>8.48</td>
|
|
<td>4.54</td>
|
|
<td>3.74</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>11.64</td>
|
|
<td>8.33</td>
|
|
<td>4.70</td>
|
|
<td>3.48</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>11.28</td>
|
|
<td>8.32</td>
|
|
<td>4.36</td>
|
|
<td>3.27</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>11.25</td>
|
|
<td>7.76</td>
|
|
<td>4.32</td>
|
|
<td>3.08</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>10.93</td>
|
|
<td>6.80</td>
|
|
<td>3.78</td>
|
|
<td>3.13</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>10.62</td>
|
|
<td>7.16</td>
|
|
<td>4.06</td>
|
|
<td>2.77</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>10.50</td>
|
|
<td>7.70</td>
|
|
<td>3.96</td>
|
|
<td>2.92</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>11.24</td>
|
|
<td>7.93</td>
|
|
<td>3.81</td>
|
|
<td>2.90</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>11.30</td>
|
|
<td>7.49</td>
|
|
<td>3.92</td>
|
|
<td>3.16</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>9.33</td>
|
|
<td>7.28</td>
|
|
<td>5.68</td>
|
|
<td>3.87</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>9.23</td>
|
|
<td>7.53</td>
|
|
<td>5.56</td>
|
|
<td>3.69</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>8.78</td>
|
|
<td>7.42</td>
|
|
<td>5.14</td>
|
|
<td>3.78</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>9.26</td>
|
|
<td>6.97</td>
|
|
<td>5.93</td>
|
|
<td>3.89</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>9.22</td>
|
|
<td>7.02</td>
|
|
<td>5.51</td>
|
|
<td>3.78</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>8.24</td>
|
|
<td>8.45</td>
|
|
<td>4.94</td>
|
|
<td>5.35</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>8.72</td>
|
|
<td>8.56</td>
|
|
<td>5.04</td>
|
|
<td>4.83</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>9.41</td>
|
|
<td>8.78</td>
|
|
<td>4.94</td>
|
|
<td>4.49</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>9.66</td>
|
|
<td>8.86</td>
|
|
<td>5.44</td>
|
|
<td>4.64</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>9.66</td>
|
|
<td>9.57</td>
|
|
<td>4.97</td>
|
|
<td>4.67</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>10.55</td>
|
|
<td>9.54</td>
|
|
<td>4.72</td>
|
|
<td>4.51</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>12.20</td>
|
|
<td>9.34</td>
|
|
<td>5.03</td>
|
|
<td>4.35</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>12.68</td>
|
|
<td>9.04</td>
|
|
<td>5.01</td>
|
|
<td>4.07</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>13.08</td>
|
|
<td>9.68</td>
|
|
<td>5.14</td>
|
|
<td>4.09</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>13.62</td>
|
|
<td>9.07</td>
|
|
<td>5.82</td>
|
|
<td>4.33</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>14.02</td>
|
|
<td>8.54</td>
|
|
<td>6.06</td>
|
|
<td>4.40</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>14.41</td>
|
|
<td>8.56</td>
|
|
<td>6.29</td>
|
|
<td>4.48</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>15.83</td>
|
|
<td>8.36</td>
|
|
<td>5.86</td>
|
|
<td>4.30</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>16.27</td>
|
|
<td>8.53</td>
|
|
<td>5.56</td>
|
|
<td>3.75</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>16.40</td>
|
|
<td>8.74</td>
|
|
<td>6.16</td>
|
|
<td>3.98</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>16.23</td>
|
|
<td>9.34</td>
|
|
<td>5.66</td>
|
|
<td>4.31</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2010</th>
|
|
<td>17.33</td>
|
|
<td>8.81</td>
|
|
<td>5.84</td>
|
|
<td>4.06</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="4" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Men <span class="nobr">70–74</span></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>5.42</td>
|
|
<td>7.02</td>
|
|
<td>2.87</td>
|
|
<td>2.98</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>4.58</td>
|
|
<td>6.65</td>
|
|
<td>2.95</td>
|
|
<td>2.75</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>4.92</td>
|
|
<td>6.17</td>
|
|
<td>2.88</td>
|
|
<td>2.99</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>5.01</td>
|
|
<td>6.21</td>
|
|
<td>2.95</td>
|
|
<td>3.12</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>4.91</td>
|
|
<td>5.66</td>
|
|
<td>2.70</td>
|
|
<td>2.93</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>4.49</td>
|
|
<td>5.51</td>
|
|
<td>2.40</td>
|
|
<td>2.60</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>3.84</td>
|
|
<td>6.01</td>
|
|
<td>2.64</td>
|
|
<td>2.42</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>4.41</td>
|
|
<td>5.15</td>
|
|
<td>2.56</td>
|
|
<td>2.65</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>4.83</td>
|
|
<td>5.59</td>
|
|
<td>2.51</td>
|
|
<td>2.42</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>3.79</td>
|
|
<td>5.45</td>
|
|
<td>3.46</td>
|
|
<td>2.78</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>3.94</td>
|
|
<td>5.01</td>
|
|
<td>3.25</td>
|
|
<td>3.31</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>3.88</td>
|
|
<td>4.72</td>
|
|
<td>3.22</td>
|
|
<td>3.01</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>3.94</td>
|
|
<td>5.29</td>
|
|
<td>3.26</td>
|
|
<td>2.62</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>3.43</td>
|
|
<td>4.94</td>
|
|
<td>3.32</td>
|
|
<td>3.18</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>3.82</td>
|
|
<td>5.22</td>
|
|
<td>2.96</td>
|
|
<td>3.88</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>4.01</td>
|
|
<td>5.90</td>
|
|
<td>3.22</td>
|
|
<td>3.83</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>4.14</td>
|
|
<td>5.78</td>
|
|
<td>3.42</td>
|
|
<td>4.14</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>4.34</td>
|
|
<td>5.70</td>
|
|
<td>3.45</td>
|
|
<td>3.91</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>4.17</td>
|
|
<td>6.32</td>
|
|
<td>2.71</td>
|
|
<td>3.80</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>4.53</td>
|
|
<td>6.60</td>
|
|
<td>3.02</td>
|
|
<td>3.76</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>5.01</td>
|
|
<td>6.70</td>
|
|
<td>3.38</td>
|
|
<td>3.30</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>5.12</td>
|
|
<td>7.06</td>
|
|
<td>3.10</td>
|
|
<td>3.41</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>5.37</td>
|
|
<td>6.65</td>
|
|
<td>3.32</td>
|
|
<td>2.81</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>6.08</td>
|
|
<td>6.61</td>
|
|
<td>3.39</td>
|
|
<td>3.00</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>5.85</td>
|
|
<td>6.75</td>
|
|
<td>3.47</td>
|
|
<td>3.31</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>6.66</td>
|
|
<td>6.91</td>
|
|
<td>3.97</td>
|
|
<td>3.80</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>7.49</td>
|
|
<td>7.12</td>
|
|
<td>3.97</td>
|
|
<td>3.73</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>8.28</td>
|
|
<td>6.95</td>
|
|
<td>3.38</td>
|
|
<td>3.27</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>8.35</td>
|
|
<td>7.10</td>
|
|
<td>3.86</td>
|
|
<td>3.47</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>8.95</td>
|
|
<td>7.12</td>
|
|
<td>3.50</td>
|
|
<td>3.83</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2010</th>
|
|
<td>8.70</td>
|
|
<td>7.05</td>
|
|
<td>3.87</td>
|
|
<td>3.33</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="4" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Men <span class="nobr">75–79</span></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>3.40</td>
|
|
<td>4.06</td>
|
|
<td>2.09</td>
|
|
<td>2.75</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>2.84</td>
|
|
<td>4.37</td>
|
|
<td>2.19</td>
|
|
<td>2.46</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>2.53</td>
|
|
<td>3.95</td>
|
|
<td>2.11</td>
|
|
<td>2.53</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>2.53</td>
|
|
<td>3.62</td>
|
|
<td>2.17</td>
|
|
<td>2.33</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>2.47</td>
|
|
<td>3.48</td>
|
|
<td>2.02</td>
|
|
<td>2.22</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>2.22</td>
|
|
<td>3.62</td>
|
|
<td>1.59</td>
|
|
<td>1.69</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>2.01</td>
|
|
<td>2.82</td>
|
|
<td>1.48</td>
|
|
<td>2.01</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>1.98</td>
|
|
<td>3.44</td>
|
|
<td>1.84</td>
|
|
<td>2.40</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>2.58</td>
|
|
<td>3.55</td>
|
|
<td>1.66</td>
|
|
<td>2.22</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>1.77</td>
|
|
<td>3.19</td>
|
|
<td>2.30</td>
|
|
<td>2.30</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>1.91</td>
|
|
<td>3.17</td>
|
|
<td>2.13</td>
|
|
<td>2.26</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>1.74</td>
|
|
<td>2.89</td>
|
|
<td>2.04</td>
|
|
<td>2.13</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>1.77</td>
|
|
<td>3.33</td>
|
|
<td>1.86</td>
|
|
<td>2.07</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>1.55</td>
|
|
<td>3.18</td>
|
|
<td>2.00</td>
|
|
<td>2.08</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>1.71</td>
|
|
<td>3.47</td>
|
|
<td>2.08</td>
|
|
<td>2.57</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>1.81</td>
|
|
<td>3.51</td>
|
|
<td>1.62</td>
|
|
<td>3.05</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>2.07</td>
|
|
<td>3.29</td>
|
|
<td>1.96</td>
|
|
<td>2.59</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>2.35</td>
|
|
<td>3.40</td>
|
|
<td>2.28</td>
|
|
<td>2.75</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>1.95</td>
|
|
<td>3.76</td>
|
|
<td>2.08</td>
|
|
<td>2.90</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>2.28</td>
|
|
<td>4.06</td>
|
|
<td>2.18</td>
|
|
<td>2.64</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>2.73</td>
|
|
<td>3.65</td>
|
|
<td>2.34</td>
|
|
<td>2.47</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>2.65</td>
|
|
<td>4.14</td>
|
|
<td>2.22</td>
|
|
<td>2.15</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>2.62</td>
|
|
<td>3.52</td>
|
|
<td>2.13</td>
|
|
<td>2.29</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>3.49</td>
|
|
<td>4.09</td>
|
|
<td>2.08</td>
|
|
<td>2.14</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>3.32</td>
|
|
<td>4.26</td>
|
|
<td>2.26</td>
|
|
<td>2.94</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>3.61</td>
|
|
<td>4.53</td>
|
|
<td>2.63</td>
|
|
<td>2.72</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>3.60</td>
|
|
<td>4.76</td>
|
|
<td>2.57</td>
|
|
<td>2.98</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>3.94</td>
|
|
<td>4.80</td>
|
|
<td>2.43</td>
|
|
<td>3.11</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>4.14</td>
|
|
<td>5.05</td>
|
|
<td>2.05</td>
|
|
<td>2.84</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>4.64</td>
|
|
<td>4.82</td>
|
|
<td>2.29</td>
|
|
<td>2.66</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2010</th>
|
|
<td>4.77</td>
|
|
<td>4.52</td>
|
|
<td>2.32</td>
|
|
<td>2.92</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="5"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCE: Authors' calculations using <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> monthly files.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote">NOTE: Annual figures are weighted arithmetic means of the 12 monthly values. Part time is defined as working fewer than 35 hours per week.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>The results for women are similar, with the preponderance of <abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr> increases for the two youngest age groups attributable to rising <span class="nobr">full-time</span> wage-and-salary employment (Chart 2b). <abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr>s for women younger than age 70 are considerably lower than those for <span class="nobr">same-age</span> men. Until very recently (2007), women aged <span class="nobr">65–69</span> in wage-and-salary jobs were more likely to be working part time. Although the <span class="nobr">part-time</span> wage-and-salary rate rose by nearly 3 percentage points during <span class="nobr">1993–2010</span> for that age group, it has now been surpassed by the <span class="nobr">full-time</span> wage-and-salary rate. Among women aged <span class="nobr">70–74</span> and <span class="nobr">75–79</span>, <span class="nobr">part-time</span> work still dominates <span class="nobr">full-time</span> work. In addition, women are considerably less likely than men to be self-employed, whether full time or part time, in all four age groups.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart2b">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 2b.<br><abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr>s for women aged <span class="nobr">62–79</span> by age group: Wage-and-salary versus self-employed workers by <span class="nobr">full-time</span> versus <span class="nobr">part-time</span> work status, <span class="nobr">1980–2010</span></div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v72n1p59-chart02b.gif" alt="Set of four line charts with tabular version below." width="700" height="822" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 2b. </span><abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr>s for women aged <span class="nobr">62–79</span> by age group: Wage-and-salary versus self-employed workers by <span class="nobr">full-time</span> versus <span class="nobr">part-time</span> work status, <span class="nobr">1980–2010</span></caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stubHeading" scope="colgroup">Year</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">Wage and salary</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">Self-employed</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Full time</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Part time</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Full time</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Part time</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="4" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Women <span class="nobr">62–64</span></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>17.62</td>
|
|
<td>8.47</td>
|
|
<td>1.32</td>
|
|
<td>1.22</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>16.11</td>
|
|
<td>9.12</td>
|
|
<td>1.23</td>
|
|
<td>1.26</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>16.86</td>
|
|
<td>9.38</td>
|
|
<td>1.32</td>
|
|
<td>1.29</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>17.33</td>
|
|
<td>8.94</td>
|
|
<td>1.34</td>
|
|
<td>1.34</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>17.58</td>
|
|
<td>8.85</td>
|
|
<td>1.20</td>
|
|
<td>1.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>16.46</td>
|
|
<td>9.95</td>
|
|
<td>1.09</td>
|
|
<td>1.14</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>16.22</td>
|
|
<td>9.90</td>
|
|
<td>1.34</td>
|
|
<td>1.05</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>16.51</td>
|
|
<td>8.78</td>
|
|
<td>1.22</td>
|
|
<td>1.37</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>16.30</td>
|
|
<td>9.30</td>
|
|
<td>1.43</td>
|
|
<td>1.52</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>15.66</td>
|
|
<td>11.00</td>
|
|
<td>1.87</td>
|
|
<td>1.73</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>16.19</td>
|
|
<td>10.85</td>
|
|
<td>1.87</td>
|
|
<td>1.69</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>15.54</td>
|
|
<td>9.87</td>
|
|
<td>1.97</td>
|
|
<td>1.76</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>16.19</td>
|
|
<td>10.21</td>
|
|
<td>1.92</td>
|
|
<td>1.98</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>16.55</td>
|
|
<td>11.11</td>
|
|
<td>2.11</td>
|
|
<td>1.92</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>14.96</td>
|
|
<td>13.03</td>
|
|
<td>2.49</td>
|
|
<td>2.64</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>15.09</td>
|
|
<td>12.68</td>
|
|
<td>2.12</td>
|
|
<td>2.61</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>14.69</td>
|
|
<td>12.18</td>
|
|
<td>2.21</td>
|
|
<td>2.67</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>15.37</td>
|
|
<td>12.71</td>
|
|
<td>2.43</td>
|
|
<td>3.19</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>15.08</td>
|
|
<td>13.20</td>
|
|
<td>2.24</td>
|
|
<td>2.93</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>16.07</td>
|
|
<td>12.97</td>
|
|
<td>2.09</td>
|
|
<td>2.63</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>17.02</td>
|
|
<td>12.88</td>
|
|
<td>2.10</td>
|
|
<td>2.73</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>18.50</td>
|
|
<td>13.14</td>
|
|
<td>2.35</td>
|
|
<td>2.85</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>19.55</td>
|
|
<td>13.33</td>
|
|
<td>2.52</td>
|
|
<td>2.63</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>19.73</td>
|
|
<td>13.13</td>
|
|
<td>2.65</td>
|
|
<td>3.08</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>20.09</td>
|
|
<td>12.95</td>
|
|
<td>2.92</td>
|
|
<td>2.87</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>21.26</td>
|
|
<td>13.25</td>
|
|
<td>2.51</td>
|
|
<td>3.20</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>22.29</td>
|
|
<td>13.62</td>
|
|
<td>3.06</td>
|
|
<td>2.81</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>23.41</td>
|
|
<td>13.50</td>
|
|
<td>2.71</td>
|
|
<td>2.54</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>22.73</td>
|
|
<td>14.09</td>
|
|
<td>2.66</td>
|
|
<td>2.97</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>24.13</td>
|
|
<td>14.08</td>
|
|
<td>2.79</td>
|
|
<td>3.00</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2010</th>
|
|
<td>25.73</td>
|
|
<td>13.83</td>
|
|
<td>2.79</td>
|
|
<td>3.07</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="4" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Women <span class="nobr">65–69</span></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>5.78</td>
|
|
<td>7.54</td>
|
|
<td>0.70</td>
|
|
<td>1.08</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>5.73</td>
|
|
<td>7.37</td>
|
|
<td>0.88</td>
|
|
<td>1.07</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>5.77</td>
|
|
<td>7.06</td>
|
|
<td>0.90</td>
|
|
<td>1.22</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>5.81</td>
|
|
<td>7.21</td>
|
|
<td>0.67</td>
|
|
<td>1.24</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>5.57</td>
|
|
<td>6.79</td>
|
|
<td>0.70</td>
|
|
<td>1.19</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>5.00</td>
|
|
<td>6.83</td>
|
|
<td>0.70</td>
|
|
<td>0.97</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>5.45</td>
|
|
<td>7.16</td>
|
|
<td>0.73</td>
|
|
<td>1.00</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>5.37</td>
|
|
<td>6.99</td>
|
|
<td>0.86</td>
|
|
<td>1.05</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>6.05</td>
|
|
<td>7.36</td>
|
|
<td>0.82</td>
|
|
<td>1.19</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>6.18</td>
|
|
<td>7.60</td>
|
|
<td>1.22</td>
|
|
<td>1.40</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>6.34</td>
|
|
<td>8.22</td>
|
|
<td>1.19</td>
|
|
<td>1.34</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>5.96</td>
|
|
<td>8.34</td>
|
|
<td>1.24</td>
|
|
<td>1.42</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>5.94</td>
|
|
<td>7.75</td>
|
|
<td>1.10</td>
|
|
<td>1.46</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>5.92</td>
|
|
<td>7.91</td>
|
|
<td>0.99</td>
|
|
<td>1.45</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>5.02</td>
|
|
<td>9.42</td>
|
|
<td>1.18</td>
|
|
<td>2.42</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>5.06</td>
|
|
<td>9.14</td>
|
|
<td>1.02</td>
|
|
<td>2.49</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>5.16</td>
|
|
<td>8.89</td>
|
|
<td>1.11</td>
|
|
<td>2.16</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>5.48</td>
|
|
<td>8.56</td>
|
|
<td>1.23</td>
|
|
<td>2.35</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>5.72</td>
|
|
<td>9.35</td>
|
|
<td>1.08</td>
|
|
<td>2.14</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>6.20</td>
|
|
<td>9.44</td>
|
|
<td>1.20</td>
|
|
<td>2.05</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>6.95</td>
|
|
<td>9.66</td>
|
|
<td>1.23</td>
|
|
<td>2.30</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>7.21</td>
|
|
<td>9.86</td>
|
|
<td>1.11</td>
|
|
<td>2.30</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>8.00</td>
|
|
<td>9.56</td>
|
|
<td>1.35</td>
|
|
<td>1.90</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>9.00</td>
|
|
<td>9.93</td>
|
|
<td>1.65</td>
|
|
<td>2.25</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>9.01</td>
|
|
<td>10.72</td>
|
|
<td>1.65</td>
|
|
<td>2.19</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>9.26</td>
|
|
<td>10.52</td>
|
|
<td>1.87</td>
|
|
<td>2.30</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>9.67</td>
|
|
<td>10.82</td>
|
|
<td>1.82</td>
|
|
<td>2.45</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>10.75</td>
|
|
<td>10.82</td>
|
|
<td>1.84</td>
|
|
<td>2.49</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>11.35</td>
|
|
<td>11.22</td>
|
|
<td>1.70</td>
|
|
<td>2.30</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>11.35</td>
|
|
<td>11.11</td>
|
|
<td>1.67</td>
|
|
<td>2.61</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2010</th>
|
|
<td>12.13</td>
|
|
<td>10.74</td>
|
|
<td>1.88</td>
|
|
<td>2.38</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="4" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Women <span class="nobr">70–74</span></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>2.12</td>
|
|
<td>4.00</td>
|
|
<td>0.59</td>
|
|
<td>0.75</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>2.08</td>
|
|
<td>3.94</td>
|
|
<td>0.50</td>
|
|
<td>0.92</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>1.87</td>
|
|
<td>4.09</td>
|
|
<td>0.42</td>
|
|
<td>0.86</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>2.05</td>
|
|
<td>4.12</td>
|
|
<td>0.51</td>
|
|
<td>0.79</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>1.98</td>
|
|
<td>4.41</td>
|
|
<td>0.45</td>
|
|
<td>0.71</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>1.87</td>
|
|
<td>4.38</td>
|
|
<td>0.50</td>
|
|
<td>0.83</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>1.69</td>
|
|
<td>3.98</td>
|
|
<td>0.49</td>
|
|
<td>0.77</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>1.90</td>
|
|
<td>3.77</td>
|
|
<td>0.44</td>
|
|
<td>0.72</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>2.36</td>
|
|
<td>4.10</td>
|
|
<td>0.34</td>
|
|
<td>0.78</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>2.36</td>
|
|
<td>4.17</td>
|
|
<td>0.50</td>
|
|
<td>0.93</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>2.33</td>
|
|
<td>4.53</td>
|
|
<td>0.54</td>
|
|
<td>0.79</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>2.27</td>
|
|
<td>4.28</td>
|
|
<td>0.57</td>
|
|
<td>0.84</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>2.22</td>
|
|
<td>4.33</td>
|
|
<td>0.60</td>
|
|
<td>0.98</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>2.29</td>
|
|
<td>4.06</td>
|
|
<td>0.59</td>
|
|
<td>0.95</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>1.96</td>
|
|
<td>4.54</td>
|
|
<td>0.60</td>
|
|
<td>1.60</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>2.25</td>
|
|
<td>5.19</td>
|
|
<td>0.50</td>
|
|
<td>1.51</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>2.01</td>
|
|
<td>4.98</td>
|
|
<td>0.50</td>
|
|
<td>1.43</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>2.05</td>
|
|
<td>4.88</td>
|
|
<td>0.54</td>
|
|
<td>1.59</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>2.07</td>
|
|
<td>5.67</td>
|
|
<td>0.56</td>
|
|
<td>1.48</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>2.43</td>
|
|
<td>5.76</td>
|
|
<td>0.59</td>
|
|
<td>1.36</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>2.89</td>
|
|
<td>5.27</td>
|
|
<td>0.61</td>
|
|
<td>1.48</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>2.95</td>
|
|
<td>5.96</td>
|
|
<td>0.73</td>
|
|
<td>1.66</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>3.31</td>
|
|
<td>5.90</td>
|
|
<td>0.74</td>
|
|
<td>1.27</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>3.18</td>
|
|
<td>6.34</td>
|
|
<td>0.56</td>
|
|
<td>1.30</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>3.53</td>
|
|
<td>6.50</td>
|
|
<td>0.71</td>
|
|
<td>1.46</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>3.75</td>
|
|
<td>6.70</td>
|
|
<td>1.02</td>
|
|
<td>1.52</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>4.13</td>
|
|
<td>6.71</td>
|
|
<td>0.89</td>
|
|
<td>1.65</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>4.43</td>
|
|
<td>7.25</td>
|
|
<td>0.86</td>
|
|
<td>1.81</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>5.14</td>
|
|
<td>6.91</td>
|
|
<td>0.99</td>
|
|
<td>1.66</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>4.80</td>
|
|
<td>7.17</td>
|
|
<td>1.11</td>
|
|
<td>2.01</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2010</th>
|
|
<td>4.91</td>
|
|
<td>7.15</td>
|
|
<td>1.09</td>
|
|
<td>1.79</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="4" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Women <span class="nobr">75–79</span></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>0.81</td>
|
|
<td>1.93</td>
|
|
<td>0.42</td>
|
|
<td>0.60</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>0.99</td>
|
|
<td>2.12</td>
|
|
<td>0.39</td>
|
|
<td>0.57</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>1.07</td>
|
|
<td>2.25</td>
|
|
<td>0.30</td>
|
|
<td>0.54</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>0.91</td>
|
|
<td>2.11</td>
|
|
<td>0.26</td>
|
|
<td>0.62</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>0.94</td>
|
|
<td>1.97</td>
|
|
<td>0.32</td>
|
|
<td>0.58</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>0.95</td>
|
|
<td>1.80</td>
|
|
<td>0.22</td>
|
|
<td>0.54</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>0.94</td>
|
|
<td>2.07</td>
|
|
<td>0.25</td>
|
|
<td>0.57</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>0.84</td>
|
|
<td>2.02</td>
|
|
<td>0.25</td>
|
|
<td>0.53</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>0.78</td>
|
|
<td>2.15</td>
|
|
<td>0.27</td>
|
|
<td>0.51</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>0.78</td>
|
|
<td>1.97</td>
|
|
<td>0.32</td>
|
|
<td>0.72</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>0.95</td>
|
|
<td>1.93</td>
|
|
<td>0.37</td>
|
|
<td>0.66</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>1.00</td>
|
|
<td>2.51</td>
|
|
<td>0.40</td>
|
|
<td>0.63</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>1.11</td>
|
|
<td>2.47</td>
|
|
<td>0.34</td>
|
|
<td>0.54</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>0.98</td>
|
|
<td>2.44</td>
|
|
<td>0.36</td>
|
|
<td>0.53</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>0.84</td>
|
|
<td>2.31</td>
|
|
<td>0.47</td>
|
|
<td>0.84</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>0.82</td>
|
|
<td>2.62</td>
|
|
<td>0.41</td>
|
|
<td>1.01</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>0.88</td>
|
|
<td>2.73</td>
|
|
<td>0.36</td>
|
|
<td>0.78</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>0.91</td>
|
|
<td>2.43</td>
|
|
<td>0.23</td>
|
|
<td>0.73</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>0.98</td>
|
|
<td>2.48</td>
|
|
<td>0.30</td>
|
|
<td>0.80</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>1.16</td>
|
|
<td>2.82</td>
|
|
<td>0.45</td>
|
|
<td>0.99</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>1.42</td>
|
|
<td>2.86</td>
|
|
<td>0.39</td>
|
|
<td>0.89</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>1.37</td>
|
|
<td>2.69</td>
|
|
<td>0.35</td>
|
|
<td>0.74</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>1.44</td>
|
|
<td>3.02</td>
|
|
<td>0.46</td>
|
|
<td>0.86</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>1.72</td>
|
|
<td>3.21</td>
|
|
<td>0.39</td>
|
|
<td>0.87</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>1.68</td>
|
|
<td>3.50</td>
|
|
<td>0.30</td>
|
|
<td>0.93</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>2.05</td>
|
|
<td>3.63</td>
|
|
<td>0.40</td>
|
|
<td>0.94</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>1.93</td>
|
|
<td>3.82</td>
|
|
<td>0.51</td>
|
|
<td>1.02</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>2.01</td>
|
|
<td>4.14</td>
|
|
<td>0.55</td>
|
|
<td>1.27</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>2.36</td>
|
|
<td>4.19</td>
|
|
<td>0.34</td>
|
|
<td>1.08</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>2.64</td>
|
|
<td>4.14</td>
|
|
<td>0.29</td>
|
|
<td>1.20</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2010</th>
|
|
<td>2.63</td>
|
|
<td>4.21</td>
|
|
<td>0.55</td>
|
|
<td>1.01</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="5"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCE: Authors' calculations using <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> monthly files.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote">NOTE: Annual figures are weighted arithmetic means of the 12 monthly values. Part time is defined as working fewer than 35 hours per week.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2>The Importance of Earnings in the Total Incomes of Older Americans</h2>
|
|
<p>The increased labor force participation of the older population has been accompanied by a large increase in the importance of earnings in their total incomes. In this section, we examine the components of the annual income received by persons aged 62 or older during <span class="nobr">1980–2009</span>. We consider the total money incomes of aged persons in two living-arrangement categories: married-couple units and nonmarried-person units.<sup><a href="#mn10" id="mt10">10</a></sup> <i>Total money income</i> is the sum of five component categories:<sup><a href="#mn11" id="mt11">11</a></sup></p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><i>Earnings</i> comprise all wage-and-salary earnings and farm and nonfarm self-employment income.</li>
|
|
<li><i>Social Security benefits</i> include retired-worker, disabled-worker, spouse and other dependent, and survivor benefits.</li>
|
|
<li><i>Pension benefits</i> include income from all private pensions and annuities, government civilian and military employee pensions, and railroad retirement program benefits. This category includes retirement, survivor, and disability benefits from these sources.</li>
|
|
<li><i>Asset income</i> includes interest, dividends, rents and royalties, and estate and trust income.<sup><a href="#mn12" id="mt12">12</a></sup></li>
|
|
<li><i>Other income</i> is the sum of unemployment compensation; workers compensation; veterans' payments; educational assistance; child support; alimony; contributions and financial assistance; miscellaneous survivor, disability, and retirement income; Supplemental Security Income; and other public assistance.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>Charts 3 through 6 show income shares for aged persons during <span class="nobr">1980–2009</span>. We calculate income shares as follows: For married persons living with a spouse, we assume equal sharing of incomes, and divide the couple's total income and each of its income components equally between the husband and wife. For unmarried persons, we look only at the person's own income. Income shares are the weighted sum of the amounts for an income category expressed as a percentage of the weighted sum of total money income for the relevant demographic group.<sup><a href="#mn13" id="mt13">13</a>, <a href="#mn14" id="mt14">14</a></sup></p>
|
|
<h3>Income Shares by Source for All Persons Aged <span class="nobr">62–79</span></h3>
|
|
<p>Chart 3 displays the income shares for people aged <span class="nobr">62–79</span>. Panels for all four age groups show substantial increases in the shares of total money income accounted for by labor market earnings since the mid-1990s.<sup><a href="#mn15" id="mt15">15</a></sup> As the importance of earnings has increased, the asset income share has fallen noticeably—a decline that began in the early 1990s—while the Social Security benefit income share has declined modestly. The pension benefit share has represented from 11 percent to 23 percent of total money income during <span class="nobr">1980–2009</span> for the four age groups, and within age groups the share has varied over time. After increasing during the 1980s and early 1990s for all four age groups, the pension benefit share has declined gradually since the mid-1990s for the three youngest age groups, but has held steady for those aged <span class="nobr">75–79</span>. The "other income" share is consistently small (about <span class="nobr">2–4</span> percent) for all age groups.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart3">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 3.<br>Distribution of total money income by source, all persons aged <span class="nobr">62–79</span> by age group, <span class="nobr">1980–2009</span></div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v72n1p59-chart03.gif" alt="Set of four line charts with tabular version below." width="700" height="823" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 3. </span>Distribution of total money income by source, all persons aged <span class="nobr">62–79</span> by age group, <span class="nobr">1980–2009</span></caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="5" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Year</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Earnings</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Pension benefits</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Social Security</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Asset income</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Other income</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Ages <span class="nobr">62–64</span></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>54.66</td>
|
|
<td>12.41</td>
|
|
<td>16.26</td>
|
|
<td>13.59</td>
|
|
<td>3.05</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>53.23</td>
|
|
<td>11.97</td>
|
|
<td>17.04</td>
|
|
<td>14.54</td>
|
|
<td>3.20</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>53.10</td>
|
|
<td>11.94</td>
|
|
<td>17.05</td>
|
|
<td>15.02</td>
|
|
<td>2.87</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>53.91</td>
|
|
<td>13.22</td>
|
|
<td>16.34</td>
|
|
<td>13.60</td>
|
|
<td>2.91</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>51.67</td>
|
|
<td>12.28</td>
|
|
<td>16.15</td>
|
|
<td>17.14</td>
|
|
<td>2.73</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>51.01</td>
|
|
<td>12.89</td>
|
|
<td>15.95</td>
|
|
<td>17.26</td>
|
|
<td>2.87</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>53.16</td>
|
|
<td>13.63</td>
|
|
<td>14.58</td>
|
|
<td>15.91</td>
|
|
<td>2.69</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>52.69</td>
|
|
<td>14.78</td>
|
|
<td>14.68</td>
|
|
<td>14.54</td>
|
|
<td>3.28</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>51.03</td>
|
|
<td>15.53</td>
|
|
<td>15.50</td>
|
|
<td>15.17</td>
|
|
<td>2.75</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>52.28</td>
|
|
<td>14.61</td>
|
|
<td>14.33</td>
|
|
<td>15.25</td>
|
|
<td>3.51</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>50.41</td>
|
|
<td>16.20</td>
|
|
<td>14.63</td>
|
|
<td>15.60</td>
|
|
<td>3.14</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>51.05</td>
|
|
<td>15.62</td>
|
|
<td>15.02</td>
|
|
<td>14.74</td>
|
|
<td>3.55</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>50.57</td>
|
|
<td>16.13</td>
|
|
<td>16.55</td>
|
|
<td>12.78</td>
|
|
<td>3.94</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>52.83</td>
|
|
<td>15.35</td>
|
|
<td>16.75</td>
|
|
<td>10.89</td>
|
|
<td>4.15</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>53.24</td>
|
|
<td>16.50</td>
|
|
<td>16.56</td>
|
|
<td>10.26</td>
|
|
<td>3.42</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>53.05</td>
|
|
<td>15.57</td>
|
|
<td>15.40</td>
|
|
<td>12.77</td>
|
|
<td>3.19</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>56.10</td>
|
|
<td>14.80</td>
|
|
<td>15.23</td>
|
|
<td>10.80</td>
|
|
<td>3.04</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>54.95</td>
|
|
<td>13.76</td>
|
|
<td>14.73</td>
|
|
<td>13.30</td>
|
|
<td>3.23</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>54.82</td>
|
|
<td>14.82</td>
|
|
<td>15.47</td>
|
|
<td>11.93</td>
|
|
<td>2.92</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>56.50</td>
|
|
<td>14.85</td>
|
|
<td>13.88</td>
|
|
<td>12.07</td>
|
|
<td>2.67</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>58.08</td>
|
|
<td>13.34</td>
|
|
<td>15.03</td>
|
|
<td>10.74</td>
|
|
<td>2.79</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>59.44</td>
|
|
<td>13.19</td>
|
|
<td>14.49</td>
|
|
<td>10.05</td>
|
|
<td>2.79</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>59.99</td>
|
|
<td>13.63</td>
|
|
<td>15.00</td>
|
|
<td>8.07</td>
|
|
<td>3.28</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>59.90</td>
|
|
<td>13.46</td>
|
|
<td>14.69</td>
|
|
<td>9.12</td>
|
|
<td>2.79</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>62.33</td>
|
|
<td>12.54</td>
|
|
<td>13.30</td>
|
|
<td>9.13</td>
|
|
<td>2.68</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>63.02</td>
|
|
<td>12.19</td>
|
|
<td>12.48</td>
|
|
<td>9.42</td>
|
|
<td>2.87</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>61.31</td>
|
|
<td>12.48</td>
|
|
<td>12.92</td>
|
|
<td>10.37</td>
|
|
<td>2.88</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>62.32</td>
|
|
<td>12.43</td>
|
|
<td>12.31</td>
|
|
<td>10.17</td>
|
|
<td>2.74</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>66.14</td>
|
|
<td>11.91</td>
|
|
<td>11.63</td>
|
|
<td>7.70</td>
|
|
<td>2.60</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>65.55</td>
|
|
<td>11.05</td>
|
|
<td>11.47</td>
|
|
<td>8.14</td>
|
|
<td>3.77</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Ages 65-69</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>27.93</td>
|
|
<td>15.55</td>
|
|
<td>33.61</td>
|
|
<td>20.02</td>
|
|
<td>2.86</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>28.64</td>
|
|
<td>14.56</td>
|
|
<td>33.72</td>
|
|
<td>20.37</td>
|
|
<td>2.68</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>27.09</td>
|
|
<td>15.34</td>
|
|
<td>33.81</td>
|
|
<td>21.35</td>
|
|
<td>2.39</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>25.36</td>
|
|
<td>16.77</td>
|
|
<td>35.31</td>
|
|
<td>20.08</td>
|
|
<td>2.46</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>24.72</td>
|
|
<td>15.75</td>
|
|
<td>33.39</td>
|
|
<td>23.54</td>
|
|
<td>2.58</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>24.67</td>
|
|
<td>16.48</td>
|
|
<td>33.05</td>
|
|
<td>22.98</td>
|
|
<td>2.79</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>25.96</td>
|
|
<td>16.96</td>
|
|
<td>31.60</td>
|
|
<td>22.72</td>
|
|
<td>2.73</td>
|
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>27.32</td>
|
|
<td>19.48</td>
|
|
<td>30.59</td>
|
|
<td>19.42</td>
|
|
<td>3.16</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>27.00</td>
|
|
<td>19.25</td>
|
|
<td>30.29</td>
|
|
<td>20.73</td>
|
|
<td>2.72</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>28.82</td>
|
|
<td>18.98</td>
|
|
<td>27.76</td>
|
|
<td>21.54</td>
|
|
<td>2.88</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>27.62</td>
|
|
<td>19.58</td>
|
|
<td>29.03</td>
|
|
<td>20.64</td>
|
|
<td>3.10</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>26.33</td>
|
|
<td>19.77</td>
|
|
<td>30.41</td>
|
|
<td>20.26</td>
|
|
<td>3.20</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>27.11</td>
|
|
<td>20.49</td>
|
|
<td>31.22</td>
|
|
<td>18.24</td>
|
|
<td>2.92</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>28.72</td>
|
|
<td>19.47</td>
|
|
<td>31.08</td>
|
|
<td>16.96</td>
|
|
<td>3.76</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>29.91</td>
|
|
<td>18.99</td>
|
|
<td>32.86</td>
|
|
<td>14.81</td>
|
|
<td>3.41</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>31.34</td>
|
|
<td>17.64</td>
|
|
<td>31.56</td>
|
|
<td>16.25</td>
|
|
<td>3.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>31.79</td>
|
|
<td>18.76</td>
|
|
<td>30.88</td>
|
|
<td>15.57</td>
|
|
<td>2.97</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>31.61</td>
|
|
<td>18.00</td>
|
|
<td>29.81</td>
|
|
<td>17.92</td>
|
|
<td>2.64</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>32.03</td>
|
|
<td>18.32</td>
|
|
<td>29.29</td>
|
|
<td>17.80</td>
|
|
<td>2.53</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>32.55</td>
|
|
<td>17.56</td>
|
|
<td>28.39</td>
|
|
<td>18.79</td>
|
|
<td>2.69</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>34.49</td>
|
|
<td>16.78</td>
|
|
<td>30.37</td>
|
|
<td>15.56</td>
|
|
<td>2.77</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>34.81</td>
|
|
<td>17.44</td>
|
|
<td>30.62</td>
|
|
<td>14.72</td>
|
|
<td>2.38</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>39.45</td>
|
|
<td>17.21</td>
|
|
<td>30.52</td>
|
|
<td>10.22</td>
|
|
<td>2.57</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>37.29</td>
|
|
<td>17.64</td>
|
|
<td>30.85</td>
|
|
<td>11.78</td>
|
|
<td>2.41</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>38.78</td>
|
|
<td>17.26</td>
|
|
<td>29.81</td>
|
|
<td>11.56</td>
|
|
<td>2.56</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>41.50</td>
|
|
<td>15.38</td>
|
|
<td>28.84</td>
|
|
<td>11.66</td>
|
|
<td>2.59</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>40.87</td>
|
|
<td>15.62</td>
|
|
<td>28.50</td>
|
|
<td>12.80</td>
|
|
<td>2.18</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>41.42</td>
|
|
<td>15.37</td>
|
|
<td>26.87</td>
|
|
<td>14.09</td>
|
|
<td>2.22</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>43.00</td>
|
|
<td>16.18</td>
|
|
<td>27.94</td>
|
|
<td>10.70</td>
|
|
<td>2.16</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>41.88</td>
|
|
<td>16.16</td>
|
|
<td>29.65</td>
|
|
<td>9.26</td>
|
|
<td>3.03</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Ages <span class="nobr">70–74</span></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>14.50</td>
|
|
<td>14.70</td>
|
|
<td>44.31</td>
|
|
<td>23.54</td>
|
|
<td>2.92</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>12.47</td>
|
|
<td>14.74</td>
|
|
<td>43.80</td>
|
|
<td>26.46</td>
|
|
<td>2.50</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>13.62</td>
|
|
<td>14.48</td>
|
|
<td>42.79</td>
|
|
<td>26.72</td>
|
|
<td>2.36</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>11.29</td>
|
|
<td>15.21</td>
|
|
<td>43.97</td>
|
|
<td>26.53</td>
|
|
<td>2.97</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>10.76</td>
|
|
<td>14.95</td>
|
|
<td>41.30</td>
|
|
<td>30.07</td>
|
|
<td>2.90</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>12.33</td>
|
|
<td>15.36</td>
|
|
<td>43.51</td>
|
|
<td>26.07</td>
|
|
<td>2.70</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>12.25</td>
|
|
<td>15.63</td>
|
|
<td>42.06</td>
|
|
<td>27.73</td>
|
|
<td>2.31</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>13.41</td>
|
|
<td>17.76</td>
|
|
<td>40.04</td>
|
|
<td>26.09</td>
|
|
<td>2.68</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>12.73</td>
|
|
<td>18.68</td>
|
|
<td>40.58</td>
|
|
<td>25.25</td>
|
|
<td>2.73</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>12.79</td>
|
|
<td>18.31</td>
|
|
<td>40.12</td>
|
|
<td>26.00</td>
|
|
<td>2.75</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>13.36</td>
|
|
<td>19.26</td>
|
|
<td>38.62</td>
|
|
<td>25.77</td>
|
|
<td>2.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>14.02</td>
|
|
<td>21.27</td>
|
|
<td>38.86</td>
|
|
<td>22.39</td>
|
|
<td>3.45</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>14.78</td>
|
|
<td>21.96</td>
|
|
<td>40.12</td>
|
|
<td>19.94</td>
|
|
<td>3.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>14.43</td>
|
|
<td>22.84</td>
|
|
<td>41.02</td>
|
|
<td>17.52</td>
|
|
<td>4.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>14.71</td>
|
|
<td>21.91</td>
|
|
<td>42.89</td>
|
|
<td>16.91</td>
|
|
<td>3.56</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>16.04</td>
|
|
<td>20.80</td>
|
|
<td>41.65</td>
|
|
<td>17.92</td>
|
|
<td>3.57</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>15.92</td>
|
|
<td>21.49</td>
|
|
<td>41.56</td>
|
|
<td>18.17</td>
|
|
<td>2.84</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>14.42</td>
|
|
<td>21.04</td>
|
|
<td>40.60</td>
|
|
<td>20.63</td>
|
|
<td>3.28</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>17.44</td>
|
|
<td>21.86</td>
|
|
<td>38.86</td>
|
|
<td>18.94</td>
|
|
<td>2.87</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>19.19</td>
|
|
<td>19.63</td>
|
|
<td>38.67</td>
|
|
<td>19.77</td>
|
|
<td>2.71</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>19.79</td>
|
|
<td>19.83</td>
|
|
<td>40.15</td>
|
|
<td>17.32</td>
|
|
<td>2.89</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>19.70</td>
|
|
<td>19.91</td>
|
|
<td>40.01</td>
|
|
<td>17.51</td>
|
|
<td>2.84</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>20.85</td>
|
|
<td>20.16</td>
|
|
<td>41.85</td>
|
|
<td>14.00</td>
|
|
<td>3.12</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>22.34</td>
|
|
<td>20.93</td>
|
|
<td>39.08</td>
|
|
<td>15.14</td>
|
|
<td>2.49</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>25.17</td>
|
|
<td>20.90</td>
|
|
<td>39.01</td>
|
|
<td>12.16</td>
|
|
<td>2.74</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>25.07</td>
|
|
<td>20.14</td>
|
|
<td>38.44</td>
|
|
<td>13.50</td>
|
|
<td>2.83</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>23.81</td>
|
|
<td>19.72</td>
|
|
<td>39.04</td>
|
|
<td>14.76</td>
|
|
<td>2.64</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>24.72</td>
|
|
<td>18.98</td>
|
|
<td>38.01</td>
|
|
<td>15.91</td>
|
|
<td>2.36</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>26.66</td>
|
|
<td>19.05</td>
|
|
<td>38.46</td>
|
|
<td>13.19</td>
|
|
<td>2.62</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>27.54</td>
|
|
<td>18.61</td>
|
|
<td>39.86</td>
|
|
<td>11.27</td>
|
|
<td>2.69</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Ages <span class="nobr">75–79</span></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>8.56</td>
|
|
<td>13.18</td>
|
|
<td>47.81</td>
|
|
<td>26.63</td>
|
|
<td>3.79</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>7.16</td>
|
|
<td>13.61</td>
|
|
<td>48.02</td>
|
|
<td>28.41</td>
|
|
<td>2.78</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>6.08</td>
|
|
<td>12.77</td>
|
|
<td>47.55</td>
|
|
<td>30.78</td>
|
|
<td>2.79</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>6.72</td>
|
|
<td>13.98</td>
|
|
<td>47.16</td>
|
|
<td>29.20</td>
|
|
<td>2.91</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>6.37</td>
|
|
<td>13.92</td>
|
|
<td>45.59</td>
|
|
<td>31.52</td>
|
|
<td>2.58</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>6.23</td>
|
|
<td>14.19</td>
|
|
<td>46.67</td>
|
|
<td>30.38</td>
|
|
<td>2.51</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>5.47</td>
|
|
<td>15.28</td>
|
|
<td>47.69</td>
|
|
<td>28.71</td>
|
|
<td>2.83</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>7.60</td>
|
|
<td>16.47</td>
|
|
<td>45.47</td>
|
|
<td>27.90</td>
|
|
<td>2.53</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>8.93</td>
|
|
<td>16.15</td>
|
|
<td>44.06</td>
|
|
<td>28.05</td>
|
|
<td>2.79</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>7.82</td>
|
|
<td>15.52</td>
|
|
<td>44.78</td>
|
|
<td>28.70</td>
|
|
<td>3.15</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>7.43</td>
|
|
<td>17.63</td>
|
|
<td>45.30</td>
|
|
<td>27.03</td>
|
|
<td>2.58</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>7.75</td>
|
|
<td>18.10</td>
|
|
<td>45.42</td>
|
|
<td>25.73</td>
|
|
<td>2.98</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>7.34</td>
|
|
<td>20.22</td>
|
|
<td>47.11</td>
|
|
<td>22.35</td>
|
|
<td>2.95</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>8.13</td>
|
|
<td>20.74</td>
|
|
<td>47.39</td>
|
|
<td>20.78</td>
|
|
<td>2.94</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>8.69</td>
|
|
<td>19.20</td>
|
|
<td>47.49</td>
|
|
<td>20.98</td>
|
|
<td>3.61</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>8.59</td>
|
|
<td>19.03</td>
|
|
<td>48.69</td>
|
|
<td>20.43</td>
|
|
<td>3.23</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>10.54</td>
|
|
<td>18.47</td>
|
|
<td>48.18</td>
|
|
<td>19.49</td>
|
|
<td>3.29</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>10.02</td>
|
|
<td>20.20</td>
|
|
<td>45.19</td>
|
|
<td>21.12</td>
|
|
<td>3.45</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>8.65</td>
|
|
<td>20.07</td>
|
|
<td>44.06</td>
|
|
<td>23.10</td>
|
|
<td>4.10</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>10.36</td>
|
|
<td>21.33</td>
|
|
<td>43.73</td>
|
|
<td>20.98</td>
|
|
<td>3.58</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>12.63</td>
|
|
<td>20.17</td>
|
|
<td>45.11</td>
|
|
<td>19.08</td>
|
|
<td>2.99</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>10.60</td>
|
|
<td>20.97</td>
|
|
<td>46.33</td>
|
|
<td>18.21</td>
|
|
<td>3.87</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>11.87</td>
|
|
<td>20.93</td>
|
|
<td>45.77</td>
|
|
<td>17.51</td>
|
|
<td>3.89</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>14.04</td>
|
|
<td>21.36</td>
|
|
<td>46.51</td>
|
|
<td>14.50</td>
|
|
<td>3.56</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>14.38</td>
|
|
<td>22.04</td>
|
|
<td>47.00</td>
|
|
<td>14.10</td>
|
|
<td>2.46</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>15.42</td>
|
|
<td>21.71</td>
|
|
<td>45.20</td>
|
|
<td>14.65</td>
|
|
<td>2.99</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>15.28</td>
|
|
<td>19.83</td>
|
|
<td>44.55</td>
|
|
<td>17.03</td>
|
|
<td>3.29</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>14.87</td>
|
|
<td>20.32</td>
|
|
<td>44.48</td>
|
|
<td>17.11</td>
|
|
<td>3.20</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>12.93</td>
|
|
<td>21.95</td>
|
|
<td>46.03</td>
|
|
<td>15.94</td>
|
|
<td>3.13</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>17.78</td>
|
|
|
|
<td>20.39</td>
|
|
<td>45.97</td>
|
|
<td>12.80</td>
|
|
<td>3.04</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="6"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="onlyNote">SOURCE: Authors' calculations using <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> <abbr class="spell">ASEC</abbr> data.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>For the youngest age group (<span class="nobr">62–64</span>), whose <abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr>s have risen for both men and women by about 10 percentage points since 1995, the earnings share increased from 50 percent in 1990 to 58 percent in 2000 and 66 percent in 2009, with the upward trend beginning in the mid-1990s. For this age group, the asset income share attained its high value of 17 percent in 1985 before falling to 10 percent in 1994. The asset income share remained in the <span class="nobr">8–11</span> percent range during <span class="nobr">2000–2006</span>, with a value of 8 percent recorded for 2009. Over the three decades, the Social Security benefit share of income declined from 16 percent to 11 percent.</p>
|
|
<p>The importance of earnings in total income also increases substantially for the three oldest age groups. For 65- to 69-year-olds, the earnings share increased from 28 percent in 1980 to 34 percent in 2000, and reached 42 percent of total money income in 2009. Similar to the experience of the 62- to 64-year-olds, the shares of asset income fell from 20 percent in 1980 to 9 percent in 2009. The Social Security benefit share also decreased by about 4 percentage points during that period. The changes in income shares attributable to earnings (since 2000) and assets (since 1999) are particularly pronounced. In 2000, the Social Security <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (the age at which benefits are not reduced for early claiming) began its gradual increase to age 67 and the retirement earnings test for beneficiaries at <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> through age 69 was repealed. Both changes improve work incentives for current and potential Social Security beneficiaries. The declining share of asset income likely reflects relatively low investment returns for most of that decade and a 10 percentage point decline (to 57 percent) in persons reporting income from that source since 1999.<sup><a href="#mn16" id="mt16">16</a></sup> Perhaps the single most striking feature of the panel for 65- to 69-year-olds is that for the middle of the <span class="nobr">1980–2009</span> period, Social Security and earnings were about equally important components of total money income, each with roughly a 30 percent share. Since 1994, these components have sharply diverged, with the earnings share now more than 12 percentage points higher than the Social Security share.</p>
|
|
<p>Social Security benefits remain the most important component of total money income for the two oldest age groups, although the gap between the benefit and earnings shares has narrowed substantially for those aged <span class="nobr">70–74</span>. The earnings share for 70- to 74-year-olds has essentially doubled, from <span class="nobr">12–15</span> percent in the early 1980s to 28 percent in 2009. The corresponding increase for 75- to 79-year-olds was from <span class="nobr">5–7</span> percent in the mid-1980s to <span class="nobr">12–18</span> percent in <span class="nobr">2004–2009</span>. Both groups experienced large declines in asset income shares.<sup><a href="#mn17" id="mt17">17</a></sup></p>
|
|
<h3>Income Shares by Source for Persons Aged <span class="nobr">62–79</span> with Earnings</h3>
|
|
<p>In recent years a majority of people aged <span class="nobr">62–64</span> have earnings, but the percentages decline with age.<sup><a href="#mn18" id="mt18">18</a></sup> For example, in 2009, the percentages for our four age groups were 68 percent (ages <span class="nobr">62–64</span>), 47 percent (ages <span class="nobr">65–69</span>), 30 percent (ages <span class="nobr">70–74</span>), and 19 percent (ages <span class="nobr">75–79</span>). Naturally, the average share of earnings in total money income among earners, as shown in Chart 4, is higher than for the wider population that includes nonearners, as shown in Chart 3. For all four age groups in Chart 4, the earnings share has consistently exceeded the Social Security benefit share—usually by a sizable amount, even for the two oldest groups.<sup><a href="#mn19" id="mt19">19</a></sup> The four panels of the chart show a clear increase in earnings shares over time for the population of earners, but not as large an increase as depicted in Chart 3 for the total population in this age range. The reason is that some of the increase in <abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr>s does not translate into an increasing earnings share for earners when the earnings shares of new participants are low. To the extent that an age group's higher <abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr> is accounted for by increases in employment in higher paying (typically full-time) jobs, the additional participation will tend to increase the earnings share of total money income. This increase is particularly noticeable, from 35 percent in 1984 to 57 percent in 2009, for units aged <span class="nobr">70–74</span>. For the youngest age group (<span class="nobr">62–64</span>), earnings always accounted for at least 68 percent of total money income, and more recently has increased to 78 percent. For 65- to 69-year-old earners, the earnings share has always exceeded 50 percent, and attained 63 percent in 2009.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart4">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 4.<br>Distribution of total money income by source, all persons aged <span class="nobr">62–79</span> with earnings by age group, <span class="nobr">1980–2009</span></div>
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<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v72n1p59-chart04.gif" alt="Set of four line charts with tabular version below." width="700" height="823" /></div>
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<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
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<table>
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<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 4. </span>Distribution of total money income by source, all persons aged <span class="nobr">62–79</span> with earnings by age group, <span class="nobr">1980–2009</span></caption>
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<colgroup span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
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<colgroup span="5" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Year</th>
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<th scope="col">Earnings</th>
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<th scope="col">Pension benefits</th>
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<th scope="col">Social Security</th>
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<th scope="col">Asset income</th>
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<th scope="col">Other income</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<th colspan="5" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Earners <span class="nobr">62–64</span></th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
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<td>73.02</td>
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<td>7.28</td>
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<td>8.28</td>
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<td>9.88</td>
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<td>1.51</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
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<td>71.61</td>
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<td>6.61</td>
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<td>8.68</td>
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<td>11.74</td>
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<td>1.33</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
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<td>70.77</td>
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<td>7.30</td>
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<td>8.57</td>
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<td>11.74</td>
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<td>1.60</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
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<td>73.36</td>
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<td>7.46</td>
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<td>7.95</td>
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<td>9.84</td>
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<td>1.36</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
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<td>70.94</td>
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<td>6.15</td>
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<td>7.84</td>
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<td>13.58</td>
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<td>1.47</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
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<td>70.60</td>
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<td>7.62</td>
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<td>8.15</td>
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<td>12.41</td>
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<td>1.20</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
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<td>71.29</td>
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<td>8.29</td>
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<td>7.20</td>
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<td>11.88</td>
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<td>1.31</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
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<td>70.43</td>
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<td>8.65</td>
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<td>7.69</td>
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<td>11.26</td>
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<td>1.93</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
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<td>69.29</td>
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<td>8.79</td>
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<td>7.95</td>
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<td>12.60</td>
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<td>1.34</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
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<td>70.91</td>
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<td>8.11</td>
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<td>7.52</td>
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<td>11.79</td>
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<td>1.66</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
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<td>68.53</td>
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<td>9.41</td>
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<td>7.81</td>
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<td>12.53</td>
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<td>1.69</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
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<td>68.99</td>
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<td>9.93</td>
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<td>7.67</td>
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<td>11.24</td>
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<td>2.14</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
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<td>69.68</td>
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<td>9.04</td>
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<td>9.11</td>
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<td>10.19</td>
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<td>1.95</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
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<td>70.85</td>
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<td>8.58</td>
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<td>9.54</td>
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<td>8.60</td>
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<td>2.41</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
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<td>69.83</td>
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<td>10.38</td>
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<td>9.07</td>
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<td>8.68</td>
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<td>2.01</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
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<td>69.80</td>
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<td>9.60</td>
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<td>8.37</td>
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<td>10.22</td>
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<td>1.99</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
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<td>72.46</td>
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<td>9.09</td>
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<td>8.43</td>
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<td>8.46</td>
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<td>1.53</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
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<td>71.04</td>
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<td>8.75</td>
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<td>7.56</td>
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<td>11.22</td>
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<td>1.41</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
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<td>69.15</td>
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<td>10.07</td>
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<td>8.17</td>
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<td>11.10</td>
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<td>1.48</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
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<td>72.14</td>
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<td>8.87</td>
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<td>7.38</td>
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<td>10.41</td>
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<td>1.18</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
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<td>73.18</td>
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<td>7.92</td>
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<td>7.97</td>
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<td>9.15</td>
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<td>1.76</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
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<td>74.45</td>
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<td>8.63</td>
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<td>7.70</td>
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<td>7.57</td>
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<td>1.62</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
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<td>76.07</td>
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<td>8.50</td>
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<td>7.71</td>
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<td>6.08</td>
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<td>1.61</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
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<td>75.56</td>
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<td>7.88</td>
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<td>7.63</td>
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<td>7.34</td>
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<td>1.57</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
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<td>76.74</td>
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<td>7.30</td>
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<td>7.05</td>
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<td>7.46</td>
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<td>1.42</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
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<td>76.40</td>
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<td>7.41</td>
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<td>6.54</td>
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<td>8.14</td>
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<td>1.48</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
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<td>75.20</td>
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<td>7.81</td>
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<td>6.76</td>
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<td>8.82</td>
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<td>1.38</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
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<td>75.51</td>
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<td>7.65</td>
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<td>6.19</td>
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<td>8.84</td>
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<td>1.78</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
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<td>78.82</td>
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<td>7.64</td>
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<td>5.68</td>
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<td>6.26</td>
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<td>1.57</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
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<td>77.64</td>
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<td>6.70</td>
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<td>5.95</td>
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<td>7.52</td>
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<td>2.17</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<th colspan="5" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Earners 65-69</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
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<td>54.33</td>
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<td>8.52</td>
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<td>20.18</td>
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<td>15.74</td>
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<td>1.21</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
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<td>55.69</td>
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<td>8.34</td>
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<td>20.08</td>
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<td>14.81</td>
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<td>1.04</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
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<td>54.59</td>
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<td>8.83</td>
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<td>20.62</td>
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<td>14.91</td>
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<td>1.03</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
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<td>52.55</td>
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<td>10.38</td>
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<td>21.67</td>
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<td>14.57</td>
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<td>0.81</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
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<td>51.94</td>
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<td>9.79</td>
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<td>20.66</td>
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<td>16.90</td>
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<td>0.68</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
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<td>51.61</td>
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<td>9.80</td>
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<td>21.26</td>
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<td>16.18</td>
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<td>1.13</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
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<td>53.39</td>
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<td>10.42</td>
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<td>18.87</td>
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<td>16.23</td>
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<td>1.07</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
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<td>53.64</td>
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<td>11.73</td>
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<td>18.30</td>
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<td>14.96</td>
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<td>1.35</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
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<td>52.84</td>
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<td>11.29</td>
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<td>18.35</td>
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<td>16.30</td>
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<td>1.20</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
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<td>54.43</td>
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<td>10.48</td>
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<td>16.61</td>
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<td>17.08</td>
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<td>1.38</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
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<td>54.02</td>
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<td>11.47</td>
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<td>17.69</td>
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<td>15.17</td>
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<td>1.62</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
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<td>52.95</td>
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<td>11.21</td>
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<td>18.68</td>
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<td>15.84</td>
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<td>1.30</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
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<td>53.91</td>
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<td>11.04</td>
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<td>18.76</td>
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<td>14.59</td>
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<td>1.68</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
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<td>54.35</td>
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<td>11.20</td>
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<td>18.43</td>
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<td>13.80</td>
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<td>2.20</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
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<td>54.96</td>
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<td>11.85</td>
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<td>19.80</td>
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<td>11.65</td>
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<td>1.71</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
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<td>57.87</td>
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<td>10.05</td>
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<td>18.28</td>
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<td>11.95</td>
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<td>1.82</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
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<td>58.21</td>
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<td>10.59</td>
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<td>18.47</td>
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<td>11.05</td>
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<td>1.65</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
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<td>56.10</td>
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<td>10.71</td>
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<td>17.71</td>
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<td>14.10</td>
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<td>1.35</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
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<td>56.41</td>
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<td>11.06</td>
|
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<td>17.72</td>
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<td>13.41</td>
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<td>1.38</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
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<td>56.46</td>
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<td>9.34</td>
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<td>16.89</td>
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<td>15.81</td>
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<td>1.47</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
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<td>56.66</td>
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<td>9.64</td>
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<td>19.25</td>
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<td>12.88</td>
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<td>1.54</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
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<td>57.45</td>
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<td>9.66</td>
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<td>19.11</td>
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<td>12.47</td>
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<td>1.28</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
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<td>63.76</td>
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<td>8.62</td>
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<td>18.96</td>
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<td>7.44</td>
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<td>1.19</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
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<td>59.79</td>
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<td>10.33</td>
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<td>19.52</td>
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<td>9.07</td>
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<td>1.26</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
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<td>61.10</td>
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<td>9.46</td>
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<td>18.70</td>
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<td>9.43</td>
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<td>1.28</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
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<td>65.46</td>
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<td>7.42</td>
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<td>17.48</td>
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<td>8.28</td>
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<td>1.33</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
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<td>63.83</td>
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<td>8.46</td>
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<td>17.34</td>
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<td>9.38</td>
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<td>0.98</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
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<td>62.29</td>
|
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<td>8.71</td>
|
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<td>15.82</td>
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<td>12.09</td>
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<td>1.07</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>64.48</td>
|
|
<td>8.81</td>
|
|
<td>16.50</td>
|
|
<td>8.85</td>
|
|
<td>1.34</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>63.10</td>
|
|
<td>9.25</td>
|
|
<td>17.79</td>
|
|
<td>8.16</td>
|
|
<td>1.68</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Earners <span class="nobr">70–74</span></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>45.16</td>
|
|
<td>8.27</td>
|
|
<td>28.73</td>
|
|
<td>17.01</td>
|
|
<td>0.81</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>41.46</td>
|
|
<td>8.26</td>
|
|
<td>28.17</td>
|
|
<td>21.20</td>
|
|
<td>0.89</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>41.29</td>
|
|
<td>7.88</td>
|
|
<td>26.58</td>
|
|
<td>23.52</td>
|
|
<td>0.71</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>37.78</td>
|
|
<td>8.61</td>
|
|
<td>31.91</td>
|
|
<td>20.69</td>
|
|
<td>0.99</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>35.41</td>
|
|
<td>9.27</td>
|
|
<td>30.39</td>
|
|
<td>24.03</td>
|
|
<td>0.87</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>42.02</td>
|
|
<td>8.31</td>
|
|
<td>30.98</td>
|
|
<td>17.90</td>
|
|
<td>0.76</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>40.06</td>
|
|
<td>9.92</td>
|
|
<td>26.82</td>
|
|
<td>22.23</td>
|
|
<td>0.95</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>43.93</td>
|
|
<td>10.44</td>
|
|
<td>26.98</td>
|
|
<td>17.17</td>
|
|
<td>1.46</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>40.32</td>
|
|
<td>11.93</td>
|
|
<td>28.09</td>
|
|
<td>18.52</td>
|
|
<td>1.11</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>42.45</td>
|
|
<td>10.05</td>
|
|
<td>26.96</td>
|
|
<td>19.32</td>
|
|
<td>1.20</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>40.75</td>
|
|
<td>12.01</td>
|
|
<td>25.22</td>
|
|
<td>20.49</td>
|
|
<td>1.50</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>43.87</td>
|
|
<td>12.95</td>
|
|
<td>24.57</td>
|
|
<td>17.62</td>
|
|
<td>0.97</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>45.68</td>
|
|
<td>12.38</td>
|
|
<td>25.12</td>
|
|
<td>14.94</td>
|
|
<td>1.86</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>43.54</td>
|
|
<td>14.20</td>
|
|
<td>25.90</td>
|
|
<td>14.41</td>
|
|
<td>1.93</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>44.31</td>
|
|
<td>13.68</td>
|
|
<td>28.39</td>
|
|
<td>11.51</td>
|
|
<td>2.09</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>44.03</td>
|
|
<td>14.29</td>
|
|
<td>25.37</td>
|
|
<td>14.59</td>
|
|
<td>1.70</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>46.15</td>
|
|
<td>10.26</td>
|
|
<td>27.98</td>
|
|
<td>14.33</td>
|
|
<td>1.26</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>44.82</td>
|
|
<td>13.03</td>
|
|
<td>26.24</td>
|
|
<td>14.33</td>
|
|
<td>1.55</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>45.65</td>
|
|
<td>13.88</td>
|
|
<td>24.22</td>
|
|
<td>14.92</td>
|
|
<td>1.31</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>47.80</td>
|
|
<td>10.49</td>
|
|
<td>23.26</td>
|
|
<td>17.40</td>
|
|
<td>1.03</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>47.31</td>
|
|
<td>11.49</td>
|
|
<td>24.56</td>
|
|
<td>15.23</td>
|
|
<td>1.38</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>50.35</td>
|
|
<td>10.38</td>
|
|
<td>24.48</td>
|
|
<td>13.44</td>
|
|
<td>1.33</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>53.10</td>
|
|
<td>9.65</td>
|
|
<td>25.50</td>
|
|
<td>10.28</td>
|
|
<td>1.45</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>54.56</td>
|
|
<td>11.28</td>
|
|
<td>23.05</td>
|
|
<td>9.70</td>
|
|
<td>1.39</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>55.60</td>
|
|
<td>10.84</td>
|
|
<td>23.30</td>
|
|
<td>8.75</td>
|
|
<td>1.48</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>56.06</td>
|
|
<td>10.23</td>
|
|
<td>22.98</td>
|
|
<td>9.52</td>
|
|
<td>1.19</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>53.58</td>
|
|
<td>10.93</td>
|
|
<td>23.95</td>
|
|
<td>10.11</td>
|
|
<td>1.41</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>52.58</td>
|
|
<td>10.37</td>
|
|
<td>21.85</td>
|
|
<td>14.02</td>
|
|
<td>1.15</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>55.07</td>
|
|
<td>9.60</td>
|
|
<td>23.14</td>
|
|
<td>10.62</td>
|
|
<td>1.55</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>56.90</td>
|
|
<td>10.17</td>
|
|
<td>22.57</td>
|
|
<td>8.64</td>
|
|
<td>1.70</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Earners <span class="nobr">75–79</span></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>40.00</td>
|
|
<td>7.47</td>
|
|
<td>29.70</td>
|
|
<td>21.88</td>
|
|
<td>0.93</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>40.28</td>
|
|
<td>6.80</td>
|
|
<td>32.33</td>
|
|
<td>19.62</td>
|
|
<td>0.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>32.06</td>
|
|
<td>6.54</td>
|
|
<td>32.54</td>
|
|
<td>28.05</td>
|
|
<td>0.77</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>36.65</td>
|
|
<td>6.08</td>
|
|
<td>32.91</td>
|
|
<td>23.75</td>
|
|
<td>0.59</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>36.49</td>
|
|
<td>7.41</td>
|
|
<td>33.03</td>
|
|
<td>22.72</td>
|
|
<td>0.31</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>37.74</td>
|
|
<td>8.68</td>
|
|
<td>32.49</td>
|
|
<td>20.51</td>
|
|
<td>0.55</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>33.90</td>
|
|
<td>10.28</td>
|
|
<td>33.62</td>
|
|
<td>21.32</td>
|
|
<td>0.86</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>38.51</td>
|
|
<td>10.39</td>
|
|
<td>30.34</td>
|
|
<td>19.57</td>
|
|
<td>1.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>41.22</td>
|
|
<td>10.51</td>
|
|
<td>26.73</td>
|
|
<td>20.72</td>
|
|
<td>0.80</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>41.32</td>
|
|
<td>8.41</td>
|
|
<td>30.16</td>
|
|
<td>18.46</td>
|
|
<td>1.62</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>38.14</td>
|
|
<td>11.88</td>
|
|
<td>29.47</td>
|
|
<td>18.95</td>
|
|
<td>1.53</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>42.12</td>
|
|
<td>9.50</td>
|
|
<td>28.97</td>
|
|
<td>18.42</td>
|
|
<td>0.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>38.81</td>
|
|
<td>13.25</td>
|
|
<td>28.83</td>
|
|
<td>17.82</td>
|
|
<td>1.26</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>36.38</td>
|
|
<td>13.99</td>
|
|
<td>30.66</td>
|
|
<td>17.84</td>
|
|
<td>1.11</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>38.71</td>
|
|
<td>9.23</td>
|
|
<td>30.17</td>
|
|
<td>19.53</td>
|
|
<td>2.33</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>41.39</td>
|
|
<td>9.98</td>
|
|
<td>32.73</td>
|
|
<td>14.94</td>
|
|
<td>0.94</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>46.37</td>
|
|
<td>8.16</td>
|
|
<td>28.35</td>
|
|
<td>16.07</td>
|
|
<td>1.03</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>44.45</td>
|
|
<td>10.58</td>
|
|
<td>26.89</td>
|
|
<td>16.23</td>
|
|
<td>1.83</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>39.83</td>
|
|
<td>12.70</td>
|
|
<td>24.89</td>
|
|
<td>19.92</td>
|
|
<td>2.64</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>43.35</td>
|
|
<td>12.83</td>
|
|
<td>27.07</td>
|
|
<td>14.25</td>
|
|
<td>2.48</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>49.13</td>
|
|
<td>9.85</td>
|
|
<td>24.55</td>
|
|
<td>15.27</td>
|
|
<td>1.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>46.31</td>
|
|
<td>10.93</td>
|
|
<td>27.14</td>
|
|
<td>14.48</td>
|
|
<td>1.12</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>49.78</td>
|
|
<td>10.36</td>
|
|
<td>25.03</td>
|
|
<td>12.37</td>
|
|
<td>2.44</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>52.27</td>
|
|
<td>9.84</td>
|
|
<td>25.96</td>
|
|
<td>10.44</td>
|
|
<td>1.47</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>50.96</td>
|
|
<td>10.94</td>
|
|
<td>25.91</td>
|
|
<td>10.90</td>
|
|
<td>1.27</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>52.23</td>
|
|
<td>9.82</td>
|
|
<td>26.06</td>
|
|
<td>10.39</td>
|
|
<td>1.49</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>50.65</td>
|
|
<td>9.67</td>
|
|
<td>26.28</td>
|
|
<td>11.79</td>
|
|
<td>1.59</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>48.86</td>
|
|
<td>9.01</td>
|
|
<td>24.32</td>
|
|
<td>16.29</td>
|
|
<td>1.49</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>44.44</td>
|
|
<td>12.51</td>
|
|
<td>27.81</td>
|
|
<td>13.27</td>
|
|
<td>1.95</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>54.79</td>
|
|
<td>8.34</td>
|
|
<td>26.09</td>
|
|
<td>9.57</td>
|
|
<td>1.19</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="6"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCE: Authors' calculations using <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> <abbr class="spell">ASEC</abbr> data.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote">NOTE: Zero-earners are included if they meet the age requirement and have a spouse who reports earnings.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h3>Income Shares by Source for Social Security Beneficiaries Aged <span class="nobr">62–79</span></h3>
|
|
<p>Many Americans equate retirement with receiving Social Security benefits that are not disability related. In the past, beneficiary status has been strongly associated with withdrawal from the labor force or reduced work. From the program's inception, Social Security benefits have been subject to earnings tests that have helped reinforce the idea that benefits are intended to replace labor market earnings. Over the years, the relaxation of earnings test rules has made work more attractive to beneficiaries by increasing annual limits on allowable earnings, reducing the benefit reduction rate, and exempting more people from the test. We discuss these changes later in the article.</p>
|
|
<p>Chart 5 shows income shares by source for persons aged <span class="nobr">62–79</span> who receive Social Security benefits.<sup><a href="#mn20" id="mt20">20</a></sup> The Social Security benefit share of total money income is substantial for all four age groups, with greater shares observed for older ages. All four age groups again show notable increases over time in the earnings share of total money income, particularly the <span class="nobr">65–69</span> and <span class="nobr">70–74</span> age groups. Among 65- to 69-year-old beneficiaries, the earnings share increased sharply, from 22 percent in 1994 to 33 percent in 2009. Nearly all of the increase (more than 10 percentage points) occurred between 2000 and 2002, the period immediately following the repeal of the earnings test for workers who reach the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>.<sup><a href="#mn21" id="mt21">21</a></sup> For 70- to 74-year-olds, the earnings share increased from 13 percent in 1990 to 25 percent in 2009. The earnings share gained 6 percentage points during <span class="nobr">2002–2004</span>, but much (almost 40 percent) of the increase from 1990 to 2009 occurred prior to 2000. For all four age groups, the asset income share declined substantially over the past two decades. Since the early 1990s, pension shares have declined slightly (by <span class="nobr">2–4</span> percentage points) for the three youngest age groups and changed little for the 75- to 79-year-old group. The other-income share has remained small (about <span class="nobr">2–4</span> percent) for Social Security beneficiaries in all four age groups throughout the observation period.<sup><a href="#mn22" id="mt22">22</a></sup></p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart5">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 5.<br>Distribution of total money income by source, all persons aged <span class="nobr">62–79</span> who receive Social Security benefits by age group, <span class="nobr">1980–2009</span></div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v72n1p59-chart05.gif" alt="Set of four line charts with tabular version below." width="700" height="826" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 5. </span>Distribution of total money income by source, all persons aged <span class="nobr">62–79</span> who receive Social Security benefits by age group, <span class="nobr">1980–2009</span></caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="5" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Year</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Earnings</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Pension benefits</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Social Security</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Asset income</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Other income</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Beneficiaries <span class="nobr">62–64</span></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>31.08</td>
|
|
<td>17.20</td>
|
|
<td>31.54</td>
|
|
<td>16.98</td>
|
|
<td>3.18</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>29.23</td>
|
|
<td>15.87</td>
|
|
<td>33.33</td>
|
|
<td>18.08</td>
|
|
<td>3.47</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>27.74</td>
|
|
<td>16.05</td>
|
|
<td>34.04</td>
|
|
<td>18.98</td>
|
|
<td>3.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>27.72</td>
|
|
<td>19.47</td>
|
|
<td>31.85</td>
|
|
<td>17.39</td>
|
|
<td>3.54</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>26.68</td>
|
|
<td>18.61</td>
|
|
<td>32.28</td>
|
|
<td>19.50</td>
|
|
<td>2.91</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>27.97</td>
|
|
<td>17.78</td>
|
|
<td>30.37</td>
|
|
<td>20.74</td>
|
|
<td>3.13</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>28.36</td>
|
|
<td>19.54</td>
|
|
<td>30.23</td>
|
|
<td>19.05</td>
|
|
<td>2.80</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>28.70</td>
|
|
<td>20.94</td>
|
|
<td>28.89</td>
|
|
<td>17.82</td>
|
|
<td>3.63</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>27.74</td>
|
|
<td>22.51</td>
|
|
<td>29.56</td>
|
|
<td>17.00</td>
|
|
<td>3.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>29.41</td>
|
|
<td>20.56</td>
|
|
<td>27.83</td>
|
|
<td>18.32</td>
|
|
<td>3.85</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>27.68</td>
|
|
<td>23.71</td>
|
|
<td>27.91</td>
|
|
<td>17.25</td>
|
|
<td>3.43</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>28.95</td>
|
|
<td>21.47</td>
|
|
<td>29.15</td>
|
|
<td>16.90</td>
|
|
<td>3.51</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>28.38</td>
|
|
<td>21.62</td>
|
|
<td>30.49</td>
|
|
<td>14.98</td>
|
|
<td>4.50</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>30.50</td>
|
|
<td>21.15</td>
|
|
<td>31.48</td>
|
|
<td>12.67</td>
|
|
<td>4.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>31.54</td>
|
|
<td>21.61</td>
|
|
<td>31.67</td>
|
|
<td>11.82</td>
|
|
<td>3.34</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>29.83</td>
|
|
<td>21.56</td>
|
|
<td>29.92</td>
|
|
<td>14.78</td>
|
|
<td>3.89</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>31.30</td>
|
|
<td>21.02</td>
|
|
<td>31.09</td>
|
|
<td>13.31</td>
|
|
<td>3.26</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>30.42</td>
|
|
<td>20.00</td>
|
|
<td>31.09</td>
|
|
<td>15.08</td>
|
|
<td>3.39</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>31.18</td>
|
|
<td>21.45</td>
|
|
<td>31.13</td>
|
|
<td>12.97</td>
|
|
<td>3.24</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>33.18</td>
|
|
<td>21.78</td>
|
|
<td>27.20</td>
|
|
<td>14.64</td>
|
|
<td>3.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>35.11</td>
|
|
<td>18.42</td>
|
|
<td>29.23</td>
|
|
<td>14.36</td>
|
|
<td>2.86</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>35.24</td>
|
|
<td>18.65</td>
|
|
<td>29.95</td>
|
|
<td>13.10</td>
|
|
<td>3.04</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>34.91</td>
|
|
<td>20.07</td>
|
|
<td>31.24</td>
|
|
<td>9.67</td>
|
|
<td>4.08</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>34.94</td>
|
|
<td>20.07</td>
|
|
<td>31.09</td>
|
|
<td>10.90</td>
|
|
<td>2.98</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>38.78</td>
|
|
<td>17.54</td>
|
|
<td>29.52</td>
|
|
<td>10.84</td>
|
|
<td>3.30</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>35.74</td>
|
|
<td>19.07</td>
|
|
<td>30.93</td>
|
|
<td>10.71</td>
|
|
<td>3.53</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>36.28</td>
|
|
<td>18.43</td>
|
|
<td>29.99</td>
|
|
<td>12.06</td>
|
|
<td>3.22</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>35.51</td>
|
|
<td>18.64</td>
|
|
<td>29.38</td>
|
|
<td>13.59</td>
|
|
<td>2.86</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>36.93</td>
|
|
<td>18.79</td>
|
|
<td>30.86</td>
|
|
<td>10.03</td>
|
|
<td>3.37</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>37.52</td>
|
|
<td>18.55</td>
|
|
<td>31.29</td>
|
|
<td>8.66</td>
|
|
<td>3.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Beneficiaries 65-69</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>20.58</td>
|
|
<td>15.89</td>
|
|
<td>39.79</td>
|
|
<td>21.29</td>
|
|
<td>2.42</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>20.29</td>
|
|
<td>15.20</td>
|
|
<td>40.20</td>
|
|
<td>21.89</td>
|
|
<td>2.40</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>19.23</td>
|
|
<td>15.83</td>
|
|
<td>40.21</td>
|
|
<td>22.56</td>
|
|
<td>2.14</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>17.50</td>
|
|
<td>17.19</td>
|
|
<td>41.56</td>
|
|
<td>21.54</td>
|
|
<td>2.18</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>17.22</td>
|
|
<td>16.35</td>
|
|
<td>38.89</td>
|
|
<td>25.08</td>
|
|
<td>2.44</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>17.12</td>
|
|
<td>17.17</td>
|
|
<td>38.93</td>
|
|
<td>24.14</td>
|
|
<td>2.61</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>17.83</td>
|
|
<td>18.28</td>
|
|
<td>37.26</td>
|
|
<td>24.07</td>
|
|
<td>2.54</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>19.47</td>
|
|
<td>20.83</td>
|
|
<td>36.43</td>
|
|
<td>20.21</td>
|
|
<td>3.03</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>19.63</td>
|
|
<td>20.35</td>
|
|
<td>35.87</td>
|
|
<td>21.53</td>
|
|
<td>2.59</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>21.05</td>
|
|
<td>20.19</td>
|
|
<td>33.76</td>
|
|
<td>22.34</td>
|
|
<td>2.64</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>19.52</td>
|
|
<td>20.66</td>
|
|
<td>34.97</td>
|
|
<td>21.99</td>
|
|
<td>2.84</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>18.93</td>
|
|
<td>20.75</td>
|
|
<td>36.19</td>
|
|
<td>21.19</td>
|
|
<td>2.90</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>20.90</td>
|
|
<td>21.12</td>
|
|
<td>36.26</td>
|
|
<td>18.96</td>
|
|
<td>2.73</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>21.34</td>
|
|
<td>20.65</td>
|
|
<td>36.66</td>
|
|
<td>17.77</td>
|
|
<td>3.56</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>22.36</td>
|
|
<td>20.02</td>
|
|
<td>38.84</td>
|
|
<td>15.63</td>
|
|
<td>3.13</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>23.22</td>
|
|
<td>18.90</td>
|
|
<td>37.91</td>
|
|
<td>16.95</td>
|
|
<td>2.99</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>23.55</td>
|
|
<td>19.85</td>
|
|
<td>37.50</td>
|
|
<td>16.37</td>
|
|
<td>2.71</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>23.59</td>
|
|
<td>19.53</td>
|
|
<td>36.18</td>
|
|
<td>18.25</td>
|
|
<td>2.42</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>25.92</td>
|
|
<td>18.83</td>
|
|
<td>35.02</td>
|
|
<td>17.87</td>
|
|
<td>2.33</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>23.87</td>
|
|
<td>19.19</td>
|
|
<td>34.76</td>
|
|
<td>19.59</td>
|
|
<td>2.57</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>29.24</td>
|
|
<td>17.21</td>
|
|
<td>34.72</td>
|
|
<td>16.16</td>
|
|
<td>2.65</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>30.78</td>
|
|
<td>17.42</td>
|
|
<td>34.63</td>
|
|
<td>14.91</td>
|
|
<td>2.23</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>33.62</td>
|
|
<td>17.61</td>
|
|
<td>35.75</td>
|
|
<td>10.71</td>
|
|
<td>2.29</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>32.35</td>
|
|
<td>18.12</td>
|
|
<td>35.21</td>
|
|
<td>12.22</td>
|
|
<td>2.07</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>32.58</td>
|
|
<td>18.34</td>
|
|
<td>34.75</td>
|
|
<td>12.01</td>
|
|
<td>2.29</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>34.17</td>
|
|
<td>16.17</td>
|
|
<td>35.08</td>
|
|
<td>12.20</td>
|
|
<td>2.35</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>32.94</td>
|
|
<td>16.68</td>
|
|
<td>35.02</td>
|
|
<td>13.36</td>
|
|
<td>1.98</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>31.57</td>
|
|
<td>17.05</td>
|
|
<td>34.09</td>
|
|
<td>15.22</td>
|
|
<td>2.04</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>33.15</td>
|
|
<td>17.96</td>
|
|
<td>35.40</td>
|
|
<td>11.36</td>
|
|
<td>2.11</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>33.35</td>
|
|
<td>16.85</td>
|
|
<td>37.03</td>
|
|
<td>10.05</td>
|
|
<td>2.70</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Beneficiaries <span class="nobr">70–74</span></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>12.25</td>
|
|
<td>14.35</td>
|
|
<td>47.25</td>
|
|
<td>23.69</td>
|
|
<td>2.44</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>9.86</td>
|
|
<td>14.76</td>
|
|
<td>46.80</td>
|
|
<td>26.45</td>
|
|
<td>2.11</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>10.92</td>
|
|
<td>14.25</td>
|
|
<td>46.04</td>
|
|
<td>26.87</td>
|
|
<td>1.88</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>10.27</td>
|
|
<td>14.20</td>
|
|
<td>46.26</td>
|
|
<td>26.80</td>
|
|
<td>2.45</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>10.25</td>
|
|
<td>14.09</td>
|
|
<td>42.85</td>
|
|
<td>30.38</td>
|
|
<td>2.40</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>11.60</td>
|
|
<td>14.65</td>
|
|
<td>45.38</td>
|
|
<td>26.36</td>
|
|
<td>1.99</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>11.28</td>
|
|
<td>15.16</td>
|
|
<td>43.46</td>
|
|
<td>28.16</td>
|
|
<td>1.92</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>12.38</td>
|
|
<td>16.76</td>
|
|
<td>42.18</td>
|
|
<td>26.28</td>
|
|
<td>2.38</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>11.94</td>
|
|
<td>17.60</td>
|
|
<td>42.49</td>
|
|
<td>25.59</td>
|
|
<td>2.36</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>11.87</td>
|
|
<td>17.47</td>
|
|
<td>42.07</td>
|
|
<td>26.21</td>
|
|
<td>2.35</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>12.67</td>
|
|
<td>18.27</td>
|
|
<td>40.41</td>
|
|
<td>25.98</td>
|
|
<td>2.63</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>12.89</td>
|
|
<td>19.83</td>
|
|
<td>41.42</td>
|
|
<td>22.87</td>
|
|
<td>2.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>13.06</td>
|
|
<td>20.80</td>
|
|
<td>43.02</td>
|
|
<td>20.26</td>
|
|
<td>2.83</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>12.85</td>
|
|
<td>22.10</td>
|
|
<td>43.64</td>
|
|
<td>17.74</td>
|
|
<td>3.63</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>13.43</td>
|
|
<td>21.04</td>
|
|
<td>45.20</td>
|
|
<td>17.12</td>
|
|
<td>3.19</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>14.84</td>
|
|
<td>19.73</td>
|
|
<td>43.87</td>
|
|
<td>18.33</td>
|
|
<td>3.22</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>15.15</td>
|
|
<td>20.67</td>
|
|
<td>43.36</td>
|
|
<td>18.38</td>
|
|
<td>2.41</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>12.49</td>
|
|
<td>20.99</td>
|
|
<td>43.03</td>
|
|
<td>20.77</td>
|
|
<td>2.69</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>16.14</td>
|
|
<td>20.96</td>
|
|
<td>41.06</td>
|
|
<td>19.26</td>
|
|
<td>2.55</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>17.40</td>
|
|
<td>19.23</td>
|
|
<td>41.07</td>
|
|
<td>19.95</td>
|
|
<td>2.32</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>17.83</td>
|
|
<td>19.50</td>
|
|
<td>43.05</td>
|
|
<td>17.11</td>
|
|
<td>2.48</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>16.85</td>
|
|
<td>19.64</td>
|
|
<td>43.09</td>
|
|
<td>17.90</td>
|
|
<td>2.50</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>18.47</td>
|
|
<td>20.05</td>
|
|
<td>44.72</td>
|
|
<td>14.07</td>
|
|
<td>2.66</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>19.91</td>
|
|
<td>20.34</td>
|
|
<td>42.09</td>
|
|
<td>15.50</td>
|
|
<td>2.14</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>22.85</td>
|
|
<td>20.58</td>
|
|
<td>41.74</td>
|
|
<td>12.38</td>
|
|
<td>2.42</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>22.50</td>
|
|
<td>20.06</td>
|
|
<td>41.17</td>
|
|
<td>13.82</td>
|
|
<td>2.43</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>20.97</td>
|
|
<td>19.43</td>
|
|
<td>42.25</td>
|
|
<td>15.01</td>
|
|
<td>2.32</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>21.21</td>
|
|
<td>18.76</td>
|
|
<td>41.68</td>
|
|
<td>16.44</td>
|
|
<td>1.88</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>23.75</td>
|
|
<td>18.69</td>
|
|
<td>41.93</td>
|
|
<td>13.47</td>
|
|
<td>2.13</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>24.68</td>
|
|
<td>18.55</td>
|
|
<td>43.12</td>
|
|
<td>11.45</td>
|
|
<td>2.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Beneficiaries <span class="nobr">75–79</span></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>7.82</td>
|
|
<td>12.70</td>
|
|
<td>49.79</td>
|
|
<td>26.56</td>
|
|
<td>3.11</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>6.38</td>
|
|
<td>12.96</td>
|
|
<td>50.23</td>
|
|
<td>28.36</td>
|
|
<td>2.05</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>5.38</td>
|
|
<td>12.12</td>
|
|
<td>49.60</td>
|
|
<td>30.66</td>
|
|
<td>2.22</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>6.29</td>
|
|
<td>12.88</td>
|
|
<td>49.35</td>
|
|
<td>29.30</td>
|
|
<td>2.16</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>5.89</td>
|
|
<td>12.40</td>
|
|
<td>47.72</td>
|
|
<td>32.07</td>
|
|
<td>1.89</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>5.70</td>
|
|
<td>12.94</td>
|
|
<td>48.50</td>
|
|
<td>30.95</td>
|
|
<td>1.88</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>4.85</td>
|
|
<td>14.44</td>
|
|
<td>49.38</td>
|
|
<td>28.97</td>
|
|
<td>2.34</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>7.28</td>
|
|
<td>15.51</td>
|
|
<td>47.13</td>
|
|
<td>27.84</td>
|
|
<td>2.21</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>8.07</td>
|
|
<td>14.90</td>
|
|
<td>46.28</td>
|
|
<td>28.45</td>
|
|
<td>2.27</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>7.21</td>
|
|
<td>14.78</td>
|
|
<td>46.40</td>
|
|
<td>29.05</td>
|
|
<td>2.54</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>7.10</td>
|
|
<td>16.62</td>
|
|
<td>46.67</td>
|
|
<td>27.33</td>
|
|
<td>2.25</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>6.94</td>
|
|
<td>17.19</td>
|
|
<td>47.21</td>
|
|
<td>26.26</td>
|
|
<td>2.38</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>6.54</td>
|
|
<td>18.99</td>
|
|
<td>49.43</td>
|
|
<td>22.61</td>
|
|
<td>2.41</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>8.06</td>
|
|
<td>20.08</td>
|
|
<td>48.71</td>
|
|
<td>20.61</td>
|
|
<td>2.52</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>8.29</td>
|
|
<td>18.46</td>
|
|
<td>48.85</td>
|
|
<td>21.18</td>
|
|
<td>3.20</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>8.33</td>
|
|
<td>18.09</td>
|
|
<td>50.09</td>
|
|
<td>20.61</td>
|
|
<td>2.85</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>9.09</td>
|
|
<td>17.40</td>
|
|
<td>50.77</td>
|
|
<td>19.94</td>
|
|
<td>2.78</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>9.44</td>
|
|
<td>19.29</td>
|
|
<td>47.24</td>
|
|
<td>21.27</td>
|
|
<td>2.74</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>6.63</td>
|
|
<td>19.83</td>
|
|
<td>46.73</td>
|
|
<td>23.23</td>
|
|
<td>3.55</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>8.97</td>
|
|
<td>20.82</td>
|
|
<td>45.66</td>
|
|
<td>21.43</td>
|
|
<td>3.09</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>10.51</td>
|
|
<td>19.18</td>
|
|
<td>47.93</td>
|
|
<td>19.67</td>
|
|
<td>2.68</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>9.58</td>
|
|
<td>19.91</td>
|
|
<td>48.67</td>
|
|
<td>18.27</td>
|
|
<td>3.54</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>10.74</td>
|
|
<td>20.17</td>
|
|
<td>48.13</td>
|
|
<td>17.55</td>
|
|
<td>3.39</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>11.95</td>
|
|
<td>20.83</td>
|
|
<td>49.44</td>
|
|
<td>14.69</td>
|
|
<td>3.07</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>11.83</td>
|
|
<td>21.40</td>
|
|
<td>50.42</td>
|
|
<td>14.08</td>
|
|
<td>2.24</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>13.98</td>
|
|
<td>20.77</td>
|
|
<td>47.72</td>
|
|
<td>14.98</td>
|
|
<td>2.52</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>13.47</td>
|
|
<td>18.90</td>
|
|
<td>47.42</td>
|
|
<td>17.27</td>
|
|
<td>2.92</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>12.30</td>
|
|
<td>19.73</td>
|
|
<td>47.76</td>
|
|
<td>17.50</td>
|
|
<td>2.68</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>11.50</td>
|
|
<td>20.98</td>
|
|
<td>48.75</td>
|
|
<td>16.21</td>
|
|
<td>2.53</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>15.72</td>
|
|
<td>19.30</td>
|
|
<td>49.25</td>
|
|
<td>13.00</td>
|
|
<td>2.70</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="6"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCE: Authors' calculations using <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> <abbr class="spell">ASEC</abbr> data.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote">NOTE: Nonbeneficiaries are included if they meet the age requirement and have a spouse who receives Social Security benefits.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h3>The Importance of Earnings in the Distribution of Total Money Income</h3>
|
|
<p>For some older workers, particularly those without adequate resources to finance retirement, labor market earnings may be a necessary component of total income. Other older workers may be motivated more by job satisfaction or a desire to remain active in the labor force, with any earnings being a secondary consideration. We now examine changes in the shares of the five income sources over time by size-adjusted total money income quintile. The quintile cutoffs are determined by the distribution of adjusted total money income for the population aged 55 or older. For this exercise, we calculate the adjusted income for each person aged 55 or older using a simple equivalence scale (equal to
|
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<math display="inline">
|
|
<mrow>
|
|
<msqrt>
|
|
<mn>2</mn>
|
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</msqrt>
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</mrow>
|
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</math>
|
|
for married couples living together and equal to 1 for all other persons).<sup><a href="#mn23" id="mt23">23</a></sup> For each member of a couple, adjusted income is the couple's income divided by
|
|
<math display="inline">
|
|
<mrow>
|
|
<msqrt>
|
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<mn>2</mn>
|
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</msqrt>
|
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</mrow>
|
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</math>
|
|
. We then rank the size-adjusted total money incomes of persons using person-level <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> weights to determine quintile cutoffs.</p>
|
|
<p>Because earnings have long been the major source of income for persons younger than age 65, we focus on the population aged 65 or older, for whom earnings traditionally have been relatively less important. Chart 6 displays the behavior of total money income shares during <span class="nobr">1980–2009</span> for the five income quintiles (1 = lowest, 5 = highest). Earnings represent small shares of total money income for the lowest two quintiles throughout the observation period, never exceeding 3 percent in quintile 1 or 7 percent in quintile 2. Social Security benefits account for very large proportions of income in the two lowest quintiles, with a slight increasing trend over the full observation period. Growth in the earnings share since the early 1990s is increasingly apparent as our attention moves to the higher income quintiles. In quintile 5, earnings have been the largest income component since the <span class="nobr">mid-1990s,</span> with the 2009 share equal to 43 percent. The highest quintiles have experienced notable declines in asset income shares. The importance of Social Security benefits in total money income is notably smaller as one moves to higher quintiles; the respective shares for quintiles 3, 4, and 5 are about 50 percent, about 30 percent, and under 20 percent.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart6">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 6.<br>Distribution of total money income by source, all persons aged 65 or older by income quintile, <span class="nobr">1980–2009</span></div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v72n1p59-chart06.gif" alt="Set of five line charts with tabular version below." width="700" height="1204" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 6. </span>Distribution of total money income by source, all persons aged 65 or older by income quintile, <span class="nobr">1980–2009</span></caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="5" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Year</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Earnings</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Pension benefits</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Social Security</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Asset income</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Other income</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Quintile 1 (lowest)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>1.38</td>
|
|
<td>1.89</td>
|
|
<td>78.77</td>
|
|
<td>4.01</td>
|
|
<td>13.92</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>0.64</td>
|
|
<td>1.95</td>
|
|
<td>81.48</td>
|
|
<td>3.91</td>
|
|
<td>12.00</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>0.83</td>
|
|
<td>2.29</td>
|
|
<td>81.23</td>
|
|
<td>3.90</td>
|
|
<td>11.72</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>1.11</td>
|
|
<td>2.19</td>
|
|
<td>79.46</td>
|
|
<td>4.04</td>
|
|
<td>13.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>1.06</td>
|
|
<td>1.97</td>
|
|
<td>79.40</td>
|
|
<td>4.53</td>
|
|
<td>13.02</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>0.76</td>
|
|
<td>2.24</td>
|
|
<td>80.51</td>
|
|
<td>3.85</td>
|
|
<td>12.62</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>1.10</td>
|
|
<td>2.63</td>
|
|
<td>80.65</td>
|
|
<td>4.05</td>
|
|
<td>11.55</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>1.43</td>
|
|
<td>3.24</td>
|
|
<td>80.56</td>
|
|
<td>4.36</td>
|
|
<td>10.38</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>0.77</td>
|
|
<td>3.45</td>
|
|
<td>81.28</td>
|
|
<td>4.39</td>
|
|
<td>10.09</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>1.35</td>
|
|
<td>4.00</td>
|
|
<td>79.66</td>
|
|
<td>4.26</td>
|
|
<td>10.71</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>1.54</td>
|
|
<td>3.67</td>
|
|
<td>80.34</td>
|
|
<td>4.66</td>
|
|
<td>9.76</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>1.45</td>
|
|
<td>3.66</td>
|
|
<td>78.97</td>
|
|
<td>4.03</td>
|
|
<td>11.87</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>0.92</td>
|
|
<td>3.13</td>
|
|
<td>81.52</td>
|
|
<td>3.35</td>
|
|
<td>11.06</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>1.30</td>
|
|
<td>3.26</td>
|
|
<td>81.29</td>
|
|
<td>3.46</td>
|
|
<td>10.67</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>0.48</td>
|
|
<td>3.51</td>
|
|
<td>82.70</td>
|
|
<td>3.04</td>
|
|
<td>10.25</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>1.64</td>
|
|
<td>3.16</td>
|
|
<td>82.73</td>
|
|
<td>3.49</td>
|
|
<td>8.95</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>1.50</td>
|
|
<td>2.83</td>
|
|
<td>82.23</td>
|
|
<td>2.94</td>
|
|
<td>10.47</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>1.47</td>
|
|
<td>3.24</td>
|
|
<td>81.85</td>
|
|
<td>3.20</td>
|
|
<td>10.22</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>1.41</td>
|
|
<td>3.51</td>
|
|
<td>83.69</td>
|
|
<td>2.87</td>
|
|
<td>8.49</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>1.02</td>
|
|
<td>3.48</td>
|
|
<td>83.83</td>
|
|
<td>2.63</td>
|
|
<td>9.02</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>1.81</td>
|
|
<td>3.18</td>
|
|
<td>83.86</td>
|
|
<td>3.19</td>
|
|
<td>7.92</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>2.01</td>
|
|
<td>3.52</td>
|
|
<td>84.27</td>
|
|
<td>2.83</td>
|
|
<td>7.35</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>1.62</td>
|
|
<td>3.64</td>
|
|
<td>84.40</td>
|
|
<td>2.35</td>
|
|
<td>7.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>1.72</td>
|
|
<td>3.27</td>
|
|
<td>84.58</td>
|
|
<td>1.99</td>
|
|
<td>8.41</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>1.63</td>
|
|
<td>3.83</td>
|
|
<td>84.50</td>
|
|
<td>2.33</td>
|
|
<td>7.68</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>1.94</td>
|
|
<td>4.25</td>
|
|
<td>84.48</td>
|
|
<td>1.95</td>
|
|
<td>7.35</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>2.15</td>
|
|
<td>4.39</td>
|
|
<td>83.56</td>
|
|
<td>3.09</td>
|
|
<td>6.79</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>2.33</td>
|
|
<td>3.65</td>
|
|
<td>83.94</td>
|
|
<td>2.27</td>
|
|
<td>7.79</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>2.18</td>
|
|
<td>3.89</td>
|
|
<td>84.54</td>
|
|
<td>2.03</td>
|
|
<td>7.33</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>3.03</td>
|
|
<td>3.34</td>
|
|
<td>83.86</td>
|
|
<td>2.30</td>
|
|
<td>7.45</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Quintile 2</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>4.97</td>
|
|
<td>7.51</td>
|
|
<td>73.08</td>
|
|
<td>9.49</td>
|
|
<td>4.93</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>4.65</td>
|
|
<td>7.14</td>
|
|
<td>74.37</td>
|
|
<td>9.11</td>
|
|
<td>4.70</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>4.45</td>
|
|
<td>6.84</td>
|
|
<td>74.66</td>
|
|
<td>9.99</td>
|
|
<td>4.03</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>3.73</td>
|
|
<td>7.51</td>
|
|
<td>74.77</td>
|
|
<td>9.24</td>
|
|
<td>4.73</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>4.04</td>
|
|
<td>9.03</td>
|
|
<td>72.31</td>
|
|
<td>10.29</td>
|
|
<td>4.31</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>3.75</td>
|
|
<td>8.64</td>
|
|
<td>73.15</td>
|
|
<td>10.21</td>
|
|
<td>4.23</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>3.57</td>
|
|
<td>8.55</td>
|
|
<td>73.93</td>
|
|
<td>10.25</td>
|
|
<td>3.67</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>4.43</td>
|
|
<td>11.45</td>
|
|
<td>69.08</td>
|
|
<td>11.29</td>
|
|
<td>3.74</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>5.08</td>
|
|
<td>11.40</td>
|
|
<td>69.74</td>
|
|
<td>9.81</td>
|
|
<td>3.93</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>4.29</td>
|
|
<td>11.00</td>
|
|
<td>69.80</td>
|
|
<td>10.18</td>
|
|
<td>4.70</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>4.54</td>
|
|
<td>11.81</td>
|
|
<td>69.73</td>
|
|
<td>10.03</td>
|
|
<td>3.86</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>4.24</td>
|
|
<td>12.01</td>
|
|
<td>70.22</td>
|
|
<td>9.50</td>
|
|
<td>4.01</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>4.28</td>
|
|
<td>11.87</td>
|
|
<td>72.36</td>
|
|
<td>7.87</td>
|
|
<td>3.60</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>3.64</td>
|
|
<td>10.56</td>
|
|
<td>74.75</td>
|
|
<td>7.59</td>
|
|
<td>3.44</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>3.71</td>
|
|
<td>9.08</td>
|
|
<td>77.54</td>
|
|
<td>6.80</td>
|
|
<td>2.85</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>3.56</td>
|
|
<td>8.96</td>
|
|
<td>77.43</td>
|
|
<td>7.51</td>
|
|
<td>2.50</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>4.06</td>
|
|
<td>9.27</td>
|
|
<td>77.09</td>
|
|
<td>6.54</td>
|
|
<td>3.02</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>3.78</td>
|
|
<td>9.26</td>
|
|
<td>77.42</td>
|
|
<td>6.88</td>
|
|
<td>2.63</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>4.08</td>
|
|
<td>10.07</td>
|
|
<td>75.56</td>
|
|
<td>7.50</td>
|
|
<td>2.77</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>4.34</td>
|
|
<td>11.02</td>
|
|
<td>75.06</td>
|
|
<td>6.88</td>
|
|
<td>2.68</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>3.67</td>
|
|
<td>10.30</td>
|
|
<td>76.56</td>
|
|
<td>6.31</td>
|
|
<td>3.14</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>3.65</td>
|
|
<td>10.00</td>
|
|
<td>76.90</td>
|
|
<td>6.57</td>
|
|
<td>2.86</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>4.28</td>
|
|
<td>10.84</td>
|
|
<td>76.77</td>
|
|
<td>5.18</td>
|
|
<td>2.90</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>4.42</td>
|
|
<td>10.73</td>
|
|
<td>77.94</td>
|
|
<td>4.77</td>
|
|
<td>2.12</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>4.15</td>
|
|
<td>11.08</td>
|
|
<td>77.13</td>
|
|
<td>4.98</td>
|
|
<td>2.63</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>4.90</td>
|
|
<td>11.31</td>
|
|
<td>76.06</td>
|
|
<td>5.28</td>
|
|
<td>2.43</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>5.67</td>
|
|
<td>12.57</td>
|
|
<td>73.24</td>
|
|
<td>6.16</td>
|
|
<td>2.34</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>5.92</td>
|
|
<td>11.89</td>
|
|
<td>74.67</td>
|
|
<td>5.33</td>
|
|
<td>2.16</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>6.50</td>
|
|
<td>11.23</td>
|
|
<td>75.03</td>
|
|
<td>4.67</td>
|
|
<td>2.55</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>5.73</td>
|
|
<td>10.96</td>
|
|
<td>76.62</td>
|
|
<td>4.31</td>
|
|
<td>2.37</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Quintile 3</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>11.91</td>
|
|
<td>17.11</td>
|
|
<td>50.18</td>
|
|
<td>18.22</td>
|
|
<td>2.56</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>11.01</td>
|
|
<td>16.24</td>
|
|
<td>51.47</td>
|
|
<td>19.22</td>
|
|
<td>2.03</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>10.48</td>
|
|
<td>15.22</td>
|
|
<td>52.28</td>
|
|
<td>19.75</td>
|
|
<td>2.23</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>9.81</td>
|
|
<td>16.97</td>
|
|
<td>52.02</td>
|
|
<td>19.03</td>
|
|
<td>2.14</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>9.25</td>
|
|
<td>17.31</td>
|
|
<td>50.84</td>
|
|
<td>20.68</td>
|
|
<td>1.89</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>9.47</td>
|
|
<td>17.54</td>
|
|
<td>51.18</td>
|
|
<td>19.76</td>
|
|
<td>2.02</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>8.95</td>
|
|
<td>18.99</td>
|
|
<td>50.39</td>
|
|
<td>19.81</td>
|
|
<td>1.83</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>9.46</td>
|
|
<td>20.28</td>
|
|
<td>48.21</td>
|
|
<td>19.54</td>
|
|
<td>2.49</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>9.04</td>
|
|
<td>20.91</td>
|
|
<td>48.77</td>
|
|
<td>18.76</td>
|
|
<td>2.50</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>9.26</td>
|
|
<td>20.79</td>
|
|
<td>48.49</td>
|
|
<td>19.16</td>
|
|
<td>2.27</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>9.75</td>
|
|
<td>21.88</td>
|
|
<td>47.41</td>
|
|
<td>18.39</td>
|
|
<td>2.55</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>9.11</td>
|
|
<td>22.44</td>
|
|
<td>49.24</td>
|
|
<td>16.53</td>
|
|
<td>2.65</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>8.02</td>
|
|
<td>22.89</td>
|
|
<td>52.20</td>
|
|
<td>14.17</td>
|
|
<td>2.69</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>8.68</td>
|
|
<td>22.97</td>
|
|
<td>52.53</td>
|
|
<td>12.54</td>
|
|
<td>3.27</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>8.07</td>
|
|
<td>21.14</td>
|
|
<td>54.99</td>
|
|
<td>12.81</td>
|
|
<td>2.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>8.18</td>
|
|
<td>21.57</td>
|
|
<td>53.07</td>
|
|
<td>14.11</td>
|
|
<td>3.05</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>8.56</td>
|
|
<td>21.95</td>
|
|
<td>54.45</td>
|
|
<td>12.58</td>
|
|
<td>2.44</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>8.90</td>
|
|
<td>22.75</td>
|
|
<td>52.59</td>
|
|
<td>12.54</td>
|
|
<td>3.19</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>9.51</td>
|
|
<td>22.68</td>
|
|
<td>51.22</td>
|
|
<td>13.17</td>
|
|
<td>3.41</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>9.38</td>
|
|
<td>24.04</td>
|
|
<td>51.11</td>
|
|
<td>12.40</td>
|
|
<td>3.05</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>9.70</td>
|
|
<td>23.92</td>
|
|
<td>52.02</td>
|
|
<td>11.67</td>
|
|
<td>2.66</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>11.21</td>
|
|
<td>22.35</td>
|
|
<td>51.76</td>
|
|
<td>11.67</td>
|
|
<td>2.98</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>11.46</td>
|
|
<td>24.12</td>
|
|
<td>52.19</td>
|
|
<td>9.01</td>
|
|
<td>3.20</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>11.97</td>
|
|
<td>25.64</td>
|
|
<td>50.71</td>
|
|
<td>8.49</td>
|
|
<td>3.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>12.48</td>
|
|
<td>25.24</td>
|
|
<td>51.23</td>
|
|
<td>8.00</td>
|
|
<td>3.03</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>13.09</td>
|
|
<td>26.26</td>
|
|
<td>49.17</td>
|
|
<td>8.65</td>
|
|
<td>2.80</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>14.16</td>
|
|
<td>23.73</td>
|
|
<td>48.81</td>
|
|
<td>10.35</td>
|
|
<td>2.92</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>15.64</td>
|
|
<td>24.52</td>
|
|
<td>47.73</td>
|
|
<td>8.77</td>
|
|
<td>3.31</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>14.50</td>
|
|
<td>25.87</td>
|
|
<td>48.33</td>
|
|
<td>8.12</td>
|
|
<td>3.16</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>14.10</td>
|
|
<td>25.00</td>
|
|
<td>50.28</td>
|
|
<td>7.20</td>
|
|
<td>3.40</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Quintile 4</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>20.54</td>
|
|
<td>20.07</td>
|
|
<td>31.13</td>
|
|
<td>26.26</td>
|
|
<td>1.98</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>18.40</td>
|
|
<td>19.46</td>
|
|
<td>32.35</td>
|
|
<td>27.81</td>
|
|
<td>1.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>16.90</td>
|
|
<td>19.05</td>
|
|
<td>34.31</td>
|
|
<td>28.23</td>
|
|
<td>1.50</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>15.82</td>
|
|
<td>20.61</td>
|
|
<td>34.30</td>
|
|
<td>27.78</td>
|
|
<td>1.46</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>15.35</td>
|
|
<td>19.56</td>
|
|
<td>31.97</td>
|
|
<td>31.72</td>
|
|
<td>1.39</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>15.66</td>
|
|
<td>19.72</td>
|
|
<td>33.52</td>
|
|
<td>29.49</td>
|
|
<td>1.58</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>15.86</td>
|
|
<td>20.53</td>
|
|
<td>32.85</td>
|
|
<td>28.73</td>
|
|
<td>2.00</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>16.08</td>
|
|
<td>23.07</td>
|
|
<td>30.86</td>
|
|
<td>27.86</td>
|
|
<td>2.12</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>16.60</td>
|
|
<td>23.01</td>
|
|
<td>30.37</td>
|
|
<td>27.80</td>
|
|
<td>2.19</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>16.20</td>
|
|
<td>24.59</td>
|
|
<td>29.97</td>
|
|
<td>27.09</td>
|
|
<td>2.12</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>14.80</td>
|
|
<td>25.31</td>
|
|
<td>31.48</td>
|
|
<td>25.88</td>
|
|
<td>2.50</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>13.57</td>
|
|
<td>27.55</td>
|
|
<td>32.62</td>
|
|
<td>23.56</td>
|
|
<td>2.68</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>15.00</td>
|
|
<td>27.92</td>
|
|
<td>33.59</td>
|
|
<td>21.00</td>
|
|
<td>2.47</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>14.94</td>
|
|
<td>28.48</td>
|
|
<td>34.76</td>
|
|
<td>18.55</td>
|
|
<td>3.25</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>15.41</td>
|
|
<td>28.12</td>
|
|
<td>35.37</td>
|
|
<td>18.69</td>
|
|
<td>2.39</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>17.28</td>
|
|
<td>26.59</td>
|
|
<td>34.46</td>
|
|
<td>18.61</td>
|
|
<td>3.05</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>16.57</td>
|
|
<td>26.89</td>
|
|
<td>34.64</td>
|
|
<td>18.69</td>
|
|
<td>3.19</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>16.51</td>
|
|
<td>27.70</td>
|
|
<td>33.35</td>
|
|
<td>19.52</td>
|
|
<td>2.90</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>18.63</td>
|
|
<td>28.45</td>
|
|
<td>32.13</td>
|
|
<td>17.90</td>
|
|
<td>2.86</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>18.80</td>
|
|
<td>27.71</td>
|
|
<td>31.94</td>
|
|
<td>18.28</td>
|
|
<td>3.24</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>20.23</td>
|
|
<td>27.82</td>
|
|
<td>33.19</td>
|
|
<td>15.78</td>
|
|
<td>2.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>21.51</td>
|
|
<td>27.89</td>
|
|
<td>32.19</td>
|
|
<td>15.09</td>
|
|
<td>3.29</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>23.11</td>
|
|
<td>27.85</td>
|
|
<td>31.87</td>
|
|
<td>13.67</td>
|
|
<td>3.47</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>24.44</td>
|
|
<td>29.06</td>
|
|
<td>31.06</td>
|
|
<td>12.78</td>
|
|
<td>2.64</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>24.02</td>
|
|
<td>30.10</td>
|
|
<td>31.60</td>
|
|
<td>11.42</td>
|
|
<td>2.84</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>24.28</td>
|
|
<td>28.53</td>
|
|
<td>30.67</td>
|
|
<td>12.77</td>
|
|
<td>3.73</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>26.96</td>
|
|
<td>25.67</td>
|
|
<td>30.48</td>
|
|
<td>13.90</td>
|
|
<td>2.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>28.04</td>
|
|
<td>25.58</td>
|
|
<td>29.40</td>
|
|
<td>14.00</td>
|
|
<td>2.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>28.27</td>
|
|
<td>27.15</td>
|
|
<td>30.72</td>
|
|
<td>11.09</td>
|
|
<td>2.75</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>26.52</td>
|
|
<td>26.37</td>
|
|
<td>33.62</td>
|
|
<td>10.09</td>
|
|
<td>3.37</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Quintile 5 (highest)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>31.23</td>
|
|
<td>16.49</td>
|
|
<td>13.36</td>
|
|
<td>37.68</td>
|
|
<td>1.22</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>29.81</td>
|
|
<td>15.78</td>
|
|
<td>12.93</td>
|
|
<td>40.67</td>
|
|
<td>0.78</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>28.30</td>
|
|
<td>16.15</td>
|
|
<td>13.91</td>
|
|
<td>40.88</td>
|
|
<td>0.74</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>26.10</td>
|
|
<td>16.65</td>
|
|
<td>15.24</td>
|
|
<td>40.82</td>
|
|
<td>1.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>23.71</td>
|
|
<td>14.79</td>
|
|
<td>14.93</td>
|
|
<td>45.23</td>
|
|
<td>1.32</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>25.36</td>
|
|
<td>15.69</td>
|
|
<td>14.70</td>
|
|
<td>43.02</td>
|
|
<td>1.19</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>26.59</td>
|
|
<td>16.01</td>
|
|
<td>14.52</td>
|
|
<td>41.48</td>
|
|
<td>1.36</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>29.11</td>
|
|
<td>18.31</td>
|
|
<td>14.37</td>
|
|
<td>36.42</td>
|
|
<td>1.76</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>28.16</td>
|
|
<td>18.51</td>
|
|
<td>14.42</td>
|
|
<td>37.39</td>
|
|
<td>1.48</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>29.64</td>
|
|
<td>16.33</td>
|
|
<td>13.58</td>
|
|
<td>38.78</td>
|
|
<td>1.66</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>27.97</td>
|
|
<td>17.64</td>
|
|
<td>13.88</td>
|
|
<td>38.75</td>
|
|
<td>1.74</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>28.81</td>
|
|
<td>18.49</td>
|
|
<td>14.18</td>
|
|
<td>36.53</td>
|
|
<td>1.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>30.29</td>
|
|
<td>20.01</td>
|
|
<td>14.10</td>
|
|
<td>33.74</td>
|
|
<td>1.84</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>31.99</td>
|
|
<td>19.99</td>
|
|
<td>15.52</td>
|
|
<td>29.43</td>
|
|
<td>3.05</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>31.48</td>
|
|
<td>20.14</td>
|
|
<td>18.03</td>
|
|
<td>26.99</td>
|
|
<td>3.34</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>33.61</td>
|
|
<td>18.70</td>
|
|
<td>16.13</td>
|
|
<td>28.82</td>
|
|
<td>2.71</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>34.04</td>
|
|
<td>19.22</td>
|
|
<td>16.03</td>
|
|
<td>28.85</td>
|
|
<td>1.84</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>31.31</td>
|
|
<td>18.11</td>
|
|
<td>15.13</td>
|
|
<td>33.61</td>
|
|
<td>1.81</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>30.66</td>
|
|
<td>19.05</td>
|
|
<td>14.63</td>
|
|
<td>33.66</td>
|
|
<td>1.97</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>34.77</td>
|
|
<td>17.28</td>
|
|
<td>13.43</td>
|
|
<td>32.84</td>
|
|
<td>1.65</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>36.58</td>
|
|
<td>16.25</td>
|
|
<td>15.34</td>
|
|
<td>29.58</td>
|
|
<td>2.22</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>35.31</td>
|
|
<td>18.67</td>
|
|
<td>15.08</td>
|
|
<td>28.69</td>
|
|
<td>2.23</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>40.92</td>
|
|
<td>18.32</td>
|
|
<td>14.85</td>
|
|
<td>23.74</td>
|
|
<td>2.14</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>40.50</td>
|
|
<td>18.43</td>
|
|
<td>14.44</td>
|
|
<td>24.67</td>
|
|
<td>1.93</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>43.89</td>
|
|
<td>18.51</td>
|
|
<td>13.86</td>
|
|
<td>22.14</td>
|
|
<td>1.58</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>45.76</td>
|
|
<td>16.01</td>
|
|
<td>13.10</td>
|
|
<td>22.98</td>
|
|
<td>2.12</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>42.74</td>
|
|
<td>16.73</td>
|
|
<td>13.24</td>
|
|
<td>25.41</td>
|
|
<td>1.85</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>43.29</td>
|
|
<td>15.50</td>
|
|
<td>12.58</td>
|
|
<td>26.99</td>
|
|
<td>1.61</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>45.35</td>
|
|
<td>16.84</td>
|
|
<td>14.03</td>
|
|
<td>22.16</td>
|
|
<td>1.60</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>46.76</td>
|
|
<td>17.15</td>
|
|
<td>15.45</td>
|
|
<td>18.53</td>
|
|
<td>2.08</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="6"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="onlyNote">SOURCE: Authors' calculations using <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> <abbr class="spell">ASEC</abbr> data.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>To assess the importance of earnings for persons aged 65 or older, one can examine how the distribution of adjusted total money income would be altered if we replaced actual earnings amounts with zero (no work). We tabulate the resulting movements from higher to lower quintiles using the original quintile <span class="nobr">cut-off</span> values. Chart 7 summarizes the results of this exercise, looking at all men and women aged 65 or older, and then focusing on only those men and women who report earnings of their own. Each panel in Chart 7 graphs the percentages of persons whose units would move down one or more quintiles (shown in black) and two or more quintiles (shown in gray) over the <span class="nobr">1980–2009</span> period if their own earnings were subtracted from their unit's total money income.<sup><a href="#mn24" id="mt24">24</a></sup> Again, the growing importance of earnings since the early 1990s is apparent for both older men and women. Throughout the observation period, men are generally more likely to have earnings, given their higher <abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr>s. It is, therefore, no surprise that eliminating earnings as an income source results in larger percentages of men moving down in the income distribution by one or more quintiles. For all men aged 65 or older, the percentage who would move one or more income quintiles downward increases from 12 percent in 1990 to 16 percent in 2009; and among those with earnings, the proportion migrating downward increases from 58 percent to 67 percent. For all women aged 65 or older, the percentage moving down one or more quintiles increases from about 6 percent in 1990 to 10 percent in 2009; among those with earnings, the increase is from 52 percent to 64 percent.<sup><a href="#mn25" id="mt25">25</a></sup> Of those aged 65 or older who move down at least one income quintile when earnings are zeroed out, <span class="nobr">two-fifth</span>s move down by two or more quintiles, regardless of sex. Thus, earnings have become an increasingly important income source for the population aged 65 or older and, for those who have them, earnings substantially affect their relative position in the distribution of annual money income among Americans aged 55 and older.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart7">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 7.<br>Percentage of persons aged 65 or older who would belong in lower total money income quintiles if their earnings were eliminated, total and for those with earnings, by sex, <span class="nobr">1980–2009</span></div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v72n1p59-chart07.gif" alt="Set of four line charts with tabular version below." width="700" height="823" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 7. </span>Percentage of persons aged 65 or older who would belong in lower total money income quintiles if their earnings were eliminated, total and for those with earnings, by sex, <span class="nobr">1980–2009</span></caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:12em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stubHeading" scope="colgroup">Year</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">Eliminating earnings would lower the person—</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">1 or more quintiles</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2 or more quintiles</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">All men 65 or older</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>14.90</td>
|
|
<td>6.59</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>14.43</td>
|
|
<td>6.34</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>13.52</td>
|
|
<td>6.01</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>12.16</td>
|
|
<td>5.41</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>12.04</td>
|
|
<td>4.80</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>12.61</td>
|
|
<td>5.15</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>12.07</td>
|
|
<td>5.46</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>12.89</td>
|
|
<td>5.33</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>13.17</td>
|
|
<td>5.04</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>12.90</td>
|
|
<td>5.29</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>12.45</td>
|
|
<td>5.13</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>12.28</td>
|
|
<td>5.08</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>11.87</td>
|
|
<td>4.79</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>12.19</td>
|
|
<td>5.19</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>12.32</td>
|
|
<td>5.30</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>12.78</td>
|
|
<td>5.52</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>12.74</td>
|
|
<td>4.99</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>11.88</td>
|
|
<td>5.03</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>11.76</td>
|
|
<td>4.41</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>12.74</td>
|
|
<td>5.60</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>13.77</td>
|
|
<td>5.94</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>13.78</td>
|
|
<td>5.83</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>14.24</td>
|
|
<td>6.76</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>13.91</td>
|
|
<td>6.58</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>14.46</td>
|
|
<td>6.88</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>14.96</td>
|
|
<td>6.78</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>15.51</td>
|
|
<td>7.55</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>16.31</td>
|
|
<td>8.07</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>16.89</td>
|
|
<td>7.90</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>16.35</td>
|
|
<td>8.19</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">All women 65 or older</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>6.19</td>
|
|
<td>2.48</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>6.01</td>
|
|
<td>2.40</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>5.58</td>
|
|
<td>1.91</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>5.73</td>
|
|
<td>2.13</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>5.24</td>
|
|
<td>1.76</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>5.19</td>
|
|
<td>1.95</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>5.13</td>
|
|
<td>1.95</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>5.78</td>
|
|
<td>2.60</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>6.24</td>
|
|
<td>2.44</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>6.55</td>
|
|
<td>2.60</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>6.26</td>
|
|
<td>2.54</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>6.12</td>
|
|
<td>2.45</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>5.85</td>
|
|
<td>2.48</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>6.21</td>
|
|
<td>2.43</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>5.87</td>
|
|
<td>2.36</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>5.92</td>
|
|
<td>2.70</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>6.45</td>
|
|
<td>2.65</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>6.68</td>
|
|
<td>2.50</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>6.56</td>
|
|
<td>2.63</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>6.98</td>
|
|
<td>2.70</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>6.60</td>
|
|
<td>2.84</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>7.12</td>
|
|
<td>3.15</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>7.80</td>
|
|
<td>3.34</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>8.59</td>
|
|
<td>3.75</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>8.53</td>
|
|
<td>3.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>8.32</td>
|
|
<td>3.64</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>9.26</td>
|
|
<td>4.15</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>9.37</td>
|
|
<td>4.11</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>9.50</td>
|
|
<td>4.37</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>10.02</td>
|
|
<td>4.62</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Men 65 or older with earnings</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>60.83</td>
|
|
<td>26.90</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>60.23</td>
|
|
<td>26.44</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>57.96</td>
|
|
<td>25.75</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>55.99</td>
|
|
<td>24.89</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>56.53</td>
|
|
<td>22.54</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>58.10</td>
|
|
<td>23.75</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>57.61</td>
|
|
<td>26.03</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>58.54</td>
|
|
<td>24.20</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>58.27</td>
|
|
<td>22.29</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>58.12</td>
|
|
<td>23.85</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>57.87</td>
|
|
<td>23.85</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>57.92</td>
|
|
<td>23.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>59.46</td>
|
|
<td>24.00</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>58.41</td>
|
|
<td>24.86</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>60.30</td>
|
|
<td>25.94</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>59.28</td>
|
|
<td>25.61</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>60.36</td>
|
|
<td>23.66</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>59.45</td>
|
|
<td>25.14</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>56.66</td>
|
|
<td>21.26</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>56.63</td>
|
|
<td>24.88</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>61.09</td>
|
|
<td>26.34</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>63.97</td>
|
|
<td>27.05</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>66.11</td>
|
|
<td>31.40</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>63.38</td>
|
|
<td>29.99</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>63.93</td>
|
|
<td>30.44</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>65.09</td>
|
|
<td>29.52</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>64.73</td>
|
|
<td>31.52</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>65.93</td>
|
|
<td>32.61</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>66.32</td>
|
|
<td>31.02</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>66.53</td>
|
|
<td>33.31</td>
|
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Women 65 or older with earnings</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>57.73</td>
|
|
<td>23.13</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>58.70</td>
|
|
<td>23.40</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>54.61</td>
|
|
<td>18.70</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>56.19</td>
|
|
<td>20.85</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>50.90</td>
|
|
<td>17.08</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>53.27</td>
|
|
<td>19.99</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>52.56</td>
|
|
<td>19.97</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>53.90</td>
|
|
<td>24.25</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>55.78</td>
|
|
<td>21.77</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>56.14</td>
|
|
<td>22.26</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>51.87</td>
|
|
<td>21.05</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>56.46</td>
|
|
<td>22.65</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>55.18</td>
|
|
<td>23.37</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>53.14</td>
|
|
<td>20.80</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>53.52</td>
|
|
<td>21.55</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>52.08</td>
|
|
<td>23.78</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>56.29</td>
|
|
<td>23.09</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>56.98</td>
|
|
<td>21.35</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>54.91</td>
|
|
<td>21.98</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>56.91</td>
|
|
<td>21.98</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>54.38</td>
|
|
<td>23.41</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>59.33</td>
|
|
<td>26.27</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>62.18</td>
|
|
<td>26.62</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>62.27</td>
|
|
<td>27.21</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>60.65</td>
|
|
<td>28.13</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>61.91</td>
|
|
<td>27.11</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>63.14</td>
|
|
<td>28.29</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>60.10</td>
|
|
<td>26.39</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2008</th>
|
|
<td>59.97</td>
|
|
<td>27.60</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2009</th>
|
|
<td>63.79</td>
|
|
<td>29.41</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="3"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="onlyNote">SOURCE: Authors' calculations using <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> <abbr class="spell">ASEC</abbr> data.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2>Discussion</h2>
|
|
<p>Many factors have likely contributed to the increase in <span class="nobr">late-life</span> earnings. In this section, we briefly review some of the more plausible influences.</p>
|
|
<p>Although their influence is difficult to measure, several important changes in the law have helped facilitate longer work lives. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act or <abbr class="spell">ADEA</abbr> (1967) prohibits workplace discrimination, in general, against people aged 40 or older based on age; specifically bans practices such as discrimination in hiring, firing, wages, fringe benefits, training, job assignments, and promotions; and explicitly bans job notices that specify age preferences. The 1978 Mandatory Retirement Act, which amends the <abbr class="spell">ADEA</abbr>, prohibits mandatory retirement before age 70. A further amendment in 1986 abolished mandatory retirement for most jobs (employers with fewer than 20 workers are exempt).</p>
|
|
<p>The passage of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (<abbr>ERISA</abbr>) in 1974 broadly affected the operation of employer pensions, for example by liberalizing vesting rules for workers. The 1986 Tax Reform Act reduced <abbr>ERISA</abbr>'s <span class="nobr">10-year</span> vesting requirement to 5 years. Although these changes were designed to increase the probability that an employee would retire with a pension, they raised pension costs for employers, providing incentives either to scale back pension coverage or to shift those added costs to workers by slowing the growth in money wages. These two pieces of legislation are thought to have contributed to the decline in defined benefit pensions. Stagnant pension coverage rates coupled with the shift toward defined contribution pensions have likely encouraged older individuals to continue working. Unlike defined benefit plans, which usually feature significant incentives to retire at specific ages, defined contribution plans are largely neutral with respect to retirement age. Thus, the increasing prevalence of defined contribution plans has effectively reduced a disincentive for continuing work.</p>
|
|
<p>One aspect of the very low private saving rate in the United States (until its recent modest recovery) is the substantial fraction of near-retirees who are estimated to have inadequate retirement savings. Although observers disagree about the extent to which accumulated assets are insufficient, our analysis of the sources of retirement income for the bottom two total money income quintiles finds a near absence of income from assets or pensions. For many seniors, earnings are necessary to attain a satisfactory standard of living, but many aged units in the lowest quintiles do not work.</p>
|
|
<p>Inadequate retirement savings can result not only from failing to contribute regularly to a retirement savings account, but also from unexpectedly low investment returns. The past decade has seen lower equity returns than the historical averages, with periodic gains offset by precipitous declines in asset prices. There is not yet much evidence on the effects of poor investment performance on retirement timing, and the little evidence that exists is mixed. For many families, housing equity represents the single largest form of wealth. The effects of the recent steep declines in housing prices on retirement decisions are unknown, but are likely to serve as work incentives for older workers.</p>
|
|
<p>Continued work is usually contingent on good health; and by most measures, the health of the "young old"—those who are most likely to want to continue working—has improved over time, making them more able to work. Along with a healthier older population, technological and other advances have enabled many work opportunities to become less physically demanding. Furthermore, as educational attainment of successive cohorts has increased over time, the older labor force increasingly includes higher skilled workers who are more likely to enjoy work and earn higher pay, enhancing the option to continue working.</p>
|
|
<p>The increasing cost of health care has led to the declining availability of employer-provided health insurance for retired workers. With group coverage unavailable to many retirees, older individuals often cannot afford insurance. The risk of incurring health expenses without coverage motivates some workers to extend employment in order to retain employer-provided health insurance, at least until age 65 when Medicare coverage begins.</p>
|
|
<p>The average age of the population is increasing, as smaller cohorts follow the baby boomers. Many speculate that the job market for older workers will continue to improve as demand for their services increases. To meet that demand, prospective employers may have to redesign jobs and offer compensation packages to suit the preferences of older workers.</p>
|
|
<p>Finally, the past two decades have seen important changes in the Social Security retirement program meant to encourage older workers to continue working and postpone claiming benefits. These changes include the following:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Gradually increasing the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> from 65 to 67. The exhibit below illustrates how the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>, currently 66, is between the two phases in which it is to rise incrementally from 65 to 67. The effect of a <span class="nobr">2-year</span> increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> is equivalent to a 13.3 percent benefit cut. A benefit cut induces more work.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<div class="table">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Effective date</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Full retirement age</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Worker's birth year</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999 and earlier</th>
|
|
<td>65</td>
|
|
<td>1937 and earlier</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>65 and 2 months</td>
|
|
<td>1938</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>65 and 4 months</td>
|
|
<td>1939</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>65 and 6 months</td>
|
|
<td>1940</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>65 and 8 months</td>
|
|
<td>1941</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>65 and 10 months</td>
|
|
<td>1942</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row"><span class="nobr">2005–2016</span></th>
|
|
<td>66</td>
|
|
<td><span class="nobr">1943–1954</span></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2017</th>
|
|
<td>66 and 2 months</td>
|
|
<td>1955</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2018</th>
|
|
<td>66 and 4 months</td>
|
|
<td>1956</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2019</th>
|
|
<td>66 and 6 months</td>
|
|
<td>1957</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2020</th>
|
|
<td>66 and 8 months</td>
|
|
<td>1958</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2021</th>
|
|
<td>66 and 10 months</td>
|
|
<td>1959</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2022 and later</th>
|
|
<td>67</td>
|
|
<td>1960 and later</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="onlyNote" colspan="3">SOURCE: <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> 2011.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Gradually increasing the delayed retirement credit (<abbr class="spell">DRC</abbr>) from 3 percent to 8 percent per year during <span class="nobr">1990–2008</span>.<sup><a href="#mn26" id="mt26">26</a></sup> The <abbr class="spell">DRC</abbr> is the rate by which the eventual monthly benefit amount increases when a worker defers claiming benefits beyond the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>. Credits can accrue until age 70. On average, 8 percent is actuarially fair; that is, for a person with average life expectancy, delaying first receipt of benefits does not change the present value of expected lifetime benefits. Like the increased <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>, the increased <abbr class="spell">DRC</abbr> promotes continued work.</li>
|
|
<li>Liberalizing the retirement earnings test (including abolishing the test for persons aged <span class="nobr">65–69</span>) in 2000. From its inception, Social Security has had an earnings test that sets retiree earnings limits, above which benefit payments are reduced. Over the years, ad hoc increases to the earnings limit have been instituted many times. Four changes are particularly relevant for the <span class="nobr">1980–2009</span> period examined in this article. In 1983, the earnings test was eliminated for beneficiaries aged <span class="nobr">70–71</span>. In 1990, the benefit reduction rate decreased from 0.50 to 0.33 for beneficiaries aged <span class="nobr">65–69</span>. Beginning in 1996, a series of large annual increases in the exempt amount was adopted for beneficiaries aged <span class="nobr">65–69</span>, which was overridden by the 2000 abolition of the earnings test for beneficiaries who have reached the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>.<sup><a href="#mn27" id="mt27">27</a></sup> Eliminating the earnings test is considered a work incentive, especially for beneficiaries who do not understand that lost benefits are subsequently restored, as well as for workers with high discount rates who strongly prefer current-period income.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>All told, the economic environment over the past 30 years has changed in ways that favor increased work and earnings by older workers, a trend that appears likely to continue.</p>
|
|
<div id="notes">
|
|
<h2>Notes</h2>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt1" id="mn1">1</a> Social Security has two trust funds, the <span class="nobr">Old-Age</span> and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund and the Disability Insurance Trust Fund. After the projected exhaustion of assets in 2036, continuing tax income would be sufficient to pay 77 percent of scheduled benefits, before gradually declining to 74 percent by 2085.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt2" id="mn2">2</a> <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> Social Security benefits as a percentage of preretirement earnings are among the lowest in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries (<abbr class="spell">OECD</abbr> 2007).</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt3" id="mn3">3</a> The 1983 Amendments to the Social Security Act contained a mix of program changes designed to reduce benefit costs and increase revenues. Changes included a gradual increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>—the age at which full benefits are payable—in two phases: from 65 to 66 during <span class="nobr">2000–2005</span> and then to 67 during <span class="nobr">2017–2022</span>. The legislation also gradually increased the incentive to delay claiming benefits between the full retirement age and age 70.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt4" id="mn4">4</a> To protect the privacy of survey respondents, the Census Bureau adjusts some ages (age perturbation) in <span class="nobr">public-use</span> files depending on the demographic characteristics of household members. This masking technique can result in relatively large errors in income estimates for subgroups within the older population (Alexander, Davern, and Stevenson 2010). The effects on this article's results are likely to be very small because of the level of aggregation used in our research (multiyear age groups that include all races). For more on this problem in the context of the population aged 60 and older, see Census Bureau (2010).</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt5" id="mn5">5</a> We extracted <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> monthly files for <span class="nobr">1980–2008</span> and <abbr class="spell">ASEC</abbr> files for March <span class="nobr">1981–2009</span> using Unicon Research Corporation's (2009) <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> Utilities software. Monthly files for <span class="nobr">2009–2010</span> and the <abbr class="spell">ASEC</abbr> file for March 2010 were downloaded from the Census Bureau website (<a href="https://www.census.gov">http://www.census.gov</a>/).</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt6" id="mn6">6</a> We caution the reader to note the different scaling of vertical axes in the multiple panels displayed in the charts throughout the article. We vary the vertical axis scales to make distinctions clearer by utilizing chart space more fully, which can easily convey the false impression that different absolute changes are the same.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt7" id="mn7">7</a> Using decennial census data, Ransom and Sutch (1988) find little change in <abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr>s for older men during <span class="nobr">1900–1940</span>. Parsons (1980) documents a 15 percentage point decline in the <abbr class="spell">LFPR</abbr> of men aged <span class="nobr">55–64</span> during <span class="nobr">1948–1976</span>.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt8" id="mn8">8</a> The lowest participation rates for each age group are 45.1 percent for ages <span class="nobr">62–64</span> in 1995; 24.6 percent for ages <span class="nobr">65–69</span> in 1984 and 1985; 14.8 percent for ages <span class="nobr">70–74</span> in 1987; and 8.3 percent for ages <span class="nobr">75–79</span> in 1986.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt9" id="mn9">9</a> Labor force participants not working in the week before the survey are classified by their usual work status. Self-employment includes both incorporated and unincorporated self-employment.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt10" id="mn10">10</a> Nonmarried-person units include persons who are separated or married but not living with their spouse.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt11" id="mn11">11</a> The Social Security Administration uses a similar categorization in its biennial publication <i><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/income_pop55/2008/index.html">Income of the Population 55 or Older</a></i> (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> 2010).</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt12" id="mn12">12</a> A shortcoming of the <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> income data is the lack of information on capital gains and losses, which is a nontrivial source of income for some elderly persons. Because the <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> collects no data for asset holdings, we did not attempt to impute capital gains and losses to aged persons.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt13" id="mn13">13</a> Income amounts in the <span class="nobr">public-use</span> <abbr class="spell">ASEC</abbr> files are subject to <span class="nobr">top-coding.</span> Since the late 1990s, the Census Bureau's <span class="nobr">public-use</span> files have contained the arithmetic means for income values above the <span class="nobr">top-code</span> amounts, enabling accurate calculation of income shares. For income years <span class="nobr">1980–2001</span>, we use comparable means developed by Larrimore and others (2008). For income years 1998, 2000, and 2001, the cell means recorded in the <span class="nobr">public-use</span> files are identical (or nearly so) to the values calculated by Larrimore and his colleagues, but some <span class="nobr">public-use</span> file cell means for 1999 income sources appear to contain substantial errors. These corrections for <span class="nobr">top-coding</span> have only minor effects on the article's income-share estimates.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt14" id="mn14">14</a> Differential <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> reporting by income component likely causes the income shares of earnings and Social Security benefits for the aged to be overstated and our share of asset income to be understated. Estimates of <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> aggregate income underreporting for the whole population are available for selected years during the <span class="nobr">1984–2001</span> period in Coder and Scoon-Rogers (1996), Roemer (2000), and Ruser, Pilot, and Nelson (2004).</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt15" id="mn15">15</a> Recall that the various income-share panels use different vertical scales.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt16" id="mn16">16</a> The declining share of asset income since the 1990s is observed in both <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> data and in the Federal Reserve Board's Survey of Consumer Finances. Fisher (2007) notes that among Survey of Consumer Finances units aged 65 or older, the percentage holding financial assets has increased while the probability of owners reporting corresponding asset income has decreased. Because the nonreporting involved assets such as money market and savings accounts, which very likely generate income each year, at least part of the decline in measured asset income appears to be an increasing failure to report asset income received.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt17" id="mn17">17</a> Although the article's results focus on the population aged <span class="nobr">62–79</span>, the importance of labor market earnings in total income has also increased for those aged 80 or older, where the earnings share has risen from <span class="nobr">3–4</span> percent in the 1980s to <span class="nobr">6–10</span> percent during the past decade.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt18" id="mn18">18</a> Zero-earners are included among persons with earnings if they meet the age requirement and have a spouse who reports earnings.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt19" id="mn19">19</a> There is one exception: For persons aged <span class="nobr">75–79</span> for 1982, the earnings share is slightly smaller than the Social Security share.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt20" id="mn20">20</a> We include a person who is not a Social Security beneficiary but who satisfies the relevant age restriction if the spouse receives Social Security income.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt21" id="mn21">21</a> <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> was 65 for anyone aged <span class="nobr">65–69</span> during <span class="nobr">2000–2002</span>. Increases in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> would begin to affect 65- to 69-year-olds starting in 2003.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt22" id="mn22">22</a> We also examined the income shares of Social Security beneficiaries separately for (1) members of married couples and (2) all other persons. Earnings shares for married persons are considerably larger than for others. As one might expect, the Social Security benefit share is consistently the largest share for "other persons" in all age groups in all years (they have no spouse who could provide non-Social Security income). However, both groups trend to increased earnings shares.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt23" id="mn23">23</a> There is no professional consensus on a single best equivalence scale. The square root equivalence scale has been used in distributional analyses conducted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the Congressional Budget Office, and the Urban Institute-Brookings Institution Tax Policy Center. See Citro and Michael (1995, <span class="nobr">176–182</span>) for further discussion and references.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt24" id="mn24">24</a> In calculating these percentages, we exclude the small number of persons with negative earnings.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt25" id="mn25">25</a> In an alternative exercise we replace the earnings of both members of each married couple with zero even if one member is younger than age 65. We look at all men and women aged 65 or older and then focus on those 65 or older in units with earnings. The percentage of men that moves down one or more quintiles increases from 19 percent in 1990 to 26 percent in 2009, and the proportion among men in units with earnings increases from 66 percent to 75 percent. The percentage of women moving down one or more quintiles increases from 11 percent to 16 percent between 1990 and 2009, and among those in units with earnings, the increase is from 61 percent to 72 percent.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt26" id="mn26">26</a> The <abbr class="spell">DRC</abbr> increased by 0.5 percentage points for birth cohorts attaining age 65 in successive even-numbered years.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt27" id="mn27">27</a> Throughout this period, the earnings test for beneficiaries aged 62 to 64 remained unchanged: a 0.50 benefit reduction rate for excess earnings with a wage-indexed annual limit. Note that any lost retired-worker benefits prior to a worker's <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> are restored by an actuarially fair amount added to monthly benefits when the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> is reached. When the test applied to beneficiaries aged <span class="nobr">65–69</span>, lost benefits were restored at the <abbr class="spell">DRC</abbr> rate.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="references">
|
|
<h2>References</h2>
|
|
<p>Alexander, J. Trent, Michael Davern, and Betsey Stevenson. 2010. "Inaccurate Age and Sex Data in the Census <abbr>PUMS</abbr> Files: Evidence and Implications." <abbr class="spell">NBER</abbr> Working Paper <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 15703. Cambridge, <abbr title="Massachusetts">MA</abbr>: National Bureau of Economic Research. <a href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w15703">http://www.nber.org/papers/w15703</a>.</p>
|
|
<p>[Board of Trustees] Board of Trustees of the Federal <span class="nobr">Old-Age</span> and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance Trust Funds. 2011. <i>The 2011 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Federal <span class="nobr">Old-Age</span> and Survivors Insurance and Federal Disability Insurance Trust Funds</i>. Washington, <abbr class="spell">DC</abbr>: Government Printing Office. <a href="/OACT/TR/2011/tr2011.pdf">http://www.socialsecurity.gov/OACT/TR/2011/tr2011.pdf</a>.</p>
|
|
<p>Census Bureau. 2010. "Analysis of Perturbed and Unperturbed Age Estimates: 2008." Current Population Survey User Note. http://www.census.gov/cps/user_note_age_estimates.html.</p>
|
|
<p>Citro, Constance F., and Robert T. Michael. 1995. <i>Measuring Poverty: A New Approach</i>. Washington, <abbr class="spell">DC</abbr>: National Academy Press.</p>
|
|
<p>Coder, John, and Lydia Scoon-Rogers. 1996. "Evaluating the Quality of Income Data Collected in the Annual Supplement to the March Current Population Survey and the Survey of Income and Program Participation." Census Bureau Housing and Household Economics Statistics Division Working Paper. http://www.census.gov/sipp/workpapr/wp215.pdf.</p>
|
|
<p>Fisher, T. Lynn. 2007. "<a href="/policy/docs/ssb/v67n2/v67n2p47.html">Estimates of Unreported Asset Income in the Survey of Consumer Finances and the Relative Importance of Social Security Benefits to the Elderly</a>." <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> 67(2): <span class="nobr">47–53</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>Gendell, Murray. 2008. "Older Workers: Increasing Their Labor Force Participation and Hours of Work." <i>Monthly Labor Review</i> 131(1): <span class="nobr">41–54</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>Helman, Ruth, Craig Copeland, and Jack VanDerhei. 2011. "The 2011 Retirement Confidence Survey: Confidence Drops to Record Lows, Reflecting 'the New Normal.'" Issue Brief <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 355. Washington, <abbr class="spell">DC</abbr>: Employee Benefit Research Institute. http://www.ebri.org/pdf/briefspdf/EBRI_03-2011_No355_RCS-2011.pdf.</p>
|
|
<p>Larrimore, Jeff, Richard V. Burkhauser, Shuaizhang Feng, and Laura Zayatz. 2008. "Consistent Cell Means for Topcoded Incomes in the <span class="nobr">Public-Use</span> March <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> (<span class="nobr">1986–2007</span>)." <i>Journal of Economic and Social Measurement </i>33 (2/3): <span class="nobr">89–128</span>.</p>
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|
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<p>Parsons, Donald O. 1980. "The Decline in Male Labor Force Participation." <i>Journal of Political Economy</i> 88(1): <span class="nobr">117–134</span>.</p>
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<p>Ransom, Roger L., and Richard Sutch. 1988. "The Decline of Retirement in the Years Before Social Security: <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Retirement Patterns, <span class="nobr">1870–1940."</span> In <i>Issues in Contemporary Retirement</i>, edited by Rita Ricardo-Campbell and Edward P. Lazear, <span class="nobr">3–37</span>. Stanford, <abbr title="California">CA</abbr>: Hoover Institution Press.</p>
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<p>Reno, Virginia P., and Joni Lavery. 2007. "Social Security and Retirement Income Adequacy." Social Security Brief <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 25. Washington, <abbr class="spell">DC</abbr>: National Academy of Social Insurance.</p>
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<p>Roemer, Marc <abbr title="the first">I</abbr>. 2000. "Assessing the Quality of the March Current Population Survey and the Survey of Income and Program Participation Income Estimates, <span class="nobr">1990–1996</span>." Washington, <abbr class="spell">DC</abbr>: Census Bureau.</p>
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<p>Ruser, John, Adrienne Pilot, and Charles Nelson. 2004. "Alternative Measures of Household Income: <abbr class="spell">BEA</abbr> Personal Income, <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> Money Income, and Beyond." Paper presented to the Federal Economic Statistics Advisory Committee, Washington, <abbr class="spell">DC</abbr>, December 14.</p>
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<p>[<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>] Social Security Administration. 2010. <i>Income of the Population 55 or Older.</i> Washington, <abbr class="spell">DC</abbr>: Office of Retirement and Disability Policy, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics. <a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/income_pop55/2008/index.html">http://www.socialsecurity.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/income_pop55/2008/index.html</a>.</p>
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<p>———. 2011. <i>Fast Facts and Figures About Social Security, 2011.</i> Washington, <abbr class="spell">DC</abbr>: Office of Retirement and Disability Policy, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics. <a href="/policy/docs/chartbooks/fast_facts/2011/index.html">http://www.socialsecurity.gov/policy/docs/chartbooks/fast_facts/2011/index.html</a>.</p>
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<p>Toossi, Mitra. 2009. "Labor Force Projections to 2018: Older Workers Staying More Active." <i>Monthly Labor Review</i> 132(11): <span class="nobr">30–51</span>.</p>
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<p>Unicon Research Corporation. 2009. <i><abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> Utilities</i> (documentation for Census Bureau Current Population Surveys, January–December <span class="nobr">1980–2008</span> and Annual Social and Economic data files, March <span class="nobr">1981–2009</span>). Los Angeles, <abbr title="California">CA</abbr>: Unicon Research Corporation.</p>
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