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<h1 itemprop="headline">The 2006 Earnings Public-Use Microdata File: An Introduction</h1>
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<div id="hByline">by <span itemprop="author">Michael Compson</span><br> Social Security Bulletin, <abbr title="Volume">Vol.</abbr> 71, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 4, 2011 (released November 2011)</div>
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<p id="synopsis" itemprop="description">This article introduces the <a href="/policy/docs/microdata/epuf/index.html">2006 Earnings Public-Use File</a> (<abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>) and provides important background information on the file's data fields. The <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> contains selected demographic and earnings information for 4.3 million individuals drawn from a <span class="nobr">1-percent</span> sample of all Social Security numbers issued before January 2007. The data file provides aggregate earnings for 1937 to 1950 and annual earnings data for 1951 to 2006. The article focuses on four key items: (1) the Social Security Administration's experiences collecting earnings data over the years and their effect on the data fields included in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>; (2) the steps taken to "clean" the underlying administrative data and to minimize the risk of personal data disclosure; (3) the potential limitations of using <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> data to estimate Social Security benefits for some individuals; and (4) frequency distributions and statistical tabulations of the data in the file, to provide a point of reference for <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> users.</p>
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<div class="eightypercent">
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<p>Michael Compson is with the Division of Policy Evaluation, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, Office of Retirement and Disability Policy, Social Security Administration.</p>
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<p><i>Acknowledgments:</i> The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance of many individuals in the process of creating the 2006 Earnings Public-Use File and this article: John Hennessey, for graciously sharing his programming and methodological expertise; Russell Hudson, for his programming expertise and sharing his vast knowledge of the earnings data; Paul Davies, for his guidance and support throughout the project; Scott Muller, Greg Diez, and Bill Piet, for sharing programmatic and earnings knowledge; Sirisha Anne, Brenda South, Stu Friedrich, and Randall Miles, for their assistance in providing the data extracts used in the process of creating <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>; Bill Davis and Justin Ronca, for their statistical expertise; and Susan Grad, Howard Iams, Hilary Waldron, and Anya Olsen, for their comments on previous drafts of the article.</p>
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<p>Contents of this publication are <a href="/policy/accessibility.html">not copyrighted</a>; any items may be reprinted, but citation of the <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> as the source is requested. The findings and conclusions presented in the <i>Bulletin</i> are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Social Security Administration.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<h2>Introduction</h2>
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<div class="abbrtable">
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<table role="presentation">
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<caption>Selected Abbreviations</caption>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">BEPUF</abbr></td>
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<td>Benefits and Earnings Public-Use File</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr></td>
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<td>Earnings Public-Use File</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">IRS</abbr></td>
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<td>Internal Revenue Service</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr></td>
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<td>Master Earnings File</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">QC</abbr></td>
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<td>quarter of coverage</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr></td>
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<td>Social Security Administration</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">SSN</abbr></td>
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<td>Social Security number</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">YOB</abbr></td>
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<td>year of birth</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</div>
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<p>This article introduces the 2006 Earnings Public-Use File (<abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>), a data file containing earnings records for individuals drawn from a <span class="nobr">1-percent</span> sample of all Social Security numbers (<abbr class="spell">SSN</abbr>s) issued before January 2007. <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> is the latest public-use data file released by the Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>) to contain earnings data from its administrative files. <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> comprises a much larger sample than previously released public-use files containing earnings histories, and significantly enhances the ability of researchers and policy analysts to analyze <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> programs.</p>
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<p><abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> consists of two linkable files. One contains selected demographic and aggregate earnings information for all 4,348,254 individuals in the file, and the second contains annual earnings records for the 3,131,424 individuals who had positive earnings in at least 1 year during <span class="nobr">1951–2006</span>. <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> data reflect capped Social Security taxable earnings. As such, the earnings data contained in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> do not present complete measures of the number of workers or the amount of wage-and-salary and self-employment income in the <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> economy.</p>
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<p>The data fields included in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> are nearly identical to those in <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s most recent public-use file containing administrative earnings, the 2004 Benefits and Earnings Public-Use File (<abbr class="spell">BEPUF</abbr>). This was done (1) to address the critical need to meet data disclosure standards, (2) because of the complexity of the earnings data that <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> has collected over the life of the program, and (3) to maximize <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>'s timeliness. <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> plans to continue working on data disclosure standards for several key detailed earnings data fields from its administrative files. Combining this work with direct feedback from <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> users, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> hopes to include new data fields in future releases.</p>
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<p>This article informs potential users about the <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> and provides background information about the data contained in the file. Specifically, the article discusses <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s experiences collecting earnings data over the years and the effect of those experiences on the data fields included in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>; the steps taken to "clean" the data and to minimize the risk of personal data disclosure; and the potential limitations of using the data to estimate benefits for some individuals. Finally, the article presents frequency distributions and statistical tabulations of the data to provide points of reference for <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> users.</p>
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<h2>Developing the Earnings Public-Use File</h2>
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<p>In 2006, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> released <abbr class="spell">BEPUF</abbr>, a data file based on a systematic random <span class="nobr">1-percent</span> sample of all individuals who were receiving Social Security benefits in December 2004. The file contains benefit and earnings information for the 473,366 individuals in the sample. <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> and Internal Revenue Service (<abbr class="spell">IRS</abbr>) Data Review Boards reviewed the file to assess the risk of personal data disclosure before approving its release to the public.</p>
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<p>The critical question in the initial <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> development phase involved which data fields to include in the file. Users would undoubtedly like <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> to include all of the data fields from its administrative files. However, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> has a legal obligation to protect the confidentiality of the individuals included in the file. This creates a tradeoff between the user's need for complete and accurate data and the need to ensure that the file's data fields do not disclose individual identities. Because <abbr class="spell">BEPUF</abbr> met the disclosure standards set by <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> and the <abbr class="spell">IRS</abbr>, its data fields served as a starting point for selecting fields for <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>.</p>
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<p>A second critical issue was the need to balance the desire to add data fields with the time needed to prepare the underlying data and conduct the required data-disclosure analysis. <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> originally hoped to include earnings data fields beyond those included in <abbr class="spell">BEPUF</abbr>. However, choosing fields to add to the file was complicated by more than data-disclosure limitations. Reconciling the types of earnings data in <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s administrative files with the different data-collection timelines over the life of the program made seemingly simple choices fairly complicated.</p>
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<p>To include new data fields would be much more complex because the additional fields would come from the detailed segment of the Master Earnings File (<abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr>).<sup><a href="#mn1" id="mt1">1</a></sup> For each individual, the detailed segment is likely to contain more than one earnings record in a given year. As a result, working with the detailed segment of the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> is much more complicated and would take more time and effort than working with data fields from the summary segment of the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr>, as was done for <abbr class="spell">BEPUF</abbr>.</p>
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<p>In addition, the only earnings data field that is available for all years from 1951 through 2006 is taxable earnings. Other fields of interest, such as noncovered earnings, covered earnings above the taxable maximum, and contributions to <span class="nobr">401(k)</span> retirement plans, are only available for selected years.<sup><a href="#mn2" id="mt2">2</a></sup> Consider self-employment income: From 1951 through 1977, self-employment income is included in the earnings data field only to the extent that it is covered under the Social Security program. If an individual had wage-and-salary earnings above the taxable maximum and also had self-employment income, none of the self-employment income would be included in the earnings record. This produces undercounts of both the number of individuals with self-employment income and the dollar amount of that income. From 1978 through 1993, the detailed segment of the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> contains a separate value for covered self-employment income. However, the amount reported in this field is still limited to earnings covered under the program. The full amount of self-employment income does not appear in the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> until 1994, when the cap for covered earnings subject to the Medicare Hospital Insurance payroll tax was eliminated. As a result, the administrative files do not contain a complete history of an individual's self-employment income.</p>
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<p>After accounting for all of these considerations, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> designed <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> to contain nine data fields in two linkable data tables. The first linkable file contains a single record for each of the 4,348,254 individuals included in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>. Each record contains the following data fields:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><abbr class="spell">ID</abbr> (a unique identification number)</li>
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<li>year of birth (<abbr class="spell">YOB</abbr>)</li>
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<li>sex</li>
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<li>aggregate capped Social Security taxable earnings from 1937 through 1950</li>
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<li>aggregate quarters of coverage (<abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s) earned from 1937 through 1950</li>
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<li>aggregate <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s earned in 1951 and 1952</li>
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</ul>
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<p>The second linkable file contains 60,326,474 earnings records with positive earnings values. There are 3,131,424 individuals in this file who had positive earnings for at least 1 year during <span class="nobr">1951–2006</span>. Each of the records in this file contains the following data fields:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><abbr class="spell">ID</abbr> (a unique identification number)</li>
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<li>the <span class="nobr">year(s)</span> when the individual had taxable Social Security earnings</li>
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<li>the amount of capped Social Security taxable earnings for each of those years</li>
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<li>the number of <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s earned for each year (except 1951 and 1952) based on the amount of capped Social Security taxable earnings</li>
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</ul>
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<p>These data fields are identical to those included in the <abbr class="spell">BEPUF</abbr> with one minor exception. <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> contains multiple data fields for the <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s: aggregate <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s earned <span class="nobr">1937–1950</span> and aggregate <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s earned in 1951 and 1952 in the first linkable file; and annual <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s earned from 1953 through 2006 in the second linkable file. By contrast, the <abbr class="spell">BEPUF</abbr> contains a single aggregate value for <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s earned as of December 31, 2004. Because of this difference, an <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> user can determine an individual's eligibility for retired-worker and disabled-worker benefits at any given time.</p>
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<h2>Overview of Earnings Records</h2>
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<p><abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s primary objective in collecting earnings data is to meet the operational needs of the program.<sup><a href="#mn3" id="mt3">3</a></sup> As a result, the data contained in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> will be, in some aspects, somewhat limited from a researcher's perspective. However, the uniqueness of the data and the large sample size should outweigh these limitations in many cases.</p>
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<p>To use <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> appropriately, users must understand the nature of its earnings data. For example, analysts must be aware that the earnings data in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> do not reflect all workers in the <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> labor market, nor the aggregate earnings generated by those workers.<sup><a href="#mn4" id="mt4">4</a></sup> Putting the <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> earnings data in their proper context requires an understanding of three measures of earnings distinct to the Social Security program: covered earnings, Social Security taxable earnings, and capped Social Security taxable earnings.</p>
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<p>The first measure refers to earnings "covered" for purposes of determining eligibility for the Social Security program. The Social Security Act defines the types of employment covered under the program, and coverage has expanded significantly over the years.<sup><a href="#mn5" id="mt5">5</a></sup> Currently, nearly all types of employment are covered under Social Security. There are three primary exceptions: "state and local government employees whose employer has not elected to be covered under Social Security and who are participating in an employer-provided pension plan, current Federal civilian workers hired before 1984 who have not elected to be covered, and self-employed workers earning less than $400 in a calendar year" (Board of Trustees, 2010). "Covered earnings" has two components: wage-and-salary earnings from covered employment, and self-employment income covered under the program.</p>
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<p>The second measure is called Social Security taxable earnings because it reflects all covered earnings that are subject to the payroll tax.<sup><a href="#mn6" id="mt6">6</a></sup> The annual earnings data in the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> summary segment are a running total of an individual's taxable earnings up to the taxable maximum for each job in a given year, plus any taxable self-employment income. For the self-employed, "taxable earnings consists of net self-employment income which, when combined with any taxable wages for that individual, is at or below any applicable annual maximum taxable amount" (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> 2009, G.17). If an individual has more than one employer, the amount of earnings in this data field may be greater than the taxable maximum in a given year.</p>
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<p><abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> uses the third measure, capped Social Security taxable earnings, defined as the total amount of a worker's taxable earnings (including any taxable self-employment income) up to the taxable maximum in a given year. It does not include any earnings beyond the taxable maximum, as the previous measure can when a worker has multiple employers. This measure allows an observer to determine total amounts contributed to the program by workers and self-employed individuals.<sup><a href="#mn7" id="mt7">7</a></sup> The primary reason <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> uses this measure is that capped taxable earnings do not need to be top-coded for data disclosure purposes. Second, because the <abbr class="spell">IRS</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> approved <abbr class="spell">BEPUF</abbr> for release using capped taxable earnings, using the same measure in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> was deemed likely to expedite its approval.</p>
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<p>Two adjustments were made in moving the taxable earnings data from the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> summary segment to the capped taxable earnings information contained in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>. First, all earnings values were top-coded at the taxable maximum in a given year. Second, any records with negative covered earnings were set to zero (this occurred very infrequently).</p>
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<p>Through 2006, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> used three distinct mechanisms to collect the earnings data required to administer its programs: (1) paper and microfilm records that yield an individual's total covered earnings from 1937 through 1950, (2) quarterly earnings data reported by the individual's employer from 1951 through 1977, and (3) annual earnings reported by the individual's employer on Form <span class="nobr">W-2</span> from 1978 through 2006 (Chart 1).</p>
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<div class="chartCenter">
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<div class="chart700" id="chart1">
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<div class="title">Chart 1.<br>Types of earnings data available from Social Security administrative files, <span class="nobr">1937–2006</span></div>
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<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v71n4p33_chart01.gif" alt="Timeline chart with text description below." width="700" height="490" /></div>
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<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
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<table class="textTable">
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<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 1. </span>Types of earnings data available from Social Security administrative files, <span class="nobr">1937–2006</span></caption>
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<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
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<colgroup span="1" style="width:50em"></colgroup>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Time period</th>
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<th scope="col">Type of earnings data available</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1937–1950</th>
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<td>Aggregate covered earnings</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1951–1977</th>
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<td>Data reported quarterly by employer</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1978–2006</th>
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<td>
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<ul>
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<li>Wage and salary and tip income (covered and noncovered) reported annually by employer on Form <span class="nobr">W-2</span></li>
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<li>Social Security–covered self-employment income <sup>a</sup> reported annually on Form 1040 <abbr class="spell">SE</abbr></li>
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</ul>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990–2006</th>
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<td>Aggregate deferred compensation</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991–2006</th>
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<td>Taxable Medicare earnings above the Social Security taxable maximum <sup>b</sup></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004–2006</th>
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<td>Detailed deferred compensation</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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<tfoot>
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<tr>
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<td class="noNotes" colspan="2"> </td>
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</tr>
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</tfoot>
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</table>
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</div>
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<div class="firstNote">SOURCE: <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>.</div>
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<div class="note">a. From 1978 to 1990, data for only that portion of self-employment income that it is taxable for Social Security purposes are available. In general, during this period there is no way to distinguish between amounts of covered earnings from wages and salary, self-employment income, and earnings from agriculture. Beginning in 1991, the taxable maximum earnings amounts for Social Security and Medicare differed. Beginning in 1994, the cap on taxable Medicare covered earnings was eliminated, and data on total earnings amounts from each source became available.</div>
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<div class="lastNote">b. Beginning in 1991 the Medicare taxable maximum earnings amount exceeded the Social Security taxable maximum, until the Medicare taxable maximum was eliminated altogether in 1994.</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<p>In the years since the adoption of Form <span class="nobr">W-2,</span> three additional types of earnings data have been collected to reflect expanded data needs: (1) aggregate deferred compensation, used to calculate the national average wage index, beginning in 1990; (2) Medicare taxable wage-and-salary and self-employment income, beginning in 1991; and (3) detailed items for the deferred compensation field, beginning in 2004.<sup><a href="#mn8" id="mt8">8</a></sup> These changes are also reflected in Chart 1.</p>
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<h3><span class="nobr">1937–1950</span> Earnings Data</h3>
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<p>Before the arrival of electronic data storage, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> stored earnings data on either paper or microfilm. Given the limited storage capacity of early computers and the prohibitive costs associated with converting these data to electronic format, the earnings data for <span class="nobr">1937–1950</span> on the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> summary segment are available only as an aggregate number. As a result, the data extract from which <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> is drawn contains two data fields for aggregate taxable earnings—one for <span class="nobr">1937–2006</span>, and the other for <span class="nobr">1951–2006</span>. The <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> data field for aggregate Social Security taxable earnings from <span class="nobr">1937–1950</span> was generated by subtracting the <span class="nobr">1951–2006</span> aggregate earnings from the <span class="nobr">1937–2006</span> aggregate earnings.</p>
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<p>Another data field of interest is the <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s earned during this period. An individual can earn up to four <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s in a year depending on his or her taxable earnings amount. <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s determine an individual's eligibility for retirement and disability benefits and a family's eligibility for survivor benefits. The <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> summary segment contains no annual values for <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s for <span class="nobr">1937–1953</span>. Instead, the extract contains data fields from the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> that contain the "known" aggregate number of <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s earned during the following periods: <span class="nobr">1947–2006</span>, <span class="nobr">1951–2006</span>, <span class="nobr">1947–1952</span>, and <span class="nobr">1953–2006</span>. For <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>, these data fields are manipulated to generate the aggregate number of <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s earned for the periods <span class="nobr">1947–1950</span> and <span class="nobr">1951–1952</span>.</p>
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<p>Because the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> has no known values for <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s from 1937 through 1946, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> devised a three-step method to estimate the aggregate number of <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s earned by individuals with covered earnings during these years.<sup><a href="#mn9" id="mt9">9</a></sup> The first step assigns one <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr> for each $500 of aggregate taxable earnings from 1937 through 1950. The second step subtracts the known sum of <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s earned from 1947 through 1950. (The <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s from 1947 through 1950 are generated by subtracting the known number of <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s earned from 1951 through 2006 from the known number of <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s earned from 1947 through 2006.) If the resulting number is positive, this value is assigned to the number of <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s earned from 1937 to 1946. If this number is negative, a value of 0 is assigned for the number <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s earned from 1937 to 1946. The final step adds the estimated <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s from 1937 to 1946 to the known <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s from 1947 to 1950 for the estimated number of <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s earned from 1937 to 1950.<sup><a href="#mn10" id="mt10">10</a></sup></p>
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<h3><span class="nobr">1951–1977</span> Earnings Data</h3>
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<p>From 1951 through 1977, the earnings data used to administer Social Security came from two sources: the individual's employer and the <abbr class="spell">IRS</abbr>. <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> required employers to report covered wage-and-salary income quarterly. For the self-employed, the <abbr class="spell">IRS</abbr> processed the annual Social Security taxable self-employment income reported on the individual's Form 1040 on Schedule C and Schedule <abbr class="spell">SE</abbr> and transferred the data to <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>. Values in these data fields were added together to create a single entry for taxable Social Security earnings, which is stored on the Summary Earnings Record. As a result, it is not possible to determine whether covered earnings in a given year are from wages and salaries or from self-employment income. The <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> also contains separate indicators for the presence of self-employment income (Schedule C) or agriculture income (Schedule F) in a given year. However, if there are combinations among salary and wages, self-employment income, and income from agriculture, the amounts attributable to each source cannot be determined. As a result, these flags were not included in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>.<sup><a href="#mn11" id="mt11">11</a></sup></p>
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<p>As previously noted, the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> has no annual values for the number of <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s earned in 1951 and 1952. This value is estimated by manipulating data used to calculate <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s from 1937 through 1950. Beginning in 1953, the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> contains annual <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr> values based on quarterly earnings data.</p>
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<h3><span class="nobr">1978–2006</span> Earnings Data</h3>
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<p>In 1978, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> earnings data underwent major changes involving sources, processing, and types of data collected. Because requiring quarterly earnings reports had led to processing delays and administrative burdens, new legislation required employers to report their employee's earnings annually on Form <span class="nobr">W-2.</span> The legislation also made <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> responsible for processing the <span class="nobr">W-2</span> earnings data. The source for self-employed taxable earnings, Form 1040 Schedule <abbr class="spell">SE</abbr>, remained unchanged.</p>
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<p>The move to annual collection of earnings data resulted in three significant changes in the types of data collected:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>The <span class="nobr">W-2</span> included earnings from employment that was not covered under Social Security. Prior to 1978, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> was only concerned with taxable earnings from covered employment.</li>
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<li>The ability to store data electronically and the need for more detailed earnings information to administer the program led <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> to establish separate data fields for taxable wage-and-salary income and taxable self-employment income. Prior to 1978, administrative data contained a single entry for all taxable earnings.</li>
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<li>The <span class="nobr">W-2</span> allowed <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> to capture covered wage-and-salary income above the taxable maximum. Earnings reported to <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> for all previous years were capped at the taxable maximum.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>It is important to note that the inclusion of taxable self-employment income on an individual's earnings record reflects the reporting criteria used during two distinct periods. For 1978 through 1993, self-employment income appears on an individual's earnings record only when Social Security or Medicare taxes were due on that income. It was not until 1994, when the cap for taxable earnings subject to the Medicare payroll tax was eliminated, that <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s earnings data began to include uncapped values for covered self-employment income.</p>
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<p>Several examples illustrate how the amount of taxable self-employment income differs from the amount of self-employment income reported for federal income tax purposes across these two periods. Suppose an individual earned $25,000 in covered wages and $25,000 in self-employment income, and assume a taxable maximum of $40,000. Prior to 1994, the individual's earnings record for that year would contain $25,000 for wage-and-salary income and only $15,000 for self-employment income. Now consider an individual with self-employment income of $55,000 and no covered wages. In this example, the individual's earnings record would have $40,000 for taxable self-employment income. From 1994 onward, there is no cap on the amount of covered earnings subject to the Medicare payroll tax. As a result, the full amount of both wage-and-salary and self-employment income in the examples above would be included in the individual's earnings record on the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr>, but is not in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>.</p>
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<p>The Revenue Act of 1978 also affected the earnings data collected by <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> by allowing the elective deferral of wage earnings.<sup><a href="#mn12" id="mt12">12</a></sup> Elective deferrals enabled individuals to postpone the receipt and the taxation of certain types of earnings. This led to the creation of <span class="nobr">401(k)</span> retirement plans, <span class="nobr">403(b)</span> plans for employees of nonprofit organizations, and 457 plans for state and local government employees. From 1978 through 1983, these elective deferrals were not covered under Social Security. As a result, the taxable earnings data in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> for these years do not include contributions to these plans.</p>
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<p>Starting in 1984, elective deferrals are covered under the program and are reflected in the taxable earnings in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> (up to the taxable maximum). In 1990, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> was required to include elective deferrals in the calculations of the average wage index, and created a separate data field in the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> detailed section to capture this information.</p>
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<p>Data on annual <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s earned during <span class="nobr">1978–2006</span> are based on taxable earnings in a given year. As noted earlier, the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> contains annual <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr> values after 1952.</p>
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<h2>Sample Selection, Data Cleaning, and Disclosure Protection</h2>
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<p><abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> consists of earnings records drawn from a <span class="nobr">1-percent</span> sample of the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> (the "underlying <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> sample"). A series of data cleaning and disclosure protection procedures produced the final <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>. This section describes the process of selecting the underlying <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> sample, the data cleaning steps, and the disclosure protections that were applied to the data to produce the <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>.</p>
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<h3>Sample Selection</h3>
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<p>The sample universe for the <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> is all <abbr class="spell">SSN</abbr>s issued before January 2007. Thus, any individual who does not have an <abbr class="spell">SSN</abbr> cannot be included in the <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>. The <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> sample was created using a systematic sampling process that closely approximates a random sample. For each area-group combination, an algorithm selects 100 out of the possible 10,000 <abbr class="spell">SSN</abbr>s.<sup><a href="#mn13" id="mt13">13</a></sup> <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> then determines if the <abbr class="spell">SSN</abbr>s have been issued. The sampling algorithm is systematic in that it avoids any overlap between the <abbr class="spell">BEPUF</abbr>, <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>, and any potential future public-use samples generated using the algorithm.<sup><a href="#mn14" id="mt14">14</a></sup> <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> has determined that the design effect for the systematic random sample is effectively equal to one.<sup><a href="#mn15" id="mt15">15</a></sup></p>
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<p>The <abbr class="spell">SSN</abbr>s generated using this algorithm were checked for inclusion in the Numident file to confirm their presence in the Social Security administrative files.<sup><a href="#mn16" id="mt16">16</a></sup> A final check verified that none of the <abbr class="spell">SSN</abbr>s in the sample overlapped those in the <abbr class="spell">BEPUF</abbr>. The individuals in the resulting underlying <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> sample numbered 4,413,024.<sup><a href="#mn17" id="mt17">17</a></sup> Note that the sample is not strictly representative of the <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> population because the sampling universe (all <abbr class="spell">SSN</abbr>s issued) includes individuals in Puerto Rico and the <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> territories.</p>
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<h3>Data Cleaning</h3>
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<p>A number of analyses were undertaken to determine if there were any problems with the data and, if so, what to do about them. Three key issues were identified: (1) a coding error incorrectly assigned a <abbr class="spell">YOB</abbr> value equal to 1900 to many individuals, (2) some <abbr class="spell">YOB</abbr> values were missing, and (3) some extreme age values occurred for individuals who had taxable earnings (values ranged from -47 years to 179 years).<sup><a href="#mn18" id="mt18">18</a></sup> Several other smaller issues were discovered in the process of generating the <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> and a number of steps were taken to "clean" the data before releasing the file to the public.</p>
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<p>The first check involved graphing the distribution of individuals in the underlying sample by their <abbr class="spell">YOB</abbr>. This graph produced an abnormally large spike in the number of individuals with a <abbr class="spell">YOB</abbr> value equal to 1900. For these 24,843 individuals, a check against the Numident file confirmed a <abbr class="spell">YOB</abbr> value of 1900 on 21,269 records. There were 3,464 individuals whose <abbr class="spell">YOB</abbr> value was missing on the Numident file; these were removed from <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>. This left 110 individuals with an alternative (non-1900) <abbr class="spell">YOB</abbr> value on the Numident file. The Numident's alternative value was assigned for those individuals.</p>
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<p>The next data-cleaning issue involved the 13,405 individuals in the underlying sample whose <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> records had a missing value for <abbr class="spell">YOB</abbr>. The overwhelming majority (12,142) also had a missing value for <abbr class="spell">YOB</abbr> on the Numident file; these individuals were removed from <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>. Of the remaining 1,263 individuals, 1,234 had a single <abbr class="spell">YOB</abbr> value on the Numident file; for them, the Numident <abbr class="spell">YOB</abbr> was used. This left 29 individuals who had multiple <abbr class="spell">YOB</abbr> values on the Numident file; for these, we assigned a "best" <abbr class="spell">YOB</abbr> value.</p>
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<p>The analysis of the age at which an individual in the underlying sample recorded taxable earnings found 77,458 individuals who either had age values of less than 14 or greater than 79, or had earnings during <span class="nobr">1937–1950</span> but a <abbr class="spell">YOB</abbr> value after 1950. Again, <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> records were validated against the Numident file. Records for 5,810 individuals were removed for one of the following reasons: there was no logical choice among multiple alternative <abbr class="spell">YOB</abbr> values on the Numident, age when recording taxable earnings was either negative or greater than 100, or the <abbr class="spell">YOB</abbr> value was after 1950 although earnings were recorded during <span class="nobr">1937–1950</span>.</p>
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<p>The final adjustments included removing 5,935 individuals whose <abbr class="spell">YOB</abbr> value was before 1870, removing 1,096 individuals whose <abbr class="spell">YOB</abbr> value was equal to 2007, and removing 4 individuals who were assigned a missing <abbr class="spell">YOB</abbr> value. Individuals born before 1870 were removed because they were unlikely to have received Social Security benefits. The data for the underlying sample were extracted in 2007 and it is possible that a small number of individuals who were enumerated after December 31, 2006 were part of the sample.</p>
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<p>Data "cleaning" procedures resulted in the removal of records for 28,451 individuals from the underlying sample. The effect of removing these individuals on the number of earnings records and on the amount of earnings by year is discussed later in conjunction with the effect of the data disclosure procedures.</p>
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<h3>Disclosure Protection</h3>
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<p>The most critical determinant of whether data fields can be included in the public-use file is disclosure risk. To protect confidentiality, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> removes all identifying information, evaluates disclosure risk posed by administrative earnings data for individuals that overlap other public-use files,<sup><a href="#mn19" id="mt19">19</a></sup> and modifies any distinguishing characteristics that could identify individuals in the file. The data disclosure procedures applied to the <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> fall into three broad categories: (1) removing any identifiable information from the file and evaluating the disclosure risk of public-use file overlap, (2) adjusting the earnings amounts to create a range of uncertainty between the amount of earnings reported to <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> and the amount released in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>, and (3) zeroing out earnings records because of age considerations. These categories are described in detail below.</p>
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<p class="noindent"><span class="h4">Removing identifiable information and evaluating disclosure risk from public-use file overlap</span>. To minimize disclosure risk, the following steps were taken:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>All <abbr class="spell">SSN</abbr>s were removed from the file.</li>
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<li>The records in the final <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> were randomly sequenced.</li>
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<li>Where possible, <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> sample records were checked for overlap with other public-use files.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>As previously noted, there is no overlap between individuals in <abbr class="spell">BEPUF</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>. There were 319 individuals in the underlying <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> sample who were included in the New Beneficiary Data System (<abbr class="spell">NBDS</abbr>). These individuals were removed from the sample.<sup><a href="#mn20" id="mt20">20</a></sup></p>
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<p>Although minimal overlap between individuals in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> and individuals in the Synthetic <abbr>SIPP</abbr> Beta files (<abbr class="spell">SSB</abbr>) is likely, the <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">IRS</abbr> have concluded that there is no disclosure risk because all of the earnings data in the <abbr class="spell">SSB</abbr> are synthetic.<sup><a href="#mn21" id="mt21">21</a></sup></p>
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<p>The number of individuals in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> who are potentially included in the public-use files created from the 1964 Pilot Link Study, the 1973 Exact Match Study, and the Retirement History Study is very small (see text box). <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> and the <abbr class="spell">IRS</abbr> have determined that disclosure resulting from overlap of these files is very unlikely.</p>
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<div class="textBox2">
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<div class="title">PREVIOUS PUBLIC-USE DATA FILES WITH EARNINGS DATA</div>
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<p><abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> has released a number of public-use microdata files that contain earnings data from its administrative files. The first six items listed below are products of two interagency studies undertaken in the 1970s and 1980s: the 1963 Pilot Link Study and the 1973 Exact Match Study, conducted by <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>, the Census Bureau, and the <abbr class="spell">IRS</abbr>. <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> produced items 7 and 8 independently.</p>
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<ol>
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<li>The 1964 Current Population Survey—Administrative Record Pilot Link File</li>
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<li>The 1973 Current Population Survey—Summary Earnings Record Exact Match File</li>
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<li>The 1973 Current Population Survey—Administrative Record Exact Match File</li>
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<li>The Social Security Longitudinal Earnings Exact Match Public Use File, <span class="nobr">1937–1975</span></li>
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<li>The 1972 Augmented Individual Income Tax Model Exact Match File</li>
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<li>The Retirement History Longitudinal Survey, <span class="nobr">1969–1973,</span> and Summary of Social Security Earnings: Merged Data</li>
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<li>The New Beneficiary Data System</li>
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<li>The 2004 Beneficiary and Earnings Public-Use File</li>
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</ol>
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<p>The 1963 Pilot Link Study matched data from Census Bureau's Current Population Survey with <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">IRS</abbr> administrative data files. The 1973 Exact Match Study refined the 1963 Pilot Link Study processes. The primary objective of both studies was to improve the quality of statistical output related to income distribution and redistribution.</p>
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<p>The Retirement History Study matched survey data with Social Security administrative data to create public-use data files useful for researching retirement decisions and circumstances.</p>
|
|
<p>The New Beneficiary Data System consists of two separate surveys. The original survey was the New Beneficiary Survey, a nationally representative survey of beneficiaries who were in payment status during a <span class="nobr">12-month</span> period from <span class="nobr">mid-1980</span> to <span class="nobr">mid-1981.</span> In 1992, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> conducted the New Beneficiary Followup (<abbr class="spell">NBF</abbr>) survey and attached limited earnings data to all 18,599 individuals in the original survey.</p>
|
|
<p>The 2004 Beneficiary and Earnings Public-Use file, released in 2006, is a systematic random sample of individuals who were on the benefit rolls as of December 2004.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p class="noindent"><span class="h4">Adjusting earnings to create a range of uncertainty and limit potential disclosure</span>. With a few exceptions, the earnings amounts in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> were random-rounded to a base of $25, $100, or $1,000, depending on the amount of earnings reported to <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>.<sup><a href="#mn22" id="mt22">22</a></sup> Specifically,</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>earnings greater than $100 and less than $1,000 were random-rounded to a base of $25;</li>
|
|
<li>earnings greater than $1,000 and less than $50,000 were random-rounded to a base of $100; and</li>
|
|
<li>earnings greater than $50,000 were random-rounded to a base of $1,000.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>Using this process, earnings near the taxable cap could be rounded up to the taxable maximum, and very low earnings could be rounded down to zero. <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> was concerned that this could affect two key research issues: (1) analyses of the differences between workers and nonworkers (as defined in terms of covered employment) and (2) analyses comparing individuals with earnings above and below the taxable maximum in a given year. To maintain the integrity of the data in these two areas, and to eliminate the possibility of rounding down to zero or rounding up to the taxable maximum in a given year, the following steps were taken:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>All annual earnings values less than $100 were replaced with the average amount of all earnings less than $100 in a given year.</li>
|
|
<li>All annual earnings within the random rounding base of the taxable maximum ($100 or $1,000, depending on the taxable maximum in a given year) were replaced by the average of all values within the rounding base for that year.</li>
|
|
<li>Any values for the aggregate amount of earnings from 1937 to 1950 greater than $37,000 were replaced with $41,500 (the average value of all aggregate earnings amounts greater than $37,000).</li>
|
|
<li>Any values for the aggregate amount of earnings from 1937 to 1950 that were less than $100 were replaced with $39 (the average dollar amount for all values of aggregate earnings less than $100).</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>These adjustments to the random-rounding process may reduce the amount of uncertainty between the earnings reported to <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> and those contained in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> for a select group of individuals. Consider an individual with $100 in earnings. We know that the actual value of earnings reported to <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> for this individual had to be between $100 and $124. This creates a range of uncertainty of only $25 instead of plus or minus $25. However, this limited range of uncertainty only occurs for the $100 value of earnings.</p>
|
|
<p>Second, consider an individual with earnings of $95,250 in a year when the taxable maximum was $96,000. This individual's earnings value was replaced with the average value for all individuals with earnings from $95,001 and $95,999. In this case, we know the actual value of earnings reported to <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> to within $1,000. This is a much smaller range of uncertainty than the difference of plus or minus $1,000 that applies to earnings greater than $50,000 and not within the random-rounding base of the taxable maximum.</p>
|
|
<p>Third, the random-rounding process may also affect the number of annual <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s included in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> for <span class="nobr">1953–2006</span>. On the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr>, <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s are calculated based on the quarterly earnings (1951 to 1977) and on annual earnings (1978 to 2006) recorded for a given year. However, the random-rounding process can change the value of earnings by plus or minus $25, $100, or $1,000, depending on the amount of taxable earnings in a given year. Thus, <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s based on randomly rounded earnings values may differ from those based on the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr>.</p>
|
|
<p>This potential discrepancy raises questions about the effectiveness of the random-rounding process. Consider a case in which the amount of earnings on the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> is $735 and the rounded earnings value is $750 for a year in which $250 are needed to earn a <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>. The <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s based on <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> earnings would be two, and the rounded-earnings <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr> value would be three. By using the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr> value in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> we would know that the actual earnings reported to <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> would be between $725 and $750. In addition to reducing the range of uncertainty for the individual's earnings, this could affect analyses of eligibility for benefits.</p>
|
|
<p>In this light, the question arises: What is the appropriate value for <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s to include in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>? A comparison of the <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr> measure on the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> with that based on randomly rounded earnings found the following four items:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Of 60,326,474 records with positive earnings, <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr> values differed on only 175,609 (0.29 percent).</li>
|
|
<li>When records differed, the maximum difference was plus or minus one <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>.</li>
|
|
<li>The aggregate number of <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s based on randomly rounded earnings (213,915,632) was 39,389 fewer than the aggregate number of quarters on the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr>, a difference of only 0.018 percent.</li>
|
|
<li>The net impact of random rounding on total <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s earned at the individual level was very small. Among those whose records were affected, nearly 97 percent had a net difference of plus or minus one quarter over their work histories.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>Given the very small differences between the two <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr> measures, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> included the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> measure in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> because it reflects an individual's actual number of <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s earned.</p>
|
|
<p class="noindent"><span class="h4">Zeroing out earnings for certain ages</span>. When the <abbr class="spell">BEPUF</abbr> was created, the <abbr class="spell">IRS</abbr> requested that <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> zero out all earnings for individuals born after 1937 who had earnings at ages 14 or younger to prevent disclosure of potentially identifiable data.</p>
|
|
<p><abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> applied these same data disclosure procedures to <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>. In addition to zeroing out any earnings for individuals who were very young, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> assigned a value of zero to any earnings records that had a positive value when the individual was aged 86 or older.</p>
|
|
<p>Table 1 shows the number of records that <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> either removed from the underlying <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> sample because of data cleaning or assigned a value of $0 because of data disclosure procedures, along with the dollar value of earnings represented by these omitted records.<sup><a href="#mn23" id="mt23">23</a></sup> Table 2 shows the number of records and the value of earnings represented in the entire underlying <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> sample, in the omitted records, and in the resulting final <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>, revealing that the omitted records are a very small share of the original underlying sample.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table1">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 1. </span>Earnings records removed from underlying <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> sample or with earnings values set to zero for data cleaning or disclosure protection procedures, <span class="nobr">1951–2006</span></caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="8" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="3" class="stubHeading" id="c1">Year</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="spanner" id="c2">Records removed for data cleaning</th>
|
|
<th colspan="4" class="spanner" id="c3">Records with earnings values set to zero for individuals aged—</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="spanner" id="c4">Total</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" id="c5" headers="c3">14 or younger </th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" id="c6" headers="c3">86 or older </th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th id="c7" headers="c2">Records</th>
|
|
<th id="c8" headers="c2">Dollar amount</th>
|
|
<th id="c9" headers="c3 c5">Records</th>
|
|
<th id="c10" headers="c3 c5">Dollar amount</th>
|
|
<th id="c11" headers="c3 c6">Records</th>
|
|
<th id="c12" headers="c3 c6">Dollar amount</th>
|
|
<th id="c13" headers="c4">Records</th>
|
|
<th id="c14" headers="c4">Dollar amount</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r1" headers="c1">1951</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c2 c7"> 2,759</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c2 c8">5,665,897</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c3 c5 c9"> 1,646</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c3 c5 c10">254,528</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c3 c6 c11">0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c3 c6 c12">0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c4 c13"> 4,405</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c4 c14">5,920,425</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r2" headers="c1">1952</th>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c2 c7"> 2,829</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c2 c8">5,941,257</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c3 c5 c9"> 1,793</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c3 c5 c10">283,133</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c3 c6 c11">0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c3 c6 c12">0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c4 c13"> 4,622</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c4 c14">6,224,390</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r3" headers="c1">1953</th>
|
|
<td headers="r3 c2 c7"> 2,805</td>
|
|
<td headers="r3 c2 c8">6,027,761</td>
|
|
<td headers="r3 c3 c5 c9"> 1,778</td>
|
|
<td headers="r3 c3 c5 c10">316,999</td>
|
|
<td headers="r3 c3 c6 c11">0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r3 c3 c6 c12">0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r3 c4 c13"> 4,583</td>
|
|
<td headers="r3 c4 c14">6,344,760</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r4" headers="c1">1954</th>
|
|
<td headers="r4 c2 c7"> 2,712</td>
|
|
<td headers="r4 c2 c8">5,880,985</td>
|
|
<td headers="r4 c3 c5 c9"> 1,216</td>
|
|
<td headers="r4 c3 c5 c10">211,168</td>
|
|
<td headers="r4 c3 c6 c11">0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r4 c3 c6 c12">0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r4 c4 c13"> 3,928</td>
|
|
<td headers="r4 c4 c14">6,092,153</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r5" headers="c1">1955</th>
|
|
<td headers="r5 c2 c7"> 3,024</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 c2 c8">6,959,324</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 c3 c5 c9"> 1,496</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 c3 c5 c10">269,778</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 c3 c6 c11">0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 c3 c6 c12">0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 c4 c13"> 4,520</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 c4 c14">7,229,102</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r6" headers="c1">1956</th>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c2 c7"> 3,113</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c2 c8">7,458,390</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c3 c5 c9"> 1,560</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c3 c5 c10">298,590</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c3 c6 c11">56</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c3 c6 c12">77,183</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c4 c13"> 4,729</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c4 c14">7,834,164</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r7" headers="c1">1957</th>
|
|
<td headers="r7 c2 c7"> 3,085</td>
|
|
<td headers="r7 c2 c8">7,594,978</td>
|
|
<td headers="r7 c3 c5 c9"> 1,494</td>
|
|
<td headers="r7 c3 c5 c10">304,594</td>
|
|
<td headers="r7 c3 c6 c11">88</td>
|
|
<td headers="r7 c3 c6 c12">140,290</td>
|
|
<td headers="r7 c4 c13"> 4,667</td>
|
|
<td headers="r7 c4 c14">8,039,862</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r8" headers="c1">1958</th>
|
|
<td headers="r8 c2 c7"> 3,032</td>
|
|
<td headers="r8 c2 c8">7,390,087</td>
|
|
<td headers="r8 c3 c5 c9"> 1,036</td>
|
|
<td headers="r8 c3 c5 c10">235,218</td>
|
|
<td headers="r8 c3 c6 c11">115</td>
|
|
<td headers="r8 c3 c6 c12">179,890</td>
|
|
<td headers="r8 c4 c13"> 4,183</td>
|
|
<td headers="r8 c4 c14">7,805,195</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r9" headers="c1">1959</th>
|
|
<td headers="r9 c2 c7"> 3,037</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 c2 c8">8,135,307</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 c3 c5 c9"> 1,048</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 c3 c5 c10">247,442</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 c3 c6 c11">135</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 c3 c6 c12">204,584</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 c4 c13"> 4,220</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 c4 c14">8,587,334</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r10" headers="c1">1960</th>
|
|
<td headers="r10 c2 c7"> 2,997</td>
|
|
<td headers="r10 c2 c8">8,186,207</td>
|
|
<td headers="r10 c3 c5 c9"> 1,129</td>
|
|
<td headers="r10 c3 c5 c10">246,054</td>
|
|
<td headers="r10 c3 c6 c11">148</td>
|
|
<td headers="r10 c3 c6 c12">273,315</td>
|
|
<td headers="r10 c4 c13"> 4,274</td>
|
|
<td headers="r10 c4 c14">8,705,575</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r11" headers="c1">1961</th>
|
|
<td headers="r11 c2 c7"> 2,945</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 c2 c8">8,086,654</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 c3 c5 c9"> 1,080</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 c3 c5 c10">238,310</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 c3 c6 c11">170</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 c3 c6 c12">315,373</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 c4 c13"> 4,195</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 c4 c14">8,640,337</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r12" headers="c1">1962</th>
|
|
<td headers="r12 c2 c7"> 2,937</td>
|
|
<td headers="r12 c2 c8">8,339,769</td>
|
|
<td headers="r12 c3 c5 c9"> 1,022</td>
|
|
<td headers="r12 c3 c5 c10">241,864</td>
|
|
<td headers="r12 c3 c6 c11">173</td>
|
|
<td headers="r12 c3 c6 c12">340,236</td>
|
|
<td headers="r12 c4 c13"> 4,132</td>
|
|
<td headers="r12 c4 c14">8,921,869</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r13" headers="c1">1963</th>
|
|
<td headers="r13 c2 c7"> 2,928</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 c2 c8">8,465,681</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 c3 c5 c9"> 1,158</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 c3 c5 c10">260,460</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 c3 c6 c11">182</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 c3 c6 c12">358,582</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 c4 c13"> 4,268</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 c4 c14">9,084,723</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r14" headers="c1">1964</th>
|
|
<td headers="r14 c2 c7"> 2,919</td>
|
|
<td headers="r14 c2 c8">8,789,314</td>
|
|
<td headers="r14 c3 c5 c9"> 1,208</td>
|
|
<td headers="r14 c3 c5 c10">286,514</td>
|
|
<td headers="r14 c3 c6 c11">181</td>
|
|
<td headers="r14 c3 c6 c12">397,263</td>
|
|
<td headers="r14 c4 c13"> 4,308</td>
|
|
<td headers="r14 c4 c14">9,473,091</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r15" headers="c1">1965</th>
|
|
<td headers="r15 c2 c7"> 2,987</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 c2 c8">9,166,718</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 c3 c5 c9"> 1,454</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 c3 c5 c10">366,245</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 c3 c6 c11">189</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 c3 c6 c12">425,929</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 c4 c13"> 4,630</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 c4 c14">9,958,893</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r16" headers="c1">1966</th>
|
|
<td headers="r16 c2 c7"> 3,035</td>
|
|
<td headers="r16 c2 c8">11,318,086</td>
|
|
<td headers="r16 c3 c5 c9"> 1,963</td>
|
|
<td headers="r16 c3 c5 c10">477,524</td>
|
|
<td headers="r16 c3 c6 c11">210</td>
|
|
<td headers="r16 c3 c6 c12">506,443</td>
|
|
<td headers="r16 c4 c13"> 5,208</td>
|
|
<td headers="r16 c4 c14">12,302,053</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r17" headers="c1">1967</th>
|
|
<td headers="r17 c2 c7"> 3,027</td>
|
|
<td headers="r17 c2 c8">11,629,233</td>
|
|
<td headers="r17 c3 c5 c9"> 2,128</td>
|
|
<td headers="r17 c3 c5 c10">544,917</td>
|
|
<td headers="r17 c3 c6 c11">193</td>
|
|
<td headers="r17 c3 c6 c12">511,459</td>
|
|
<td headers="r17 c4 c13"> 5,348</td>
|
|
<td headers="r17 c4 c14">12,685,609</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r18" headers="c1">1968</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 c2 c7"> 3,071</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 c2 c8">13,106,921</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 c3 c5 c9"> 2,459</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 c3 c5 c10">707,891</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 c3 c6 c11">212</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 c3 c6 c12">549,174</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 c4 c13"> 5,742</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 c4 c14">14,363,986</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r19" headers="c1">1969</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 c2 c7"> 3,084</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 c2 c8">13,678,081</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 c3 c5 c9"> 2,887</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 c3 c5 c10">903,985</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 c3 c6 c11">217</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 c3 c6 c12">567,872</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 c4 c13"> 6,188</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 c4 c14">15,149,938</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r20" headers="c1">1970</th>
|
|
<td headers="r20 c2 c7"> 3,084</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 c2 c8">13,777,730</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 c3 c5 c9"> 2,758</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 c3 c5 c10">987,296</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 c3 c6 c11">225</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 c3 c6 c12">563,126</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 c4 c13"> 6,067</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 c4 c14">15,328,153</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r21" headers="c1">1971</th>
|
|
<td headers="r21 c2 c7"> 3,060</td>
|
|
<td headers="r21 c2 c8">14,117,871</td>
|
|
<td headers="r21 c3 c5 c9"> 2,758</td>
|
|
<td headers="r21 c3 c5 c10">966,145</td>
|
|
<td headers="r21 c3 c6 c11">203</td>
|
|
<td headers="r21 c3 c6 c12">579,624</td>
|
|
<td headers="r21 c4 c13"> 6,021</td>
|
|
<td headers="r21 c4 c14">15,663,640</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r22" headers="c1">1972</th>
|
|
<td headers="r22 c2 c7"> 3,069</td>
|
|
<td headers="r22 c2 c8">15,613,850</td>
|
|
<td headers="r22 c3 c5 c9"> 3,224</td>
|
|
<td headers="r22 c3 c5 c10">1,254,230</td>
|
|
<td headers="r22 c3 c6 c11">234</td>
|
|
<td headers="r22 c3 c6 c12">680,321</td>
|
|
<td headers="r22 c4 c13"> 6,527</td>
|
|
<td headers="r22 c4 c14">17,548,401</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r23" headers="c1">1973</th>
|
|
<td headers="r23 c2 c7"> 3,069</td>
|
|
<td headers="r23 c2 c8">17,630,854</td>
|
|
<td headers="r23 c3 c5 c9"> 4,007</td>
|
|
<td headers="r23 c3 c5 c10">1,565,846</td>
|
|
<td headers="r23 c3 c6 c11">246</td>
|
|
<td headers="r23 c3 c6 c12">870,503</td>
|
|
<td headers="r23 c4 c13"> 7,322</td>
|
|
<td headers="r23 c4 c14">20,067,203</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r24" headers="c1">1974</th>
|
|
<td headers="r24 c2 c7"> 3,096</td>
|
|
<td headers="r24 c2 c8">19,670,766</td>
|
|
<td headers="r24 c3 c5 c9"> 4,083</td>
|
|
<td headers="r24 c3 c5 c10">1,828,581</td>
|
|
<td headers="r24 c3 c6 c11">258</td>
|
|
<td headers="r24 c3 c6 c12">950,736</td>
|
|
<td headers="r24 c4 c13"> 7,437</td>
|
|
<td headers="r24 c4 c14">22,450,084</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r25" headers="c1">1975</th>
|
|
<td headers="r25 c2 c7"> 2,948</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 c2 c8">20,124,329</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 c3 c5 c9"> 3,587</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 c3 c5 c10">1,817,022</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 c3 c6 c11">247</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 c3 c6 c12">1,082,987</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 c4 c13"> 6,782</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 c4 c14">23,024,338</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r26" headers="c1">1976</th>
|
|
<td headers="r26 c2 c7"> 2,965</td>
|
|
<td headers="r26 c2 c8">21,504,597</td>
|
|
<td headers="r26 c3 c5 c9"> 3,606</td>
|
|
<td headers="r26 c3 c5 c10">2,023,184</td>
|
|
<td headers="r26 c3 c6 c11">270</td>
|
|
<td headers="r26 c3 c6 c12">1,142,883</td>
|
|
<td headers="r26 c4 c13"> 6,841</td>
|
|
<td headers="r26 c4 c14">24,670,664</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r27" headers="c1">1977</th>
|
|
<td headers="r27 c2 c7"> 2,972</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 c2 c8">22,805,353</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 c3 c5 c9"> 4,035</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 c3 c5 c10">2,484,999</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 c3 c6 c11">275</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 c3 c6 c12">1,228,865</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 c4 c13"> 7,282</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 c4 c14">26,519,217</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r28" headers="c1">1978</th>
|
|
<td headers="r28 c2 c7"> 2,948</td>
|
|
<td headers="r28 c2 c8">24,277,547</td>
|
|
<td headers="r28 c3 c5 c9"> 4,569</td>
|
|
<td headers="r28 c3 c5 c10">3,479,281</td>
|
|
<td headers="r28 c3 c6 c11">299</td>
|
|
<td headers="r28 c3 c6 c12">1,459,620</td>
|
|
<td headers="r28 c4 c13"> 7,816</td>
|
|
<td headers="r28 c4 c14">29,216,447</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r29" headers="c1">1979</th>
|
|
<td headers="r29 c2 c7"> 2,927</td>
|
|
<td headers="r29 c2 c8">27,336,728</td>
|
|
<td headers="r29 c3 c5 c9"> 4,339</td>
|
|
<td headers="r29 c3 c5 c10">3,915,380</td>
|
|
<td headers="r29 c3 c6 c11">302</td>
|
|
<td headers="r29 c3 c6 c12">1,615,747</td>
|
|
<td headers="r29 c4 c13"> 7,568</td>
|
|
<td headers="r29 c4 c14">32,867,855</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r30" headers="c1">1980</th>
|
|
<td headers="r30 c2 c7"> 2,852</td>
|
|
<td headers="r30 c2 c8">28,188,933</td>
|
|
<td headers="r30 c3 c5 c9"> 3,754</td>
|
|
<td headers="r30 c3 c5 c10">4,130,883</td>
|
|
<td headers="r30 c3 c6 c11">296</td>
|
|
<td headers="r30 c3 c6 c12">1,694,111</td>
|
|
<td headers="r30 c4 c13"> 6,902</td>
|
|
<td headers="r30 c4 c14">34,013,927</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r31" headers="c1">1981</th>
|
|
<td headers="r31 c2 c7"> 2,736</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 c2 c8">28,247,820</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 c3 c5 c9"> 3,433</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 c3 c5 c10">4,092,412</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 c3 c6 c11">278</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 c3 c6 c12">1,680,975</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 c4 c13"> 6,447</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 c4 c14">34,021,207</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r32" headers="c1">1982</th>
|
|
<td headers="r32 c2 c7"> 2,557</td>
|
|
<td headers="r32 c2 c8">28,006,503</td>
|
|
<td headers="r32 c3 c5 c9"> 3,019</td>
|
|
<td headers="r32 c3 c5 c10">4,123,014</td>
|
|
<td headers="r32 c3 c6 c11">320</td>
|
|
<td headers="r32 c3 c6 c12">1,963,325</td>
|
|
<td headers="r32 c4 c13"> 5,896</td>
|
|
<td headers="r32 c4 c14">34,092,842</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r33" headers="c1">1983</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 c2 c7"> 2,498</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 c2 c8">28,325,155</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 c3 c5 c9"> 2,886</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 c3 c5 c10">4,092,376</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 c3 c6 c11">339</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 c3 c6 c12">2,175,128</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 c4 c13"> 5,723</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 c4 c14">34,592,659</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r34" headers="c1">1984</th>
|
|
<td headers="r34 c2 c7"> 2,525</td>
|
|
<td headers="r34 c2 c8">29,220,576</td>
|
|
<td headers="r34 c3 c5 c9"> 3,474</td>
|
|
<td headers="r34 c3 c5 c10">4,682,009</td>
|
|
<td headers="r34 c3 c6 c11">325</td>
|
|
<td headers="r34 c3 c6 c12">2,140,629</td>
|
|
<td headers="r34 c4 c13"> 6,324</td>
|
|
<td headers="r34 c4 c14">36,043,213</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r35" headers="c1">1985</th>
|
|
<td headers="r35 c2 c7"> 2,482</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 c2 c8">30,028,067</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 c3 c5 c9"> 3,893</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 c3 c5 c10">5,404,605</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 c3 c6 c11">344</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 c3 c6 c12">2,151,727</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 c4 c13"> 6,719</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 c4 c14">37,584,399</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r36" headers="c1">1986</th>
|
|
<td headers="r36 c2 c7"> 2,452</td>
|
|
<td headers="r36 c2 c8">30,415,341</td>
|
|
<td headers="r36 c3 c5 c9"> 3,593</td>
|
|
<td headers="r36 c3 c5 c10">5,086,159</td>
|
|
<td headers="r36 c3 c6 c11">358</td>
|
|
<td headers="r36 c3 c6 c12">2,245,808</td>
|
|
<td headers="r36 c4 c13"> 6,403</td>
|
|
<td headers="r36 c4 c14">37,747,309</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r37" headers="c1">1987</th>
|
|
<td headers="r37 c2 c7"> 2,403</td>
|
|
<td headers="r37 c2 c8">30,272,513</td>
|
|
<td headers="r37 c3 c5 c9"> 3,896</td>
|
|
<td headers="r37 c3 c5 c10">5,377,760</td>
|
|
<td headers="r37 c3 c6 c11">345</td>
|
|
<td headers="r37 c3 c6 c12">2,220,378</td>
|
|
<td headers="r37 c4 c13"> 6,644</td>
|
|
<td headers="r37 c4 c14">37,870,651</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r38" headers="c1">1988</th>
|
|
<td headers="r38 c2 c7"> 2,410</td>
|
|
<td headers="r38 c2 c8">30,171,045</td>
|
|
<td headers="r38 c3 c5 c9"> 4,402</td>
|
|
<td headers="r38 c3 c5 c10">4,589,446</td>
|
|
<td headers="r38 c3 c6 c11">324</td>
|
|
<td headers="r38 c3 c6 c12">2,461,835</td>
|
|
<td headers="r38 c4 c13"> 7,136</td>
|
|
<td headers="r38 c4 c14">37,222,326</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r39" headers="c1">1989</th>
|
|
<td headers="r39 c2 c7"> 2,336</td>
|
|
<td headers="r39 c2 c8">30,739,323</td>
|
|
<td headers="r39 c3 c5 c9"> 4,693</td>
|
|
<td headers="r39 c3 c5 c10">4,514,906</td>
|
|
<td headers="r39 c3 c6 c11">354</td>
|
|
<td headers="r39 c3 c6 c12">3,015,574</td>
|
|
<td headers="r39 c4 c13"> 7,383</td>
|
|
<td headers="r39 c4 c14">38,269,803</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r40" headers="c1">1990</th>
|
|
<td headers="r40 c2 c7"> 2,293</td>
|
|
<td headers="r40 c2 c8">30,787,395</td>
|
|
<td headers="r40 c3 c5 c9"> 4,039</td>
|
|
<td headers="r40 c3 c5 c10">4,082,369</td>
|
|
<td headers="r40 c3 c6 c11">337</td>
|
|
<td headers="r40 c3 c6 c12">3,115,513</td>
|
|
<td headers="r40 c4 c13"> 6,669</td>
|
|
<td headers="r40 c4 c14">37,985,278</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r41" headers="c1">1991</th>
|
|
<td headers="r41 c2 c7"> 2,198</td>
|
|
<td headers="r41 c2 c8">29,839,368</td>
|
|
<td headers="r41 c3 c5 c9"> 3,427</td>
|
|
<td headers="r41 c3 c5 c10">3,380,565</td>
|
|
<td headers="r41 c3 c6 c11">354</td>
|
|
<td headers="r41 c3 c6 c12">3,031,322</td>
|
|
<td headers="r41 c4 c13"> 5,979</td>
|
|
<td headers="r41 c4 c14">36,251,255</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r42" headers="c1">1992</th>
|
|
<td headers="r42 c2 c7"> 2,151</td>
|
|
<td headers="r42 c2 c8">30,622,053</td>
|
|
<td headers="r42 c3 c5 c9"> 3,444</td>
|
|
<td headers="r42 c3 c5 c10">3,320,321</td>
|
|
<td headers="r42 c3 c6 c11">385</td>
|
|
<td headers="r42 c3 c6 c12">3,233,655</td>
|
|
<td headers="r42 c4 c13"> 5,980</td>
|
|
<td headers="r42 c4 c14">37,176,029</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r43" headers="c1">1993</th>
|
|
<td headers="r43 c2 c7"> 2,311</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 c2 c8">31,248,868</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 c3 c5 c9"> 3,453</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 c3 c5 c10">3,833,342</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 c3 c6 c11">497</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 c3 c6 c12">3,287,167</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 c4 c13"> 6,261</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 c4 c14">38,369,376</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r44" headers="c1">1994</th>
|
|
<td headers="r44 c2 c7"> 2,331</td>
|
|
<td headers="r44 c2 c8">32,203,088</td>
|
|
<td headers="r44 c3 c5 c9"> 3,847</td>
|
|
<td headers="r44 c3 c5 c10">4,116,755</td>
|
|
<td headers="r44 c3 c6 c11">554</td>
|
|
<td headers="r44 c3 c6 c12">3,072,048</td>
|
|
<td headers="r44 c4 c13"> 6,732</td>
|
|
<td headers="r44 c4 c14">39,391,891</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r45" headers="c1">1995</th>
|
|
<td headers="r45 c2 c7"> 2,334</td>
|
|
<td headers="r45 c2 c8">33,036,888</td>
|
|
<td headers="r45 c3 c5 c9"> 3,725</td>
|
|
<td headers="r45 c3 c5 c10">4,345,292</td>
|
|
<td headers="r45 c3 c6 c11">548</td>
|
|
<td headers="r45 c3 c6 c12">3,489,519</td>
|
|
<td headers="r45 c4 c13"> 6,607</td>
|
|
<td headers="r45 c4 c14">40,871,699</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r46" headers="c1">1996</th>
|
|
<td headers="r46 c2 c7"> 2,318</td>
|
|
<td headers="r46 c2 c8">33,864,278</td>
|
|
<td headers="r46 c3 c5 c9"> 3,868</td>
|
|
<td headers="r46 c3 c5 c10">4,744,775</td>
|
|
<td headers="r46 c3 c6 c11">553</td>
|
|
<td headers="r46 c3 c6 c12">3,596,750</td>
|
|
<td headers="r46 c4 c13"> 6,739</td>
|
|
<td headers="r46 c4 c14">42,205,802</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r47" headers="c1">1997</th>
|
|
<td headers="r47 c2 c7"> 2,305</td>
|
|
<td headers="r47 c2 c8">35,451,643</td>
|
|
<td headers="r47 c3 c5 c9"> 3,928</td>
|
|
<td headers="r47 c3 c5 c10">5,780,153</td>
|
|
<td headers="r47 c3 c6 c11">614</td>
|
|
<td headers="r47 c3 c6 c12">4,349,378</td>
|
|
<td headers="r47 c4 c13"> 6,847</td>
|
|
<td headers="r47 c4 c14">45,581,174</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r48" headers="c1">1998</th>
|
|
<td headers="r48 c2 c7"> 2,308</td>
|
|
<td headers="r48 c2 c8">37,255,636</td>
|
|
<td headers="r48 c3 c5 c9"> 4,126</td>
|
|
<td headers="r48 c3 c5 c10">6,576,731</td>
|
|
<td headers="r48 c3 c6 c11">638</td>
|
|
<td headers="r48 c3 c6 c12">4,517,465</td>
|
|
<td headers="r48 c4 c13"> 7,072</td>
|
|
<td headers="r48 c4 c14">48,349,833</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r49" headers="c1">1999</th>
|
|
<td headers="r49 c2 c7"> 2,284</td>
|
|
<td headers="r49 c2 c8">38,915,191</td>
|
|
<td headers="r49 c3 c5 c9"> 4,010</td>
|
|
<td headers="r49 c3 c5 c10">7,408,910</td>
|
|
<td headers="r49 c3 c6 c11">678</td>
|
|
<td headers="r49 c3 c6 c12">5,136,825</td>
|
|
<td headers="r49 c4 c13"> 6,972</td>
|
|
<td headers="r49 c4 c14">51,460,925</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r50" headers="c1">2000</th>
|
|
<td headers="r50 c2 c7"> 2,250</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 c2 c8">40,225,040</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 c3 c5 c9"> 4,122</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 c3 c5 c10">7,885,400</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 c3 c6 c11">751</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 c3 c6 c12">5,085,548</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 c4 c13"> 7,123</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 c4 c14">53,195,988</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r51" headers="c1">2001</th>
|
|
<td headers="r51 c2 c7"> 2,184</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 c2 c8">40,499,362</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 c3 c5 c9"> 3,712</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 c3 c5 c10">7,971,572</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 c3 c6 c11">764</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 c3 c6 c12">5,649,651</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 c4 c13"> 6,660</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 c4 c14">54,120,585</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r52" headers="c1">2002</th>
|
|
<td headers="r52 c2 c7"> 2,078</td>
|
|
<td headers="r52 c2 c8">40,125,933</td>
|
|
<td headers="r52 c3 c5 c9"> 3,271</td>
|
|
<td headers="r52 c3 c5 c10">7,919,378</td>
|
|
<td headers="r52 c3 c6 c11">733</td>
|
|
<td headers="r52 c3 c6 c12">6,126,470</td>
|
|
<td headers="r52 c4 c13"> 6,082</td>
|
|
<td headers="r52 c4 c14">54,171,781</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r53" headers="c1">2003</th>
|
|
<td headers="r53 c2 c7"> 1,986</td>
|
|
<td headers="r53 c2 c8">39,695,001</td>
|
|
<td headers="r53 c3 c5 c9"> 2,869</td>
|
|
<td headers="r53 c3 c5 c10">7,885,607</td>
|
|
<td headers="r53 c3 c6 c11">848</td>
|
|
<td headers="r53 c3 c6 c12">7,454,773</td>
|
|
<td headers="r53 c4 c13"> 5,703</td>
|
|
<td headers="r53 c4 c14">55,035,381</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r54" headers="c1">2004</th>
|
|
<td headers="r54 c2 c7"> 1,936</td>
|
|
<td headers="r54 c2 c8">40,701,220</td>
|
|
<td headers="r54 c3 c5 c9"> 2,686</td>
|
|
<td headers="r54 c3 c5 c10">8,262,664</td>
|
|
<td headers="r54 c3 c6 c11">933</td>
|
|
<td headers="r54 c3 c6 c12">8,533,980</td>
|
|
<td headers="r54 c4 c13"> 5,555</td>
|
|
<td headers="r54 c4 c14">57,497,864</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r55" headers="c1">2005</th>
|
|
<td headers="r55 c2 c7"> 1,845</td>
|
|
<td headers="r55 c2 c8">40,491,527</td>
|
|
<td headers="r55 c3 c5 c9"> 2,582</td>
|
|
<td headers="r55 c3 c5 c10">8,311,535</td>
|
|
<td headers="r55 c3 c6 c11">915</td>
|
|
<td headers="r55 c3 c6 c12">9,109,953</td>
|
|
<td headers="r55 c4 c13"> 5,342</td>
|
|
<td headers="r55 c4 c14">57,913,014</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r56" headers="c1">2006</th>
|
|
<td headers="r56 c2 c7"> 1,759</td>
|
|
<td headers="r56 c2 c8">40,382,967</td>
|
|
<td headers="r56 c3 c5 c9"> 2,584</td>
|
|
<td headers="r56 c3 c5 c10">8,320,514</td>
|
|
<td headers="r56 c3 c6 c11">999</td>
|
|
<td headers="r56 c3 c6 c12">9,476,470</td>
|
|
<td headers="r56 c4 c13">5,342</td>
|
|
<td headers="r56 c4 c14">58,179,951</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r57" headers="c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r57 c2 c7"> 148,586</td>
|
|
<td headers="r57 c2 c8">1,267,641,009</td>
|
|
<td headers="r57 c3 c5 c9"> 163,257</td>
|
|
<td headers="r57 c3 c5 c10">177,256,628</td>
|
|
<td headers="r57 c3 c6 c11"> 19,212</td>
|
|
<td headers="r57 c3 c6 c12">125,037,983</td>
|
|
<td headers="r57 c4 c13"> 331,055</td>
|
|
<td headers="r57 c4 c14">1,569,935,621</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="onlyNote" colspan="9">SOURCE: Author's calculations based on underlying <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> sample.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table2">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 2. </span>Earnings records contained in the underlying <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> sample, affected by data cleaning or disclosure protection procedures, and included in final <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>, <span class="nobr">1951–2006</span></caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stubHeading" scope="colgroup">Year</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">Records from the underlying <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> sample with positive earnings</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">Records affected by data cleaning or disclosure protection procedures <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">Final <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr></th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">Final <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> as a percentage of underlying <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> sample</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Records </th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Dollar amount </th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Records </th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Dollar amount </th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Records </th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Dollar amount </th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Records </th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Dollar amount </th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1951</th>
|
|
<td>579,071</td>
|
|
<td>1,182,038,005</td>
|
|
<td>4,405</td>
|
|
<td>5,920,425</td>
|
|
<td>574,666</td>
|
|
<td>1,176,121,621</td>
|
|
<td>99.24</td>
|
|
<td>99.50</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1952</th>
|
|
<td>595,005</td>
|
|
<td>1,256,504,791</td>
|
|
<td>4,622</td>
|
|
<td>6,224,390</td>
|
|
<td>590,383</td>
|
|
<td>1,250,218,697</td>
|
|
<td>99.22</td>
|
|
<td>99.50</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1953</th>
|
|
<td>605,891</td>
|
|
<td>1,321,673,609</td>
|
|
<td>4,583</td>
|
|
<td>6,344,760</td>
|
|
<td>601,308</td>
|
|
<td>1,315,308,988</td>
|
|
<td>99.24</td>
|
|
<td>99.52</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1954</th>
|
|
<td>594,469</td>
|
|
<td>1,301,518,421</td>
|
|
<td>3,928</td>
|
|
<td>6,092,153</td>
|
|
<td>590,541</td>
|
|
<td>1,295,436,078</td>
|
|
<td>99.34</td>
|
|
<td>99.53</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1955</th>
|
|
<td>650,393</td>
|
|
<td>1,540,292,673</td>
|
|
<td>4,520</td>
|
|
<td>7,229,102</td>
|
|
<td>645,873</td>
|
|
<td>1,533,057,873</td>
|
|
<td>99.31</td>
|
|
<td>99.53</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1956</th>
|
|
<td>675,958</td>
|
|
<td>1,667,196,602</td>
|
|
<td>4,729</td>
|
|
<td>7,834,164</td>
|
|
<td>671,229</td>
|
|
<td>1,659,358,545</td>
|
|
<td>99.30</td>
|
|
<td>99.53</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1957</th>
|
|
<td>706,274</td>
|
|
<td>1,775,031,770</td>
|
|
<td>4,667</td>
|
|
<td>8,039,862</td>
|
|
<td>701,607</td>
|
|
<td>1,766,986,216</td>
|
|
<td>99.34</td>
|
|
<td>99.55</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1958</th>
|
|
<td>699,009</td>
|
|
<td>1,760,718,703</td>
|
|
<td>4,183</td>
|
|
<td>7,805,195</td>
|
|
<td>694,826</td>
|
|
<td>1,752,916,336</td>
|
|
<td>99.40</td>
|
|
<td>99.56</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1959</th>
|
|
<td>714,773</td>
|
|
<td>1,973,721,356</td>
|
|
<td>4,220</td>
|
|
<td>8,587,334</td>
|
|
<td>710,553</td>
|
|
<td>1,965,128,948</td>
|
|
<td>99.41</td>
|
|
<td>99.56</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1960</th>
|
|
<td>724,277</td>
|
|
<td>2,023,372,141</td>
|
|
<td>4,274</td>
|
|
<td>8,705,575</td>
|
|
<td>720,003</td>
|
|
<td>2,014,641,299</td>
|
|
<td>99.41</td>
|
|
<td>99.57</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1961</th>
|
|
<td>727,019</td>
|
|
<td>2,046,121,645</td>
|
|
<td>4,195</td>
|
|
<td>8,640,337</td>
|
|
<td>722,824</td>
|
|
<td>2,037,456,281</td>
|
|
<td>99.42</td>
|
|
<td>99.58</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1962</th>
|
|
<td>742,198</td>
|
|
<td>2,133,834,749</td>
|
|
<td>4,132</td>
|
|
<td>8,921,869</td>
|
|
<td>738,066</td>
|
|
<td>2,124,909,855</td>
|
|
<td>99.44</td>
|
|
<td>99.58</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1963</th>
|
|
<td>754,582</td>
|
|
<td>2,194,781,542</td>
|
|
<td>4,268</td>
|
|
<td>9,084,723</td>
|
|
<td>750,314</td>
|
|
<td>2,185,708,897</td>
|
|
<td>99.43</td>
|
|
<td>99.59</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1964</th>
|
|
<td>773,598</td>
|
|
<td>2,292,872,077</td>
|
|
<td>4,308</td>
|
|
<td>9,473,091</td>
|
|
<td>769,290</td>
|
|
<td>2,283,413,867</td>
|
|
<td>99.44</td>
|
|
<td>99.59</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1965</th>
|
|
<td>804,466</td>
|
|
<td>2,418,879,156</td>
|
|
<td>4,630</td>
|
|
<td>9,958,893</td>
|
|
<td>799,836</td>
|
|
<td>2,408,907,420</td>
|
|
<td>99.42</td>
|
|
<td>99.59</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1966</th>
|
|
<td>845,200</td>
|
|
<td>3,053,032,399</td>
|
|
<td>5,208</td>
|
|
<td>12,302,053</td>
|
|
<td>839,992</td>
|
|
<td>3,040,762,112</td>
|
|
<td>99.38</td>
|
|
<td>99.60</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1967</th>
|
|
<td>864,648</td>
|
|
<td>3,201,085,410</td>
|
|
<td>5,348</td>
|
|
<td>12,685,609</td>
|
|
<td>859,300</td>
|
|
<td>3,188,408,570</td>
|
|
<td>99.38</td>
|
|
<td>99.60</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1968</th>
|
|
<td>891,688</td>
|
|
<td>3,677,060,356</td>
|
|
<td>5,742</td>
|
|
<td>14,363,986</td>
|
|
<td>885,946</td>
|
|
<td>3,662,694,039</td>
|
|
<td>99.36</td>
|
|
<td>99.61</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1969</th>
|
|
<td>920,804</td>
|
|
<td>3,924,915,106</td>
|
|
<td>6,188</td>
|
|
<td>15,149,938</td>
|
|
<td>914,616</td>
|
|
<td>3,909,791,660</td>
|
|
<td>99.33</td>
|
|
<td>99.61</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1970</th>
|
|
<td>926,593</td>
|
|
<td>4,047,308,546</td>
|
|
<td>6,067</td>
|
|
<td>15,328,153</td>
|
|
<td>920,526</td>
|
|
<td>4,031,955,717</td>
|
|
<td>99.35</td>
|
|
<td>99.62</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1971</th>
|
|
<td>928,927</td>
|
|
<td>4,154,580,909</td>
|
|
<td>6,021</td>
|
|
<td>15,663,640</td>
|
|
<td>922,906</td>
|
|
<td>4,138,931,362</td>
|
|
<td>99.35</td>
|
|
<td>99.62</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1972</th>
|
|
<td>957,932</td>
|
|
<td>4,725,131,546</td>
|
|
<td>6,527</td>
|
|
<td>17,548,401</td>
|
|
<td>951,405</td>
|
|
<td>4,707,580,541</td>
|
|
<td>99.32</td>
|
|
<td>99.63</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1973</th>
|
|
<td>995,014</td>
|
|
<td>5,499,708,261</td>
|
|
<td>7,322</td>
|
|
<td>20,067,203</td>
|
|
<td>987,692</td>
|
|
<td>5,479,673,083</td>
|
|
<td>99.26</td>
|
|
<td>99.64</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1974</th>
|
|
<td>1,010,681</td>
|
|
<td>6,266,031,784</td>
|
|
<td>7,437</td>
|
|
<td>22,450,084</td>
|
|
<td>1,003,244</td>
|
|
<td>6,243,556,827</td>
|
|
<td>99.26</td>
|
|
<td>99.64</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1975</th>
|
|
<td>1,000,671</td>
|
|
<td>6,560,822,942</td>
|
|
<td>6,782</td>
|
|
<td>23,024,338</td>
|
|
<td>993,889</td>
|
|
<td>6,537,771,640</td>
|
|
<td>99.32</td>
|
|
<td>99.65</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1976</th>
|
|
<td>1,025,235</td>
|
|
<td>7,272,380,800</td>
|
|
<td>6,841</td>
|
|
<td>24,670,664</td>
|
|
<td>1,018,394</td>
|
|
<td>7,247,765,424</td>
|
|
<td>99.33</td>
|
|
<td>99.66</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1977</th>
|
|
<td>1,057,528</td>
|
|
<td>8,034,161,719</td>
|
|
<td>7,282</td>
|
|
<td>26,519,217</td>
|
|
<td>1,050,246</td>
|
|
<td>8,007,612,706</td>
|
|
<td>99.31</td>
|
|
<td>99.67</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1978</th>
|
|
<td>1,091,783</td>
|
|
<td>9,003,657,698</td>
|
|
<td>7,816</td>
|
|
<td>29,216,447</td>
|
|
<td>1,083,967</td>
|
|
<td>8,974,444,824</td>
|
|
<td>99.28</td>
|
|
<td>99.68</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1979</th>
|
|
<td>1,117,921</td>
|
|
<td>10,568,459,651</td>
|
|
<td>7,568</td>
|
|
<td>32,867,855</td>
|
|
<td>1,110,353</td>
|
|
<td>10,535,550,984</td>
|
|
<td>99.32</td>
|
|
<td>99.69</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>1,123,641</td>
|
|
<td>11,588,053,871</td>
|
|
<td>6,902</td>
|
|
<td>34,013,927</td>
|
|
<td>1,116,739</td>
|
|
<td>11,553,996,366</td>
|
|
<td>99.39</td>
|
|
<td>99.71</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>1,124,468</td>
|
|
<td>12,808,231,847</td>
|
|
<td>6,447</td>
|
|
<td>34,021,207</td>
|
|
<td>1,118,021</td>
|
|
<td>12,774,215,295</td>
|
|
<td>99.43</td>
|
|
<td>99.73</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>1,109,975</td>
|
|
<td>13,447,471,166</td>
|
|
<td>5,896</td>
|
|
<td>34,092,842</td>
|
|
<td>1,104,079</td>
|
|
<td>13,413,406,844</td>
|
|
<td>99.47</td>
|
|
<td>99.75</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>1,120,926</td>
|
|
<td>14,320,140,280</td>
|
|
<td>5,723</td>
|
|
<td>34,592,659</td>
|
|
<td>1,115,203</td>
|
|
<td>14,285,581,480</td>
|
|
<td>99.49</td>
|
|
<td>99.76</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>1,164,250</td>
|
|
<td>15,733,184,777</td>
|
|
<td>6,324</td>
|
|
<td>36,043,213</td>
|
|
<td>1,157,926</td>
|
|
<td>15,697,179,349</td>
|
|
<td>99.46</td>
|
|
<td>99.77</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>1,199,486</td>
|
|
<td>16,954,192,478</td>
|
|
<td>6,719</td>
|
|
<td>37,584,399</td>
|
|
<td>1,192,767</td>
|
|
<td>16,916,577,414</td>
|
|
<td>99.44</td>
|
|
<td>99.78</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>1,222,942</td>
|
|
<td>18,072,210,162</td>
|
|
<td>6,403</td>
|
|
<td>37,747,309</td>
|
|
<td>1,216,539</td>
|
|
<td>18,034,475,665</td>
|
|
<td>99.48</td>
|
|
<td>99.79</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>1,253,504</td>
|
|
<td>19,277,082,505</td>
|
|
<td>6,644</td>
|
|
<td>37,870,651</td>
|
|
<td>1,246,860</td>
|
|
<td>19,239,275,056</td>
|
|
<td>99.47</td>
|
|
<td>99.80</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>1,293,120</td>
|
|
<td>20,699,177,394</td>
|
|
<td>7,136</td>
|
|
<td>37,222,326</td>
|
|
<td>1,285,984</td>
|
|
<td>20,661,907,215</td>
|
|
<td>99.45</td>
|
|
<td>99.82</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>1,317,740</td>
|
|
<td>22,114,192,632</td>
|
|
<td>7,383</td>
|
|
<td>38,269,803</td>
|
|
<td>1,310,357</td>
|
|
<td>22,075,919,050</td>
|
|
<td>99.44</td>
|
|
<td>99.83</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>1,327,049</td>
|
|
<td>23,320,377,715</td>
|
|
<td>6,669</td>
|
|
<td>37,985,278</td>
|
|
<td>1,320,380</td>
|
|
<td>23,282,326,410</td>
|
|
<td>99.50</td>
|
|
<td>99.84</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>1,321,141</td>
|
|
<td>23,947,887,306</td>
|
|
<td>5,979</td>
|
|
<td>36,251,255</td>
|
|
<td>1,315,162</td>
|
|
<td>23,911,705,384</td>
|
|
<td>99.55</td>
|
|
<td>99.85</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>1,329,671</td>
|
|
<td>25,038,192,482</td>
|
|
<td>5,980</td>
|
|
<td>37,176,029</td>
|
|
<td>1,323,691</td>
|
|
<td>25,000,961,124</td>
|
|
<td>99.55</td>
|
|
<td>99.85</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>1,350,606</td>
|
|
<td>26,020,626,627</td>
|
|
<td>6,261</td>
|
|
<td>38,369,376</td>
|
|
<td>1,344,345</td>
|
|
<td>25,982,355,871</td>
|
|
<td>99.54</td>
|
|
<td>99.85</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>1,379,206</td>
|
|
<td>27,519,441,609</td>
|
|
<td>6,732</td>
|
|
<td>39,391,891</td>
|
|
<td>1,372,474</td>
|
|
<td>27,480,153,319</td>
|
|
<td>99.51</td>
|
|
<td>99.86</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>1,401,604</td>
|
|
<td>28,817,889,800</td>
|
|
<td>6,607</td>
|
|
<td>40,871,699</td>
|
|
<td>1,394,997</td>
|
|
<td>28,777,048,663</td>
|
|
<td>99.53</td>
|
|
<td>99.86</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>1,424,677</td>
|
|
<td>30,325,434,565</td>
|
|
<td>6,739</td>
|
|
<td>42,205,802</td>
|
|
<td>1,417,938</td>
|
|
<td>30,283,145,483</td>
|
|
<td>99.53</td>
|
|
<td>99.86</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>1,451,322</td>
|
|
<td>32,381,811,355</td>
|
|
<td>6,847</td>
|
|
<td>45,581,174</td>
|
|
<td>1,444,475</td>
|
|
<td>32,336,383,309</td>
|
|
<td>99.53</td>
|
|
<td>99.86</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>1,479,545</td>
|
|
<td>34,688,002,415</td>
|
|
<td>7,072</td>
|
|
<td>48,349,833</td>
|
|
<td>1,472,473</td>
|
|
<td>34,639,656,847</td>
|
|
<td>99.52</td>
|
|
<td>99.86</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>1,503,546</td>
|
|
<td>36,837,645,411</td>
|
|
<td>6,972</td>
|
|
<td>51,460,925</td>
|
|
<td>1,496,574</td>
|
|
<td>36,786,136,938</td>
|
|
<td>99.54</td>
|
|
<td>99.86</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>1,529,060</td>
|
|
<td>39,253,537,670</td>
|
|
<td>7,123</td>
|
|
<td>53,195,988</td>
|
|
<td>1,521,937</td>
|
|
<td>39,200,496,095</td>
|
|
<td>99.53</td>
|
|
<td>99.86</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>1,531,311</td>
|
|
<td>40,822,309,702</td>
|
|
<td>6,660</td>
|
|
<td>54,120,585</td>
|
|
<td>1,524,651</td>
|
|
<td>40,767,753,758</td>
|
|
<td>99.57</td>
|
|
<td>99.87</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>1,525,643</td>
|
|
<td>41,636,130,619</td>
|
|
<td>6,082</td>
|
|
<td>54,171,781</td>
|
|
<td>1,519,561</td>
|
|
<td>41,581,840,812</td>
|
|
<td>99.60</td>
|
|
<td>99.87</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>1,526,341</td>
|
|
<td>42,646,073,822</td>
|
|
<td>5,703</td>
|
|
<td>55,035,381</td>
|
|
<td>1,520,638</td>
|
|
<td>42,590,915,589</td>
|
|
<td>99.63</td>
|
|
<td>99.87</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>1,541,064</td>
|
|
<td>44,453,363,308</td>
|
|
<td>5,555</td>
|
|
<td>57,497,864</td>
|
|
<td>1,535,509</td>
|
|
<td>44,395,547,826</td>
|
|
<td>99.64</td>
|
|
<td>99.87</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>1,555,944</td>
|
|
<td>46,181,182,273</td>
|
|
<td>5,342</td>
|
|
<td>57,913,014</td>
|
|
<td>1,550,602</td>
|
|
<td>46,123,343,357</td>
|
|
<td>99.66</td>
|
|
<td>99.87</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>1,568,139</td>
|
|
<td>48,431,660,720</td>
|
|
<td>5,342</td>
|
|
<td>58,179,951</td>
|
|
<td>1,562,797</td>
|
|
<td>48,373,174,994</td>
|
|
<td>99.66</td>
|
|
<td>99.88</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"> Total</th>
|
|
<td>60,657,529</td>
|
|
<td>864,212,398,878</td>
|
|
<td>331,055</td>
|
|
<td>1,569,935,621</td>
|
|
<td>60,326,474</td>
|
|
<td>862,641,549,923</td>
|
|
<td>99.45</td>
|
|
<td>99.82</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="9">SOURCE: Author's calculations based on underlying <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> sample.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="9">a. Includes records removed because of data cleaning and records with earnings values set zero for indivudals with earnings at age 14 or younger or at age 86 or older.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>After all of the data cleaning and data disclosure procedures were applied, several steps were taken to evaluate the validity of the data contained in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>. A forthcoming Research and Statistics Note compares the data in the underlying sample and the final <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> with the earnings estimates published by <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> in the <i><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/supplement/index.html">Annual Statistical Supplement to the Social Security Bulletin</a>.</i></p>
|
|
<h2>Caveats on Using <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> Data</h2>
|
|
<p>Any user should be fully aware of three caveats on using the <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>: (1) earnings data in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> are capped taxable Social Security earnings, (2) <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> does not contain all of the information needed to calculate benefits accurately for everyone in the file, and (3) there may be some errors in the administrative data underlying <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>.</p>
|
|
<h3>Capped Taxable Social Security Earnings</h3>
|
|
<p>As previously noted, earnings data in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> are limited to capped taxable Social Security earnings. The file excludes data for workers whose only earnings are from noncovered employment. Additionally, the file does not contain covered earnings above the taxable maximum.</p>
|
|
<p>Table 3 compares the number of workers covered under the Social Security program with all <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> workers. Although the percentage working in covered employment has increased dramatically over time—from 55 percent in 1939 to nearly 94 percent in 2006—6 percent of the US workforce in 2006 still worked in noncovered employment.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table3">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 3. </span>Civilian workers covered by the Social Security system, selected years <span class="nobr">1939–2006</span></caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:9em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stubHeading" scope="colgroup">Year</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Paid civilian workers <sup>a</sup><br>(millions) </th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">Workers in covered employment<br>or self-employment </th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Number (millions)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">As a percentage of paid civilian workers</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1939</th>
|
|
<td>43.6</td>
|
|
<td>24.0</td>
|
|
<td>55.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1944</th>
|
|
<td>51.2</td>
|
|
<td>30.8</td>
|
|
<td>60.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1949</th>
|
|
<td>56.7</td>
|
|
<td>34.3</td>
|
|
<td>60.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1955</th>
|
|
<td>62.8</td>
|
|
<td>51.8</td>
|
|
<td>82.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1960</th>
|
|
<td>64.6</td>
|
|
<td>55.7</td>
|
|
<td>86.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1965</th>
|
|
<td>71.6</td>
|
|
<td>62.7</td>
|
|
<td>87.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1970</th>
|
|
<td>77.8</td>
|
|
<td>69.9</td>
|
|
<td>89.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1975</th>
|
|
<td>86.0</td>
|
|
<td>77.9</td>
|
|
<td>90.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>99.4</td>
|
|
<td>89.3</td>
|
|
<td>89.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>107.7</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>92.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>117.8</td>
|
|
<td>111.7</td>
|
|
<td>94.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>117.1</td>
|
|
<td>110.3</td>
|
|
<td>94.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>118.7</td>
|
|
<td>111.9</td>
|
|
<td>94.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>121.3</td>
|
|
<td>114.6</td>
|
|
<td>94.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>124.6</td>
|
|
<td>117.9</td>
|
|
<td>94.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>125.0</td>
|
|
<td>118.1</td>
|
|
<td>94.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>127.7</td>
|
|
<td>120.7</td>
|
|
<td>94.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>130.6</td>
|
|
<td>123.4</td>
|
|
<td>94.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>132.6</td>
|
|
<td>125.1</td>
|
|
<td>94.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>134.6</td>
|
|
<td>127.0</td>
|
|
<td>94.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>137.7</td>
|
|
<td>130.0</td>
|
|
<td>94.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>136.1</td>
|
|
<td>128.2</td>
|
|
<td>94.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>136.5</td>
|
|
<td>128.2</td>
|
|
<td>93.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>138.4</td>
|
|
<td>129.9</td>
|
|
<td>93.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>140.2</td>
|
|
<td>131.5</td>
|
|
<td>93.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>142.8</td>
|
|
<td>133.8</td>
|
|
<td>93.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>146.0</td>
|
|
<td>136.7</td>
|
|
<td>93.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="4">SOURCE: Unpublished data from <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s Office of the Chief Actuary.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="4">NOTE: Data for 1939, 1944, and 1949 are monthly averages; data for all other years are as of December.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="4">a. Includes wage-and-salary earners and the self-employed.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Chart 2 shows that the amount of covered earnings expressed as a percentage of all earnings in the economy increased from approximately 70 percent in 1950 to nearly 85 percent in 2006. This represents a large increase in the share of earnings covered under the program, but it also reveals that approximately 15 percent of earnings in 2006 were not in covered employment.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart2">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 2.<br>Social Security earnings (weighted) as a percentage of all earnings</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v71n4p33_chart02.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="700" height="292" /></div>
|
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<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
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|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 2. </span>Social Security earnings (weighted) as a percentage of all earnings</caption>
|
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<colgroup span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
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|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
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<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Year</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Social Security covered earnings</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Social Security taxable earnings</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Capped Social Security taxable earnings in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr></th>
|
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</tr>
|
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</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1951</th>
|
|
<td>69.51</td>
|
|
<td>56.38</td>
|
|
<td>54.62</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1952</th>
|
|
<td>69.89</td>
|
|
<td>56.22</td>
|
|
<td>54.63</td>
|
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</tr>
|
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<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1953</th>
|
|
<td>71.75</td>
|
|
<td>56.35</td>
|
|
<td>54.33</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1954</th>
|
|
<td>71.74</td>
|
|
<td>55.73</td>
|
|
<td>53.84</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1955</th>
|
|
<td>76.45</td>
|
|
<td>61.42</td>
|
|
<td>59.65</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1956</th>
|
|
<td>78.87</td>
|
|
<td>62.10</td>
|
|
<td>60.02</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1957</th>
|
|
<td>81.27</td>
|
|
<td>63.02</td>
|
|
<td>61.15</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1958</th>
|
|
<td>81.13</td>
|
|
<td>62.00</td>
|
|
<td>60.03</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1959</th>
|
|
<td>82.23</td>
|
|
<td>65.24</td>
|
|
<td>63.21</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1960</th>
|
|
<td>81.95</td>
|
|
<td>63.97</td>
|
|
<td>62.11</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1961</th>
|
|
<td>81.12</td>
|
|
<td>62.82</td>
|
|
<td>60.83</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1962</th>
|
|
<td>81.48</td>
|
|
<td>61.76</td>
|
|
<td>59.77</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1963</th>
|
|
<td>81.39</td>
|
|
<td>60.73</td>
|
|
<td>58.70</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1964</th>
|
|
<td>81.70</td>
|
|
<td>59.51</td>
|
|
<td>57.40</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1965</th>
|
|
<td>82.23</td>
|
|
<td>58.62</td>
|
|
<td>56.11</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1966</th>
|
|
<td>83.39</td>
|
|
<td>66.71</td>
|
|
<td>64.89</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1967</th>
|
|
<td>84.66</td>
|
|
<td>66.15</td>
|
|
<td>63.75</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1968</th>
|
|
<td>84.22</td>
|
|
<td>68.81</td>
|
|
<td>67.01</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1969</th>
|
|
<td>84.39</td>
|
|
<td>67.56</td>
|
|
<td>65.46</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1970</th>
|
|
<td>84.37</td>
|
|
<td>65.96</td>
|
|
<td>63.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1971</th>
|
|
<td>83.70</td>
|
|
<td>63.85</td>
|
|
<td>61.76</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1972</th>
|
|
<td>84.09</td>
|
|
<td>65.88</td>
|
|
<td>63.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1973</th>
|
|
<td>83.50</td>
|
|
<td>68.32</td>
|
|
<td>66.51</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1974</th>
|
|
<td>84.25</td>
|
|
<td>71.84</td>
|
|
<td>70.41</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1975</th>
|
|
<td>84.30</td>
|
|
<td>71.14</td>
|
|
<td>69.89</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1976</th>
|
|
<td>84.77</td>
|
|
<td>71.50</td>
|
|
<td>70.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1977</th>
|
|
<td>84.21</td>
|
|
<td>71.62</td>
|
|
<td>70.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1978</th>
|
|
<td>84.84</td>
|
|
<td>71.10</td>
|
|
<td>69.65</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1979</th>
|
|
<td>85.19</td>
|
|
<td>74.38</td>
|
|
<td>73.40</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>85.90</td>
|
|
<td>76.32</td>
|
|
<td>74.66</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>85.71</td>
|
|
<td>76.44</td>
|
|
<td>75.43</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>86.06</td>
|
|
<td>77.47</td>
|
|
<td>76.09</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>86.43</td>
|
|
<td>77.81</td>
|
|
<td>76.42</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>86.67</td>
|
|
<td>77.43</td>
|
|
<td>75.51</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>86.89</td>
|
|
<td>77.28</td>
|
|
<td>77.26</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>88.03</td>
|
|
<td>77.99</td>
|
|
<td>77.97</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>87.71</td>
|
|
<td>76.85</td>
|
|
<td>76.85</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>87.68</td>
|
|
<td>75.27</td>
|
|
<td>75.25</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>87.87</td>
|
|
<td>76.31</td>
|
|
<td>76.29</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>87.05</td>
|
|
<td>75.91</td>
|
|
<td>75.91</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>86.76</td>
|
|
<td>76.14</td>
|
|
<td>76.12</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>86.11</td>
|
|
<td>74.75</td>
|
|
<td>74.73</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>85.73</td>
|
|
<td>74.76</td>
|
|
<td>74.75</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>86.04</td>
|
|
<td>74.95</td>
|
|
<td>74.95</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>86.47</td>
|
|
<td>74.20</td>
|
|
<td>74.20</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>85.42</td>
|
|
<td>73.18</td>
|
|
<td>73.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>85.66</td>
|
|
<td>72.92</td>
|
|
<td>72.92</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>85.70</td>
|
|
<td>72.39</td>
|
|
<td>72.37</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>85.79</td>
|
|
<td>72.01</td>
|
|
<td>72.00</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>85.38</td>
|
|
<td>71.01</td>
|
|
<td>71.00</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>84.49</td>
|
|
<td>71.58</td>
|
|
<td>71.56</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>83.88</td>
|
|
<td>72.19</td>
|
|
<td>72.19</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>83.50</td>
|
|
<td>71.74</td>
|
|
<td>71.74</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>83.14</td>
|
|
<td>70.51</td>
|
|
<td>70.49</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>83.65</td>
|
|
<td>70.44</td>
|
|
<td>70.38</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>83.71</td>
|
|
<td>70.00</td>
|
|
<td>70.08</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="4"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="onlyNote">SOURCES: Bureau of Economic Analysis National Income and Product Account; <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> (2009a); 2006 <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>However, noncovered earnings account for only part of the earnings "missing" from <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>. Chart 2 also shows taxable Social Security earnings and the capped taxable Social Security earnings measure used in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>. As a percentage of total earnings in the economy, <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>'s capped taxable earnings ranges from around 55 percent in the early 1950s to 78 percent in 1986, then declines gradually to 70 percent by 2006.</p>
|
|
<p>The relatively large differences between covered and taxable earnings from 1951 through the mid-1970s stem from the low taxable maximum earnings amounts during those years. The jagged pattern of the differences results from ad hoc changes to the taxable maximum. Prior to the 1972 Social Security Amendments, the taxable maximum was set by statute. From 1937 to 1950, the taxable maximum was $3,000. The first increase in the taxable maximum, to $3,600, occurred in 1951, and it increased four more times through 1971. The 1972 amendments provided an automatic annual increase in the taxable maximum proportional to the increase in the national average wage. The key point for <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> users is that using different methodologies for increasing the taxable maximum has affected the number (and proportion) of workers with earnings at or above the taxable maximum. For example, in 1951, nearly 25 percent of workers with covered earnings had earnings equal to or greater than the taxable maximum. In 1960 and 1970, the percentages of workers with earnings at or above the taxable maximum were 28 percent and 26 percent, respectively. In 1980, the percentage dropped to 9 percent and by 2006, it had dropped even further, to 6 percent (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> 2009, Table 4.B4).<sup><a href="#mn24" id="mt24">24</a></sup></p>
|
|
<p>Chart 2 reveals that the earnings in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> do not account for a significant portion of the total earnings in the economy from 1951 through 2006. Thus, using <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> to analyze work patterns for individuals with a mix of covered and noncovered earnings may produce inaccurate results. Suppose an individual started working in a noncovered job in 1945 that was redefined as covered employment in 1955. This individual's work history in the <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> would begin in 1955, with no indication that he or she really started working in 1945. Another example is an individual who worked in covered employment during high school and college and subsequently worked in a job that was not covered. This would result in a covered work history that starts in the individual's early work years and stops shortly thereafter.</p>
|
|
<h3>Limitations on Estimating Benefits</h3>
|
|
<p>One expected use of <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> is to evaluate how programmatic changes affect benefit amounts. However, such analysis is limited to estimating an individual's primary benefits; that is, benefits based on one's own earnings record. For example, auxiliary benefits—those to which individuals would be entitled based on their spouses' or parents' earnings record—cannot be estimated because there is no way to identify a spousal or parental link among individuals in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>.<sup><a href="#mn25" id="mt25">25</a></sup> This is problematic because many female beneficiaries receive part or all of their benefits based on a current or former spouse's higher earnings. Nevertheless, analysts can make reasoned assumptions about family size and estimate hypothetical family benefits based on an individual's own earnings records.</p>
|
|
<p>Analysts cannot use <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> to estimate disability benefits because the file does not contain information about an individual's <span class="nobr">period(s)</span> of disability. In addition, any calculation of retirement benefits for a disabled beneficiary would be inaccurate because it would exclude periods of disability. However, one can use <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> to determine an individual's insured status in a given year and to estimate hypothetical disability benefits that could be awarded if an individual became disabled.</p>
|
|
<p>The <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> does not contain a date of death for deceased individuals. As a result, one cannot determine if a string of years with zero earnings reflects that the individual has retired, become disabled, or died.</p>
|
|
<p>The accuracy of estimates for primary benefits may be affected by the lack of detailed information for some individuals in the file. When calculating an individual's benefit amount, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> uses the certified earnings record, which includes any ancillary earnings information such as military credits, railroad employment income, or having multiple <abbr class="spell">SSN</abbr>s.<sup><a href="#mn26" id="mt26">26</a></sup> Because <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> omits this information, estimates of benefits for individuals who had these sources of income or had multiple <abbr class="spell">SSN</abbr>s are suspect. Although the number of individuals having multiple <abbr class="spell">SSN</abbr>s or railroad income is relatively small, accurate assessments of the effects of programmatic changes on these individuals would require such information. The number of individuals with military credits is likely to be much larger, but the impact on benefits is likely to be relatively small for those with limited military service.</p>
|
|
<p>Incomplete information in the <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> also hinders accurate estimates of benefits for individuals with earnings during <span class="nobr">1937–1950</span>. Recall that <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> had to estimate the number of <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s associated with earnings from this period. Consider an individual who applies for benefits but is a couple of quarters short of being eligible. In such a case, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> reviews the microfilm record to determine the individual's actual amount of covered earnings during the period. <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> posts this amount to the detailed segment of the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> then determines the <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s earned using the usual procedures. However, <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> does not include the information from the microfilm. Therefore, analysts should exercise caution when using <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> data on <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s for this period, and should note this fact in any analysis using that data field.</p>
|
|
<p>The user should also note that precise computation of monthly benefits paid is not possible with the <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> because age at entitlement, on which monthly benefit amounts are based, cannot be observed in the file. With <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>, it is also not possible to adjust benefits for workers subject to the Windfall Elimination Provision, which reduces benefits of "individuals who have only minimal Social Security coverage and will receive a pension based on years of work in noncovered employment" (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> 2009).</p>
|
|
<h3>Errors in Underlying Earnings Data</h3>
|
|
<p><abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> has been collecting data on individual workers covered under the program since its inception. The agency uses administrative files to determine eligibility for benefits, to determine benefit amounts, to estimate future benefit payments, and for a variety of other purposes.</p>
|
|
<p>Each year, capturing the earnings data reported on Form <span class="nobr">W-2</span> and used for program purposes is a massive undertaking. For earnings reported in tax year 2006, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> processed <span class="nobr">W-2s</span> for nearly 155 million workers and generated approximately 250 million wage items. <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> processed nearly 80 percent of the wage items reported on the <span class="nobr">W-2s</span> electronically, and the remaining 20 percent were scanned using character recognition software or keyed in manually. In addition, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> received information on self-employment income from the <abbr class="spell">IRS</abbr> based on data reported on Schedule <abbr class="spell">SE</abbr>. This information accounted for approximately 20 million items posted to the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr>. In total, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> posted nearly 270 million earnings-related items for tax year 2006 to its <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr>.</p>
|
|
<p>With so many items posted every year, the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> is clearly susceptible to missing or erroneous earnings data. Each step of the process introduces potential errors. The employer may enter an incorrect amount for a given individual, or may put the correct information in the wrong box on the <span class="nobr">W-2.</span> In addition, the <abbr class="spell">SSN</abbr> may not be valid or the name on the <span class="nobr">W-2</span> may not match the one to which the <abbr class="spell">SSN</abbr> was enumerated.<sup><a href="#mn27" id="mt27">27</a></sup> Errors can also arise as <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> posts the data in the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr>.</p>
|
|
<p><abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> has an elaborate set of checks to identify and correct improperly reported earnings information.<sup><a href="#mn28" id="mt28">28</a></sup> The agency verifies that the information on all the <span class="nobr">W-2s</span> submitted by an employer corresponds to the amounts reported by the employer on Form <span class="nobr">W-3.</span> <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> continuously updates the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> as corrected <span class="nobr">W-2s</span> <span class="nobr">(W-2c's)</span> and delinquent <span class="nobr">W-2s</span> stream in throughout the year. Workers may also file amended tax returns to correct errors reported in previous filings.</p>
|
|
<p>If <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> detects errors in a worker's earning record, it sends a letter to the employer seeking clarification. In response, the employer may file a <span class="nobr">W-2c.</span> In some instances, an employer files a <span class="nobr">W-2c</span> and the employee supplies information to correct the same error; the resulting double-correction also produces errors on the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr>.</p>
|
|
<p>Another opportunity to catch earnings-record errors arises when <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> mails out its annual Social Security statement to workers aged 25 or older. Errors detected by the worker can be resolved at any <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> field office.<sup><a href="#mn29" id="mt29">29</a></sup> Finally, workers can catch errors in their earnings data when they apply for benefits. Applicants see their complete earnings histories and can direct <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> to correct any verifiable errors they spot. Nevertheless, despite extensive efforts to ensure accurate earnings records, the <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> may contain erroneous information.</p>
|
|
<h2>Highlights from the <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr></h2>
|
|
<p>This section presents statistical highlights of the earnings data for the 4,384,254 individuals whose records are included in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>. Figures cited are unweighted.</p>
|
|
<h3>Individuals by <abbr class="spell">YOB</abbr></h3>
|
|
<p>There are five distinct trends in the distribution of individuals by birth year in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> (Chart 3). The first is a steep increase in the number of individuals in the file, starting with 1,813 born in 1870 and peaking at 31,877 born in 1921. The second is a steady decline from 31,104 born in 1922 to 26,568 in 1933. The third trend is a dramatic increase to nearly 53,000 who were born in 1962, nearly doubling the number of individuals born in 1933. The fourth is a steep decline from 52,138 individuals born in 1963 to 41,792 born in 1975. The final trend reflects relatively flat numbers of individuals born from 1976 through 2006, from 41,822 to 41,241, respectively.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart3">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 3.<br>Number of individuals in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>, by year of birth</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v71n4p33_chart03.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="700" height="346" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 3. </span>Number of individuals in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>, by year of birth</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:12em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Year of birth</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Number (in thousands)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1870</th>
|
|
<td>1.81</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1871</th>
|
|
<td>2.02</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1872</th>
|
|
<td>2.91</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1873</th>
|
|
<td>3.07</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1874</th>
|
|
<td>3.80</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1875</th>
|
|
<td>4.43</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1876</th>
|
|
<td>5.15</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1877</th>
|
|
<td>5.40</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1878</th>
|
|
<td>6.09</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1879</th>
|
|
<td>6.69</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1880</th>
|
|
<td>7.98</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1881</th>
|
|
<td>8.12</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1882</th>
|
|
<td>9.41</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1883</th>
|
|
<td>9.58</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1884</th>
|
|
<td>11.28</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1885</th>
|
|
<td>11.48</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1886</th>
|
|
<td>12.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1887</th>
|
|
<td>12.09</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1888</th>
|
|
<td>14.58</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1889</th>
|
|
<td>14.28</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1890</th>
|
|
<td>14.90</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1891</th>
|
|
<td>14.91</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1892</th>
|
|
<td>16.89</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1893</th>
|
|
<td>16.85</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1894</th>
|
|
<td>17.47</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1895</th>
|
|
<td>17.76</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1896</th>
|
|
<td>18.32</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1897</th>
|
|
<td>17.95</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1898</th>
|
|
<td>19.24</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1899</th>
|
|
<td>18.10</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1900</th>
|
|
<td>21.26</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1901</th>
|
|
<td>19.04</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1902</th>
|
|
<td>21.04</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1903</th>
|
|
<td>20.82</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1904</th>
|
|
<td>21.73</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1905</th>
|
|
<td>22.72</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1906</th>
|
|
<td>22.88</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1907</th>
|
|
<td>23.82</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1908</th>
|
|
<td>24.66</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1909</th>
|
|
<td>24.63</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1910</th>
|
|
<td>25.67</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1911</th>
|
|
<td>25.57</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1912</th>
|
|
<td>26.90</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1913</th>
|
|
<td>26.94</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1914</th>
|
|
<td>28.23</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1915</th>
|
|
<td>27.87</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1916</th>
|
|
<td>27.95</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1917</th>
|
|
<td>27.89</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1918</th>
|
|
<td>29.69</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1919</th>
|
|
<td>29.09</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1920</th>
|
|
<td>31.37</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1921</th>
|
|
<td>31.88</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1922</th>
|
|
<td>31.10</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1923</th>
|
|
<td>30.80</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1924</th>
|
|
<td>31.58</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1925</th>
|
|
<td>30.60</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1926</th>
|
|
<td>30.24</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1927</th>
|
|
<td>30.31</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1928</th>
|
|
<td>29.77</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1929</th>
|
|
<td>28.74</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1930</th>
|
|
<td>29.29</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1931</th>
|
|
<td>27.62</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1932</th>
|
|
<td>28.09</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1933</th>
|
|
<td>26.57</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1934</th>
|
|
<td>27.49</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1935</th>
|
|
<td>27.83</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1936</th>
|
|
<td>27.59</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1937</th>
|
|
<td>28.60</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1938</th>
|
|
<td>29.36</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1939</th>
|
|
<td>29.08</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1940</th>
|
|
<td>30.51</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1941</th>
|
|
<td>31.77</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1942</th>
|
|
<td>34.95</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1943</th>
|
|
<td>36.29</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1944</th>
|
|
<td>34.97</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1945</th>
|
|
<td>34.76</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1946</th>
|
|
<td>40.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1947</th>
|
|
<td>45.44</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1948</th>
|
|
<td>44.12</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1949</th>
|
|
<td>44.74</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1950</th>
|
|
<td>44.61</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1951</th>
|
|
<td>46.41</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1952</th>
|
|
<td>47.56</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1953</th>
|
|
<td>48.33</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1954</th>
|
|
<td>50.15</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1955</th>
|
|
<td>51.31</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1956</th>
|
|
<td>51.62</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1957</th>
|
|
<td>53.20</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1958</th>
|
|
<td>52.99</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1959</th>
|
|
<td>52.81</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1960</th>
|
|
<td>53.23</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1961</th>
|
|
<td>52.82</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1962</th>
|
|
<td>52.83</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1963</th>
|
|
<td>52.14</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1964</th>
|
|
<td>51.36</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1965</th>
|
|
<td>48.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1966</th>
|
|
<td>46.94</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1967</th>
|
|
<td>46.01</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1968</th>
|
|
<td>46.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1969</th>
|
|
<td>47.14</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1970</th>
|
|
<td>48.49</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1971</th>
|
|
<td>46.51</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1972</th>
|
|
<td>43.63</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1973</th>
|
|
<td>42.08</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1974</th>
|
|
<td>41.98</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1975</th>
|
|
<td>41.79</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1976</th>
|
|
<td>41.82</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1977</th>
|
|
<td>42.70</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1978</th>
|
|
<td>42.50</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1979</th>
|
|
<td>43.70</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>44.64</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>44.28</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>44.48</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>43.64</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>43.44</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>43.77</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>43.33</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>42.94</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>43.78</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>44.93</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>45.79</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>45.00</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>44.42</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>43.47</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>42.48</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>41.91</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>41.29</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>41.25</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>41.63</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>41.68</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>42.53</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>41.99</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>41.77</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>42.26</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>42.51</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>42.50</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>41.24</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="2"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="onlyNote">SOURCE: Author's calculations based on the 2006 <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Chart 4 presents the distribution of individuals by <abbr class="spell">YOB</abbr> and sex.<sup><a href="#mn30" id="mt30">30</a></sup> For birth years from 1870 to about 1925, men outnumber women in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>. With a few exceptions, the numbers of women and men in the file are nearly the same for birth years from 1926 to 1947. The number of men born from 1948 to 2006 is consistently higher than the number of women, although not by very much.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart4">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 4.<br>Number of individuals in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>, by year of birth and sex</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v71n4p33_chart04.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="700" height="344" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 4. </span>Number of individuals in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>, by year of birth and sex</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stubHeading" scope="colgroup">Year of birth</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">Number (in thousands)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Men</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Women</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1870</th>
|
|
<td>1.48</td>
|
|
<td>0.33</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1871</th>
|
|
<td>1.61</td>
|
|
<td>0.40</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1872</th>
|
|
<td>2.29</td>
|
|
<td>0.61</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1873</th>
|
|
<td>2.41</td>
|
|
<td>0.65</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1874</th>
|
|
<td>2.89</td>
|
|
<td>0.90</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1875</th>
|
|
<td>3.29</td>
|
|
<td>1.14</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1876</th>
|
|
<td>3.79</td>
|
|
<td>1.35</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1877</th>
|
|
<td>3.90</td>
|
|
<td>1.49</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1878</th>
|
|
<td>4.29</td>
|
|
<td>1.79</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1879</th>
|
|
<td>4.52</td>
|
|
<td>2.15</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1880</th>
|
|
<td>5.35</td>
|
|
<td>2.61</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1881</th>
|
|
<td>5.38</td>
|
|
<td>2.71</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1882</th>
|
|
<td>6.20</td>
|
|
<td>3.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1883</th>
|
|
<td>6.19</td>
|
|
<td>3.35</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1884</th>
|
|
<td>7.15</td>
|
|
<td>4.09</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1885</th>
|
|
<td>7.08</td>
|
|
<td>4.37</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1886</th>
|
|
<td>7.56</td>
|
|
<td>4.58</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1887</th>
|
|
<td>7.25</td>
|
|
<td>4.80</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1888</th>
|
|
<td>8.70</td>
|
|
<td>5.83</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1889</th>
|
|
<td>8.43</td>
|
|
<td>5.81</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1890</th>
|
|
<td>8.66</td>
|
|
<td>6.20</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1891</th>
|
|
<td>8.45</td>
|
|
<td>6.40</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1892</th>
|
|
<td>9.63</td>
|
|
<td>7.20</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1893</th>
|
|
<td>9.47</td>
|
|
<td>7.34</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1894</th>
|
|
<td>9.62</td>
|
|
<td>7.80</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1895</th>
|
|
<td>9.77</td>
|
|
<td>7.95</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1896</th>
|
|
<td>9.99</td>
|
|
<td>8.28</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1897</th>
|
|
<td>9.71</td>
|
|
<td>8.20</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1898</th>
|
|
<td>10.17</td>
|
|
<td>9.02</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1899</th>
|
|
<td>9.57</td>
|
|
<td>8.50</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1900</th>
|
|
<td>11.24</td>
|
|
<td>9.98</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1901</th>
|
|
<td>10.01</td>
|
|
<td>9.00</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1902</th>
|
|
<td>11.12</td>
|
|
<td>9.87</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1903</th>
|
|
<td>10.92</td>
|
|
<td>9.86</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1904</th>
|
|
<td>11.19</td>
|
|
<td>10.51</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1905</th>
|
|
<td>11.69</td>
|
|
<td>10.98</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1906</th>
|
|
<td>11.72</td>
|
|
<td>11.11</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1907</th>
|
|
<td>12.32</td>
|
|
<td>11.46</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1908</th>
|
|
<td>12.62</td>
|
|
<td>12.00</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1909</th>
|
|
<td>12.78</td>
|
|
<td>11.81</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1910</th>
|
|
<td>13.22</td>
|
|
<td>12.39</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1911</th>
|
|
<td>13.18</td>
|
|
<td>12.33</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1912</th>
|
|
<td>13.88</td>
|
|
<td>12.94</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1913</th>
|
|
<td>13.74</td>
|
|
<td>13.14</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1914</th>
|
|
<td>14.41</td>
|
|
<td>13.75</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1915</th>
|
|
<td>14.30</td>
|
|
<td>13.51</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1916</th>
|
|
<td>14.41</td>
|
|
<td>13.47</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1917</th>
|
|
<td>14.27</td>
|
|
<td>13.58</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1918</th>
|
|
<td>15.16</td>
|
|
<td>14.46</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1919</th>
|
|
<td>14.98</td>
|
|
<td>14.05</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1920</th>
|
|
<td>15.92</td>
|
|
<td>15.39</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1921</th>
|
|
<td>16.24</td>
|
|
<td>15.57</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1922</th>
|
|
<td>15.62</td>
|
|
<td>15.41</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1923</th>
|
|
<td>15.63</td>
|
|
<td>15.13</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1924</th>
|
|
<td>15.82</td>
|
|
<td>15.73</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1925</th>
|
|
<td>15.22</td>
|
|
<td>15.34</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1926</th>
|
|
<td>15.36</td>
|
|
<td>14.86</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1927</th>
|
|
<td>15.38</td>
|
|
<td>14.91</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1928</th>
|
|
<td>15.08</td>
|
|
<td>14.67</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1929</th>
|
|
<td>14.50</td>
|
|
<td>14.23</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1930</th>
|
|
<td>14.91</td>
|
|
<td>14.36</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1931</th>
|
|
<td>14.00</td>
|
|
<td>13.60</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1932</th>
|
|
<td>14.33</td>
|
|
<td>13.74</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1933</th>
|
|
<td>13.44</td>
|
|
<td>13.11</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1934</th>
|
|
<td>13.98</td>
|
|
<td>13.49</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1935</th>
|
|
<td>13.98</td>
|
|
<td>13.82</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1936</th>
|
|
<td>13.96</td>
|
|
<td>13.62</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1937</th>
|
|
<td>14.42</td>
|
|
<td>14.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1938</th>
|
|
<td>14.75</td>
|
|
<td>14.60</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1939</th>
|
|
<td>14.82</td>
|
|
<td>14.24</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1940</th>
|
|
<td>15.54</td>
|
|
<td>14.95</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1941</th>
|
|
<td>16.15</td>
|
|
<td>15.60</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1942</th>
|
|
<td>17.89</td>
|
|
<td>17.05</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1943</th>
|
|
<td>18.56</td>
|
|
<td>17.71</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1944</th>
|
|
<td>17.80</td>
|
|
<td>17.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1945</th>
|
|
<td>17.87</td>
|
|
<td>16.87</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1946</th>
|
|
<td>21.03</td>
|
|
<td>19.93</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1947</th>
|
|
<td>23.44</td>
|
|
<td>21.98</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1948</th>
|
|
<td>22.71</td>
|
|
<td>21.40</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1949</th>
|
|
<td>23.00</td>
|
|
<td>21.73</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1950</th>
|
|
<td>22.97</td>
|
|
<td>21.63</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1951</th>
|
|
<td>23.92</td>
|
|
<td>22.46</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1952</th>
|
|
<td>24.48</td>
|
|
<td>23.05</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1953</th>
|
|
<td>24.80</td>
|
|
<td>23.51</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1954</th>
|
|
<td>25.81</td>
|
|
<td>24.32</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1955</th>
|
|
<td>26.43</td>
|
|
<td>24.87</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1956</th>
|
|
<td>26.80</td>
|
|
<td>24.80</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1957</th>
|
|
<td>27.59</td>
|
|
<td>25.59</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1958</th>
|
|
<td>27.43</td>
|
|
<td>25.55</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1959</th>
|
|
<td>27.24</td>
|
|
<td>25.57</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1960</th>
|
|
<td>27.50</td>
|
|
<td>25.72</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1961</th>
|
|
<td>27.32</td>
|
|
<td>25.50</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1962</th>
|
|
<td>27.24</td>
|
|
<td>25.59</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1963</th>
|
|
<td>26.93</td>
|
|
<td>25.19</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1964</th>
|
|
|
|
<td>26.59</td>
|
|
<td>24.77</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1965</th>
|
|
<td>25.22</td>
|
|
<td>23.72</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1966</th>
|
|
<td>24.18</td>
|
|
<td>22.75</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1967</th>
|
|
<td>23.76</td>
|
|
<td>22.25</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1968</th>
|
|
<td>23.93</td>
|
|
<td>22.23</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1969</th>
|
|
<td>24.16</td>
|
|
<td>22.98</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1970</th>
|
|
<td>24.98</td>
|
|
<td>23.50</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1971</th>
|
|
<td>23.99</td>
|
|
<td>22.52</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1972</th>
|
|
<td>22.60</td>
|
|
<td>21.02</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1973</th>
|
|
<td>21.49</td>
|
|
<td>20.59</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1974</th>
|
|
<td>21.39</td>
|
|
<td>20.58</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1975</th>
|
|
<td>21.33</td>
|
|
<td>20.45</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1976</th>
|
|
<td>21.43</td>
|
|
<td>20.39</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1977</th>
|
|
<td>21.90</td>
|
|
<td>20.80</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1978</th>
|
|
<td>21.80</td>
|
|
<td>20.70</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1979</th>
|
|
<td>22.27</td>
|
|
<td>21.42</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>22.60</td>
|
|
<td>22.03</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>22.67</td>
|
|
<td>21.60</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>22.64</td>
|
|
<td>21.84</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>22.48</td>
|
|
<td>21.16</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>22.03</td>
|
|
<td>21.41</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>22.20</td>
|
|
<td>21.56</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>22.08</td>
|
|
<td>21.25</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>21.92</td>
|
|
<td>21.02</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>22.31</td>
|
|
<td>21.46</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>23.03</td>
|
|
<td>21.90</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>23.41</td>
|
|
<td>22.38</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>22.98</td>
|
|
<td>22.03</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>22.91</td>
|
|
<td>21.51</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>22.32</td>
|
|
<td>21.16</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>21.76</td>
|
|
<td>20.72</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>21.44</td>
|
|
<td>20.47</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>21.23</td>
|
|
<td>20.07</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>20.99</td>
|
|
<td>20.26</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>21.27</td>
|
|
<td>20.37</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>21.42</td>
|
|
<td>20.26</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>21.60</td>
|
|
<td>20.93</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>21.45</td>
|
|
<td>20.55</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>21.32</td>
|
|
<td>20.45</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>21.58</td>
|
|
<td>20.68</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>21.68</td>
|
|
<td>20.83</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>21.77</td>
|
|
<td>20.73</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>21.07</td>
|
|
<td>20.18</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="3"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="onlyNote">SOURCE: Author's calculations based on the 2006 <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h3>Workers and Nonworkers</h3>
|
|
<p>There are four distinct categories of individuals in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> depending on whether they had any Social Security taxable earnings and, if so, the period in which they were earned. The four categories are nonworkers (individuals with no taxable earnings), workers with taxable earnings during <span class="nobr">1937–1950</span> only, workers with taxable earnings during <span class="nobr">1951–2006</span> only, and workers with taxable earnings in both periods. More than <span class="nobr">one-half</span> of the individuals in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> had earnings during <span class="nobr">1951–2006</span> only, about 4 percent had earnings only during <span class="nobr">1937–1950</span>, and 16 percent had earnings in both periods (Chart 5).</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart5">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 5.<br>Percentage distribution of individuals in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>, by capped Social Security taxable earnings status</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v71n4p33_chart05.gif" alt="Pie chart showing 24.7% had no earnings, 3.9% had earnings during 1937-1950 only, 55.4% had earnings during 1951-2006 only, and 16.0% had earnings in both periods." width="500" height="303" /></div>
|
|
<div class="onlyNote">SOURCE: Author's calculations based on the 2006 <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Initially, the 24.7-percent figure for individuals in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> who did not have any earnings seems very large. However, Chart 6 reveals that the bulk of these individuals (68 percent) were born after 1987. Thus, the main reason so many individuals in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> have no earnings is that most of them are not old enough to participate in the labor market.<sup><a href="#mn31" id="mt31">31</a></sup></p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart6">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 6.<br>Cumulative distribution of individuals in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> with no capped Social Security taxable earnings, by year of birth</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v71n4p33_chart06.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="700" height="343" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
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<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 6. </span>Cumulative distribution of individuals in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> with no capped Social Security taxable earnings, by year of birth</caption>
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<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
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<colgroup span="1" style="width:12em"></colgroup>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Year of birth</th>
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<th scope="col">Cumulative percentage</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
|
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1870</th>
|
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<td>0.07</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1871</th>
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<td>0.13</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1872</th>
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<td>0.22</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1873</th>
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<td>0.31</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1874</th>
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<td>0.41</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1875</th>
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<td>0.54</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1876</th>
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<td>0.69</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1877</th>
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<td>0.83</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1878</th>
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<td>1.00</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1879</th>
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<td>1.19</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
|
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1880</th>
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<td>1.41</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1881</th>
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<td>1.62</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1882</th>
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<td>1.86</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1883</th>
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<td>2.10</td>
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</tr>
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|
<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1884</th>
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<td>2.38</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1885</th>
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<td>2.67</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1886</th>
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<td>2.95</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1887</th>
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<td>3.25</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1888</th>
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<td>3.60</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1889</th>
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<td>3.93</td>
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</tr>
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|
<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1890</th>
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<td>4.27</td>
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</tr>
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|
<tr>
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|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1891</th>
|
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<td>4.60</td>
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</tr>
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|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1892</th>
|
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<td>4.96</td>
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</tr>
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|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1893</th>
|
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<td>5.33</td>
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|
</tr>
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|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1894</th>
|
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<td>5.71</td>
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</tr>
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|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1895</th>
|
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<td>6.08</td>
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</tr>
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|
<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1896</th>
|
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<td>6.44</td>
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|
</tr>
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|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1897</th>
|
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<td>6.80</td>
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</tr>
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|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1898</th>
|
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<td>7.17</td>
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</tr>
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|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1899</th>
|
|
<td>7.51</td>
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</tr>
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|
<tr>
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|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1900</th>
|
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<td>7.92</td>
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|
</tr>
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|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1901</th>
|
|
<td>8.25</td>
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|
</tr>
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|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1902</th>
|
|
<td>8.60</td>
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|
</tr>
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|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1903</th>
|
|
<td>8.92</td>
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|
</tr>
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|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1904</th>
|
|
<td>9.25</td>
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|
</tr>
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|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1905</th>
|
|
<td>9.58</td>
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|
</tr>
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|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1906</th>
|
|
<td>9.91</td>
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|
</tr>
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|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1907</th>
|
|
<td>10.22</td>
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</tr>
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|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1908</th>
|
|
<td>10.53</td>
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</tr>
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|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1909</th>
|
|
<td>10.83</td>
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|
</tr>
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|
<tr>
|
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">1910</th>
|
|
<td>11.14</td>
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</tr>
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|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1911</th>
|
|
<td>11.42</td>
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|
</tr>
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|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1912</th>
|
|
<td>11.73</td>
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|
</tr>
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|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1913</th>
|
|
<td>12.01</td>
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|
</tr>
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|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1914</th>
|
|
<td>12.31</td>
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|
</tr>
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|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1915</th>
|
|
<td>12.58</td>
|
|
</tr>
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|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1916</th>
|
|
<td>12.85</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1917</th>
|
|
<td>13.11</td>
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|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1918</th>
|
|
<td>13.39</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1919</th>
|
|
<td>13.66</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1920</th>
|
|
<td>13.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1921</th>
|
|
<td>14.22</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1922</th>
|
|
<td>14.49</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1923</th>
|
|
<td>14.73</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1924</th>
|
|
<td>14.97</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1925</th>
|
|
<td>15.20</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1926</th>
|
|
<td>15.44</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1927</th>
|
|
<td>15.67</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1928</th>
|
|
<td>15.89</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1929</th>
|
|
<td>16.10</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1930</th>
|
|
<td>16.33</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1931</th>
|
|
<td>16.53</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1932</th>
|
|
<td>16.74</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1933</th>
|
|
<td>16.94</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1934</th>
|
|
<td>17.14</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1935</th>
|
|
<td>17.34</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1936</th>
|
|
<td>17.53</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1937</th>
|
|
<td>17.73</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1938</th>
|
|
<td>17.94</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1939</th>
|
|
<td>18.13</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1940</th>
|
|
<td>18.34</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1941</th>
|
|
<td>18.54</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1942</th>
|
|
<td>18.75</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1943</th>
|
|
<td>18.95</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1944</th>
|
|
<td>19.16</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1945</th>
|
|
<td>19.36</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1946</th>
|
|
<td>19.58</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1947</th>
|
|
<td>19.81</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1948</th>
|
|
<td>20.04</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1949</th>
|
|
<td>20.29</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1950</th>
|
|
<td>20.53</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1951</th>
|
|
<td>20.77</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1952</th>
|
|
<td>21.02</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1953</th>
|
|
<td>21.28</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1954</th>
|
|
<td>21.55</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1955</th>
|
|
<td>21.85</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1956</th>
|
|
<td>22.13</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1957</th>
|
|
<td>22.42</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1958</th>
|
|
<td>22.71</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1959</th>
|
|
<td>22.99</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1960</th>
|
|
<td>23.27</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1961</th>
|
|
<td>23.54</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1962</th>
|
|
<td>23.81</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1963</th>
|
|
<td>24.09</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1964</th>
|
|
<td>24.37</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1965</th>
|
|
<td>24.64</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1966</th>
|
|
<td>24.92</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1967</th>
|
|
<td>25.21</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1968</th>
|
|
<td>25.50</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1969</th>
|
|
<td>25.78</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1970</th>
|
|
<td>26.09</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1971</th>
|
|
<td>26.40</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1972</th>
|
|
<td>26.72</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1973</th>
|
|
<td>27.05</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1974</th>
|
|
<td>27.38</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1975</th>
|
|
<td>27.72</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1976</th>
|
|
<td>28.05</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1977</th>
|
|
<td>28.37</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1978</th>
|
|
<td>28.68</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1979</th>
|
|
<td>29.00</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>29.33</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>29.66</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>30.00</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>30.33</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>30.68</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>31.08</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>31.53</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>32.12</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>33.09</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>34.83</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>37.67</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>41.43</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>45.54</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>49.56</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>53.49</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>57.37</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>61.19</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>65.01</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>68.86</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>72.72</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>76.66</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>80.54</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>84.41</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>88.32</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>92.25</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>96.18</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>100.00</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="2"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="onlyNote">SOURCE: Author's calculations based on the 2006 <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Chart 7 presents the distribution by sex of individuals in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> in each earner status. Women outnumber men among those who do not have any earnings (52 percent versus 48 percent). Among individuals with earnings during <span class="nobr">1937–1950</span> only, a large majority are men (57 percent versus 43 percent). This result was expected because women were much less active in the labor market during that period. Individuals in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> with earnings during both periods skew even more towards men, 61 percent versus 39 percent. Individuals with earnings during <span class="nobr">1951–2006</span> only are more evenly distributed between men (51 percent) and women (49 percent), reflecting women's substantial increases in labor force participation during the period.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart7">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 7.<br>Percentage distribution of individuals in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> in each capped Social Security taxable earnings status, by sex</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v71n4p33_chart07.gif" alt="Bar chart with tabular version below." width="700" height="383" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 7. </span>Percentage distribution of individuals in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> in each capped Social Security taxable earnings status, by sex</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:15em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stubHeading" scope="colgroup">Earnings status</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">Percentage</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Men</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Women</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">No earnings</th>
|
|
<td>47.9</td>
|
|
<td>52.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Earnings during <span class="nobr">1937–1950</span> only</th>
|
|
<td>56.6</td>
|
|
<td>43.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Earnings during <span class="nobr">1951–2006</span> only</th>
|
|
<td>50.8</td>
|
|
<td>49.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Earnings during both periods</th>
|
|
<td>60.7</td>
|
|
<td>39.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="3"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCE: Author's calculations based on the 2006 <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote">NOTE: Rounded components of percentage distributions do not necessarily sum to 100.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Individuals in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> with any earnings during <span class="nobr">1937–1950</span> number 874,287. Approximately 60 percent are men (523,465) and 40 percent are women (350,229). There are also records for 593 individuals whose sex is unknown and who had earnings during this period. Appendix <a href="#charta1">Chart A1</a> presents the distribution of individuals with earnings during this period by <abbr class="spell">YOB</abbr> and sex. The average and median values for all earnings during this period are $9,106 and $4,600, respectively (not shown). The average earnings for men ($11,990) is much higher than that for women ($7,521). The median earnings for men and women diverge even more, at $7,900 and $1,800, respectively.</p>
|
|
<h3>Earnings in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr></h3>
|
|
<p>Chart 8 shows that the gap between the number of men and women with earnings in a given year has decreased significantly between 1951 and 2006. Chart 9 shows a slow but steady climb in aggregate earnings for men and women over the same period.<sup><a href="#mn32" id="mt32">32</a></sup> The difference between the total amount of earnings for men and women has been increasing over time. However, women's taxable earnings as a percentage of all taxable earnings has increased from 22.1 percent in 1951 to 39.7 percent in 2006 (see <a href="#tablea2">Table A2</a>). Table 4 presents the average and median earnings of men, women, and individuals with unknown sex in the <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart8">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 8.<br>Number of individuals with capped Social Security taxable earnings in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>, by sex, <span class="nobr">1951–2006</span></div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v71n4p33_chart08.gif" alt="Line chart displaying the number of men and the number of women data provided in Appendix Table A1." width="700" height="340" /></div>
|
|
<div class="onlyNote">SOURCE: Author's calculations based on the 2006 <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart9">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 9.<br>Aggregate amount of capped Social Security taxable earnings in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>, by sex of earner, <span class="nobr">1951–2006</span></div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v71n4p33_chart09.gif" alt="Line chart displaying the dollar amount for men and the dollar amount for women provided in Appendix Table A2." width="700" height="359" /></div>
|
|
<div class="onlyNote">SOURCE: Author's calculations based on the 2006 <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table4">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 4. </span>Average and median Social Security taxable earnings in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>, by sex, <span class="nobr">1951–2006</span> (in dollars)</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stubHeading" scope="colgroup">Year</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">All workers</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">Men</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">Women</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">Sex unknown</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Mean</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Median</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Mean</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Median</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Mean</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Median</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Mean</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Median</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1951</th>
|
|
<td>2,047</td>
|
|
<td>2,100</td>
|
|
<td>2,404</td>
|
|
<td>2,900</td>
|
|
<td>1,344</td>
|
|
<td>1,200</td>
|
|
<td>1,978</td>
|
|
<td>1,950</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1952</th>
|
|
<td>2,118</td>
|
|
<td>2,300</td>
|
|
<td>2,482</td>
|
|
<td>3,100</td>
|
|
<td>1,423</td>
|
|
<td>1,300</td>
|
|
<td>1,904</td>
|
|
<td>1,950</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1953</th>
|
|
<td>2,187</td>
|
|
<td>2,400</td>
|
|
<td>2,553</td>
|
|
<td>3,300</td>
|
|
<td>1,499</td>
|
|
<td>1,300</td>
|
|
<td>2,043</td>
|
|
<td>2,000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1954</th>
|
|
<td>2,194</td>
|
|
<td>2,400</td>
|
|
<td>2,544</td>
|
|
<td>3,300</td>
|
|
<td>1,527</td>
|
|
<td>1,400</td>
|
|
<td>1,886</td>
|
|
<td>1,700</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1955</th>
|
|
<td>2,374</td>
|
|
<td>2,400</td>
|
|
<td>2,779</td>
|
|
<td>3,300</td>
|
|
<td>1,583</td>
|
|
<td>1,300</td>
|
|
<td>1,932</td>
|
|
<td>1,600</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1956</th>
|
|
<td>2,472</td>
|
|
<td>2,600</td>
|
|
<td>2,884</td>
|
|
<td>3,500</td>
|
|
<td>1,678</td>
|
|
<td>1,500</td>
|
|
<td>1,897</td>
|
|
<td>1,400</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1957</th>
|
|
<td>2,518</td>
|
|
<td>2,700</td>
|
|
<td>2,900</td>
|
|
<td>3,600</td>
|
|
<td>1,752</td>
|
|
<td>1,500</td>
|
|
<td>1,874</td>
|
|
<td>1,450</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1958</th>
|
|
<td>2,523</td>
|
|
<td>2,700</td>
|
|
<td>2,881</td>
|
|
<td>3,500</td>
|
|
<td>1,801</td>
|
|
<td>1,600</td>
|
|
<td>1,914</td>
|
|
<td>1,500</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1959</th>
|
|
<td>2,766</td>
|
|
<td>2,800</td>
|
|
<td>3,204</td>
|
|
<td>3,800</td>
|
|
<td>1,903</td>
|
|
<td>1,600</td>
|
|
<td>2,040</td>
|
|
<td>1,600</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1960</th>
|
|
<td>2,798</td>
|
|
<td>2,900</td>
|
|
<td>3,239</td>
|
|
<td>3,900</td>
|
|
<td>1,945</td>
|
|
<td>1,700</td>
|
|
<td>2,161</td>
|
|
<td>1,800</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1961</th>
|
|
<td>2,819</td>
|
|
<td>2,900</td>
|
|
<td>3,248</td>
|
|
<td>3,900</td>
|
|
<td>1,994</td>
|
|
<td>1,700</td>
|
|
<td>2,190</td>
|
|
<td>1,800</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1962</th>
|
|
<td>2,879</td>
|
|
<td>3,100</td>
|
|
<td>3,313</td>
|
|
<td>4,100</td>
|
|
<td>2,059</td>
|
|
<td>1,800</td>
|
|
<td>2,439</td>
|
|
<td>2,100</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1963</th>
|
|
<td>2,913</td>
|
|
<td>3,100</td>
|
|
<td>3,345</td>
|
|
<td>4,300</td>
|
|
<td>2,104</td>
|
|
<td>1,800</td>
|
|
<td>2,534</td>
|
|
<td>2,200</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1964</th>
|
|
<td>2,968</td>
|
|
<td>3,300</td>
|
|
<td>3,402</td>
|
|
<td>4,500</td>
|
|
<td>2,166</td>
|
|
<td>1,900</td>
|
|
<td>2,717</td>
|
|
<td>2,700</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1965</th>
|
|
<td>3,012</td>
|
|
<td>3,400</td>
|
|
<td>3,459</td>
|
|
<td>4,754</td>
|
|
<td>2,206</td>
|
|
<td>2,000</td>
|
|
<td>2,871</td>
|
|
<td>2,900</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1966</th>
|
|
<td>3,620</td>
|
|
<td>3,600</td>
|
|
<td>4,312</td>
|
|
<td>5,000</td>
|
|
<td>2,424</td>
|
|
<td>2,000</td>
|
|
<td>3,548</td>
|
|
<td>3,300</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1967</th>
|
|
<td>3,710</td>
|
|
<td>3,700</td>
|
|
<td>4,380</td>
|
|
<td>5,200</td>
|
|
<td>2,576</td>
|
|
<td>2,200</td>
|
|
<td>3,580</td>
|
|
<td>3,500</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1968</th>
|
|
<td>4,134</td>
|
|
<td>4,000</td>
|
|
<td>4,944</td>
|
|
<td>5,600</td>
|
|
<td>2,796</td>
|
|
<td>2,400</td>
|
|
<td>4,099</td>
|
|
<td>3,800</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1969</th>
|
|
<td>4,275</td>
|
|
<td>4,200</td>
|
|
<td>5,093</td>
|
|
<td>6,000</td>
|
|
<td>2,956</td>
|
|
<td>2,600</td>
|
|
<td>4,090</td>
|
|
<td>3,900</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1970</th>
|
|
<td>4,380</td>
|
|
<td>4,400</td>
|
|
<td>5,175</td>
|
|
<td>6,200</td>
|
|
<td>3,113</td>
|
|
<td>2,700</td>
|
|
<td>4,214</td>
|
|
<td>4,200</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1971</th>
|
|
<td>4,485</td>
|
|
<td>4,600</td>
|
|
<td>5,259</td>
|
|
<td>6,500</td>
|
|
<td>3,257</td>
|
|
<td>2,900</td>
|
|
<td>4,409</td>
|
|
<td>4,650</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1972</th>
|
|
<td>4,948</td>
|
|
<td>4,900</td>
|
|
<td>5,893</td>
|
|
<td>7,000</td>
|
|
<td>3,482</td>
|
|
<td>3,000</td>
|
|
<td>5,067</td>
|
|
<td>5,100</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1973</th>
|
|
<td>5,548</td>
|
|
<td>5,200</td>
|
|
<td>6,744</td>
|
|
<td>7,500</td>
|
|
<td>3,745</td>
|
|
<td>3,100</td>
|
|
<td>5,776</td>
|
|
<td>5,450</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1974</th>
|
|
<td>6,223</td>
|
|
<td>5,500</td>
|
|
<td>7,653</td>
|
|
<td>8,000</td>
|
|
<td>4,115</td>
|
|
<td>3,400</td>
|
|
<td>6,572</td>
|
|
<td>5,950</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1975</th>
|
|
<td>6,578</td>
|
|
<td>5,800</td>
|
|
<td>8,023</td>
|
|
<td>8,300</td>
|
|
<td>4,473</td>
|
|
<td>3,700</td>
|
|
<td>6,854</td>
|
|
<td>6,400</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1976</th>
|
|
<td>7,117</td>
|
|
<td>6,300</td>
|
|
<td>8,693</td>
|
|
<td>8,900</td>
|
|
<td>4,870</td>
|
|
<td>4,100</td>
|
|
<td>7,806</td>
|
|
<td>6,950</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1977</th>
|
|
<td>7,625</td>
|
|
<td>6,700</td>
|
|
<td>9,343</td>
|
|
<td>9,600</td>
|
|
<td>5,229</td>
|
|
<td>4,300</td>
|
|
<td>8,384</td>
|
|
<td>7,500</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1978</th>
|
|
<td>8,279</td>
|
|
<td>7,300</td>
|
|
<td>10,132</td>
|
|
<td>10,400</td>
|
|
<td>5,750</td>
|
|
<td>4,900</td>
|
|
<td>8,816</td>
|
|
<td>8,200</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1979</th>
|
|
<td>9,488</td>
|
|
<td>7,900</td>
|
|
<td>11,790</td>
|
|
<td>11,300</td>
|
|
<td>6,410</td>
|
|
<td>5,400</td>
|
|
<td>10,383</td>
|
|
<td>9,400</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>10,346</td>
|
|
<td>8,600</td>
|
|
<td>12,804</td>
|
|
<td>12,000</td>
|
|
<td>7,112</td>
|
|
<td>6,000</td>
|
|
<td>11,052</td>
|
|
<td>9,600</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>11,426</td>
|
|
<td>9,400</td>
|
|
<td>14,106</td>
|
|
<td>13,000</td>
|
|
<td>7,927</td>
|
|
<td>6,700</td>
|
|
<td>12,280</td>
|
|
<td>10,300</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>12,149</td>
|
|
<td>9,900</td>
|
|
<td>14,844</td>
|
|
<td>13,300</td>
|
|
<td>8,659</td>
|
|
<td>7,200</td>
|
|
<td>13,362</td>
|
|
<td>10,950</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>12,810</td>
|
|
<td>10,300</td>
|
|
<td>15,613</td>
|
|
<td>13,700</td>
|
|
<td>9,224</td>
|
|
<td>7,600</td>
|
|
<td>13,917</td>
|
|
<td>11,400</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>13,556</td>
|
|
<td>10,900</td>
|
|
<td>16,572</td>
|
|
<td>14,500</td>
|
|
<td>9,766</td>
|
|
<td>7,900</td>
|
|
<td>14,365</td>
|
|
<td>11,300</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>14,183</td>
|
|
<td>11,400</td>
|
|
<td>17,303</td>
|
|
<td>15,100</td>
|
|
<td>10,325</td>
|
|
<td>8,300</td>
|
|
<td>15,037</td>
|
|
<td>12,000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>14,824</td>
|
|
<td>11,900</td>
|
|
<td>18,002</td>
|
|
<td>15,600</td>
|
|
<td>10,948</td>
|
|
<td>8,800</td>
|
|
<td>16,204</td>
|
|
<td>12,950</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>15,430</td>
|
|
<td>12,300</td>
|
|
<td>18,636</td>
|
|
<td>16,100</td>
|
|
<td>11,560</td>
|
|
<td>9,300</td>
|
|
<td>16,257</td>
|
|
<td>12,700</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>16,067</td>
|
|
<td>12,900</td>
|
|
<td>19,304</td>
|
|
<td>16,600</td>
|
|
<td>12,186</td>
|
|
<td>9,800</td>
|
|
<td>16,943</td>
|
|
<td>13,250</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>16,847</td>
|
|
<td>13,400</td>
|
|
<td>20,163</td>
|
|
<td>17,200</td>
|
|
<td>12,902</td>
|
|
<td>10,300</td>
|
|
<td>18,780</td>
|
|
<td>15,100</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>17,633</td>
|
|
<td>14,000</td>
|
|
<td>20,990</td>
|
|
<td>17,800</td>
|
|
<td>13,669</td>
|
|
<td>10,900</td>
|
|
<td>19,937</td>
|
|
<td>16,500</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>18,182</td>
|
|
<td>14,400</td>
|
|
<td>21,455</td>
|
|
<td>17,900</td>
|
|
<td>14,342</td>
|
|
<td>11,400</td>
|
|
<td>21,272</td>
|
|
<td>18,250</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>18,887</td>
|
|
<td>14,900</td>
|
|
<td>22,199</td>
|
|
<td>18,400</td>
|
|
<td>15,034</td>
|
|
<td>11,900</td>
|
|
<td>22,037</td>
|
|
<td>18,800</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>19,327</td>
|
|
<td>15,100</td>
|
|
<td>22,662</td>
|
|
<td>18,700</td>
|
|
<td>15,455</td>
|
|
<td>12,100</td>
|
|
<td>22,841</td>
|
|
<td>20,150</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>20,022</td>
|
|
<td>15,600</td>
|
|
<td>23,576</td>
|
|
<td>19,400</td>
|
|
<td>15,930</td>
|
|
<td>12,400</td>
|
|
<td>23,137</td>
|
|
<td>18,700</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>20,629</td>
|
|
<td>16,200</td>
|
|
<td>24,224</td>
|
|
<td>20,000</td>
|
|
<td>16,504</td>
|
|
<td>12,900</td>
|
|
<td>23,835</td>
|
|
<td>19,100</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>21,357</td>
|
|
<td>16,800</td>
|
|
<td>25,066</td>
|
|
<td>20,800</td>
|
|
<td>17,129</td>
|
|
<td>13,400</td>
|
|
<td>24,950</td>
|
|
<td>20,200</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>22,386</td>
|
|
<td>17,600</td>
|
|
<td>26,274</td>
|
|
<td>21,900</td>
|
|
<td>17,985</td>
|
|
<td>14,100</td>
|
|
<td>24,905</td>
|
|
<td>20,500</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>23,525</td>
|
|
<td>18,600</td>
|
|
<td>27,582</td>
|
|
<td>23,100</td>
|
|
<td>18,958</td>
|
|
<td>14,900</td>
|
|
<td>26,290</td>
|
|
<td>21,800</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>24,580</td>
|
|
<td>19,400</td>
|
|
<td>28,802</td>
|
|
<td>24,100</td>
|
|
<td>19,840</td>
|
|
<td>15,600</td>
|
|
<td>28,665</td>
|
|
<td>23,700</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>25,757</td>
|
|
<td>20,300</td>
|
|
<td>30,149</td>
|
|
<td>25,200</td>
|
|
<td>20,851</td>
|
|
<td>16,400</td>
|
|
<td>30,797</td>
|
|
<td>25,450</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>26,739</td>
|
|
<td>21,000</td>
|
|
<td>31,141</td>
|
|
<td>25,700</td>
|
|
<td>21,826</td>
|
|
<td>17,100</td>
|
|
<td>32,920</td>
|
|
<td>26,500</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>27,364</td>
|
|
<td>21,300</td>
|
|
<td>31,743</td>
|
|
<td>25,900</td>
|
|
<td>22,499</td>
|
|
<td>17,500</td>
|
|
<td>33,686</td>
|
|
<td>26,800</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>28,009</td>
|
|
<td>21,700</td>
|
|
<td>32,396</td>
|
|
<td>26,300</td>
|
|
<td>23,154</td>
|
|
<td>18,000</td>
|
|
<td>34,133</td>
|
|
<td>29,900</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>28,913</td>
|
|
<td>22,500</td>
|
|
<td>33,396</td>
|
|
<td>27,200</td>
|
|
<td>23,965</td>
|
|
<td>18,500</td>
|
|
<td>34,542</td>
|
|
<td>29,100</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>29,745</td>
|
|
<td>23,100</td>
|
|
<td>34,341</td>
|
|
<td>28,000</td>
|
|
<td>24,685</td>
|
|
<td>19,000</td>
|
|
<td>36,241</td>
|
|
<td>30,600</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>30,953</td>
|
|
<td>24,000</td>
|
|
<td>35,764</td>
|
|
<td>29,100</td>
|
|
<td>25,696</td>
|
|
<td>19,700</td>
|
|
<td>36,799</td>
|
|
<td>32,500</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="onlyNote" colspan="9">SOURCE: Author's calculations based on the 2006 <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2>Summary</h2>
|
|
<p>The 2006 <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> contains earnings data for individuals drawn from a <span class="nobr">1-percent</span> sample of all <abbr class="spell">SSN</abbr>s issued before January 2007. The file contains limited demographic information and earnings data related to the Social Security program for 4,348,254 individuals. Although the file contains limited data fields, it is much larger than other public-use files with earnings histories. <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> will provide policymakers and researchers with a unique tool to evaluate the Social Security programs and potential reforms.</p>
|
|
<h2>Appendix</h2>
|
|
<div class="table" id="tablea1">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table A1. </span>Number and percentage distribution of individuals with Social Security taxable earnings records in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>, by sex, <span class="nobr">1951–2006</span> </caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stubHeading" scope="colgroup">Year</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">All workers</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">Men</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">Women</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">Sex unknown </th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Number</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percentage of workers</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Number</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percentage of workers</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Number</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percentage of workers</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1951</th>
|
|
<td>574,666</td>
|
|
<td>380,673</td>
|
|
<td>66.2</td>
|
|
<td>193,655</td>
|
|
<td>33.7</td>
|
|
<td>338</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1952</th>
|
|
<td>590,383</td>
|
|
<td>387,176</td>
|
|
<td>65.6</td>
|
|
<td>202,841</td>
|
|
<td>34.4</td>
|
|
<td>366</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1953</th>
|
|
<td>601,308</td>
|
|
<td>392,710</td>
|
|
<td>65.3</td>
|
|
<td>208,254</td>
|
|
<td>34.6</td>
|
|
<td>344</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1954</th>
|
|
<td>590,541</td>
|
|
<td>386,904</td>
|
|
<td>65.5</td>
|
|
<td>203,317</td>
|
|
<td>34.4</td>
|
|
<td>320</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1955</th>
|
|
<td>645,873</td>
|
|
<td>426,862</td>
|
|
<td>66.1</td>
|
|
<td>218,624</td>
|
|
<td>33.8</td>
|
|
<td>387</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1956</th>
|
|
<td>671,229</td>
|
|
<td>441,870</td>
|
|
<td>65.8</td>
|
|
<td>228,933</td>
|
|
<td>34.1</td>
|
|
<td>426</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1957</th>
|
|
<td>701,607</td>
|
|
<td>468,328</td>
|
|
<td>66.8</td>
|
|
<td>232,861</td>
|
|
<td>33.2</td>
|
|
<td>418</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1958</th>
|
|
<td>694,826</td>
|
|
<td>464,175</td>
|
|
<td>66.8</td>
|
|
<td>230,290</td>
|
|
<td>33.1</td>
|
|
<td>361</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1959</th>
|
|
<td>710,553</td>
|
|
<td>471,169</td>
|
|
<td>66.3</td>
|
|
<td>239,044</td>
|
|
<td>33.6</td>
|
|
<td>340</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1960</th>
|
|
<td>720,003</td>
|
|
<td>474,604</td>
|
|
<td>65.9</td>
|
|
<td>245,085</td>
|
|
<td>34.0</td>
|
|
<td>314</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1961</th>
|
|
<td>722,824</td>
|
|
<td>475,513</td>
|
|
<td>65.8</td>
|
|
<td>247,008</td>
|
|
<td>34.2</td>
|
|
<td>303</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1962</th>
|
|
<td>738,066</td>
|
|
<td>482,590</td>
|
|
<td>65.4</td>
|
|
<td>255,187</td>
|
|
<td>34.6</td>
|
|
<td>289</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1963</th>
|
|
<td>750,314</td>
|
|
<td>488,952</td>
|
|
<td>65.2</td>
|
|
<td>261,077</td>
|
|
<td>34.8</td>
|
|
<td>285</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1964</th>
|
|
<td>769,290</td>
|
|
<td>499,171</td>
|
|
<td>64.9</td>
|
|
<td>269,834</td>
|
|
<td>35.1</td>
|
|
<td>285</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1965</th>
|
|
<td>799,836</td>
|
|
<td>514,368</td>
|
|
<td>64.3</td>
|
|
<td>285,184</td>
|
|
<td>35.7</td>
|
|
<td>284</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1966</th>
|
|
<td>839,992</td>
|
|
<td>531,966</td>
|
|
<td>63.3</td>
|
|
<td>307,743</td>
|
|
<td>36.6</td>
|
|
<td>283</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1967</th>
|
|
<td>859,300</td>
|
|
<td>540,003</td>
|
|
<td>62.8</td>
|
|
<td>319,006</td>
|
|
<td>37.1</td>
|
|
<td>291</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1968</th>
|
|
<td>885,946</td>
|
|
<td>551,920</td>
|
|
<td>62.3</td>
|
|
<td>333,731</td>
|
|
<td>37.7</td>
|
|
<td>295</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1969</th>
|
|
<td>914,616</td>
|
|
<td>564,231</td>
|
|
<td>61.7</td>
|
|
<td>350,067</td>
|
|
<td>38.3</td>
|
|
<td>318</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1970</th>
|
|
<td>920,526</td>
|
|
<td>565,453</td>
|
|
<td>61.4</td>
|
|
<td>354,749</td>
|
|
<td>38.5</td>
|
|
<td>324</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1971</th>
|
|
<td>922,906</td>
|
|
<td>565,675</td>
|
|
<td>61.3</td>
|
|
<td>356,911</td>
|
|
<td>38.7</td>
|
|
<td>320</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1972</th>
|
|
<td>951,405</td>
|
|
<td>578,237</td>
|
|
<td>60.8</td>
|
|
<td>372,840</td>
|
|
<td>39.2</td>
|
|
<td>328</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1973</th>
|
|
<td>987,692</td>
|
|
<td>593,494</td>
|
|
<td>60.1</td>
|
|
<td>393,844</td>
|
|
<td>39.9</td>
|
|
<td>354</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1974</th>
|
|
<td>1,003,244</td>
|
|
<td>597,517</td>
|
|
<td>59.6</td>
|
|
<td>405,375</td>
|
|
<td>40.4</td>
|
|
<td>352</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1975</th>
|
|
<td>993,889</td>
|
|
<td>589,138</td>
|
|
<td>59.3</td>
|
|
<td>404,403</td>
|
|
<td>40.7</td>
|
|
<td>348</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1976</th>
|
|
<td>1,018,394</td>
|
|
<td>598,171</td>
|
|
<td>58.7</td>
|
|
<td>419,885</td>
|
|
<td>41.2</td>
|
|
<td>338</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1977</th>
|
|
<td>1,050,246</td>
|
|
<td>611,288</td>
|
|
<td>58.2</td>
|
|
<td>438,619</td>
|
|
<td>41.8</td>
|
|
<td>339</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1978</th>
|
|
<td>1,083,967</td>
|
|
<td>625,380</td>
|
|
<td>57.7</td>
|
|
<td>458,246</td>
|
|
<td>42.3</td>
|
|
<td>341</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1979</th>
|
|
<td>1,110,353</td>
|
|
<td>635,128</td>
|
|
<td>57.2</td>
|
|
<td>474,898</td>
|
|
<td>42.8</td>
|
|
<td>327</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>1,116,739</td>
|
|
<td>634,313</td>
|
|
<td>56.8</td>
|
|
<td>482,099</td>
|
|
<td>43.2</td>
|
|
<td>327</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>1,118,021</td>
|
|
<td>632,816</td>
|
|
<td>56.6</td>
|
|
<td>484,894</td>
|
|
<td>43.4</td>
|
|
<td>311</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>1,104,079</td>
|
|
<td>622,799</td>
|
|
<td>56.4</td>
|
|
<td>480,974</td>
|
|
<td>43.6</td>
|
|
<td>306</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>1,115,203</td>
|
|
<td>625,683</td>
|
|
<td>56.1</td>
|
|
<td>489,213</td>
|
|
<td>43.9</td>
|
|
<td>307</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>1,157,926</td>
|
|
<td>644,631</td>
|
|
<td>55.7</td>
|
|
<td>512,978</td>
|
|
<td>44.3</td>
|
|
<td>317</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>1,192,767</td>
|
|
<td>659,120</td>
|
|
<td>55.3</td>
|
|
<td>533,338</td>
|
|
<td>44.7</td>
|
|
<td>309</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>1,216,539</td>
|
|
<td>668,310</td>
|
|
<td>54.9</td>
|
|
<td>547,925</td>
|
|
<td>45.0</td>
|
|
<td>304</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>1,246,860</td>
|
|
<td>681,710</td>
|
|
<td>54.7</td>
|
|
<td>564,843</td>
|
|
<td>45.3</td>
|
|
<td>307</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>1,285,984</td>
|
|
<td>700,961</td>
|
|
<td>54.5</td>
|
|
<td>584,711</td>
|
|
<td>45.5</td>
|
|
<td>312</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>1,310,357</td>
|
|
<td>711,727</td>
|
|
<td>54.3</td>
|
|
<td>598,334</td>
|
|
<td>45.7</td>
|
|
<td>296</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>1,320,380</td>
|
|
<td>714,671</td>
|
|
<td>54.1</td>
|
|
<td>605,422</td>
|
|
<td>45.9</td>
|
|
<td>287</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>1,315,162</td>
|
|
<td>709,678</td>
|
|
<td>54.0</td>
|
|
<td>605,204</td>
|
|
<td>46.0</td>
|
|
<td>280</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>1,323,691</td>
|
|
<td>711,615</td>
|
|
<td>53.8</td>
|
|
<td>611,804</td>
|
|
<td>46.2</td>
|
|
<td>272</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>1,344,345</td>
|
|
<td>722,012</td>
|
|
<td>53.7</td>
|
|
<td>622,065</td>
|
|
<td>46.3</td>
|
|
<td>268</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>1,372,474</td>
|
|
<td>734,324</td>
|
|
<td>53.5</td>
|
|
<td>637,884</td>
|
|
<td>46.5</td>
|
|
<td>266</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>1,394,997</td>
|
|
<td>745,091</td>
|
|
<td>53.4</td>
|
|
<td>649,650</td>
|
|
<td>46.6</td>
|
|
<td>256</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>1,417,938</td>
|
|
<td>755,129</td>
|
|
<td>53.3</td>
|
|
<td>662,564</td>
|
|
<td>46.7</td>
|
|
<td>245</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>1,444,475</td>
|
|
<td>766,814</td>
|
|
<td>53.1</td>
|
|
<td>677,412</td>
|
|
<td>46.9</td>
|
|
<td>249</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>1,472,473</td>
|
|
<td>779,589</td>
|
|
<td>52.9</td>
|
|
<td>692,640</td>
|
|
<td>47.0</td>
|
|
<td>244</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>1,496,574</td>
|
|
<td>791,384</td>
|
|
<td>52.9</td>
|
|
<td>704,947</td>
|
|
<td>47.1</td>
|
|
<td>243</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>1,521,937</td>
|
|
<td>802,776</td>
|
|
<td>52.7</td>
|
|
<td>718,923</td>
|
|
<td>47.2</td>
|
|
<td>238</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>1,524,651</td>
|
|
<td>803,891</td>
|
|
<td>52.7</td>
|
|
<td>720,525</td>
|
|
<td>47.3</td>
|
|
<td>235</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>1,519,561</td>
|
|
<td>799,527</td>
|
|
<td>52.6</td>
|
|
<td>719,799</td>
|
|
<td>47.4</td>
|
|
<td>235</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>1,520,638</td>
|
|
<td>798,428</td>
|
|
<td>52.5</td>
|
|
<td>721,985</td>
|
|
<td>47.5</td>
|
|
<td>225</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>1,535,509</td>
|
|
<td>805,264</td>
|
|
<td>52.4</td>
|
|
<td>730,008</td>
|
|
<td>47.5</td>
|
|
<td>237</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>1,550,602</td>
|
|
<td>812,364</td>
|
|
<td>52.4</td>
|
|
<td>738,007</td>
|
|
<td>47.6</td>
|
|
<td>231</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>1,562,797</td>
|
|
<td>815,763</td>
|
|
<td>52.2</td>
|
|
<td>746,806</td>
|
|
<td>47.8</td>
|
|
<td>228</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Total</th>
|
|
<td>60,326,474</td>
|
|
<td>34,553,056</td>
|
|
<td>57.3</td>
|
|
<td>25,756,465</td>
|
|
<td>42.7</td>
|
|
<td>16,953</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="8">SOURCE: Author's calculations based on the 2006 <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="8">NOTE: Rounded components of percentage distributions do not necessarily sum to 100.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="8">a. Less than 0.05 percent</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="table" id="tablea2">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table A2. </span>Dollar amount and percentage distribution of Social Security taxable earnings in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>, by sex of earner, <span class="nobr">1951–2006</span> </caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stubHeading" scope="colgroup">Year</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Total Social Security taxable earnings ($)</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">Men</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">Women</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">Sex unknown </th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Dollar amount</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percentage of earnings</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Dollar amount</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percentage of earnings</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Dollar amount</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percentage of earnings</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1951</th>
|
|
<td>1,176,121,621</td>
|
|
<td>915,224,528</td>
|
|
<td>77.8</td>
|
|
<td>260,228,626</td>
|
|
<td>22.1</td>
|
|
<td>668,467</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1952</th>
|
|
<td>1,250,218,697</td>
|
|
<td>960,951,736</td>
|
|
<td>76.9</td>
|
|
<td>288,570,223</td>
|
|
<td>23.1</td>
|
|
<td>696,739</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1953</th>
|
|
<td>1,315,308,988</td>
|
|
<td>1,002,401,906</td>
|
|
<td>76.2</td>
|
|
<td>312,204,394</td>
|
|
<td>23.7</td>
|
|
<td>702,689</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1954</th>
|
|
<td>1,295,436,078</td>
|
|
<td>984,354,316</td>
|
|
<td>76.0</td>
|
|
<td>310,478,153</td>
|
|
<td>24.0</td>
|
|
<td>603,609</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1955</th>
|
|
<td>1,533,057,873</td>
|
|
<td>1,186,138,562</td>
|
|
<td>77.4</td>
|
|
<td>346,171,624</td>
|
|
<td>22.6</td>
|
|
<td>747,687</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1956</th>
|
|
<td>1,659,358,545</td>
|
|
<td>1,274,501,991</td>
|
|
<td>76.8</td>
|
|
<td>384,048,272</td>
|
|
<td>23.1</td>
|
|
<td>808,282</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1957</th>
|
|
<td>1,766,986,216</td>
|
|
<td>1,358,130,591</td>
|
|
<td>76.9</td>
|
|
<td>408,072,212</td>
|
|
<td>23.1</td>
|
|
<td>783,413</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1958</th>
|
|
<td>1,752,916,336</td>
|
|
<td>1,337,517,626</td>
|
|
<td>76.3</td>
|
|
<td>414,707,883</td>
|
|
<td>23.7</td>
|
|
<td>690,827</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1959</th>
|
|
<td>1,965,128,948</td>
|
|
<td>1,509,520,746</td>
|
|
<td>76.8</td>
|
|
<td>454,914,691</td>
|
|
<td>23.1</td>
|
|
<td>693,511</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1960</th>
|
|
<td>2,014,641,300</td>
|
|
<td>1,537,199,839</td>
|
|
<td>76.3</td>
|
|
<td>476,762,888</td>
|
|
<td>23.7</td>
|
|
<td>678,572</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1961</th>
|
|
<td>2,037,456,281</td>
|
|
<td>1,544,306,338</td>
|
|
<td>75.8</td>
|
|
<td>492,486,504</td>
|
|
<td>24.2</td>
|
|
<td>663,439</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1962</th>
|
|
<td>2,124,909,855</td>
|
|
<td>1,598,792,149</td>
|
|
<td>75.2</td>
|
|
<td>525,412,919</td>
|
|
<td>24.7</td>
|
|
<td>704,788</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1963</th>
|
|
<td>2,185,708,897</td>
|
|
<td>1,635,775,204</td>
|
|
<td>74.8</td>
|
|
<td>549,211,363</td>
|
|
<td>25.1</td>
|
|
<td>722,331</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1964</th>
|
|
<td>2,283,413,867</td>
|
|
<td>1,698,087,380</td>
|
|
<td>74.4</td>
|
|
<td>584,552,087</td>
|
|
<td>25.6</td>
|
|
<td>774,400</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1965</th>
|
|
<td>2,408,907,420</td>
|
|
<td>1,779,058,958</td>
|
|
<td>73.9</td>
|
|
<td>629,033,153</td>
|
|
<td>26.1</td>
|
|
<td>815,308</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1966</th>
|
|
<td>3,040,762,112</td>
|
|
<td>2,293,932,086</td>
|
|
<td>75.4</td>
|
|
<td>745,826,027</td>
|
|
<td>24.5</td>
|
|
<td>1,003,999</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1967</th>
|
|
<td>3,188,408,570</td>
|
|
<td>2,365,472,074</td>
|
|
<td>74.2</td>
|
|
<td>821,894,805</td>
|
|
<td>25.8</td>
|
|
<td>1,041,691</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1968</th>
|
|
<td>3,662,694,039</td>
|
|
<td>2,728,439,824</td>
|
|
<td>74.5</td>
|
|
<td>933,045,098</td>
|
|
<td>25.5</td>
|
|
<td>1,209,116</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1969</th>
|
|
<td>3,909,791,660</td>
|
|
<td>2,873,795,305</td>
|
|
<td>73.5</td>
|
|
<td>1,034,695,870</td>
|
|
<td>26.5</td>
|
|
<td>1,300,485</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1970</th>
|
|
<td>4,031,955,717</td>
|
|
<td>2,926,141,698</td>
|
|
<td>72.6</td>
|
|
<td>1,104,448,529</td>
|
|
<td>27.4</td>
|
|
<td>1,365,490</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1971</th>
|
|
<td>4,138,931,362</td>
|
|
<td>2,975,093,757</td>
|
|
<td>71.9</td>
|
|
<td>1,162,426,686</td>
|
|
<td>28.1</td>
|
|
<td>1,410,920</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1972</th>
|
|
<td>4,707,580,541</td>
|
|
<td>3,407,572,244</td>
|
|
<td>72.4</td>
|
|
<td>1,298,346,419</td>
|
|
<td>27.6</td>
|
|
<td>1,661,877</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1973</th>
|
|
<td>5,479,673,083</td>
|
|
<td>4,002,814,306</td>
|
|
<td>73.0</td>
|
|
<td>1,474,814,111</td>
|
|
<td>26.9</td>
|
|
<td>2,044,666</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1974</th>
|
|
<td>6,243,556,827</td>
|
|
<td>4,573,069,433</td>
|
|
<td>73.2</td>
|
|
<td>1,668,173,966</td>
|
|
<td>26.7</td>
|
|
<td>2,313,428</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1975</th>
|
|
<td>6,537,771,640</td>
|
|
<td>4,726,502,691</td>
|
|
<td>72.3</td>
|
|
<td>1,808,883,849</td>
|
|
<td>27.7</td>
|
|
<td>2,385,100</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1976</th>
|
|
<td>7,247,765,424</td>
|
|
<td>5,200,093,565</td>
|
|
<td>71.7</td>
|
|
<td>2,045,033,268</td>
|
|
<td>28.2</td>
|
|
<td>2,638,591</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1977</th>
|
|
<td>8,007,612,706</td>
|
|
<td>5,711,058,117</td>
|
|
<td>71.3</td>
|
|
<td>2,293,712,581</td>
|
|
<td>28.6</td>
|
|
<td>2,842,008</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1978</th>
|
|
<td>8,974,444,824</td>
|
|
<td>6,336,610,720</td>
|
|
<td>70.6</td>
|
|
<td>2,634,827,857</td>
|
|
<td>29.4</td>
|
|
<td>3,006,247</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1979</th>
|
|
<td>10,535,550,984</td>
|
|
<td>7,488,124,641</td>
|
|
<td>71.1</td>
|
|
<td>3,044,030,994</td>
|
|
<td>28.9</td>
|
|
<td>3,395,348</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1980</th>
|
|
<td>11,553,996,366</td>
|
|
<td>8,121,707,068</td>
|
|
<td>70.3</td>
|
|
<td>3,428,675,206</td>
|
|
<td>29.7</td>
|
|
<td>3,614,092</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1981</th>
|
|
<td>12,774,215,295</td>
|
|
<td>8,926,653,455</td>
|
|
<td>69.9</td>
|
|
<td>3,843,742,790</td>
|
|
<td>30.1</td>
|
|
<td>3,819,050</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>13,413,406,844</td>
|
|
<td>9,244,523,741</td>
|
|
<td>68.9</td>
|
|
<td>4,164,794,202</td>
|
|
<td>31.0</td>
|
|
<td>4,088,900</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>14,285,581,480</td>
|
|
<td>9,768,685,099</td>
|
|
<td>68.4</td>
|
|
<td>4,512,623,779</td>
|
|
<td>31.6</td>
|
|
<td>4,272,602</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>15,697,179,349</td>
|
|
<td>10,682,698,768</td>
|
|
<td>68.1</td>
|
|
<td>5,009,926,755</td>
|
|
<td>31.9</td>
|
|
<td>4,553,826</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>16,916,577,414</td>
|
|
<td>11,405,063,900</td>
|
|
<td>67.4</td>
|
|
<td>5,506,867,114</td>
|
|
<td>32.6</td>
|
|
<td>4,646,400</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>18,034,475,665</td>
|
|
<td>12,031,058,617</td>
|
|
<td>66.7</td>
|
|
<td>5,998,490,972</td>
|
|
<td>33.3</td>
|
|
<td>4,926,076</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>19,239,275,056</td>
|
|
<td>12,704,633,159</td>
|
|
<td>66.0</td>
|
|
<td>6,529,650,970</td>
|
|
<td>33.9</td>
|
|
<td>4,990,927</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>20,661,907,215</td>
|
|
<td>13,531,532,531</td>
|
|
<td>65.5</td>
|
|
<td>7,125,088,330</td>
|
|
<td>34.5</td>
|
|
<td>5,286,353</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>22,075,919,050</td>
|
|
<td>14,350,553,706</td>
|
|
<td>65.0</td>
|
|
<td>7,719,806,564</td>
|
|
<td>35.0</td>
|
|
<td>5,558,780</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>23,282,326,410</td>
|
|
<td>15,001,089,862</td>
|
|
<td>64.4</td>
|
|
<td>8,275,514,770</td>
|
|
<td>35.5</td>
|
|
<td>5,721,778</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>23,911,705,385</td>
|
|
<td>15,225,958,913</td>
|
|
<td>63.7</td>
|
|
<td>8,679,790,242</td>
|
|
<td>36.3</td>
|
|
<td>5,956,230</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>25,000,961,124</td>
|
|
<td>15,797,304,161</td>
|
|
<td>63.2</td>
|
|
<td>9,197,663,036</td>
|
|
<td>36.8</td>
|
|
<td>5,993,927</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>25,982,355,871</td>
|
|
<td>16,362,219,545</td>
|
|
<td>63.0</td>
|
|
<td>9,614,015,049</td>
|
|
<td>37.0</td>
|
|
<td>6,121,278</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>27,480,153,319</td>
|
|
<td>17,312,328,296</td>
|
|
<td>63.0</td>
|
|
<td>10,161,670,536</td>
|
|
<td>37.0</td>
|
|
<td>6,154,487</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>28,777,048,662</td>
|
|
<td>18,048,809,034</td>
|
|
<td>62.7</td>
|
|
<td>10,722,137,749</td>
|
|
<td>37.3</td>
|
|
<td>6,101,879</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>30,283,145,482</td>
|
|
<td>18,928,028,662</td>
|
|
<td>62.5</td>
|
|
<td>11,349,003,953</td>
|
|
<td>37.5</td>
|
|
<td>6,112,867</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>32,336,383,309</td>
|
|
<td>20,147,226,145</td>
|
|
<td>62.3</td>
|
|
<td>12,182,955,785</td>
|
|
<td>37.7</td>
|
|
<td>6,201,379</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>34,639,656,847</td>
|
|
<td>21,502,279,695</td>
|
|
<td>62.1</td>
|
|
<td>13,130,962,491</td>
|
|
<td>37.9</td>
|
|
<td>6,414,661</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>36,786,136,937</td>
|
|
<td>22,793,062,944</td>
|
|
<td>62.0</td>
|
|
<td>13,986,108,356</td>
|
|
<td>38.0</td>
|
|
<td>6,965,637</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>39,200,496,095</td>
|
|
<td>24,202,981,172</td>
|
|
<td>61.7</td>
|
|
<td>14,990,185,170</td>
|
|
<td>38.2</td>
|
|
<td>7,329,753</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>40,767,753,758</td>
|
|
<td>25,034,170,600</td>
|
|
<td>61.4</td>
|
|
<td>15,725,846,857</td>
|
|
<td>38.6</td>
|
|
<td>7,736,301</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>41,581,840,812</td>
|
|
<td>25,379,005,293</td>
|
|
<td>61.0</td>
|
|
<td>16,194,919,207</td>
|
|
<td>38.9</td>
|
|
<td>7,916,312</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>42,590,915,589</td>
|
|
<td>25,866,065,725</td>
|
|
<td>60.7</td>
|
|
<td>16,717,169,849</td>
|
|
<td>39.3</td>
|
|
<td>7,680,015</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>44,395,547,826</td>
|
|
<td>26,892,533,184</td>
|
|
<td>60.6</td>
|
|
<td>17,494,828,170</td>
|
|
<td>39.4</td>
|
|
<td>8,186,472</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>46,123,343,358</td>
|
|
<td>27,897,078,736</td>
|
|
<td>60.5</td>
|
|
<td>18,217,892,871</td>
|
|
<td>39.5</td>
|
|
<td>8,371,751</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>48,373,174,994</td>
|
|
<td>29,174,561,654</td>
|
|
<td>60.3</td>
|
|
<td>19,190,223,246</td>
|
|
<td>39.7</td>
|
|
<td>8,390,094</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Total</th>
|
|
<td>862,641,549,921</td>
|
|
<td>554,262,495,993</td>
|
|
<td>64.3</td>
|
|
<td>308,177,569,073</td>
|
|
<td>35.7</td>
|
|
<td>201,484,854</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="8">SOURCE: Author's calculations based on the 2006 <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="8">NOTE: Rounded components of percentage distributions do not necessarily sum to 100.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="8">a. Less than 0.05 percent</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700">
|
|
<div class="title" id="charta1">Chart A1.<br>Number of individuals in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> with capped Social Security taxable earnings during <span class="nobr">1937–1950</span>, by year of birth and sex</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v71n4p33_charta1.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="700" height="344" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart A1. </span>Number of individuals in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> with capped Social Security taxable earnings during <span class="nobr">1937–1950</span>, by year of birth and sex</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stubHeading" scope="colgroup">Year of birth</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">Number (in thousands)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Men</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Women</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1870</th>
|
|
<td>0.93</td>
|
|
<td>0.11</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1871</th>
|
|
<td>1.06</td>
|
|
<td>0.15</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1872</th>
|
|
<td>1.59</td>
|
|
<td>0.25</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1873</th>
|
|
<td>1.72</td>
|
|
<td>0.23</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1874</th>
|
|
<td>2.05</td>
|
|
<td>0.35</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1875</th>
|
|
<td>2.32</td>
|
|
<td>0.43</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1876</th>
|
|
<td>2.68</td>
|
|
<td>0.49</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1877</th>
|
|
<td>2.85</td>
|
|
<td>0.55</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1878</th>
|
|
<td>3.06</td>
|
|
<td>0.67</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1879</th>
|
|
<td>3.27</td>
|
|
<td>0.85</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1880</th>
|
|
<td>3.86</td>
|
|
<td>1.00</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1881</th>
|
|
<td>3.86</td>
|
|
<td>1.07</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1882</th>
|
|
<td>4.53</td>
|
|
<td>1.27</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1883</th>
|
|
<td>4.47</td>
|
|
<td>1.32</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1884</th>
|
|
<td>5.21</td>
|
|
<td>1.66</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1885</th>
|
|
<td>5.21</td>
|
|
<td>1.76</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1886</th>
|
|
<td>5.56</td>
|
|
<td>1.91</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1887</th>
|
|
<td>5.21</td>
|
|
<td>2.05</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1888</th>
|
|
<td>6.31</td>
|
|
<td>2.47</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1889</th>
|
|
<td>6.26</td>
|
|
<td>2.53</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1890</th>
|
|
<td>6.36</td>
|
|
<td>2.65</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1891</th>
|
|
<td>6.29</td>
|
|
<td>2.82</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1892</th>
|
|
<td>7.25</td>
|
|
<td>3.28</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1893</th>
|
|
<td>7.13</td>
|
|
<td>3.31</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1894</th>
|
|
<td>7.23</td>
|
|
<td>3.62</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1895</th>
|
|
<td>7.45</td>
|
|
<td>3.78</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1896</th>
|
|
<td>7.64</td>
|
|
<td>4.04</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1897</th>
|
|
<td>7.38</td>
|
|
<td>3.99</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1898</th>
|
|
<td>7.84</td>
|
|
<td>4.51</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1899</th>
|
|
<td>7.39</td>
|
|
<td>4.15</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1900</th>
|
|
<td>8.76</td>
|
|
<td>4.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1901</th>
|
|
<td>7.80</td>
|
|
<td>4.76</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1902</th>
|
|
<td>8.85</td>
|
|
<td>5.18</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1903</th>
|
|
<td>8.78</td>
|
|
<td>5.27</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1904</th>
|
|
<td>9.06</td>
|
|
<td>5.70</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1905</th>
|
|
<td>9.49</td>
|
|
<td>6.13</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1906</th>
|
|
<td>9.48</td>
|
|
<td>6.12</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1907</th>
|
|
<td>10.17</td>
|
|
<td>6.60</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1908</th>
|
|
<td>10.36</td>
|
|
<td>7.01</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1909</th>
|
|
<td>10.59</td>
|
|
<td>6.98</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1910</th>
|
|
<td>10.84</td>
|
|
<td>7.47</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1911</th>
|
|
<td>10.98</td>
|
|
<td>7.62</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1912</th>
|
|
<td>11.53</td>
|
|
<td>8.08</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1913</th>
|
|
<td>11.54</td>
|
|
<td>8.40</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1914</th>
|
|
<td>12.12</td>
|
|
<td>9.00</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1915</th>
|
|
<td>12.00</td>
|
|
<td>9.08</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1916</th>
|
|
<td>12.16</td>
|
|
<td>9.24</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1917</th>
|
|
<td>12.03</td>
|
|
<td>9.64</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1918</th>
|
|
<td>12.71</td>
|
|
<td>10.27</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1919</th>
|
|
<td>12.49</td>
|
|
<td>10.18</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1920</th>
|
|
<td>13.19</td>
|
|
<td>11.08</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1921</th>
|
|
<td>13.62</td>
|
|
<td>11.52</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1922</th>
|
|
<td>12.87</td>
|
|
<td>11.42</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1923</th>
|
|
<td>12.95</td>
|
|
<td>11.34</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1924</th>
|
|
<td>13.06</td>
|
|
<td>11.93</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1925</th>
|
|
<td>12.46</td>
|
|
<td>11.63</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1926</th>
|
|
<td>12.40</td>
|
|
<td>11.07</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1927</th>
|
|
<td>12.23</td>
|
|
<td>10.99</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1928</th>
|
|
<td>11.80</td>
|
|
<td>10.55</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1929</th>
|
|
<td>11.03</td>
|
|
<td>9.88</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1930</th>
|
|
<td>10.80</td>
|
|
<td>9.26</td>
|
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1931</th>
|
|
<td>9.58</td>
|
|
<td>8.27</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1932</th>
|
|
<td>8.61</td>
|
|
<td>7.26</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1933</th>
|
|
<td>6.14</td>
|
|
<td>4.86</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1934</th>
|
|
<td>4.12</td>
|
|
<td>2.78</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1935</th>
|
|
<td>1.75</td>
|
|
<td>0.89</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1936</th>
|
|
<td>0.70</td>
|
|
<td>0.26</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1937</th>
|
|
<td>0.23</td>
|
|
<td>0.07</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1938</th>
|
|
<td>0.08</td>
|
|
<td>0.03</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1939</th>
|
|
<td>0.03</td>
|
|
<td>0.02</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1940</th>
|
|
<td>0.02</td>
|
|
<td>0.01</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1941</th>
|
|
<td>0.02</td>
|
|
<td>0.01</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1942</th>
|
|
<td>0.01</td>
|
|
<td>0.01</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1943</th>
|
|
<td>0.01</td>
|
|
<td>0.01</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1944</th>
|
|
<td>0.01</td>
|
|
<td>0.01</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1945</th>
|
|
<td>0.01</td>
|
|
<td>0.01</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1946</th>
|
|
<td>0.02</td>
|
|
<td>0.02</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1947</th>
|
|
<td>0.01</td>
|
|
<td>0.03</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1948</th>
|
|
<td>0.01</td>
|
|
<td>0.02</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1949</th>
|
|
<td>0.01</td>
|
|
<td>0.02</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1950</th>
|
|
<td>0.01</td>
|
|
<td>0.02</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="3"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="onlyNote">SOURCE: Author's calculations based on the 2006 <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr>.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="notes">
|
|
<h2>Notes</h2>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt1" id="mn1">1</a> The <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> contains all of the earnings data collected to administer the Social Security programs.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt2" id="mn2">2</a> Noncovered earnings are wage and salary income not covered under the Social Security programs.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt3" id="mn3">3</a> For a discussion of <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> earnings data, see Olsen and Hudson (2009).</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt4" id="mn4">4</a> This limitation is discussed later in the article.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt5" id="mn5">5</a> For historical changes in coverage, see <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> (2009, Table 2.A1).</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt6" id="mn6">6</a> <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics uses this measure to generate its published estimates of earnings.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt7" id="mn7">7</a> Technically, this is not always correct because some earnings are reported on the Earnings Suspense File and not posted on the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr>. For a detailed discussion, see <abbr class="spell">GAO</abbr> (2005).</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt8" id="mn8">8</a> The average wage index is calculated annually using wages subject to federal income taxes and contributions to deferred compensation plans. The index is used in determining an individual's retirement benefit amount as well as to determine several other key dollar amounts in the administration of the Social Security programs. For more detail, see <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> (2010).</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt9" id="mn9">9</a> This process is done because of the prohibitive costs associated with going back to the microfilm to determine the exact number of <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s earned by individuals with earnings during the <span class="nobr">1937–1946</span> period.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt10" id="mn10">10</a> For individuals with earnings during this period who did not meet program criteria for benefits or coverage (using this technique to estimate <abbr class="spell">QC</abbr>s), a detailed manual search of microfilm records determines if the individual was eligible for benefits and, if so, the benefit amount.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt11" id="mn11">11</a> Including these flags would have created serious data disclosure problems because they provide much more individually identifiable information.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt12" id="mn12">12</a> For a detailed discussion of deferred earnings in <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> data, see Pattison and Waldron (2008).</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt13" id="mn13">13</a> For a description of the three components of the <abbr class="spell">SSN</abbr> (area, group, and serial number), see Puckett (2009).</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt14" id="mn14">14</a> Nonoverlapping samples are important from a data disclosure perspective if <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> decides to release any additional public-use data files.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt15" id="mn15">15</a> The sample design is equal to the ratio of the variance of the systematic random sample for <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> and the variance assuming a simple random sample without replacement.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt16" id="mn16">16</a> The Numident is a master file of all <abbr class="spell">SSN</abbr>s ever assigned. It contains the identifying information given when an individual applies for an <abbr class="spell">SSN</abbr>.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt17" id="mn17">17</a> This includes 319 individuals who were ultimately removed from the underlying <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> sample because they were also in the New Beneficiary Data Systems (discussed in the data disclosure section of the article).</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt18" id="mn18">18</a> The source for <abbr class="spell">YOB</abbr> data in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> is the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> summary record, which may not contain the same value that appears in the Numident or Master Beneficiary Record files.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt19" id="mn19">19</a> See the text box for a brief description of the other public-use data files that contain earnings data from Social Security administrative files. To evaluate the disclosure risk for individuals in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> who are included in other publicly available data files, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> considers four key points: the potential magnitude of the overlap between files, the possibility of matching records across files with any certainty, the additional information that would be revealed in the unlikely event that records could be matched with any certainty, and the ability to reidentify someone in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> based on publicly available data.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt20" id="mn20">20</a> Thus, the total number of individuals removed from the underlying <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> sample because of data cleaning and data disclosure is 28,770.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt21" id="mn21">21</a> The <abbr class="spell">SSB</abbr> is a set of files containing individual-level data synthesized from Census Bureau's Survey of Income Program Participation (<abbr>SIPP</abbr>) results linked to various Social Security administrative files. The Census Bureau produces the <abbr class="spell">SSB</abbr>, which is the result of an interagency project that also includes <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">IRS</abbr>.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt22" id="mn22">22</a> Under random rounding, a multiple of the rounding base will not change, while a number that is not a multiple of the base will round to either of the two closest multiples of the base. For example, when random-rounding to a base of $25, the value $550 will not change. However, a value of $562 may round to either $550 or $575. The random-rounding process provides some uncertainty about the actual number reported on the individual's <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> earnings record. For example, if the earnings contained in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> are $550 we know the actual amount reported to <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> was between $526 and $574. The interval of uncertainty increases with the amount of earnings reported.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt23" id="mn23">23</a> Unless otherwise noted, the numbers of records and the amounts of earnings shown in the charts and tables are unweighted.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt24" id="mn24">24</a> Additionally, in many years, the percentage of individuals with earnings at or above the taxable maximum differs substantially by sex.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt25" id="mn25">25</a> <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> cannot determine married-couple or parent-child relationships in the file based on the information derived from the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr>. <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> establishes such linkages after an individual applies for benefits. In any event, linking currently or previously married individuals or indicating a familial relationship in <abbr class="spell">EPUF</abbr> would create serious data disclosure risks.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt26" id="mn26">26</a> An electronic folder (created when an individual applies for benefits) contains the certified earnings record, which summarizes all the earnings records from the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> and provides the basis for computing an individual's benefits.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt27" id="mn27">27</a> Enumeration is the process by which <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> assigns a unique <abbr class="spell">SSN</abbr> for every person in order to create a work and benefit record for the Social Security program. <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> verifies all of the information on the <abbr class="spell">SSN</abbr> application.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt28" id="mn28">28</a> Earnings that cannot be properly assigned to an individual's earnings records on the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> are placed on the Earnings Suspense File. The amount of earnings assigned to the Earnings Suspense File has grown dramatically over the past 20 years (<abbr class="spell">GAO</abbr> 2005).</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt29" id="mn29">29</a> In March 2011, budget constraints led the <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> to suspend the production and mailing of printed statements. The agency is working toward developing an online alternative.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt30" id="mn30">30</a> This chart omits individuals whose sex is unknown. Appendix <a href="#tablea2">Table A2</a> shows distributions by sex, including individuals of unknown sex.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt31" id="mn31">31</a> Recall that any earnings reported before the individual was 15 years old were assigned a value of zero for data disclosure reasons.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt32" id="mn32">32</a> Appendix <a href="#tablea1">Tables <span class="nobr">A1–A2</span></a> present the data underlying <a href="#chart8">Charts <span class="nobr">8–9</span></a>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="references">
|
|
<h2>References</h2>
|
|
<p>[Board of Trustees] Board of Trustees of the <span class="nobr">Old-Age,</span> Survivors, and Disability Insurance Trust Funds. 2010. <i>Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the <span class="nobr">Old-Age,</span> Survivors, and Disability Insurance Trust Funds, 2010.</i> Washington, <abbr class="spell">DC</abbr>: <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>.</p>
|
|
<p>[<abbr class="spell">GAO</abbr>] Government Accountability Office. 2005. <i>Better Coordination Among Federal Agencies Could Reduce Unidentified Earnings Reports.</i> Report <abbr title="number">no.</abbr> <abbr class="spell">GAO</abbr>-05-154. Washington, <abbr class="spell">DC</abbr>: Government Printing Office.</p>
|
|
<p>Olsen, Anya, and Russell Hudson. 2009. "<a href="/policy/docs/ssb/v69n3/v69n3p29.html">Social Security Administration's Master Earnings File: Background Information</a>."<i> Social Security Bulletin</i> 69(3): <span class="nobr">29–45</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>Pattison, David, and Hilary Waldron. 2008. "<a href="/policy/docs/rsnotes/rsn2008-03.html">Trends in Elective Deferrals of Earnings from <span class="nobr">1990–2001</span> in Social Security Administrative Data</a>." Research and Statistical Note <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 2008-03. Washington, <abbr class="spell">DC</abbr>: <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>.</p>
|
|
<p>Puckett, Carolyn. 2009. "<a href="/policy/docs/ssb/v69n2/v69n2p55.html">The Story of the Social Security Number</a>." <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> 69(2): <span class="nobr">55–74</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>[<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>] Social Security Administration. 2009. <i><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/supplement/2008/index.html">Annual Statistical Supplement to the Social Security Bulletin, 2008</a>.</i> Washington, <abbr class="spell">DC</abbr>: <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>.</p>
|
|
<p>———. 2010. "Automatic Increases: National Average Wage Index." <a href="/OACT/COLA/AWI.html">http://www.socialsecurity.gov/OACT/COLA/AWI.html</a>.</p>
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