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<h1 itemprop="headline">Employment among Social Security Disability Program Beneficiaries, <span class="nobr">1996–2007</span></h1>
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<div id="hByline">by <span itemprop="author">Arif Mamun, Paul O'Leary, David C. Wittenburg, and Jesse Gregory</span><br>Social Security Bulletin, <abbr title="Volume">Vol.</abbr> 71, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 3, 2011 (released August 2011)</div>
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<div id="breadcrumbs" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BreadcrumbList">You are here: <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Social Security Administration</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1" /></span> > <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/policy/index.html" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Research, Statistics & Policy Analysis</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="2" /></span> > <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/policy/docs/ssb/index.html" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Social Security Bulletin</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="3" /></span> > <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="index.html" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name"><abbr title="Volume">Vol.</abbr> 71, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 3</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="4" /></span></div>
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<p id="synopsis" itemprop="description">We use linked administrative data from program and earnings records to summarize the 2007 employment rates of Social Security disability program beneficiaries at the national and state levels, as well as changes in employment since 1996. The findings provide new information on the employment activities of beneficiaries that should be useful in assessing current agency policies and providing benchmarks for ongoing demonstration projects and future return-to-work initiatives. The overall employment rate—which we define as annual earnings over $1,000—was 12 percent in 2007. Substantial variation exists within the population. Disability Insurance beneficiaries and those younger than age 40 were much more likely to work relative to other Social Security beneficiaries. Additionally, substantial regional variation exists across states; employment rates ranged from 7 percent (West Virginia) to 23 percent (North Dakota). Moreover, we find that the employment rates among beneficiaries were sensitive to the business cycle and persistent over time.</p>
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<div class="eightypercent">
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<p>Arif Mamun is a senior researcher at Mathematica Policy Research; Paul O'Leary is an economist with the Office of Retirement and Disability Policy, Social Security Administration; David C. Wittenburg is a senior researcher at Mathematica; and Jesse Gregory is with the Department of Economics at the University of Michigan.</p>
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<p><i>Acknowledgments:</i> We thank David Stapleton for helpful comments and Dawn Phelps for programming support. </p>
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<p>The research for this article was supported by the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research of the <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> Department of Education, through its Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Employment Policy (grant <abbr title="number">no.</abbr> H133B040012).</p>
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<p>Contents of this publication are <a href="/policy/accessibility.html">not copyrighted</a>; any items may be reprinted, but citation of the <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> as the source is requested. The findings and conclusions presented in the <i>Bulletin</i> are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Social Security Administration, Mathematica Policy Research, or the University of Michigan.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<h2>Introduction</h2>
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<div class="abbrtable">
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<table role="presentation">
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<caption>Selected Abbreviations</caption>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr></td>
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<td>Disability Insurance</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr></td>
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<td>Master Earnings File</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">SGA</abbr></td>
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<td>substantial gainful activity</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr></td>
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<td>Social Security Administration</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr></td>
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<td>Supplemental Security Income</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr></td>
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<td>Ticket Research File</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">TTW</abbr></td>
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<td>Ticket to Work</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</div>
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<p>In recent years, there has been increasing interest in identifying interventions to promote employment for the more than 10 million working-age individuals with disabilities who receive cash benefits from the Social Security Administration's (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s) Disability Insurance (<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>) and Supplemental Security Income (<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>) disability programs. Declining employment rates of individuals with disabilities and the increasing number of people who receive disability cash benefits drive the need for identifying such strategies.</p>
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<p>A key challenge in developing interventions to promote employment among disability program beneficiaries<sup><a href="#mn1" id="mt1">1</a></sup> is that the beneficiaries might have access to varying levels of support, particularly across states. For example, there is substantial variation in the eligibility requirements and generosity of state programs that support individuals with disabilities, such as Medicaid and state vocational rehabilitation programs. Additionally, the economic environment varies across states, which could affect decisions regarding work and program participation. An important first step in designing policies to support employment of people with disabilities is to understand how employment varies by state.<sup><a href="#mn2" id="mt2">2</a></sup></p>
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<p>However, there is very limited empirical evidence on the employment outcomes of disability beneficiaries in most available survey and administrative data sources. Survey data generally include limited information on <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program status, while Social Security administrative records only include information on earnings that is necessary to calculate a benefit amount (for example, program administrative records for both <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> exclude certain types of income disregarded in the calculation of benefits). This lack of information represents a major barrier to understanding whether any progress is being made in achieving the broader policy objectives of promoting employment among disability beneficiaries.</p>
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<p>This article addresses the gap in the literature that currently exists by examining the variation in employment rates of <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> beneficiaries over time and across states using a consistent measure of earnings from administrative data. It also examines the extent to which observable beneficiary demographic and disability characteristics can explain the variation in employment rates. We use linked administrative data from program records on <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> participation and earnings records from the Master Earnings File (<abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr>) to summarize the 2007 employment rates of Social Security disability beneficiaries at the national and state levels, as well as changes in employment since 1996. The linked database enables us to construct an employment measure that can be consistently applied to both <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries across multiple years. We chose 2007 because it was the most recent year for which complete annual earnings information was available. The available program data provide information on cross sections of working-age individuals who received benefits since 1996, including the more than 10 million beneficiaries who received <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and/or <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits in 2007. We first present national-level estimates of employment and then assess whether variations in employment rates exist for subgroups of beneficiaries across program titles, demographic traits, impairment conditions, and states. Next, we examine changes in employment rates from 1996 through 2007 at the national and state levels. The main text provides an overall summary of findings; the appendices include more detailed employment rates for key subgroups, especially at the state level, which are comparable with program statistics produced by <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> in its ongoing publications, such as the <i>Annual Statistical Supplement</i>.</p>
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<p>The findings provide new information on the employment activities of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries that should be useful in assessing current <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> policies and providing benchmarks for ongoing demonstration projects and future return-to-work initiatives. We define beneficiaries with annual earnings exceeding $1,000 as employed;<sup><a href="#mn3" id="mt3">3</a></sup> under this definition of employment, the overall employment rate of Social Security disability beneficiaries was 12 percent in 2007. Substantial variation in employment rates exists within the population. <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only beneficiaries and those younger than age 40 were much more likely to work relative to other beneficiaries. Additionally, substantial regional variation exists, as Northern Plains and Midwestern states tended to have higher employment rates and Southern states tended to have lower rates. Across states, employment rates ranged from 7 percent (West Virginia) to 23 percent (North Dakota). We also find that state-level employment rates for beneficiaries were persistent over time. Employment rates were sensitive to the business cycle, with the overall rate for all disability beneficiaries varying from 11 percent to 13 percent since 1996.</p>
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<p>The overall employment rates for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries are low relative to the general population. This is not surprising given the program eligibility requirements for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>. The substantial variation that exists within subgroups, however, underscores the potential value of the data for informing <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> policies. For example, holding individual demographic and disability characteristics constant, the substantial employment variation across states suggests that economic and policy differences may explain why some states have much stronger employment outcomes relative to other states. However, the fact that employment rates by state are generally persistent over time means either the states' economies and policies changed little over the <span class="nobr">12-year</span> study period, or the changes that occurred had little effect on employment of beneficiaries with disabilities.</p>
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<h2>Social Security Disability Programs and Recent Employment Initiatives and Estimates</h2>
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<p>Disability programs covered under Social Security include <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>. <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> is a social insurance program designed to replace the loss of wages of adult workers with disabilities, and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> is an income-maintenance program for low-income working-age adults and children with disabilities.<sup><a href="#mn4" id="mt4">4</a></sup> The eligibility rules for <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> will quite likely lead to differences in the employment outcomes across those programs even in the absence of differences in program rules. To qualify for <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>, beneficiaries must have a work history, whereas to qualify for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>, recipients must meet income and asset criteria. One important implication is that <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries tend to be older and have a work history compared with <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients.</p>
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<p>Both programs use the same administrative disability assessment process to determine whether an applicant—</p>
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<ol>
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<li>Has a medically determined impairment that has lasted or is expected to last for at least 12 months or result in death.</li>
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<li>Was unable to engage in substantial gainful activity (<abbr class="spell">SGA</abbr>), which was defined as the ability to earn more than $900 per month in 2007 for all nonblind disability applicants and $1,500 per month for blind disability applicants.</li>
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</ol>
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<p>The process of establishing eligibility has important implications for employment of beneficiaries because both programs place strong emphasis on proving an inability to work above <abbr class="spell">SGA</abbr> to become eligible for benefits. Applicants must provide <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> with extensive medical and, in some cases, vocational documentation about their impairment. The typical application process is also long. According to the Social Security Advisory Board (2006), initial disability determinations on average take 120 days. However, most initial determinations are rejected, and a substantial portion of those determinations is appealed, which can lengthen the application process up to several years for some beneficiaries.</p>
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<p>Despite the long application process, there is a strong incentive for many individuals with disabilities to apply for benefits, which provide an important source of income, as well as access to medical coverage. <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients (in most states) are categorically eligible for Medicaid; most <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries must serve a <span class="nobr">2-year</span> waiting period to become eligible for Medicare. Although there are eligibility and coverage differences between Medicare and Medicaid, both provide an important source of health care coverage to offset potentially expensive medical costs. For those with high health care needs, the medical benefits provided under these programs can be more valuable in dollar terms than the actual cash benefits from <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>.</p>
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<p>The <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> work rules differ in important ways that have implications for employment while receiving benefits. In the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program, individuals are permitted to work and earn over $640 for up to 9 months without losing eligibility for <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> cash benefits. This <span class="nobr">9-month</span> period is referred to as the trial work period (<abbr class="spell">TWP</abbr>).<sup><a href="#mn5" id="mt5">5</a></sup> After completing the <abbr class="spell">TWP</abbr>, beneficiaries enter a <span class="nobr">36-month</span> extended period of eligibility (<abbr class="spell">EPE</abbr>). Except for a <span class="nobr">3-month</span> grace period, individuals who earn more than the <abbr class="spell">SGA</abbr> level in any month during the <abbr class="spell">EPE</abbr> face a cash cliff in which they lose their entire cash benefit for that month (but remain eligible for Medicare). After completing the <abbr class="spell">EPE</abbr>, <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> cash benefits are terminated in the first month when earnings are above the <abbr class="spell">SGA</abbr> level. In the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program, earnings greater than $65 per month reduce <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payments by $1 for every $2 of earnings.<sup><a href="#mn6" id="mt6">6</a></sup> Hence, unlike the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> cash cliff, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payments are reduced gradually as earnings rise. Provisions in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program (sections 1619a and b) allow participants to earn more than the <abbr class="spell">SGA</abbr> level and remain eligible for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and Medicaid even after <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> cash payments cease because of earnings (for more details, see <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> (2011)).</p>
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<p>The programmatic rules for continuing eligibility create potential work disincentives for both <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> beneficiaries (Stapleton and others 2006). First, both <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> beneficiaries maintain their eligibility as long as they meet <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s disability criteria. The process of proving an inability to work to gain access to benefits can lead to persistently low expectations for work in the future and can cause participants to feel dependent on the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> programs. Second, low expectations for work can influence the expectations of staff who administer the programs and the rehabilitation providers who give employment supports to those populations. Third, <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> beneficiaries risk both the loss of cash benefits and health care coverage for excess earnings, though the rules differ across <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>.<sup><a href="#mn7" id="mt7">7</a></sup> Although both programs include the incentives noted above that allow beneficiaries to work and retain benefits, substantial disincentives remain. For example, the $1-for-$2 offset for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> amounts to an implicit 50 percent tax on earnings.</p>
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<h3>Recent Employment Initiatives from <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr></h3>
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<p>In recent years, there has been an increasing emphasis on promoting return-to-work outcomes of Social Security beneficiaries with disabilities. The largest of those efforts started in 1999 when policymakers implemented the Ticket to Work (<abbr class="spell">TTW</abbr>) program. A major emphasis of <abbr class="spell">TTW</abbr> was to expand return-to-work services for <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> beneficiaries. Prior to <abbr class="spell">TTW</abbr>, virtually all such publicly financed services were provided through state vocational rehabilitation agencies. The new program gives beneficiaries more choices for obtaining services and offers employment-support service providers new financial incentives to serve beneficiaries effectively.</p>
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<p><abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> has also conducted several demonstration projects designed to promote employment outcomes of different subgroups of <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> beneficiaries, including those who are without health care coverage, younger, working, or those with mental impairments. These interventions include the Accelerated Benefits demonstration, which provided immediate health benefits (rather than serving the <span class="nobr">2-year</span> Medicare waiting period) and employment supports, when appropriate, to newly entitled <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries who were selected for the study; the Benefit Offset National Demonstration, which tests a $1-for-$2 benefit offset above <abbr class="spell">SGA</abbr> for <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries; the Mental Health Treatment Study, which provided mental health treatments (pharmaceutical and psychotherapeutic) and employment supports that were not covered by other insurance for <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> study participants; and the Youth Transition Demonstration, which provides intensive employment supports and benefits counseling to increase employment among youth and young adults with disabilities. For more information on these initiatives, see Rangarajan and others (2008).</p>
|
|
<h3>Recent Employment Estimates</h3>
|
|
<p>Although <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> provides a variety of employment estimates through its statistical publications, the estimates in those publications are limited. The lack of empirical estimates for employment among beneficiaries with disabilities is primarily driven by the limited information on work in the underlying Social Security administrative data. One problem is that statistics on work and earnings are based on the information reported to <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> by beneficiaries. Such information may not be accurate if beneficiaries do not properly report their work and earnings in a timely manner. <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> uses Internal Revenue Service information and other data to identify beneficiaries who may have failed to fully report their work and earnings, but those enforcement activities occur with considerable lag, and so they only identify work activities well after occurrence. For work and earnings data that were reported, there may be additional lags in processing and recording the information by <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> staff because of workload constraints. The administrative reporting lags are particularly relevant to the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program because changes in earnings often do not have an immediate effect on monthly benefits, reducing the need for immediate data entry. For example, because of the trial work period, <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries can work above the monthly threshold level ($640 per month in 2007) for up to 9 months in a <span class="nobr">60-month</span> period before <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> cash benefits would be affected. With competing workload priorities in <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> field offices, the recording of <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> work may be delayed in favor of more pressing administrative demands. <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> earnings, however, immediately affect benefit levels, so there is a strong need to record <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> earnings in a timely fashion. Such differences in administrative requirements in part explain why many of the published statistics differ for the two programs. For example, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> statistics include earnings levels for working recipients, but <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> statistics do not.</p>
|
|
<p>Beyond <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s regular statistical publications, the evaluation reports for the <abbr class="spell">TTW</abbr> program have provided additional data on work and earnings for Social Security beneficiaries that are uniform across the two programs. Those reports rely on administrative data, as well as a nationally representative survey of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability recipients and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries—the National Beneficiary Survey (<abbr class="spell">NBS</abbr>)—which was conducted in three annual waves from 2004 through 2006. The analysis of the administrative data has focused primarily on the characteristics and employment experiences of beneficiaries participating in the <abbr class="spell">TTW</abbr> program, although the survey data provided a wealth of information on employment outcomes for all Social Security beneficiaries. Livermore, Stapleton, and Roche (2009), for example, used the <abbr class="spell">NBS</abbr> data to show that 13 percent of all Social Security disability beneficiaries worked during the previous year, with slightly higher rates of employment for <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and concurrent beneficiaries (13 percent and 15 percent, respectively) in comparison with <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability recipients (11 percent). The higher rates of employment among <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries are not surprising given the differences in program eligibility requirements and program rules related to employment. The authors also found that beneficiaries who worked while still receiving benefits averaged 22 hours of work per week at an average wage of $6.38 per hour and earnings of $637 per month. Working beneficiaries were also more likely to work for extended periods, with an average tenure of 46 months.</p>
|
|
<p>Although some information exists on employment of Social Security beneficiaries, important gaps in knowledge remain on how employment rates vary across beneficiary subgroups and trends over time. For example, there are only limited data (primarily from <abbr class="spell">TTW</abbr> reports) on beneficiary employment by age and impairment subgroups and no information on employment of <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries at the state level over time. This article helps fill that gap by taking advantage of the linked administrative data, which was not available previously. Because of the need for a large sample to analyze employment outcomes for subgroups of disability beneficiaries, the administrative data enabled us to estimate the employment rates for various subgroups, by state of residence, which is not available in the literature.</p>
|
|
<h2>Data and Methodology</h2>
|
|
<p>Our approach addresses the limited information available on the employment experiences of Social Security disability program beneficiaries. In this section we describe the administrative data used in the analysis, the sample selection criteria and definitions, as well as our approach to generating the employment estimates.</p>
|
|
<h3>Administrative Records from the Ticket Research File and Master Earnings File</h3>
|
|
<p>We use linked program and earnings data to construct employment statistics for the full population of working-age beneficiaries receiving disability benefits from 1996 through 2007. We identify program participants using <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s administrative data from the Ticket Research File (<abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr>), which was originally constructed to analyze the effect of the <abbr class="spell">TTW</abbr> program. The <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr> contains current and historical data on approximately 21 million Social Security beneficiaries aged <span class="nobr">18–64</span> who participated in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability and/or <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> programs at any time between January 1996 and December 2007. The data are housed on the mainframe computer at <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s data center and are available on a restricted basis. Hildebrand and others (2009) provide full documentation on the <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr>.</p>
|
|
<p>We use earnings data from <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s Master Earnings File, which includes annual earnings data derived from tax reports.<sup><a href="#mn8" id="mt8">8</a></sup> We combine total Medicare wages and total Medicare self-employment earnings in the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> to derive a measure of total earnings.<sup><a href="#mn9" id="mt9">9</a></sup> The employment and earnings statistics do not reflect the employment and earnings of those whose earnings are not reported to the Internal Revenue Service. Approximately 96 percent of the legally employed <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> workforce is in jobs subject to Social Security taxes.<sup><a href="#mn10" id="mt10">10</a></sup></p>
|
|
<p>The linked data provide important analytic advantages for constructing consistent annual employment rates. The use of earnings data enables us to construct consistent measures of employment across the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability programs and across all states. Because <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr> data include program information on all Social Security beneficiaries, we can use this information to construct population estimates. This is very useful in examining overall trends, as well as for constructing state-of-residence estimates.</p>
|
|
<h3>Sample Selection and Definitions</h3>
|
|
<p>For each cohort, we included only Social Security beneficiaries who were on the program rolls at least 1 full calendar year to avoid capturing employment from preaward jobs. Within the overall beneficiary population, we defined three mutually exclusive program title groups: <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only (Title <abbr title="two">II</abbr>), <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only (Title <abbr title="sixteen">XVI</abbr>), and concurrent (<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability) beneficiaries. The determination of program title is made independently in each observation year. We assigned program status based on whether a person was in current-pay status for that program for at least 1 month of the observation year. We defined a concurrent beneficiary as someone who was in current-pay status for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> with at least 1 month in current-pay status for <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> in a year.<sup><a href="#mn11" id="mt11">11</a></sup></p>
|
|
<p>In Table 1, we summarize the characteristics of the more than 10 million working-age adult disability beneficiaries covered under Social Security in 2007. Among those beneficiaries, 60 percent were <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only, 29 percent were <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only, and 11 percent were concurrent beneficiaries. <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries were predominantly male (54 percent), non-Hispanic white (72 percent), older than age 50 (67 percent), and received <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> because of a physical impairment (such as a back disorder or "other" physical impairment). Conversely, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and concurrent beneficiaries were predominantly female (56 percent in each group), younger than age 50 (approximately 60 percent in each group), and had a mental health–related disorder (such as intellectual disability—formerly known as mental retardation, an affective disorder, or "other" psychiatric disorder). <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and concurrent beneficiaries were about equally as likely to be Hispanic (10.9 percent and 9.8 percent) or non-Hispanic black (35.8 percent and 29.5 percent) as they were to be non-Hispanic white (51.4 percent and 59.1 percent). Across program groups, relative to <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients, <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries were more likely to be older and have a physical impairment.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table1">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 1. </span>Characteristics of Social Security disability beneficiaries in 1996 and 2007 (in percent)</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:20em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="4" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="4" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stubHeading" scope="colgroup">Characteristic</th>
|
|
<th colspan="4" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">1996 beneficiaries</th>
|
|
<th colspan="4" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">2007 beneficiaries</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">All </th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Concurrent</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">All </th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Concurrent</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub2" scope="row">Number of beneficiaries (thousands)</th>
|
|
<td>7,021</td>
|
|
<td>3,668</td>
|
|
<td>2,521</td>
|
|
<td>831</td>
|
|
<td>10,156</td>
|
|
<td>6,104</td>
|
|
<td>2,925</td>
|
|
<td>1,126</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" scope="row">Percentage in program groups</th>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>52.3</td>
|
|
<td>35.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.8</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>60.1</td>
|
|
<td>28.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Sex</th>
|
|
<td colspan="8"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Female</th>
|
|
<td>46.1</td>
|
|
<td>38.1</td>
|
|
<td>55.9</td>
|
|
<td>51.4</td>
|
|
<td>49.9</td>
|
|
<td>45.6</td>
|
|
<td>56.4</td>
|
|
<td>55.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Male</th>
|
|
<td>53.3</td>
|
|
<td>61.6</td>
|
|
<td>42.8</td>
|
|
<td>48.5</td>
|
|
<td>50.0</td>
|
|
<td>54.3</td>
|
|
<td>43.1</td>
|
|
<td>44.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Age group</th>
|
|
<td colspan="8"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">18–39</span></th>
|
|
<td>29.8</td>
|
|
<td>17.4</td>
|
|
<td>44.3</td>
|
|
<td>40.9</td>
|
|
<td>20.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>37.1</td>
|
|
<td>30.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">40–49</span></th>
|
|
<td>24.1</td>
|
|
<td>25.3</td>
|
|
<td>22.0</td>
|
|
<td>24.9</td>
|
|
<td>23.0</td>
|
|
<td>21.7</td>
|
|
<td>23.3</td>
|
|
<td>28.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">50–59</span></th>
|
|
<td>28.9</td>
|
|
<td>34.7</td>
|
|
<td>22.4</td>
|
|
<td>22.8</td>
|
|
<td>35.9</td>
|
|
<td>41.1</td>
|
|
<td>27.6</td>
|
|
<td>28.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">60–64</span></th>
|
|
<td>17.2</td>
|
|
<td>22.6</td>
|
|
<td>11.4</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>20.5</td>
|
|
<td>26.1</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Race/ethnicity</th>
|
|
<td colspan="8"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Hispanic </th>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>4.5</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Non-Hispanic white</th>
|
|
<td>64.3</td>
|
|
<td>72.1</td>
|
|
<td>53.8</td>
|
|
<td>61.6</td>
|
|
<td>64.7</td>
|
|
<td>72.1</td>
|
|
<td>51.4</td>
|
|
<td>59.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Non-Hispanic black </th>
|
|
<td>25.8</td>
|
|
<td>17.8</td>
|
|
<td>36.5</td>
|
|
<td>28.3</td>
|
|
<td>25.4</td>
|
|
<td>19.6</td>
|
|
<td>35.8</td>
|
|
<td>29.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Other/missing </th>
|
|
<td>3.9</td>
|
|
<td>5.6</td>
|
|
<td>1.6</td>
|
|
<td>3.1</td>
|
|
<td>2.1</td>
|
|
<td>2.3</td>
|
|
<td>1.9</td>
|
|
<td>1.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Disabling condition</th>
|
|
<td colspan="8"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Affective disorders</th>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.5</td>
|
|
<td>14.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.9</td>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>16.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Other psychiatric disorders</th>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>13.3</td>
|
|
<td>19.4</td>
|
|
<td>15.3</td>
|
|
<td>12.5</td>
|
|
<td>19.3</td>
|
|
<td>19.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Intellectual disability</th>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>6.6</td>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>20.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>5.9</td>
|
|
<td>19.9</td>
|
|
<td>21.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Back disorders</th>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>1.4</td>
|
|
<td>4.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>15.1</td>
|
|
<td>3.1</td>
|
|
<td>6.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Other musculoskeletal disorders</th>
|
|
<td>6.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>2.6</td>
|
|
<td>4.9</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>4.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Other physical disorders</th>
|
|
<td>36.9</td>
|
|
<td>48.8</td>
|
|
<td>19.1</td>
|
|
<td>38.2</td>
|
|
<td>34.9</td>
|
|
<td>41.3</td>
|
|
<td>23.3</td>
|
|
<td>30.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>16.5</td>
|
|
<td>1.4</td>
|
|
<td>43.4</td>
|
|
<td>1.3</td>
|
|
<td>5.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.3</td>
|
|
<td>16.7</td>
|
|
<td>0.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Annual 2007 earnings distribution </th>
|
|
<td colspan="8"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">$0</th>
|
|
<td>82.7</td>
|
|
<td>81.1</td>
|
|
<td>84.6</td>
|
|
<td>84.0</td>
|
|
<td>83.1</td>
|
|
<td>80.5</td>
|
|
<td>87.4</td>
|
|
<td>86.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">$1–$1,000</th>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>10.4</td>
|
|
<td>4.8</td>
|
|
<td>4.5</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>5.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Between $1,000–$5,000</th>
|
|
<td>6.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>5.2</td>
|
|
<td>5.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.6</td>
|
|
<td>6.3</td>
|
|
<td>4.3</td>
|
|
<td>5.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Between $5,000–$10,000</th>
|
|
<td>1.6</td>
|
|
<td>2.2</td>
|
|
<td>1.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.5</td>
|
|
<td>3.6</td>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
<td>1.9</td>
|
|
<td>1.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Between $10,000–$20,000</th>
|
|
<td>0.5</td>
|
|
<td>0.8</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>2.0</td>
|
|
<td>2.6</td>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">More than $20,000 </th>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.3</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.9</td>
|
|
<td>1.3</td>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Summary employment measure</th>
|
|
<td colspan="8"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Any employment with > $1,000 annual earnings</th>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
<td>5.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>15.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="9">SOURCE: Authors' calculations based on <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s 2007 <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr> data linked to <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> data.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="9">NOTES: Social Security disability beneficiaries include <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries who were in current-pay status for at least 1 month in 2007 (1996) and had been receiving benefits from either program for at least 1 calendar year. <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only beneficiaries include individuals who received <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits only; <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only disability recipients include individuals who received <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability benefits only; and concurrent beneficiaries include individuals who received both <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits. Earnings in 1996 are inflation adjusted to reflect 2007 dollars.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>We also summarize the caseload characteristics from the 1996 cohort to illustrate how the Social Security disability beneficiary population has changed since our initial period under analysis (Table 1). In 1996, there were 7 million disability beneficiaries, among whom 52 percent were <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only, 36 percent were <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only, and 12 percent were concurrent. Consistent with the findings cited earlier, <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only beneficiaries tended be older, included more men, and had more physical impairments relative to the other subgroups. However, there were important compositional shifts in the overall caseload and within-program groups, as the 2007 cohort for each program group tended to include more women and older beneficiaries. This shift in caseload composition by sex and age for later cohorts is related to the aging of the baby boom cohort and the gradual increase over time in the number of women working, which is an important consideration in examining employment rates across cohorts.</p>
|
|
<p>In examining the employment characteristics of beneficiaries, we use a minimum annual earnings threshold of $1,000 to identify Social Security disability beneficiaries who had substantive employment experiences. For all years prior to 2007, we use the average wage index to adjust for inflation. Thus, a beneficiary is considered to have been employed in a particular year when he or she had more than $1,000 (in 2007 dollars) of annual earnings in that year.</p>
|
|
<p>Based on this threshold, 12 percent of all beneficiaries were employed during 2007. Across program groups, the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only beneficiary employment rate (15 percent) was substantially higher than those for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only and concurrent beneficiaries (8 percent for both groups). This is not surprising given the weaker employment histories that accompany <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> status by definition.</p>
|
|
<p>The earnings distribution in Table 1 illustrates the sensitivity of employment-rate estimates to the choice of earnings thresholds for all Social Security disability beneficiaries and the program groups. For example, if we had used the $0 threshold, 4.8 percent of beneficiaries would have earned between $1 and $1,000 in 2007, which would have increased the overall employment rate for beneficiaries to 17 percent. Conversely, if we had used an even higher earnings threshold—for example $5,000—we would have not counted the 5.6 percent of beneficiaries who earned between $1,000 and $5,000, which would have lowered the employment rate to 6.5 percent. The choice of threshold is very important for the employment estimates of program groups because <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries have substantially higher earnings. For example, <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only beneficiaries were almost three times more likely than those in the other program groups to earn more than $5,000 annually (9 percent for <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only versus approximately 3 percent for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and concurrent beneficiaries).</p>
|
|
<p>The sensitivity of employment rates to the earnings threshold might in part explain some of the differences between our employment rates and those estimated in Livermore, Stapleton, and Roche (2009) using survey data. Although our overall disability beneficiary estimates are comparable (approximately 12 percent), we find larger differences across program groups than the other authors. It is likely that these earnings thresholds and some of the information that might be self-reported in a survey, but are not available in administrative records (such as earnings from sheltered workshops), explain most of the differences.</p>
|
|
<h3>Approach to Producing Employment Estimates for the 2007 Beneficiary Cohort</h3>
|
|
<p>We summarize the characteristics of the 2007 cohort and then generate employment estimates, using descriptive and multivariate methods, for the overall population and for program, demographic, impairment, and state subgroups. The descriptive analysis provides an employment rate for the overall population and each of the subgroups. We use a multivariate approach to assess whether differences observed in the descriptive analysis change when controlling for multiple factors. We also use a linear probability model to estimate the probability of whether a beneficiary was employed during 2007. That is, we fit the following equation—</p>
|
|
<blockquote>Y<sub><i>i</i></sub> = a + bX<sub><i>i</i></sub> + cS<sub><i>i</i></sub> + e<sub><i>i</i></sub></blockquote>
|
|
<p>where Y<sub><i>i</i></sub> is the employment outcome for individual <i>i</i>; X<sub><i>i</i></sub> is the vector of characteristics of individual <i>i,</i> namely, sex, age, race/ethnicity, primary disabling conditions (broad categories), and duration since first eligibility for benefits; S<sub><i>i</i></sub> is the vector of state dummy variables for each state; and e<sub><i>i</i></sub> is the unobserved disturbance term for individual <i>i</i>.<sup><a href="#mn12" id="mt12">12</a></sup></p>
|
|
<h2>Employment Statistics for 2007</h2>
|
|
<p>In this section, we examine changes in the national employment rates from 1996 through 2007 by program group as well as fluctuations in these rates, especially in respect to the business cycle. We conclude by assessing whether state differences in 1996 were similar to those in 2007.</p>
|
|
<h3>Employment Rates: Highest for <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> Beneficiaries and Younger Workers</h3>
|
|
<p>In Table 2, we summarize the 2007 employment rates for beneficiary subgroups by sex, age group, primary disabling condition, and number of years since first eligibility. We present the overall employment rate within each subgroup, which can be compared with the national average, to assess whether certain subgroups were more likely to work relative to others.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table2">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 2. </span>Employment rates for all Social Security disability beneficiaries, by program groups and demographic characteristics, 2007 (in percent)</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:20em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Characteristic</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">All beneficiaries</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub2" scope="row">Number of beneficiaries (millions)</th>
|
|
<td>10,156</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" scope="row">Percentage of beneficiaries</th>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Program group</th>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only</th>
|
|
<td>15.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only</th>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Concurrent</th>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Sex</th>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Female</th>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Male</th>
|
|
<td>12.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Age group</th>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">18–39</span></th>
|
|
<td>18.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">40–49</span></th>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">50–59</span></th>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">60–64</span></th>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Primary disabling condition</th>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Affective disorders</th>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Other psychiatric disorders</th>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Intellectual disability</th>
|
|
<td>15.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Back disorders</th>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Other musculoskeletal disorders</th>
|
|
<td>11.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Other physical disorders <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>5.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Years since first eligibility</th>
|
|
<td colspan="1"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">1–2</span></th>
|
|
<td>15.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">3–5</span></th>
|
|
<td>13.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">6–9</span></th>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">10 or more</th>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="2">SOURCE: Authors' calculations based on <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s 2007 <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr> data linked to <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> data.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="2">NOTES: Social Security disability beneficiaries include <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries who were in current-pay status for at least 1 month in 2007 and had been receiving benefits from either program for at least 1 calendar year. Beneficiaries are considered employed if they had at least $1,000 in earnings in 2007. <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only beneficiaries include individuals who received <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits only; <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only disability recipients include individuals who received <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability benefits only; and concurrent beneficiaries include individuals who received both <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="2">a. Other physical disorders include the following body system impairments and diseases: diseases of the nervous system; diseases of the circulatory system; congenital anomalies; endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases; injuries; diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs, digestive system, genitourinary system, respiratory system, skin, and subcutaneous tissue; human immunodeficiency virus (also called <abbr>AIDS</abbr>); and other diagnoses. </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>In general, the largest subgroup differences were across program groups, age groups, and number of years since first eligibility. Beneficiaries who were <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only, younger, and recent awardees (that is, those who entered the rolls within the <span class="nobr">2005–2007</span> period) were substantially more likely to be working relative to their counterparts. These findings are consistent with those from the Ticket to Work evaluation (Stapleton and others 2008). Approximately 16 percent of beneficiaries who entered the program in the <span class="nobr">2005–2007</span> period were working. Younger beneficiaries aged <span class="nobr">18–39</span> had the highest employment rates (19 percent) in comparison with all other age groups. The large variation in employment rates between the younger and the older disability program beneficiaries differs from the employment patterns in the general population, where employment rates are generally the same across younger and older groups. For instance, in 2007 the employment rates among the noninstitutionalized population for age groups <span class="nobr">18–39</span> and <span class="nobr">50–59</span> were 74.3 percent and 74.1 percent, respectively (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2008). While most younger and older beneficiaries in the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program are out of the labor force, the job prospects for older beneficiaries are likely more limited compared with their younger counterparts. Within program subgroups (data not shown), beneficiaries aged <span class="nobr">18–39</span> had the highest employment rates (the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only beneficiary employment rate was 27 percent; <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and concurrent beneficiaries both had employment rates of approximately 15 percent).</p>
|
|
<p>As Table 2 shows, there was limited variation in employment rates across primary disabling conditions, with the exception of intellectual disability.<sup><a href="#mn13" id="mt13">13</a></sup> Beneficiaries with intellectual disability as their primary disabling condition had an employment rate of 16 percent; for other conditions, employment rates varied between 10 percent (back disorders) and 13 percent (other physical disorders). Because intellectual disability is correlated with age, it is possible that part of these findings is driven by the younger age of beneficiaries in this impairment group. We will examine this issue in more detail later in the regression-adjusted analysis.</p>
|
|
<h3>Employment Rates: Higher in Northern States</h3>
|
|
<p>We find that Northern states have higher relative employment rates, especially in comparison with Southern states. In Chart 1, we summarize the geographic employment rates of Social Security disability beneficiaries using a map to examine variations in those rates by state and region. In the <a href="#appendix">Appendix</a>, Tables <span class="nobr">A-1</span> through <span class="nobr">A-4</span> provide detailed statistics on the state employment rates that are presented in the chart.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700">
|
|
<div class="title" id="chart1">Chart 1.<br>State-level employment rates for Social Security disability beneficiaries, 2007</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v71n3p11_chart01.gif" alt="Map of the United States displaying employment rates using different shading levels. Regional patterns are discussed in the narrative. State-level employment rates are available in Appendix Table A-1, in the 2007 data column." width="650" height="475" /></div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCE: Authors' calculations based on <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s 2007 <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr> data linked to <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> data.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote">NOTES: Social Security disability beneficiaries include the more than 10 million <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries who were in current-pay status for at least 1 month in 2007 and had been receiving benefits from either program for at least 1 calendar year. Beneficiaries are considered employed if they earned at least $1,000 in 2007.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>State employment rates ranged from 7 percent (West Virginia) to 23 percent (North Dakota), and there are strong regional differences. States in the Appalachian Mountains range (namely, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas) had the lowest employment rates (between 7 and 10 percent) in the country; states in the Midwest and Rocky Mountains, and a few states in the Northeast, had higher employment rates (ranging from 15 to 23 percent). We also find similar state and regional patterns for different program groups across states, as employment rates were consistently lower among <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>, and concurrent beneficiaries living in states in the Appalachian Mountains range (see the <a href="#appendix">Appendix</a>, Tables <span class="nobr">A-1</span> through A-4). The substantial differences in employment rates might reflect differences in the compositions of caseloads, as well as state differences in economic climate and policies.</p>
|
|
<h3>Beneficiary Employment Rates at the State Level</h3>
|
|
<p>Although Social Security beneficiary employment rates at the state-level mirror those for the broader population of individuals with disabilities, there are differences as compared with the nondisabled population. In Chart 2, we assess whether the variations in the employment rates of beneficiaries cited earlier reflect a potentially broader state trend in employment rates by comparing them with employment rates of people with and without disabilities, as measured in the American Community Survey (<abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr>). We use information from Bjelland, Erickson, and Lee (2008), who constructed annual employment rates for <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> respondents who self-reported a disability in 2007. In general, there is more variation across states in the employment rates of Social Security beneficiaries and individuals with disabilities relative to those without disabilities. This finding is expected given that most individuals without disabilities work in most states. For example, employment rates for individuals without disabilities range from 76 percent (West Virginia) to 86 percent (South Dakota).</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700">
|
|
<div class="title" id="chart2">Chart 2.<br>Comparison of 2007 employment rates of Social Security disability beneficiaries with employment rates of people with and without disabilities, as measured in the American Community Survey</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v71n3p11_chart02.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="700" height="429" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 2. </span>Comparison of 2007 employment rates of Social Security disability beneficiaries with employment rates of people with and without disabilities, as measured in the American Community Survey</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:14em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:12em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="col">State</th>
|
|
<th colspan="3" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">Employment rate (percent)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Social Security Beneficiaries</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">People with disabilities (survey)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">People without disabilities (survey)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">West Virginia</th>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>26.7</td>
|
|
<td>76.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Kentucky</th>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
<td>30.6</td>
|
|
<td>79.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Mississippi</th>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
<td>30.3</td>
|
|
<td>77.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Alabama</th>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>31.4</td>
|
|
<td>79.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Tennessee</th>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>32.3</td>
|
|
<td>79.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Arkansas</th>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>31.7</td>
|
|
<td>79.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">South Carolina</th>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>30.0</td>
|
|
<td>79.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Georgia</th>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>34.3</td>
|
|
<td>79.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">California</th>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>36.7</td>
|
|
<td>77.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New York</th>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>33.9</td>
|
|
<td>78.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Louisiana</th>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>33.3</td>
|
|
<td>77.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Hawaii</th>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>43.4</td>
|
|
<td>80.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Oklahoma</th>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>37.7</td>
|
|
<td>80.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">North Carolina</th>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>35.6</td>
|
|
<td>80.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Texas</th>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>38.6</td>
|
|
<td>78.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Florida</th>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>37.4</td>
|
|
<td>78.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New Mexico</th>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>38.5</td>
|
|
<td>77.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Ohio</th>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>35.9</td>
|
|
<td>80.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Rhode Island</th>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>37.7</td>
|
|
<td>82.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Indiana</th>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>37.1</td>
|
|
<td>80.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New Jersey</th>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>36.8</td>
|
|
<td>79.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Michigan</th>
|
|
<td>12.8</td>
|
|
<td>31.4</td>
|
|
<td>76.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Oregon</th>
|
|
<td>12.8</td>
|
|
<td>40.8</td>
|
|
<td>79.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Pennsylvania</th>
|
|
<td>12.8</td>
|
|
<td>35.1</td>
|
|
<td>81.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Virginia</th>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
<td>37.5</td>
|
|
<td>82.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Alaska</th>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>47.2</td>
|
|
<td>80.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Maine</th>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>38.6</td>
|
|
<td>83.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Washington</th>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>40.8</td>
|
|
<td>80.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Illionois</th>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>39.1</td>
|
|
<td>79.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Missouri</th>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>37.6</td>
|
|
<td>81.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Nevada</th>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>40.3</td>
|
|
<td>79.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">District of Columbia</abbr></th>
|
|
<td>13.8</td>
|
|
<td>33.2</td>
|
|
<td>80.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Massachusetts</th>
|
|
<td>14.8</td>
|
|
<td>36.3</td>
|
|
<td>82.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Maryland</th>
|
|
<td>15.1</td>
|
|
<td>42.5</td>
|
|
<td>82.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Indiana</th>
|
|
<td>15.6</td>
|
|
<td>41.2</td>
|
|
<td>80.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Colorado</th>
|
|
<td>15.7</td>
|
|
<td>44.7</td>
|
|
<td>81.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Arizona</th>
|
|
<td>15.8</td>
|
|
<td>35.3</td>
|
|
<td>77.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Kansas</th>
|
|
<td>16.2</td>
|
|
<td>43.7</td>
|
|
<td>83.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Montana</th>
|
|
<td>16.2</td>
|
|
<td>42.3</td>
|
|
<td>80.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Connecticut</th>
|
|
<td>16.9</td>
|
|
<td>42.3</td>
|
|
<td>82.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Delaware</th>
|
|
<td>17.3</td>
|
|
<td>35.7</td>
|
|
<td>79.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Nebraska</th>
|
|
<td>17.4</td>
|
|
<td>47.9</td>
|
|
<td>86.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Wisconsin</th>
|
|
<td>17.6</td>
|
|
<td>43.4</td>
|
|
<td>83.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New Hampshire</th>
|
|
<td>18.0</td>
|
|
<td>43.8</td>
|
|
<td>84.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Utah</th>
|
|
<td>18.6</td>
|
|
<td>49.8</td>
|
|
<td>80.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Vermont</th>
|
|
<td>18.7</td>
|
|
<td>46.7</td>
|
|
<td>85.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Iowa</th>
|
|
<td>20.1</td>
|
|
<td>47.4</td>
|
|
<td>85.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">South Dakota</th>
|
|
<td>20.6</td>
|
|
<td>47.4</td>
|
|
<td>86.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Wyoming</th>
|
|
<td>20.9</td>
|
|
<td>49.7</td>
|
|
<td>86.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Minnesota</th>
|
|
<td>22.0</td>
|
|
<td>46.2</td>
|
|
<td>84.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">North Dakota</th>
|
|
<td>22.9</td>
|
|
<td>54.5</td>
|
|
<td>85.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="4"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCE: Social Security disability beneficiary data are based on authors' calculations using <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s 2007 <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr> data linked to <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> data. American Community Survey data are derived from Bjelland, Erickson, and Lee (2008).</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote">NOTES: Social Security disability beneficiaries include the more than 10 million <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries who were in current-pay status for at least 1 month in 2007 and had been receiving benefits from either program for at least 1 calendar year. Beneficiaries are considered employed if they earned at least $1,000 in 2007. The survey estimates of employment include the percentages of noninstitutionalized individuals with and without a disability, aged <span class="nobr">18–64</span> of all races regardless of ethnicity, and of all education levels in the United States who were employed in 2007.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>In several states, particularly at the two ends of the distribution, the employment rates of Social Security beneficiaries follow a similar pattern to the general population. States with the highest beneficiary employment rates (North Dakota, Wyoming, and Minnesota) had relatively higher employment rates for individuals with and without disabilities. For example, North Dakota had the highest beneficiary employment rate (23 percent), the highest employment rate for individuals with disabilities (55 percent), and the fourth-highest employment rate for individuals without disabilities (86 percent). Similarly, states with the lowest overall beneficiary employment rates (West Virginia, Mississippi, and Kentucky) had relatively lower employment rates in the broader populations. For example, West Virginia had the lowest employment rates for all three groups—Social Security beneficiaries (7 percent), individuals with disabilities (27 percent), and those without disabilities (76 percent).</p>
|
|
<p>However, a stronger relationship exists between the employment trends of Social Security beneficiaries and individuals with disabilities, particularly in states where the employment rate for individuals without disabilities is closer to the national average. For example, Utah had an average employment rate for individuals without disabilities (81 percent versus the national average of 80 percent), but had higher than national average rates for Social Security beneficiaries (19 percent versus the national average of 12 percent) and individuals with disabilities (50 percent versus the national average of 37 percent). Across all states, there was an 85 percent correlation between the employment rates of Social Security beneficiaries and individuals with disabilities and a 79 percent correlation between the rates of Social Security beneficiaries and individuals without disabilities.</p>
|
|
<p>The findings indicate that important variations exist in employment rates across states that might be related to broader state economic and policy conditions. Although we cannot identify the factors driving these state differences, the large variation in employment rates for individuals with disabilities and Social Security beneficiaries in particular indicates that it is worthwhile to explore whether any state-specific policies targeting people with disabilities were contributing to these employment differences.</p>
|
|
<h3>Estimated Employment Rate Differences</h3>
|
|
<p>We find that our estimated employment-rate differences persist across subgroups, even after controlling for demographic characteristics, nature of impairment, and state of residence.</p>
|
|
<p>In Table 3, we present coefficient estimates from a linear probability model to examine whether the descriptive relationships cited earlier change substantively when controlling for multiple factors. The signs of the regression estimates were consistent with the raw differences across categories. However, the magnitude of the regression estimates for certain variables, especially <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and age, were larger than the raw differences, indicating that caseload composition has important implications in examining employment rates of subgroups.<sup><a href="#mn14" id="mt14">14</a></sup> The highest-point estimates were for the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only program group and the group aged <span class="nobr">18–39</span>. Social Security beneficiaries with those characteristics were about 12 percentage points more likely to be employed than those in the comparison groups, which included <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only (compared with <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only) and beneficiaries aged <span class="nobr">50–59</span> (compared with those aged <span class="nobr">18–39</span>). These estimates were larger than those from the descriptive tabulations shown in Table 2, where the corresponding differences between <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only beneficiaries and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only recipients were 7 percentage points for the group aged <span class="nobr">18–39</span> and 9 percentage points for the group aged <span class="nobr">50–59</span>.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table3">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 3. </span>Coefficients from linear probability model regressions for state-level employment rates in 1996 and 2007, by selected characteristics</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:26em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stubHeading" scope="colgroup">Characteristic</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">1996</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">2007</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Coefficient</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Standard error</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Coefficient</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Standard error</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Program group (reference: <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only)</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only</th>
|
|
<td>0.0831</td>
|
|
<td>0.0003</td>
|
|
<td>0.1174</td>
|
|
<td>0.0004</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Concurrent</th>
|
|
<td>0.0032</td>
|
|
<td>0.0004</td>
|
|
<td>0.0124</td>
|
|
<td>0.0003</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Sex (reference: male)</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Female</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0016</td>
|
|
<td>0.0002</td>
|
|
<td>0.0111</td>
|
|
<td>0.0002</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Age group (reference: <span class="nobr">50–59</span>)</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">18–39</span></th>
|
|
<td>0.1104</td>
|
|
<td>0.0003</td>
|
|
<td>0.1188</td>
|
|
<td>0.0003</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">40–49</span></th>
|
|
<td>0.0321</td>
|
|
<td>0.0003</td>
|
|
<td>0.0364</td>
|
|
<td>0.0003</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">60–64</span></th>
|
|
<td>-0.0081</td>
|
|
<td>0.0004</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0133</td>
|
|
<td>0.0003</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Disabling condition (reference: other physical disorders and missing)</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Affective disorders and other psychiatric disorders</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0028</td>
|
|
<td>0.0003</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0055</td>
|
|
<td>0.0002</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Intellectual disability</th>
|
|
<td>0.0486</td>
|
|
<td>0.0004</td>
|
|
<td>0.0273</td>
|
|
<td>0.0004</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Back disorders and other musculoskeletal disorders</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0186</td>
|
|
<td>0.0004</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0212</td>
|
|
<td>0.0003</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Race/ethnicity (reference: Non-Hispanic black)</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Hispanic </th>
|
|
<td>-0.0318</td>
|
|
<td>0.0006</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0287</td>
|
|
<td>0.0004</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Non-Hispanic white</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0031</td>
|
|
<td>0.0003</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0213</td>
|
|
<td>0.0003</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Other/missing</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0321</td>
|
|
<td>0.0005</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0315</td>
|
|
<td>0.0005</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Years since first eligibility (reference: 6 or more years)</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">0–2</span></th>
|
|
<td>0.0354</td>
|
|
<td>0.0003</td>
|
|
<td>0.0234</td>
|
|
<td>0.0003</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">3–5</span></th>
|
|
<td>0.0163</td>
|
|
<td>0.0003</td>
|
|
<td>0.005</td>
|
|
<td>0.0003</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>0.1193</td>
|
|
<td>0.0011</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Intercept</th>
|
|
<td>0.0528</td>
|
|
<td>0.0035</td>
|
|
<td>0.0462</td>
|
|
<td>0.0026</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">State fixed effect (reference: Alaska)</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Alabama</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0657</td>
|
|
<td>0.0036</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0524</td>
|
|
<td>0.0026</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Arizona</th>
|
|
<td>0.0046</td>
|
|
<td>0.0036</td>
|
|
<td>0.0171</td>
|
|
<td>0.0027</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Arkansas</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0506</td>
|
|
<td>0.0036</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0447</td>
|
|
<td>0.0027</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">California</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0233</td>
|
|
<td>0.0035</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0074</td>
|
|
<td>0.0026</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Colorado</th>
|
|
<td>0.0304</td>
|
|
<td>0.0036</td>
|
|
<td>0.0178</td>
|
|
<td>0.0027</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Connecticut</th>
|
|
<td>0.0097</td>
|
|
<td>0.0037</td>
|
|
<td>0.0256</td>
|
|
<td>0.0027</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Delaware</th>
|
|
<td>0.0155</td>
|
|
<td>0.0043</td>
|
|
<td>0.0201</td>
|
|
<td>0.0032</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">District of Columbia</th>
|
|
<td>-0.024</td>
|
|
<td>0.0042</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0006</td>
|
|
<td>0.0034</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Florida</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0388</td>
|
|
<td>0.0035</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0197</td>
|
|
<td>0.0026</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Georgia</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0439</td>
|
|
<td>0.0035</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0383</td>
|
|
<td>0.0026</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Hawaii</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0299</td>
|
|
<td>0.0042</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0142</td>
|
|
<td>0.0031</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Idaho</th>
|
|
<td>0.012</td>
|
|
<td>0.004</td>
|
|
<td>0.0138</td>
|
|
<td>0.003</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Illinois</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0133</td>
|
|
<td>0.0035</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0118</td>
|
|
<td>0.0026</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Indiana</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0007</td>
|
|
<td>0.0036</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0223</td>
|
|
<td>0.0026</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Iowa</th>
|
|
<td>0.0565</td>
|
|
<td>0.0037</td>
|
|
<td>0.0561</td>
|
|
<td>0.0028</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Kansas</th>
|
|
<td>0.0142</td>
|
|
<td>0.0037</td>
|
|
<td>0.0159</td>
|
|
<td>0.0028</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Kentucky</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0704</td>
|
|
<td>0.0035</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0525</td>
|
|
<td>0.0026</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Louisiana</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0532</td>
|
|
<td>0.0036</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0315</td>
|
|
<td>0.0026</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Maine</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0256</td>
|
|
<td>0.0038</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0097</td>
|
|
<td>0.0028</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Maryland</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0134</td>
|
|
<td>0.0036</td>
|
|
<td>0.0026</td>
|
|
<td>0.0027</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Massachusetts</th>
|
|
<td>0.0017</td>
|
|
<td>0.0035</td>
|
|
<td>0.0138</td>
|
|
<td>0.0026</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Michigan</th>
|
|
<td>0.015</td>
|
|
<td>0.0035</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0148</td>
|
|
<td>0.0026</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Minnesota</th>
|
|
<td>0.0758</td>
|
|
<td>0.0036</td>
|
|
<td>0.0733</td>
|
|
<td>0.0027</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Mississippi</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0654</td>
|
|
<td>0.0036</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0659</td>
|
|
<td>0.0027</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Missouri</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0051</td>
|
|
<td>0.0036</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0077</td>
|
|
<td>0.0026</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Montana</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0049</td>
|
|
<td>0.0041</td>
|
|
<td>0.0273</td>
|
|
<td>0.0031</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Nebraska</th>
|
|
<td>0.0257</td>
|
|
<td>0.0039</td>
|
|
<td>0.0268</td>
|
|
<td>0.0029</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Nevada</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0103</td>
|
|
<td>0.0039</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0062</td>
|
|
<td>0.0028</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">New Hampshire</th>
|
|
<td>0.0127</td>
|
|
<td>0.004</td>
|
|
<td>0.0249</td>
|
|
<td>0.003</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">New Jersey</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0291</td>
|
|
<td>0.0035</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0157</td>
|
|
<td>0.0026</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">New Mexico</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0183</td>
|
|
<td>0.0038</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0069</td>
|
|
<td>0.0028</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">New York</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0358</td>
|
|
<td>0.0035</td>
|
|
<td>-0.02</td>
|
|
<td>0.0026</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">North Carolina</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0335</td>
|
|
<td>0.0035</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0329</td>
|
|
<td>0.0026</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">North Dakota</th>
|
|
<td>0.0471</td>
|
|
<td>0.0045</td>
|
|
<td>0.0848</td>
|
|
<td>0.0036</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Ohio</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0024</td>
|
|
<td>0.0035</td>
|
|
<td>-0.016</td>
|
|
<td>0.0026</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Oklahoma</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0389</td>
|
|
<td>0.0036</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0269</td>
|
|
<td>0.0027</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Oregon</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0004</td>
|
|
<td>0.0037</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0071</td>
|
|
<td>0.0027</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Pennsylvania</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0345</td>
|
|
<td>0.0035</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0109</td>
|
|
<td>0.0026</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Rhode Island</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0269</td>
|
|
<td>0.0039</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0106</td>
|
|
<td>0.003</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">South Carolina</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0434</td>
|
|
<td>0.0036</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0449</td>
|
|
<td>0.0026</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">South Dakota</th>
|
|
<td>0.0506</td>
|
|
<td>0.0043</td>
|
|
<td>0.0677</td>
|
|
<td>0.0034</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Tennessee</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0485</td>
|
|
<td>0.0035</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0495</td>
|
|
<td>0.0026</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Texas</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0372</td>
|
|
<td>0.0035</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0208</td>
|
|
<td>0.0026</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Utah</th>
|
|
<td>0.0515</td>
|
|
<td>0.0039</td>
|
|
<td>0.037</td>
|
|
<td>0.003</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Vermont</th>
|
|
<td>0.0064</td>
|
|
<td>0.0043</td>
|
|
<td>0.0486</td>
|
|
<td>0.0033</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Virginia</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0402</td>
|
|
<td>0.0036</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0198</td>
|
|
<td>0.0026</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Washington</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0072</td>
|
|
<td>0.0036</td>
|
|
<td>-0.005</td>
|
|
<td>0.0026</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">West Virginia</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0845</td>
|
|
<td>0.0036</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0613</td>
|
|
<td>0.0027</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Wisconsin</th>
|
|
<td>0.0426</td>
|
|
<td>0.0036</td>
|
|
<td>0.0308</td>
|
|
<td>0.0027</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Wyoming</th>
|
|
<td>0.0335</td>
|
|
<td>0.0048</td>
|
|
<td>0.0654</td>
|
|
<td>0.0038</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="5">SOURCE: Authors' calculations based on <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s 2007 <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr> data linked to 2007 <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> data.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="5">NOTES: Social Security disability beneficiaries include the more than 10 million (7 million in 1996) <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries who were in current-pay status for at least 1 month in 2007 (1996) and had been receiving benefits from either program for at least 1 calendar year. <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only beneficiaries include individuals who received <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits only; <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only disability recipients include individuals who received <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability benefits only; and concurrent beneficiaries include individuals who received both <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits. Beneficiaries are considered employed if they had at least $1,000 in earnings in 2007 (1996). The dependent variable is equal to 1 if the beneficiary was employed during 2007 (1996); 0 otherwise. Earnings in 1996 are inflation adjusted to reflect 2007 dollars.
|
|
<div class="newNote">. . . = not applicable.</div>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>In general, the employment rate differences across sex, impairment, race, and years from first eligibility were small and mirror the results from the descriptive analysis. There was only a 1 percentage point difference between male and female beneficiaries. The differences across impairments groups were larger, as beneficiaries with intellectual disability were 2 percentage points more likely to be employed, and those with back/musculoskeletal disorders were 2 percentage points less likely to be employed when compared with beneficiaries with other physical impairments. Finally, the number of years since first eligibility indicates that beneficiaries who were on the program rolls for 2 years or fewer are about 2 percentage points more likely to be employed than those who were on the rolls for more than 5 years. We also find that non-Hispanic blacks are 2 to 3 percent more likely to be employed when compared with all racial and ethnic groups.</p>
|
|
<p>We find the same general pattern when examining the state coefficients in Table 3 as that in the bivariate statistics. For example, the state coefficient for West Virginia's rate was 6 percentage points lower than that for the reference state (Alaska), and the coefficient for North Dakota was 8 percentage points higher. In total, the 14 percentage point difference between West Virginia and North Dakota was similar, but slightly lower than the (16 percentage point) difference noted in the descriptive analysis.</p>
|
|
<h2>Employment Trends</h2>
|
|
<p>Here we assess the trends in the national employment rates among Social Security disability beneficiaries from 1996 through 2007. We also discuss the changes in the state-level employment rates during the <span class="nobr">1996–2007</span> period.</p>
|
|
<h3>National Employment Rates </h3>
|
|
<p>Trends in employment rates for all Social Security disability beneficiaries and each of the program groups since 1996 are shown in Chart 3. Each year, we create a cross section of beneficiaries using the same definitions used to construct the 2007 beneficiary estimates. We also include the unemployment rate to track the manner in which employment rates vary with the business cycle. The <a href="#appendix">Appendix</a>, Tables <span class="nobr">A-1</span> through A-4, includes a full summary of the data shown in the chart.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700">
|
|
<div class="title" id="chart3">Chart 3.<br>Trends in national-level employment rates among Social Security disability beneficiaries, <span class="nobr">1996–2007</span></div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v71n3p11_chart03.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="700" height="342" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 3. </span>Trends in national-level employment rates among Social Security disability beneficiaries, <span class="nobr">1996–2007</span></caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="5" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Year</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">All beneficiaries</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Concurrent</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">US</abbr> unemployment rate</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>14.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>4.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>14.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.0</td>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>4.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>14.8</td>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>4.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>15.7</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>4.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
<td>15.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>4.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>14.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>5.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>6.8</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>5.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>14.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>5.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>14.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>4.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2006</th>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>14.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>4.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2007</th>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>15.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
<td>4.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="6"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCES: Authors' calculations based on <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s 2007 <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr> data linked to <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> data. The <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> unemployment data is from the Geographic Profile of Employment and Unemployment, maintained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics at http://www.bls.gov/gps/#tables, and http://www.bls.gov/opub/gp/laugp.htm.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote">NOTES: Social Security disability beneficiaries include the more than 10 million <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries who were in current-pay status for at least 1 month in 2007 and had been receiving benefits from either program for at least 1 calendar year. Beneficiaries are considered employed if they earned at least $1,000 in 2007. <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only beneficiaries include individuals who received <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits only; <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only disability recipients include individuals who received <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability benefits only; and concurrent beneficiaries include individuals who received both <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits.</div>
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|
</div>
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|
</div>
|
|
<p>The patterns in Chart 3 indicate that the Social Security beneficiary rates and the rates for each of the program groups were sensitive to the business cycle. For all program groups, employment rates for beneficiaries increased in the late 1990s when unemployment rates were falling. However, employment rates began to fall with the 2001 recession (shown with the shaded vertical bar in the chart), and continued to fall in the next 3 years as unemployment rates remained relatively high. The decrease in employment was greater among <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only and concurrent beneficiaries than for <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only beneficiaries. In 2005, with a stronger overall economy, employment rates for beneficiaries started to improve. By 2007, beneficiary employment rates were at 12 percent, approximately the same level as that in 1996. Within program groups, from 1996 through 2007, there was a slight increase in <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only employment rates by 1 percentage point (from 14 percent to 15 percent), with slight decreases in the rates for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only and concurrent beneficiaries (from 9 percent to 8 percent for both groups).<sup><a href="#mn15" id="mt15">15</a></sup> The findings indicate that the general employment rates of Social Security beneficiaries have been relatively consistent (between 11 and 13 percent) over time.</p>
|
|
<p>To illustrate the effects of a change in the business cycle on employment, in Chart 4 we present a scatter diagram with a regression line showing the relationship between the state employment rate among Social Security beneficiaries and the overall state unemployment rate during the economic downturn from 2000 to 2004.<sup><a href="#mn16" id="mt16">16</a></sup> During that period, state employment rates among beneficiaries were falling and overall state unemployment rates were rising. The regression line indicates a clear inverse relationship, as it shows that beneficiary employment fell by 0.7 percentage points for every 1.0 percentage point increase in unemployment. The experiences in Ohio, which was hit very hard by the recession during that period, illustrate the magnitude of this effect. From 2000 to 2004, unemployment rates increased from 4 percent to 6.1 percent in Ohio; at the same time, Social Security beneficiary employment rates in the state fell from 16 percent to 13 percent.</p>
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|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700">
|
|
<div class="title" id="chart4">Chart 4.<br>State changes in Social Security disability beneficiary employment and changes in unemployment rates from 2000 to 2004</div>
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<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v71n3p11_chart04.gif" alt="Scatterplot chart with tabular version below." width="600" height="568" /></div>
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<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
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<table>
|
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<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 4. </span>State changes in Social Security disability beneficiary employment and changes in unemployment rates from 2000 to 2004</caption>
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<colgroup span="1" style="width:14em"></colgroup>
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<colgroup span="2" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
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<thead>
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<tr>
|
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<th rowspan="2" class="stubHeading" scope="colgroup">State</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">Change from 2000 to 2004</th>
|
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</tr>
|
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<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">State unemployment rate</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Beneficiary employment rate</th>
|
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
|
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">Alabama</th>
|
|
<td>0.9</td>
|
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<td>-0.8</td>
|
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</tr>
|
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<tr>
|
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">Alaska</th>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
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<td>-1.1</td>
|
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</tr>
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<tr>
|
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">Arizona</th>
|
|
<td>1.0</td>
|
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<td>-1.5</td>
|
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</tr>
|
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<tr>
|
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">Arkansas</th>
|
|
<td>1.4</td>
|
|
<td>-1.1</td>
|
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</tr>
|
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<tr>
|
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">California</th>
|
|
<td>1.3</td>
|
|
<td>-1.4</td>
|
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</tr>
|
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<tr>
|
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">Colorado</th>
|
|
<td>2.9</td>
|
|
<td>-3.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
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<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Connecticut</th>
|
|
<td>2.6</td>
|
|
<td>-1.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">Delaware</th>
|
|
<td>0.6</td>
|
|
<td>-2.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">District of Columbia</th>
|
|
<td>1.8</td>
|
|
<td>-2.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Florida</th>
|
|
<td>0.9</td>
|
|
<td>-1.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Georgia</th>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>-1.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Hawaii</th>
|
|
<td>-0.8</td>
|
|
<td>0.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Idaho</th>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>-2.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Illinois</th>
|
|
<td>1.7</td>
|
|
<td>-2.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Indiana</th>
|
|
<td>2.4</td>
|
|
<td>-2.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Iowa</th>
|
|
<td>1.8</td>
|
|
<td>-2.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Kansas</th>
|
|
<td>1.7</td>
|
|
<td>-2.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Kentucky</th>
|
|
<td>1.4</td>
|
|
<td>-1.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Louisiana</th>
|
|
<td>0.5</td>
|
|
<td>-0.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Maine</th>
|
|
<td>1.3</td>
|
|
<td>-0.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Maryland</th>
|
|
<td>0.7</td>
|
|
<td>-1.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Massachusetts</th>
|
|
<td>2.5</td>
|
|
<td>-2.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Michigan</th>
|
|
<td>3.4</td>
|
|
<td>-3.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Minnesota</th>
|
|
<td>1.5</td>
|
|
<td>-2.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Mississippi</th>
|
|
<td>0.6</td>
|
|
<td>-1.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Missouri</th>
|
|
<td>2.5</td>
|
|
<td>-2.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Montana</th>
|
|
<td>-0.8</td>
|
|
<td>-0.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Nebraska</th>
|
|
<td>1.1</td>
|
|
<td>-3.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Nevada</th>
|
|
<td>-0.1</td>
|
|
<td>-1.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New Hampshire</th>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>-2.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New Jersey</th>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>-1.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New Mexico</th>
|
|
<td>0.8</td>
|
|
<td>-0.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New York</th>
|
|
<td>1.3</td>
|
|
<td>-0.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">North Carolina</th>
|
|
<td>1.8</td>
|
|
<td>-1.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">North Dakota</th>
|
|
<td>0.6</td>
|
|
<td>0.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Ohio</th>
|
|
<td>2.1</td>
|
|
<td>-3.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Oklahoma</th>
|
|
<td>1.9</td>
|
|
<td>-1.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Oregon</th>
|
|
<td>2.2</td>
|
|
<td>-2.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Pennsylvania</th>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>-0.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Rhode Island</th>
|
|
<td>1.0</td>
|
|
<td>-1.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">South Carolina</th>
|
|
<td>3.2</td>
|
|
<td>-2.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">South Dakota</th>
|
|
<td>1.0</td>
|
|
<td>-0.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Tennessee</th>
|
|
<td>1.4</td>
|
|
<td>-1.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Texas</th>
|
|
<td>1.6</td>
|
|
<td>-1.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Utah</th>
|
|
<td>1.7</td>
|
|
<td>-2.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Vermont</th>
|
|
<td>1.0</td>
|
|
<td>-0.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Virginia</th>
|
|
<td>1.4</td>
|
|
<td>-1.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Washington</th>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>-2.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">West Virginia</th>
|
|
<td>-0.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Wisconsin</th>
|
|
<td>1.6</td>
|
|
<td>-2.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Wyoming</th>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>-0.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="3"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCES: Authors' calculations based on <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s 2007 <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr> data linked to <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> data. Source for unemployment-rate data is available at http://www.bls.gov/lau/lastrk00.htm.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote">NOTES: Social Security disability beneficiaries include <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries who were in current-pay status for at least 1 month in the observation years (from 2000 to 2004) and had been receiving benefits from either program for at least 1 calendar year. Data on employment rates by year is summarized in the <a href="#appendix">Appendix</a>.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h3>State Differences in Employment Rates</h3>
|
|
<p>In Table 4, we examine changes in the state Social Security beneficiary employment rates in 1996 and 2007 to assess whether state employment rates have changed substantively over time. There were changes in state employment rates during the <span class="nobr">1996–2007</span> period, though the same regional patterns that existed in 2007 were also present in 1996. Some of the changes were large relative to the state employment rate in 1996. For example, Michigan's employment rate declined by 22 percent, while Vermont's rate increased by 25 percent. These relatively significant changes in employment rates over time suggest an area for further exploration to determine the extent to which state-specific policy changes and labor market conditions drive these trends. Despite these changes, the same general patterns noted earlier continue to be present across states: Northern states had relatively higher employment rates and Southern states had relatively lower rates. Hence, although there were some changes in state employment rates over time, there appears to be a strong persistent component across states that are driving these differences.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table4">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 4. </span>Comparison of state employment rates, 1996 and 2007</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:15em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="4" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">State</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1996</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2007</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Difference</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percentage change</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Alabama</th>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>1.4</td>
|
|
<td>18.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Alaska</th>
|
|
<td>14.3</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>-1.3</td>
|
|
<td>-9.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Arizona</th>
|
|
<td>14.6</td>
|
|
<td>15.8</td>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Arkansas</th>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>0.6</td>
|
|
<td>6.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">California</th>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>0.8</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Colorado</th>
|
|
<td>17.6</td>
|
|
<td>15.7</td>
|
|
<td>-1.9</td>
|
|
<td>-10.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Connecticut</th>
|
|
<td>16.0</td>
|
|
<td>16.9</td>
|
|
<td>0.9</td>
|
|
<td>5.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Delaware</th>
|
|
<td>16.9</td>
|
|
<td>17.3</td>
|
|
<td>0.4</td>
|
|
<td>2.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">District of Columbia</th>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.8</td>
|
|
<td>2.6</td>
|
|
<td>23.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Florida</th>
|
|
<td>10.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>1.5</td>
|
|
<td>14.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Georgia</th>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>0.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Hawaii</th>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>1.5</td>
|
|
<td>15.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Idaho</th>
|
|
<td>16.2</td>
|
|
<td>15.6</td>
|
|
<td>-0.6</td>
|
|
<td>-3.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Illinois</th>
|
|
<td>13.3</td>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>-0.1</td>
|
|
<td>-0.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Indiana</th>
|
|
<td>15.4</td>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>-2.7</td>
|
|
<td>-17.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Iowa</th>
|
|
<td>21.1</td>
|
|
<td>20.1</td>
|
|
<td>-1.0</td>
|
|
<td>-4.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Kansas</th>
|
|
<td>17.0</td>
|
|
<td>16.2</td>
|
|
<td>-0.8</td>
|
|
<td>-4.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Kentucky</th>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
<td>0.9</td>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Louisiana</th>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>2.0</td>
|
|
<td>22.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Maine</th>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Maryland</th>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>15.1</td>
|
|
<td>1.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Massachusetts</th>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>14.8</td>
|
|
<td>0.6</td>
|
|
<td>4.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Michigan</th>
|
|
<td>16.4</td>
|
|
<td>12.8</td>
|
|
<td>-3.6</td>
|
|
<td>-22.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Minnesota</th>
|
|
<td>23.1</td>
|
|
<td>22.0</td>
|
|
<td>-1.1</td>
|
|
<td>-4.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Mississippi</th>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
<td>2.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Missouri</th>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>-0.8</td>
|
|
<td>-5.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Montana</th>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>16.2</td>
|
|
<td>2.5</td>
|
|
<td>18.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Nebraska</th>
|
|
<td>17.8</td>
|
|
<td>17.4</td>
|
|
<td>-0.4</td>
|
|
<td>-2.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Nevada</th>
|
|
<td>13.6</td>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New Hampshire</th>
|
|
<td>17.3</td>
|
|
<td>18.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.7</td>
|
|
<td>4.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New Jersey</th>
|
|
<td>11.8</td>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>0.9</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New Mexico</th>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>1.3</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New York</th>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>0.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">North Carolina</th>
|
|
<td>11.4</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">North Dakota</th>
|
|
<td>19.6</td>
|
|
<td>22.9</td>
|
|
<td>3.3</td>
|
|
<td>16.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Ohio</th>
|
|
<td>14.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>-2.3</td>
|
|
<td>-15.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Oklahoma</th>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>1.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Oregon</th>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.8</td>
|
|
<td>-1.7</td>
|
|
<td>-11.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Pennsylvania</th>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>12.8</td>
|
|
<td>2.0</td>
|
|
<td>18.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Rhode Island</th>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>0.9</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">South Carolina</th>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">South Dakota</th>
|
|
<td>19.3</td>
|
|
<td>20.6</td>
|
|
<td>1.3</td>
|
|
<td>6.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Tennessee</th>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>-0.4</td>
|
|
<td>-4.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Texas</th>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>1.6</td>
|
|
<td>15.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Utah</th>
|
|
<td>20.6</td>
|
|
<td>18.6</td>
|
|
<td>-2.0</td>
|
|
<td>-9.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Vermont</th>
|
|
<td>15.0</td>
|
|
<td>18.7</td>
|
|
<td>3.7</td>
|
|
<td>24.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Virginia</th>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
<td>2.1</td>
|
|
<td>19.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Washington</th>
|
|
<td>13.5</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>-0.4</td>
|
|
<td>-3.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">West Virginia</th>
|
|
<td>5.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>20.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Wisconsin</th>
|
|
<td>19.3</td>
|
|
<td>17.6</td>
|
|
<td>-1.7</td>
|
|
<td>-8.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Wyoming</th>
|
|
<td>18.8</td>
|
|
<td>20.9</td>
|
|
<td>2.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="5">SOURCE: Authors' calculations based on <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s 2007 <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr> data linked to <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> data.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="5">NOTES: For 2007, Social Security disability beneficiaries include the more than 10 million <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries who were in current-pay status for at least 1 month in 2007 and had been receiving benefits from either program for at least 1 calendar year. Those beneficiaries are considered employed if they had at least $1,000 in earnings in 2007. For 1996, Social Security disability beneficiaries include the more than 7 million <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries who were in current-pay status for at least 1 month in 1996 and had been receiving benefits from either program for at least 1 calendar year. Those beneficiaries are considered employed if they had at least $1,000 (in 2007 dollars, adjusted using the average wage index) in earnings in 1996. </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>We further examine, using a multivariate model for 1996 and 2007, whether compositional changes explain the changes over time in state-level employment rates and find that the pattern of employment by state continued to be consistent over time (Chart 5). The state-of-residence coefficients represent the effect of residing in a particular state on beneficiaries' likelihood of employment while holding other demographic characteristics constant. Our findings indicate that for almost all of the states, the state-of-residence effects had the same direction—and in many cases the same magnitude—in 1996 and 2007. These estimates further underscore the effects of state-specific factors influencing employment outcomes and build on our earlier findings for the 2007 estimates by suggesting that persistent differences in policies, conditions, and unobserved individual characteristics were driving the differences in employment rates (as opposed to <span class="nobr">short-term</span> changes in policies).</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700">
|
|
<div class="title" id="chart5">Chart 5.<br>Comparison of state effects from state employment models for 1996 and 2007</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v71n3p11_chart05.gif" alt="Bar chart displaying 1996 and 2007 state-level coefficients available in Table 3 of this article." width="700" height="833" /></div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCE: Authors' calculations based on <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s 2007 <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr> data linked to <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> data.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote">NOTES: Coefficients on binary indicator variables for each state were taken from <a href="#table3">Table 3</a>. States that seem to show data for 1 year actually have data for both 1996 and 2007; in these cases, state effects are so small (close to zero) that the bar is not visible on the chart.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Finally, for reference, in the <a href="#appendix">Appendix</a> (Tables <span class="nobr">A-1</span> through A-4), we present a full set of descriptive tabulations for employment rates by state for all beneficiaries and the three program groups for all years under study. The findings confirm the general patterns discussed earlier in this article and provide additional useful context for state differences in employment rates, as well as changes over time. Equally important, the findings provide information on state employment rates over time that was previously unavailable and supplement the annual information on state characteristics included in current <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> publications.</p>
|
|
<h2>Conclusions</h2>
|
|
<p>Our findings for the overall employment rates provide important contextual information that should be considered in evaluating current and developing future return-to-work initiatives. The overall employment rate for Social Security disability beneficiaries in 2007 was 12 percent, although employment activity varies substantially across subgroups. Our multivariate findings indicate that substantial differences exist across age and program groups, as younger beneficiaries and those receiving <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only were more likely to work relative to other Social Security disability beneficiaries. This finding is consistent with earlier findings from the <abbr class="spell">TTW</abbr> evaluation that younger beneficiaries and those who receive <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> were more likely to use work supports and participate in the <abbr class="spell">TTW</abbr> program than other beneficiary groups (Stapleton and others 2008). The findings for <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries are also consistent with the program eligibility rules that require applicants to have a substantial work history (and hence be more predisposed to work after receiving benefits) to qualify for benefits.</p>
|
|
<p>Results in this article also suggest that there was limited variation in employment rates by broad categories of impairment conditions. More research is needed to assess whether this variation exists within detailed categories of impairment (for example, within the mental impairment grouping, do employment rates vary across people with affective disorders, anxiety, or schizophrenia).</p>
|
|
<p>Our findings also indicate that employment rates of Social Security disability beneficiaries, although generally stable, fluctuate with the business cycle. Since 1996, the overall beneficiary employment rate has ranged between 11 and 13 percent, with lower rates during recessions and higher rates during economic expansions. This finding has important implications for ongoing return-to-work initiatives, such as <abbr class="spell">TTW</abbr> and several <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> demonstration projects. The <abbr class="spell">TTW</abbr> program rollout started near the trough of the 2001 business cycle, and several demonstrations started about the same time. <abbr class="spell">TTW</abbr>'s new regulations were implemented near the beginning of the <span class="nobr">2008–2009</span> recession, and it seems likely that <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> will launch the Benefit Offset National Demonstration project early in the recovery from the most recent recession. Hence, the business cycle could have a material effect on the impacts of these initiatives.</p>
|
|
<p>Finally, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> and states can use the employment-rate statistics to target and monitor their efforts for improving employment at the state level and identify new approaches to providing supports. The substantial variation in state employment rates, which is consistent with broader trends in employment of individuals with disabilities, raises important questions about why those differences persist, even after controlling for beneficiary characteristics. For example, does the large variation in relative employment rates suggest a potential area for improving state programs for individuals with disabilities, by looking at the programs and policies of states that have relatively higher employment rates? <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> may detect progress toward reaching disability employment-rate goals or identifying a need to modify policies aimed at improving these rates, by tracking disability employment measures that have been consistently defined over time.</p>
|
|
<h2 id="appendix">Appendix</h2>
|
|
<p>For the <span class="nobr">1996–2007</span> period, we present descriptive tabulations of employment rates by state for all Social Security disability beneficiaries (Table A-1) and the three program groups—<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only, and concurrent beneficiaries (Tables A-2, A-3, and A-4, respectively).</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="tablea1">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table A-1. </span>State-level employment rates for all Social Security disability beneficiaries, <span class="nobr">1996–2007</span></caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:14em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="12" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">State</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1996</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1997</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1998</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1999</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2000</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2001</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2002</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2003</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2004</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2005</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2006</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2007</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">All states </th>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Alabama</th>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.3</td>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Alaska</th>
|
|
<td>14.3</td>
|
|
<td>13.8</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.6</td>
|
|
<td>14.3</td>
|
|
<td>14.0</td>
|
|
<td>13.3</td>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
<td>12.8</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Arizona</th>
|
|
<td>14.6</td>
|
|
<td>14.7</td>
|
|
<td>15.0</td>
|
|
<td>15.1</td>
|
|
<td>15.8</td>
|
|
<td>15.1</td>
|
|
<td>14.4</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>14.3</td>
|
|
<td>14.8</td>
|
|
<td>15.6</td>
|
|
<td>15.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Arkansas</th>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">California</th>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>10.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Colorado</th>
|
|
<td>17.6</td>
|
|
<td>17.5</td>
|
|
<td>17.9</td>
|
|
<td>18.1</td>
|
|
<td>18.7</td>
|
|
<td>17.1</td>
|
|
<td>15.8</td>
|
|
<td>14.9</td>
|
|
<td>14.8</td>
|
|
<td>14.8</td>
|
|
<td>15.3</td>
|
|
<td>15.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Connecticut</th>
|
|
<td>16.0</td>
|
|
<td>16.1</td>
|
|
<td>16.6</td>
|
|
<td>17.0</td>
|
|
<td>17.8</td>
|
|
<td>17.3</td>
|
|
<td>16.9</td>
|
|
<td>16.3</td>
|
|
<td>16.3</td>
|
|
<td>16.4</td>
|
|
<td>16.6</td>
|
|
<td>16.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Delaware</th>
|
|
<td>16.9</td>
|
|
<td>17.8</td>
|
|
<td>18.8</td>
|
|
<td>18.9</td>
|
|
<td>19.8</td>
|
|
<td>18.5</td>
|
|
<td>18.0</td>
|
|
<td>17.0</td>
|
|
<td>16.9</td>
|
|
<td>16.9</td>
|
|
<td>17.1</td>
|
|
<td>17.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">District of Columbia</th>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>12.2</td>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
<td>13.9</td>
|
|
<td>12.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>13.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Florida</th>
|
|
<td>10.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Georgia</th>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Hawaii</th>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Idaho</th>
|
|
<td>16.2</td>
|
|
<td>16.4</td>
|
|
<td>16.3</td>
|
|
<td>15.7</td>
|
|
<td>16.6</td>
|
|
<td>15.5</td>
|
|
<td>14.7</td>
|
|
<td>14.7</td>
|
|
<td>14.3</td>
|
|
<td>14.8</td>
|
|
<td>15.7</td>
|
|
<td>15.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Illinois</th>
|
|
<td>13.3</td>
|
|
<td>13.3</td>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>13.3</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>12.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Indiana</th>
|
|
<td>15.4</td>
|
|
<td>15.0</td>
|
|
<td>15.4</td>
|
|
<td>15.8</td>
|
|
<td>15.7</td>
|
|
<td>14.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.3</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Iowa</th>
|
|
<td>21.1</td>
|
|
<td>21.2</td>
|
|
<td>22.0</td>
|
|
<td>22.3</td>
|
|
<td>22.5</td>
|
|
<td>21.2</td>
|
|
<td>20.1</td>
|
|
<td>19.7</td>
|
|
<td>19.7</td>
|
|
<td>20.0</td>
|
|
<td>20.1</td>
|
|
<td>20.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Kansas</th>
|
|
<td>17.0</td>
|
|
<td>17.6</td>
|
|
<td>17.6</td>
|
|
<td>17.3</td>
|
|
<td>17.5</td>
|
|
<td>16.5</td>
|
|
<td>15.9</td>
|
|
<td>15.5</td>
|
|
<td>15.1</td>
|
|
<td>15.2</td>
|
|
<td>15.9</td>
|
|
<td>16.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Kentucky</th>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Louisiana</th>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Maine</th>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>14.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.3</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>13.3</td>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Maryland</th>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>13.6</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>14.9</td>
|
|
<td>15.6</td>
|
|
<td>14.7</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.9</td>
|
|
<td>13.8</td>
|
|
<td>14.3</td>
|
|
<td>15.0</td>
|
|
<td>15.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Massachusetts</th>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>14.6</td>
|
|
<td>15.0</td>
|
|
<td>15.6</td>
|
|
<td>16.4</td>
|
|
<td>15.4</td>
|
|
<td>14.3</td>
|
|
<td>14.0</td>
|
|
<td>14.0</td>
|
|
<td>14.1</td>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>14.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Michigan</th>
|
|
<td>16.4</td>
|
|
<td>16.1</td>
|
|
<td>16.7</td>
|
|
<td>17.2</td>
|
|
<td>17.3</td>
|
|
<td>15.6</td>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>12.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Minnesota</th>
|
|
<td>23.1</td>
|
|
<td>22.7</td>
|
|
<td>23.1</td>
|
|
<td>23.6</td>
|
|
<td>24.4</td>
|
|
<td>23.2</td>
|
|
<td>21.9</td>
|
|
<td>21.9</td>
|
|
<td>21.7</td>
|
|
<td>22.0</td>
|
|
<td>21.9</td>
|
|
<td>22.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Mississippi</th>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.3</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Missouri</th>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>14.7</td>
|
|
<td>15.0</td>
|
|
<td>15.4</td>
|
|
<td>15.8</td>
|
|
<td>14.7</td>
|
|
<td>14.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.8</td>
|
|
<td>13.6</td>
|
|
<td>13.5</td>
|
|
<td>13.6</td>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Montana</th>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>13.8</td>
|
|
<td>13.8</td>
|
|
<td>13.9</td>
|
|
<td>14.9</td>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>14.0</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>14.4</td>
|
|
<td>15.3</td>
|
|
<td>15.2</td>
|
|
<td>16.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Nebraska</th>
|
|
<td>17.8</td>
|
|
<td>17.8</td>
|
|
<td>18.3</td>
|
|
<td>18.7</td>
|
|
<td>19.4</td>
|
|
<td>18.0</td>
|
|
<td>16.8</td>
|
|
<td>16.6</td>
|
|
<td>16.4</td>
|
|
<td>16.7</td>
|
|
<td>16.6</td>
|
|
<td>17.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Nevada</th>
|
|
<td>13.6</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>13.3</td>
|
|
<td>14.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.9</td>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New Hampshire</th>
|
|
<td>17.3</td>
|
|
<td>18.0</td>
|
|
<td>18.2</td>
|
|
<td>18.7</td>
|
|
<td>20.0</td>
|
|
<td>18.8</td>
|
|
<td>17.6</td>
|
|
<td>17.5</td>
|
|
<td>17.9</td>
|
|
<td>18.0</td>
|
|
<td>18.1</td>
|
|
<td>18.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New Jersey</th>
|
|
<td>11.8</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.2</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>12.2</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New Mexico</th>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New York</th>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>10.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.5</td>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.4</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>10.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">North Carolina</th>
|
|
<td>11.4</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>12.2</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>10.4</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">North Dakota</th>
|
|
<td>19.6</td>
|
|
<td>20.1</td>
|
|
<td>19.9</td>
|
|
<td>19.8</td>
|
|
<td>20.8</td>
|
|
<td>20.5</td>
|
|
<td>20.2</td>
|
|
<td>20.9</td>
|
|
<td>21.3</td>
|
|
<td>21.0</td>
|
|
<td>21.7</td>
|
|
<td>22.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Ohio</th>
|
|
<td>14.7</td>
|
|
<td>14.7</td>
|
|
<td>15.0</td>
|
|
<td>15.5</td>
|
|
<td>15.9</td>
|
|
<td>14.0</td>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Oklahoma</th>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>10.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Oregon</th>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>14.6</td>
|
|
<td>14.3</td>
|
|
<td>14.3</td>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>12.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Pennsylvania</th>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>11.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>12.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Rhode Island</th>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
<td>13.6</td>
|
|
<td>14.3</td>
|
|
<td>13.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">South Carolina</th>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">South Dakota</th>
|
|
<td>19.3</td>
|
|
<td>19.5</td>
|
|
<td>20.1</td>
|
|
<td>20.4</td>
|
|
<td>21.1</td>
|
|
<td>20.4</td>
|
|
<td>19.5</td>
|
|
<td>19.9</td>
|
|
<td>20.2</td>
|
|
<td>20.3</td>
|
|
<td>20.5</td>
|
|
<td>20.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Tennessee</th>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.3</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Texas</th>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>10.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>10.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Utah</th>
|
|
<td>20.6</td>
|
|
<td>20.0</td>
|
|
<td>19.8</td>
|
|
<td>19.7</td>
|
|
<td>19.5</td>
|
|
<td>18.1</td>
|
|
<td>17.0</td>
|
|
<td>16.5</td>
|
|
<td>16.7</td>
|
|
<td>17.3</td>
|
|
<td>17.9</td>
|
|
<td>18.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Vermont</th>
|
|
<td>15.0</td>
|
|
<td>15.2</td>
|
|
<td>16.3</td>
|
|
<td>17.3</td>
|
|
<td>19.0</td>
|
|
<td>18.7</td>
|
|
<td>18.2</td>
|
|
<td>18.3</td>
|
|
<td>18.7</td>
|
|
<td>18.9</td>
|
|
<td>18.9</td>
|
|
<td>18.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Virginia</th>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>12.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>11.8</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Washington</th>
|
|
<td>13.5</td>
|
|
<td>14.1</td>
|
|
<td>14.4</td>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>14.7</td>
|
|
<td>13.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.8</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">West Virginia</th>
|
|
<td>5.8</td>
|
|
<td>5.8</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>6.3</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>6.1</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.6</td>
|
|
<td>6.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Wisconsin</th>
|
|
<td>19.3</td>
|
|
<td>19.2</td>
|
|
<td>19.7</td>
|
|
<td>20.0</td>
|
|
<td>20.1</td>
|
|
<td>18.5</td>
|
|
<td>17.8</td>
|
|
<td>17.8</td>
|
|
<td>17.6</td>
|
|
<td>17.6</td>
|
|
<td>17.5</td>
|
|
<td>17.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Wyoming</th>
|
|
<td>18.8</td>
|
|
<td>19.0</td>
|
|
<td>18.6</td>
|
|
<td>19.7</td>
|
|
<td>19.7</td>
|
|
<td>19.8</td>
|
|
<td>19.4</td>
|
|
<td>19.1</td>
|
|
<td>19.6</td>
|
|
<td>20.3</td>
|
|
<td>20.9</td>
|
|
<td>20.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="13">SOURCE: Authors' calculations based on <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s 2007 <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr> data linked to <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> data.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="13">NOTE: Social Security disability beneficiaries include <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries who were in current-pay status for at least 1 month in the observation year and had been receiving benefits from either program for at least 1 calendar year. </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="table" id="tablea2">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table A-2. </span>State-level employment rates for <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only beneficiaries, <span class="nobr">1996–2007</span></caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:14em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="12" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">State</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1996</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1997</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1998</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1999</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2000</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2001</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2002</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2003</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2004</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2005</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2006</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2007</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">All states </th>
|
|
<td>14.1</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>14.6</td>
|
|
<td>14.8</td>
|
|
<td>15.7</td>
|
|
<td>15.2</td>
|
|
<td>14.7</td>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>14.4</td>
|
|
<td>14.4</td>
|
|
<td>14.8</td>
|
|
<td>15.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Alabama</th>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Alaska</th>
|
|
<td>17.6</td>
|
|
<td>16.5</td>
|
|
<td>18.3</td>
|
|
<td>16.5</td>
|
|
<td>17.8</td>
|
|
<td>17.5</td>
|
|
<td>17.2</td>
|
|
<td>17.1</td>
|
|
<td>16.9</td>
|
|
<td>16.9</td>
|
|
<td>16.8</td>
|
|
<td>16.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Arizona</th>
|
|
<td>17.7</td>
|
|
<td>17.7</td>
|
|
<td>18.2</td>
|
|
<td>18.2</td>
|
|
<td>19.6</td>
|
|
<td>19.3</td>
|
|
<td>19.0</td>
|
|
<td>18.1</td>
|
|
<td>18.0</td>
|
|
<td>18.2</td>
|
|
<td>18.7</td>
|
|
<td>19.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Arkansas</th>
|
|
<td>10.4</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>11.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">California</th>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>14.6</td>
|
|
<td>15.1</td>
|
|
<td>15.3</td>
|
|
<td>16.4</td>
|
|
<td>16.4</td>
|
|
<td>15.7</td>
|
|
<td>14.8</td>
|
|
<td>14.7</td>
|
|
<td>14.6</td>
|
|
<td>15.2</td>
|
|
<td>15.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Colorado</th>
|
|
<td>19.6</td>
|
|
<td>19.6</td>
|
|
<td>20.1</td>
|
|
<td>20.2</td>
|
|
<td>21.8</td>
|
|
<td>20.5</td>
|
|
<td>19.7</td>
|
|
<td>18.5</td>
|
|
<td>18.4</td>
|
|
<td>18.2</td>
|
|
<td>18.6</td>
|
|
<td>18.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Connecticut</th>
|
|
<td>18.7</td>
|
|
<td>18.6</td>
|
|
<td>19.1</td>
|
|
<td>19.6</td>
|
|
<td>20.9</td>
|
|
<td>20.9</td>
|
|
<td>20.7</td>
|
|
<td>19.8</td>
|
|
<td>19.7</td>
|
|
<td>19.8</td>
|
|
<td>20.1</td>
|
|
<td>20.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Delaware</th>
|
|
<td>19.1</td>
|
|
<td>19.5</td>
|
|
<td>21.0</td>
|
|
<td>21.1</td>
|
|
<td>22.3</td>
|
|
<td>21.6</td>
|
|
<td>21.6</td>
|
|
<td>19.9</td>
|
|
<td>19.6</td>
|
|
<td>19.4</td>
|
|
<td>19.3</td>
|
|
<td>19.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">District of Columbia</th>
|
|
<td>16.9</td>
|
|
<td>17.9</td>
|
|
<td>18.1</td>
|
|
<td>19.0</td>
|
|
<td>20.2</td>
|
|
<td>19.8</td>
|
|
<td>19.1</td>
|
|
<td>17.5</td>
|
|
<td>17.6</td>
|
|
<td>18.0</td>
|
|
<td>18.7</td>
|
|
<td>19.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Florida</th>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>12.8</td>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>13.5</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>14.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Georgia</th>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.8</td>
|
|
<td>12.5</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>13.9</td>
|
|
<td>13.5</td>
|
|
<td>13.3</td>
|
|
<td>12.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.5</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>13.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Hawaii</th>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>11.4</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Idaho</th>
|
|
<td>17.5</td>
|
|
<td>17.4</td>
|
|
<td>17.6</td>
|
|
<td>17.1</td>
|
|
<td>18.9</td>
|
|
<td>18.3</td>
|
|
<td>17.8</td>
|
|
<td>17.6</td>
|
|
<td>16.9</td>
|
|
<td>17.4</td>
|
|
<td>18.1</td>
|
|
<td>18.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Illinois</th>
|
|
<td>16.1</td>
|
|
<td>16.0</td>
|
|
<td>16.4</td>
|
|
<td>16.6</td>
|
|
<td>17.7</td>
|
|
<td>16.9</td>
|
|
<td>16.3</td>
|
|
<td>16.2</td>
|
|
<td>16.0</td>
|
|
<td>15.8</td>
|
|
<td>16.1</td>
|
|
<td>16.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Indiana</th>
|
|
<td>16.8</td>
|
|
<td>16.5</td>
|
|
<td>17.0</td>
|
|
<td>17.3</td>
|
|
<td>18.0</td>
|
|
<td>17.0</td>
|
|
<td>16.3</td>
|
|
<td>15.9</td>
|
|
<td>15.7</td>
|
|
<td>15.4</td>
|
|
<td>15.3</td>
|
|
<td>15.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Iowa</th>
|
|
<td>22.9</td>
|
|
<td>23.2</td>
|
|
<td>24.1</td>
|
|
<td>24.3</td>
|
|
<td>25.6</td>
|
|
<td>25.1</td>
|
|
<td>24.7</td>
|
|
<td>23.8</td>
|
|
<td>23.6</td>
|
|
<td>23.7</td>
|
|
<td>23.8</td>
|
|
<td>23.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Kansas</th>
|
|
<td>18.2</td>
|
|
<td>18.6</td>
|
|
<td>18.5</td>
|
|
<td>18.7</td>
|
|
<td>19.8</td>
|
|
<td>19.1</td>
|
|
<td>18.9</td>
|
|
<td>18.4</td>
|
|
<td>18.1</td>
|
|
<td>17.9</td>
|
|
<td>18.7</td>
|
|
<td>18.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Kentucky</th>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>10.4</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Louisiana</th>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.2</td>
|
|
<td>12.2</td>
|
|
<td>12.2</td>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>12.8</td>
|
|
<td>13.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Maine</th>
|
|
<td>13.6</td>
|
|
<td>13.5</td>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>14.9</td>
|
|
<td>16.4</td>
|
|
<td>16.0</td>
|
|
<td>16.2</td>
|
|
<td>16.0</td>
|
|
<td>15.9</td>
|
|
<td>15.9</td>
|
|
<td>15.9</td>
|
|
<td>16.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Maryland</th>
|
|
<td>15.5</td>
|
|
<td>15.7</td>
|
|
<td>16.4</td>
|
|
<td>16.7</td>
|
|
<td>18.2</td>
|
|
<td>17.6</td>
|
|
<td>17.6</td>
|
|
<td>17.0</td>
|
|
<td>16.7</td>
|
|
<td>17.0</td>
|
|
<td>17.7</td>
|
|
<td>17.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Massachusetts</th>
|
|
<td>18.1</td>
|
|
<td>18.2</td>
|
|
<td>18.7</td>
|
|
<td>19.3</td>
|
|
<td>20.5</td>
|
|
<td>20.2</td>
|
|
<td>19.4</td>
|
|
<td>18.6</td>
|
|
<td>18.5</td>
|
|
<td>18.3</td>
|
|
<td>18.9</td>
|
|
<td>19.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Michigan</th>
|
|
<td>19.1</td>
|
|
<td>18.7</td>
|
|
<td>19.3</td>
|
|
<td>19.8</td>
|
|
<td>20.6</td>
|
|
<td>19.6</td>
|
|
<td>18.7</td>
|
|
<td>17.8</td>
|
|
<td>17.2</td>
|
|
<td>16.8</td>
|
|
<td>16.6</td>
|
|
<td>16.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Minnesota</th>
|
|
<td>25.2</td>
|
|
<td>24.9</td>
|
|
<td>25.5</td>
|
|
<td>25.9</td>
|
|
<td>28.0</td>
|
|
<td>27.5</td>
|
|
<td>26.5</td>
|
|
<td>26.5</td>
|
|
<td>26.2</td>
|
|
<td>26.3</td>
|
|
<td>26.2</td>
|
|
<td>26.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Mississippi</th>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Missouri</th>
|
|
<td>16.0</td>
|
|
<td>16.1</td>
|
|
<td>16.7</td>
|
|
<td>16.9</td>
|
|
<td>18.2</td>
|
|
<td>17.3</td>
|
|
<td>17.1</td>
|
|
<td>16.6</td>
|
|
<td>16.4</td>
|
|
<td>16.2</td>
|
|
<td>16.3</td>
|
|
<td>16.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Montana</th>
|
|
<td>15.0</td>
|
|
<td>15.2</td>
|
|
<td>15.8</td>
|
|
<td>15.2</td>
|
|
<td>16.5</td>
|
|
<td>16.6</td>
|
|
<td>16.5</td>
|
|
<td>16.8</td>
|
|
<td>17.1</td>
|
|
<td>17.8</td>
|
|
<td>17.9</td>
|
|
<td>18.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Nebraska</th>
|
|
<td>19.8</td>
|
|
<td>19.9</td>
|
|
<td>20.5</td>
|
|
<td>21.2</td>
|
|
<td>22.9</td>
|
|
<td>22.1</td>
|
|
<td>21.1</td>
|
|
<td>20.2</td>
|
|
<td>19.8</td>
|
|
<td>19.8</td>
|
|
<td>19.7</td>
|
|
<td>20.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Nevada</th>
|
|
<td>14.4</td>
|
|
<td>13.9</td>
|
|
<td>14.1</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>15.5</td>
|
|
<td>14.9</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.8</td>
|
|
<td>14.1</td>
|
|
<td>14.4</td>
|
|
<td>15.1</td>
|
|
<td>15.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New Hampshire</th>
|
|
<td>18.6</td>
|
|
<td>19.0</td>
|
|
<td>19.3</td>
|
|
<td>19.7</td>
|
|
<td>21.4</td>
|
|
<td>20.8</td>
|
|
<td>19.7</td>
|
|
<td>19.7</td>
|
|
<td>20.0</td>
|
|
<td>20.0</td>
|
|
<td>20.3</td>
|
|
<td>20.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New Jersey</th>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>15.4</td>
|
|
<td>15.0</td>
|
|
<td>14.8</td>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>14.6</td>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>15.0</td>
|
|
<td>15.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New Mexico</th>
|
|
<td>12.8</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>14.4</td>
|
|
<td>14.3</td>
|
|
<td>14.4</td>
|
|
<td>14.3</td>
|
|
<td>14.3</td>
|
|
<td>14.1</td>
|
|
<td>14.4</td>
|
|
<td>14.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New York</th>
|
|
<td>12.8</td>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>14.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.8</td>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>13.5</td>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>13.5</td>
|
|
<td>14.0</td>
|
|
<td>13.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">North Carolina</th>
|
|
<td>14.0</td>
|
|
<td>14.4</td>
|
|
<td>15.0</td>
|
|
<td>14.8</td>
|
|
<td>15.3</td>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>14.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.5</td>
|
|
<td>13.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">North Dakota</th>
|
|
<td>21.3</td>
|
|
<td>21.3</td>
|
|
<td>21.7</td>
|
|
<td>21.7</td>
|
|
<td>23.2</td>
|
|
<td>23.4</td>
|
|
<td>23.5</td>
|
|
<td>24.4</td>
|
|
<td>24.5</td>
|
|
<td>24.6</td>
|
|
<td>25.2</td>
|
|
<td>26.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Ohio</th>
|
|
<td>16.3</td>
|
|
<td>16.2</td>
|
|
<td>16.7</td>
|
|
<td>16.9</td>
|
|
<td>18.3</td>
|
|
<td>17.2</td>
|
|
<td>16.7</td>
|
|
<td>16.5</td>
|
|
<td>16.3</td>
|
|
<td>15.9</td>
|
|
<td>16.0</td>
|
|
<td>16.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Oklahoma</th>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>13.5</td>
|
|
<td>13.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
<td>12.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
<td>12.5</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Oregon</th>
|
|
<td>16.3</td>
|
|
<td>16.4</td>
|
|
<td>16.6</td>
|
|
<td>16.8</td>
|
|
<td>17.5</td>
|
|
<td>16.8</td>
|
|
<td>16.2</td>
|
|
<td>15.4</td>
|
|
<td>15.5</td>
|
|
<td>15.5</td>
|
|
<td>15.5</td>
|
|
<td>15.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Pennsylvania</th>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>14.1</td>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>15.5</td>
|
|
<td>15.3</td>
|
|
<td>15.5</td>
|
|
<td>15.3</td>
|
|
<td>15.4</td>
|
|
<td>15.5</td>
|
|
<td>16.1</td>
|
|
<td>16.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Rhode Island</th>
|
|
<td>13.5</td>
|
|
<td>13.9</td>
|
|
<td>14.7</td>
|
|
<td>15.2</td>
|
|
<td>16.6</td>
|
|
<td>16.3</td>
|
|
<td>15.8</td>
|
|
<td>15.7</td>
|
|
<td>15.9</td>
|
|
<td>15.2</td>
|
|
<td>15.7</td>
|
|
<td>15.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">South Carolina</th>
|
|
<td>11.4</td>
|
|
<td>11.8</td>
|
|
<td>12.2</td>
|
|
<td>12.5</td>
|
|
<td>13.6</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>11.4</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">South Dakota</th>
|
|
<td>22.2</td>
|
|
<td>21.8</td>
|
|
<td>22.9</td>
|
|
<td>23.4</td>
|
|
<td>25.3</td>
|
|
<td>24.9</td>
|
|
<td>24.3</td>
|
|
<td>24.6</td>
|
|
<td>24.4</td>
|
|
<td>24.4</td>
|
|
<td>24.4</td>
|
|
<td>24.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Tennessee</th>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>11.8</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.4</td>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Texas</th>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
<td>13.5</td>
|
|
<td>13.8</td>
|
|
<td>13.8</td>
|
|
<td>14.8</td>
|
|
<td>14.6</td>
|
|
<td>14.3</td>
|
|
<td>13.3</td>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.9</td>
|
|
<td>14.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Utah</th>
|
|
<td>22.9</td>
|
|
<td>21.9</td>
|
|
<td>22.0</td>
|
|
<td>22.2</td>
|
|
<td>22.7</td>
|
|
<td>21.4</td>
|
|
<td>20.8</td>
|
|
<td>19.9</td>
|
|
<td>20.1</td>
|
|
<td>20.5</td>
|
|
<td>20.9</td>
|
|
<td>21.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Vermont</th>
|
|
<td>18.5</td>
|
|
<td>19.1</td>
|
|
<td>19.8</td>
|
|
<td>20.7</td>
|
|
<td>23.1</td>
|
|
<td>23.6</td>
|
|
<td>23.8</td>
|
|
<td>23.4</td>
|
|
<td>23.8</td>
|
|
<td>23.6</td>
|
|
<td>23.7</td>
|
|
<td>23.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Virginia</th>
|
|
<td>12.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>14.8</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>14.4</td>
|
|
<td>13.9</td>
|
|
<td>14.0</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>14.9</td>
|
|
<td>15.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Washington</th>
|
|
<td>15.9</td>
|
|
<td>16.5</td>
|
|
<td>17.1</td>
|
|
<td>17.1</td>
|
|
<td>17.9</td>
|
|
<td>17.3</td>
|
|
<td>16.1</td>
|
|
<td>15.5</td>
|
|
<td>15.2</td>
|
|
<td>15.3</td>
|
|
<td>16.4</td>
|
|
<td>16.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">West Virginia</th>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Wisconsin</th>
|
|
<td>21.3</td>
|
|
<td>21.3</td>
|
|
<td>21.8</td>
|
|
<td>22.2</td>
|
|
<td>23.2</td>
|
|
<td>22.4</td>
|
|
<td>22.4</td>
|
|
<td>21.9</td>
|
|
<td>21.6</td>
|
|
<td>21.7</td>
|
|
<td>21.3</td>
|
|
<td>21.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Wyoming</th>
|
|
<td>19.6</td>
|
|
<td>20.0</td>
|
|
<td>19.7</td>
|
|
<td>20.5</td>
|
|
<td>21.3</td>
|
|
<td>21.8</td>
|
|
<td>21.8</td>
|
|
<td>21.3</td>
|
|
<td>21.7</td>
|
|
<td>22.5</td>
|
|
<td>23.4</td>
|
|
<td>23.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="13">SOURCE: Authors' calculations based on <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s 2007 <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr> data linked to <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> data.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="13">NOTE: <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only beneficiaries include individuals who received <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits only, who were in current-pay status for at least 1 month in the observation year, and had been receiving benefits for at least 1 calendar year. </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="table" id="tablea3">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table A-3. </span>State-level employment rates for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only recipients, <span class="nobr">1996–2007</span></caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:14em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="12" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">State</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1996</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1997</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1998</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1999</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2000</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2001</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2002</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2003</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2004</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2005</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2006</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2007</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">All states </th>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>6.8</td>
|
|
<td>6.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Alabama</th>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>6.1</td>
|
|
<td>5.2</td>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
<td>5.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.8</td>
|
|
<td>6.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Alaska</th>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Arizona</th>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>10.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>10.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Arkansas</th>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>6.5</td>
|
|
<td>5.6</td>
|
|
<td>5.7</td>
|
|
<td>5.6</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>6.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">California</th>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
<td>8.3</td>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Colorado</th>
|
|
<td>14.8</td>
|
|
<td>15.0</td>
|
|
<td>15.7</td>
|
|
<td>16.0</td>
|
|
<td>15.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Connecticut</th>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>12.8</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Delaware</th>
|
|
<td>13.5</td>
|
|
<td>15.2</td>
|
|
<td>15.6</td>
|
|
<td>16.0</td>
|
|
<td>16.4</td>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
<td>10.5</td>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">District of Columbia</th>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Florida</th>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>6.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>8.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Georgia</th>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>5.5</td>
|
|
<td>5.8</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Hawaii</th>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>6.1</td>
|
|
<td>6.3</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>6.1</td>
|
|
<td>5.9</td>
|
|
<td>5.8</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Idaho</th>
|
|
<td>14.7</td>
|
|
<td>16.1</td>
|
|
<td>15.7</td>
|
|
<td>15.1</td>
|
|
<td>14.3</td>
|
|
<td>12.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>10.4</td>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Illinois</th>
|
|
<td>10.4</td>
|
|
<td>10.4</td>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Indiana</th>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.6</td>
|
|
<td>13.9</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Iowa</th>
|
|
<td>18.9</td>
|
|
<td>19.2</td>
|
|
<td>19.8</td>
|
|
<td>20.2</td>
|
|
<td>18.6</td>
|
|
<td>16.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.9</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
<td>12.8</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Kansas</th>
|
|
<td>15.3</td>
|
|
<td>16.8</td>
|
|
<td>16.7</td>
|
|
<td>16.1</td>
|
|
<td>14.9</td>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>11.8</td>
|
|
<td>10.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Kentucky</th>
|
|
<td>5.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.2</td>
|
|
<td>5.5</td>
|
|
<td>5.9</td>
|
|
<td>5.8</td>
|
|
<td>4.9</td>
|
|
<td>4.1</td>
|
|
<td>3.6</td>
|
|
<td>3.6</td>
|
|
<td>4.0</td>
|
|
<td>3.9</td>
|
|
<td>4.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Louisiana</th>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.6</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>6.1</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>6.6</td>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Maine</th>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Maryland</th>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>11.8</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Massachusetts</th>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>8.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Michigan</th>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.5</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Minnesota</th>
|
|
<td>19.5</td>
|
|
<td>19.5</td>
|
|
<td>19.5</td>
|
|
<td>20.0</td>
|
|
<td>18.8</td>
|
|
<td>16.6</td>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>13.3</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Mississippi</th>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>6.3</td>
|
|
<td>5.6</td>
|
|
<td>5.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Missouri</th>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>12.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Montana</th>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>11.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Nebraska</th>
|
|
<td>15.7</td>
|
|
<td>15.9</td>
|
|
<td>16.1</td>
|
|
<td>15.8</td>
|
|
<td>15.3</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Nevada</th>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.2</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>11.4</td>
|
|
<td>10.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New Hampshire</th>
|
|
<td>14.8</td>
|
|
<td>16.6</td>
|
|
<td>16.9</td>
|
|
<td>17.9</td>
|
|
<td>18.0</td>
|
|
<td>15.2</td>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.4</td>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New Jersey</th>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>10.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
<td>8.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New Mexico</th>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New York</th>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>6.8</td>
|
|
<td>6.3</td>
|
|
<td>6.3</td>
|
|
<td>6.5</td>
|
|
<td>6.6</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">North Carolina</th>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.3</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
<td>6.1</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>5.7</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">North Dakota</th>
|
|
<td>17.2</td>
|
|
<td>19.2</td>
|
|
<td>17.6</td>
|
|
<td>17.3</td>
|
|
<td>16.8</td>
|
|
<td>16.5</td>
|
|
<td>15.8</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
<td>13.3</td>
|
|
<td>13.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Ohio</th>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.8</td>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.9</td>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Oklahoma</th>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.3</td>
|
|
<td>6.1</td>
|
|
<td>6.5</td>
|
|
<td>6.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Oregon</th>
|
|
<td>12.2</td>
|
|
<td>12.2</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.5</td>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Pennsylvania</th>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
<td>8.3</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.3</td>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>6.6</td>
|
|
<td>6.6</td>
|
|
<td>6.8</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Rhode Island</th>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>10.0</td>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">South Carolina</th>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.0</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>6.5</td>
|
|
<td>6.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">South Dakota</th>
|
|
<td>14.8</td>
|
|
<td>16.2</td>
|
|
<td>16.6</td>
|
|
<td>17.1</td>
|
|
<td>15.9</td>
|
|
<td>15.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.3</td>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Tennessee</th>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
<td>4.8</td>
|
|
<td>4.9</td>
|
|
<td>5.2</td>
|
|
<td>5.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Texas</th>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.3</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
<td>6.1</td>
|
|
<td>5.2</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>5.9</td>
|
|
<td>6.6</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Utah</th>
|
|
<td>18.4</td>
|
|
<td>18.3</td>
|
|
<td>17.8</td>
|
|
<td>17.3</td>
|
|
<td>16.4</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>12.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Vermont</th>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>13.8</td>
|
|
<td>15.5</td>
|
|
<td>15.7</td>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.5</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Virginia</th>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>10.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Washington</th>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.3</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">West Virginia</th>
|
|
<td>3.9</td>
|
|
<td>4.0</td>
|
|
<td>4.1</td>
|
|
<td>4.3</td>
|
|
<td>4.1</td>
|
|
<td>3.8</td>
|
|
<td>3.5</td>
|
|
<td>3.2</td>
|
|
<td>3.3</td>
|
|
<td>3.4</td>
|
|
<td>3.4</td>
|
|
<td>3.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Wisconsin</th>
|
|
<td>16.8</td>
|
|
<td>16.8</td>
|
|
<td>17.6</td>
|
|
<td>17.8</td>
|
|
<td>16.5</td>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.8</td>
|
|
<td>10.4</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Wyoming</th>
|
|
<td>18.2</td>
|
|
<td>17.8</td>
|
|
<td>17.7</td>
|
|
<td>20.8</td>
|
|
<td>18.0</td>
|
|
<td>17.0</td>
|
|
<td>15.3</td>
|
|
<td>15.1</td>
|
|
<td>15.5</td>
|
|
<td>15.6</td>
|
|
<td>14.9</td>
|
|
<td>14.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="13">SOURCE: Authors' calculations based on <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s 2007 <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr> data linked to <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> data.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="13">NOTE: <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only disability recipients include individuals who received <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability benefits only, who were in current-pay status for at least 1 month in the observation year, and had been receiving benefits for at least 1 calendar year. </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="table" id="tablea4">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table A-4. </span>State-level employment rates for concurrent beneficiaries, <span class="nobr">1996–2007</span></caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:14em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="12" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">State</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1996</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1997</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1998</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1999</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2000</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2001</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2002</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2003</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2004</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2005</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2006</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2007</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">All states </th>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Alabama</th>
|
|
<td>4.8</td>
|
|
<td>4.6</td>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
<td>4.6</td>
|
|
<td>4.4</td>
|
|
<td>4.0</td>
|
|
<td>3.9</td>
|
|
<td>3.6</td>
|
|
<td>4.0</td>
|
|
<td>4.8</td>
|
|
<td>5.3</td>
|
|
<td>5.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Alaska</th>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Arizona</th>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Arkansas</th>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>6.1</td>
|
|
<td>6.1</td>
|
|
<td>6.1</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>4.5</td>
|
|
<td>4.6</td>
|
|
<td>5.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>5.5</td>
|
|
<td>5.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">California</th>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.6</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Colorado</th>
|
|
<td>14.3</td>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Connecticut</th>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Delaware</th>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>14.4</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>11.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">District of Columbia</th>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Florida</th>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.1</td>
|
|
<td>5.9</td>
|
|
<td>6.3</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Georgia</th>
|
|
<td>6.6</td>
|
|
<td>5.9</td>
|
|
<td>5.9</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>5.8</td>
|
|
<td>4.9</td>
|
|
<td>4.8</td>
|
|
<td>4.4</td>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>5.5</td>
|
|
<td>5.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Hawaii</th>
|
|
<td>6.3</td>
|
|
<td>5.5</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.9</td>
|
|
<td>4.8</td>
|
|
<td>5.3</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>5.3</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>5.3</td>
|
|
<td>5.9</td>
|
|
<td>6.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Idaho</th>
|
|
<td>13.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Illinois</th>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Indiana</th>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Iowa</th>
|
|
<td>17.7</td>
|
|
<td>16.8</td>
|
|
<td>17.6</td>
|
|
<td>17.8</td>
|
|
<td>17.3</td>
|
|
<td>15.8</td>
|
|
<td>14.4</td>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>13.5</td>
|
|
<td>14.6</td>
|
|
<td>14.1</td>
|
|
<td>14.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Kansas</th>
|
|
<td>15.3</td>
|
|
<td>14.7</td>
|
|
<td>15.1</td>
|
|
<td>14.0</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Kentucky</th>
|
|
<td>5.2</td>
|
|
<td>5.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>4.4</td>
|
|
<td>4.2</td>
|
|
<td>4.1</td>
|
|
<td>4.2</td>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
<td>4.8</td>
|
|
<td>5.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Louisiana</th>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>5.6</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.5</td>
|
|
<td>5.3</td>
|
|
<td>5.3</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>5.6</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Maine</th>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Maryland</th>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.4</td>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Massachusetts</th>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Michigan</th>
|
|
<td>14.9</td>
|
|
<td>13.8</td>
|
|
<td>14.0</td>
|
|
<td>14.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Minnesota</th>
|
|
<td>22.1</td>
|
|
<td>19.9</td>
|
|
<td>20.1</td>
|
|
<td>21.2</td>
|
|
<td>19.9</td>
|
|
<td>17.9</td>
|
|
<td>17.6</td>
|
|
<td>16.5</td>
|
|
<td>16.0</td>
|
|
<td>17.1</td>
|
|
<td>16.9</td>
|
|
<td>16.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Mississippi</th>
|
|
<td>4.6</td>
|
|
<td>4.8</td>
|
|
<td>4.9</td>
|
|
<td>5.0</td>
|
|
<td>4.6</td>
|
|
<td>3.9</td>
|
|
<td>4.2</td>
|
|
<td>4.1</td>
|
|
<td>4.1</td>
|
|
<td>4.5</td>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
<td>4.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Missouri</th>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.8</td>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Montana</th>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.5</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Nebraska</th>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>12.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.8</td>
|
|
<td>13.8</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Nevada</th>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>8.3</td>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New Hampshire</th>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>13.3</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>13.5</td>
|
|
<td>13.6</td>
|
|
<td>11.4</td>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New Jersey</th>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New Mexico</th>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>6.8</td>
|
|
<td>6.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">New York</th>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">North Carolina</th>
|
|
<td>6.5</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.8</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
<td>5.2</td>
|
|
<td>4.9</td>
|
|
<td>4.6</td>
|
|
<td>5.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.3</td>
|
|
<td>5.8</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">North Dakota</th>
|
|
<td>17.2</td>
|
|
<td>16.4</td>
|
|
<td>16.6</td>
|
|
<td>16.4</td>
|
|
<td>17.4</td>
|
|
<td>15.4</td>
|
|
<td>14.7</td>
|
|
<td>14.8</td>
|
|
<td>16.3</td>
|
|
<td>15.9</td>
|
|
<td>16.8</td>
|
|
<td>16.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Ohio</th>
|
|
<td>14.7</td>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>14.0</td>
|
|
<td>12.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Oklahoma</th>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
<td>6.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>6.7</td>
|
|
<td>6.7</td>
|
|
<td>6.1</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>6.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Oregon</th>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>10.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
<td>8.3</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Pennsylvania</th>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.3</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Rhode Island</th>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.5</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.6</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">South Carolina</th>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>6.7</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.7</td>
|
|
<td>5.3</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.7</td>
|
|
<td>6.3</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">South Dakota</th>
|
|
<td>18.3</td>
|
|
<td>17.7</td>
|
|
<td>17.2</td>
|
|
<td>16.1</td>
|
|
<td>15.6</td>
|
|
<td>15.2</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>14.4</td>
|
|
<td>14.7</td>
|
|
<td>14.4</td>
|
|
<td>14.4</td>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Tennessee</th>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
<td>6.3</td>
|
|
<td>6.5</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>4.8</td>
|
|
<td>4.9</td>
|
|
<td>4.5</td>
|
|
<td>5.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>5.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Texas</th>
|
|
<td>5.7</td>
|
|
<td>5.9</td>
|
|
<td>5.9</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.6</td>
|
|
<td>5.3</td>
|
|
<td>4.8</td>
|
|
<td>4.3</td>
|
|
<td>4.4</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>5.7</td>
|
|
<td>6.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Utah</th>
|
|
<td>15.0</td>
|
|
<td>14.0</td>
|
|
<td>13.8</td>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.4</td>
|
|
<td>12.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Vermont</th>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>12.2</td>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Virginia</th>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Washington</th>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>10.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
<td>8.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">West Virginia</th>
|
|
<td>3.8</td>
|
|
<td>3.6</td>
|
|
<td>4.0</td>
|
|
<td>4.3</td>
|
|
<td>4.1</td>
|
|
<td>3.5</td>
|
|
<td>3.8</td>
|
|
<td>3.4</td>
|
|
<td>3.9</td>
|
|
<td>4.0</td>
|
|
<td>4.2</td>
|
|
<td>4.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Wisconsin</th>
|
|
<td>17.7</td>
|
|
<td>16.7</td>
|
|
<td>16.7</td>
|
|
<td>16.9</td>
|
|
<td>16.0</td>
|
|
<td>14.7</td>
|
|
<td>13.6</td>
|
|
<td>13.5</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Wyoming</th>
|
|
<td>15.7</td>
|
|
<td>15.8</td>
|
|
<td>14.9</td>
|
|
<td>13.3</td>
|
|
<td>15.0</td>
|
|
<td>15.4</td>
|
|
<td>15.9</td>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>14.6</td>
|
|
<td>15.0</td>
|
|
<td>16.3</td>
|
|
<td>15.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="13">SOURCE: Authors' calculations based on <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s 2007 <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr> data linked to <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> data.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="13">NOTE: Concurrent beneficiaries include individuals who received both <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits, who were in current-pay status for at least 1 month in the observation year, and had been receiving benefits for at least 1 calendar year. </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="notes">
|
|
<h2>Notes</h2>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt1" id="mn1">1</a> Individuals eligible to receive <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability payments are officially referred to as "<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability recipients," and individuals entitled to receive <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits are officially referred to as "<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries." However, to facilitate easier communication, in this article we apply the word "beneficiaries" as well as phrases such as "<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries" and "Social Security beneficiaries" loosely to indicate both <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability recipients and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt2" id="mn2">2</a> While opportunities for, and barriers to, employment for individuals with disabilities may also vary at a county or more local level (for example, availability of support services in the county, or proximity of a locality to hubs of economic activity), we focus our analysis on state-level differences, given the current lack of information in this area.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt3" id="mn3">3</a> We define employment based on earnings greater than $1,000 to separate substantial work effort from small ad hoc earnings over the course of a year. We considered 12- and <span class="nobr">3-month</span> multiples of the trial work value ($640 in 2007), but concluded that doing so would set the limit too high and exclude too many beneficiaries. The monthly substantial gainful activity (<abbr class="spell">SGA</abbr>) level was $900 in 2007, so we settled on $1,000 as a reasonable figure to indicate substantial work in a given year.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt4" id="mn4">4</a> <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> makes payments to children with disabilities and working-age adults in low-income households. In addition, certain low-income aged individuals (65 or older) can only qualify for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> if they are disabled. However, we only included the working-age <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> population in this analysis.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt5" id="mn5">5</a> In 2007, earnings of <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries had to exceed $640 per month to be counted as a trial work month. The threshold was $200 per month for the period from 1996 through 2000, and between $530 and $620 for the <span class="nobr">2001–2006</span> period.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt6" id="mn6">6</a> There is also a $20 disregard for any income that can be applied to earnings if it has not been used to offset unearned income.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt7" id="mn7">7</a> For persons in the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program, cash benefits stop when they earn more than the <abbr class="spell">SGA</abbr> level, but they can continue to receive Medicare benefits for at least 93 consecutive months. <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability recipients can earn more than the <abbr class="spell">SGA</abbr> level, but still receive payments. Even if their earnings are too high for an <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payment, Medicaid coverage can continue until their gross earnings are sufficient to cover the cost of Medicaid.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt8" id="mn8">8</a> We accessed the <abbr class="spell">MEF</abbr> under rules established by the Internal Revenue Service. In accordance with those rules, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> maintains a restricted access extract containing the earnings records of <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> beneficiaries represented in the <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr>. To comply with security requirements for the earnings data, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> staff produced all statistics based on those records and verified that the statistics did not disclose personal information.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt9" id="mn9">9</a> Medicare earnings are not subject to the Federal Insurance Contributions Act (<abbr>FICA</abbr>) taxable limits like those used for the primary insurance amount (<abbr class="spell">PIA</abbr>) benefit calculation. Summary statistics using Medicare earnings thus provide a more accurate picture of actual earnings levels in the beneficiary population.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt10" id="mn10">10</a> The major groups that are not covered include those who are employed "off the books"; civilian federal employees hired before January 1, 1984; railroad workers; certain employees of state and local governments who are covered under their employers' retirement system; domestic and farm workers whose earnings do not meet certain minimum requirements; and persons with very low net earnings from self-employment.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt11" id="mn11">11</a> Note that this definition leaves open the possibility that we could consider a person a concurrent beneficiary in a year in which he or she was not a concurrent beneficiary during any one month. These cases, however, make up only a small proportion of the concurrent population in each year.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt12" id="mn12">12</a> <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s data include detailed disability diagnostic codes, although we chose to use broad categories for this analysis, given our primary objective was to explore differences across broad groups.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt13" id="mn13">13</a> It is important to note that the findings on impairment might be related to our choice of impairment definitions. As noted earlier, we chose broad impairment categories to analyze outcomes across beneficiaries. Our findings indicate that there appears to be limited differences across those categories, but it is possible that further differences exist for more detailed diagnostic categories.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt14" id="mn14">14</a> Although we show conventional standard errors, we do not refer to statistical significance because the figures represent population estimates. Because the number of observations is so large, we would consider all differences significant if the data were treated as a sample.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt15" id="mn15">15</a> We cannot assess the effects that changes in the caseload composition or changes in <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> work incentives (for example, changes in the level of <abbr class="spell">SGA</abbr> or implementation of <abbr class="spell">TTW</abbr>) had on employment rates.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt16" id="mn16">16</a> We restricted the analysis to the economic downturn to illustrate variation in beneficiary employment rates during a period of large changes in unemployment rates.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="references">
|
|
<h2>References</h2>
|
|
<p>Bjelland, Melissa, William Erickson, and Camille Lee. 2008. <i>Disability Statistics from the American Community Survey (<abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr>)</i>. Ithaca, <abbr title="New York">NY</abbr>: Cornell University Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Disability Demographics and Statistics (November 8). <a href="https://www.disabilitystatistics.org">http://www.disabilitystatistics.org</a>.</p>
|
|
<p>Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2008. <i>2007 Annual Averages—Household Data: Tables from Employment and Earnings</i>. Washington, <abbr class="spell">DC</abbr>: Bureau of Labor Statistics. <a href="https://www.bls.gov/cps/cps_aa2007.htm">ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/lf/aa2007/pdf/cpsaat3.pdf</a>.</p>
|
|
<p>Hildebrand, Leslie, Laura Kosar, Jeremy Page, Claire Smither, Miriam Loewenberg, Dawn Phelps, and Natalie Justh. 2009.<i> User's Guide for the Ticket Research File: <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr>07, Data from January 1994 to December 2007</i>. Washington, <abbr class="spell">DC</abbr>: Mathematica Policy Research (August). Not available publicly.</p>
|
|
<p>Livermore, Gina, David Stapleton, and Allison Roche. 2009.<i> Work Activity and Use of Employment Supports under the Original Ticket to Work Regulations: Characteristics, Employment, and Sources of Support among Working-Age <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> Beneficiaries</i>. Final report. Washington, <abbr class="spell">DC</abbr>: Mathematica Policy Research (April).</p>
|
|
<p>Rangarajan, Anu, David C. Wittenburg, Todd C. Honeycutt, and Debra Brucker. 2008.<i> Programmes to Promote Employment for People with Disabilities: Lessons from the United States</i>. Research report <abbr title="number">no.</abbr> 548, produced by Mathematica Policy Research on behalf of the Department for Work and Pensions. Princeton, <abbr title="New Jersey">NJ</abbr>: Mathematica Policy Research (December).</p>
|
|
<p>[<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>] Social Security Administration. 2011. <i>2011 Red Book: A Summary Guide to Employment Supports for Individuals with Disabilities under the Social Security Disability Insurance and Supplemental Security Income Programs</i>. Baltimore, <abbr title="Maryland">MD</abbr>: <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>. <a href="/redbook/eng/main.htm">http://www.socialsecurity.gov/redbook/eng/main.htm</a>.</p>
|
|
<p>Social Security Advisory Board. 2006.<i> Disability Decision Making: Data and Materials</i>. Washington, <abbr class="spell">DC</abbr>: <abbr class="spell">SSAB</abbr> (May).</p>
|
|
<p>Stapleton, David C., Bonnie L. O'Day, Gina A. Livermore, and Andrew J. Imparato. 2006. "Dismantling the Poverty Trap: Disability Policy for the 21st Century." <i>The Milbank Quarterly</i> 84(4): <span class="nobr">701–732</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>Stapleton, David C., Gina A. Livermore, Craig V. Thornton, Bonnie L. O'Day, Robert R. Weathers <abbr title="the second">II</abbr>, Krista Harrison, So O'Neil, Emily S. Martin, David C. Wittenburg, and Debra L. Wright. 2008. <i>Ticket to Work at the Crossroads: A Solid Foundation with an Uncertain Future. </i>Submitted to <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> under contract <abbr title="number">no.</abbr> 0600-03-60130. Washington, <abbr class="spell">DC</abbr>: Mathematica Policy Research (September).</p>
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