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<h1 itemprop="headline">Longitudinal Patterns of Participation in the Social Security Disability Insurance and Supplemental Security Income Programs for People with Disabilities</h1>
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<div id="hByline">by <span itemprop="author">Kalman Rupp and Gerald F. Riley</span><br>Social Security Bulletin, <abbr title="Volume">Vol.</abbr> 71, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 2, 2011 (released May 2011)</div>
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<p id="synopsis" itemprop="description">Longitudinal access to disability benefits is affected by interactions in benefit eligibility between the Disability Insurance (<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>) and Supplemental Security Income (<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>) programs and lags arising from processing time in receiving the first payment. Administrative records show that a quarter of the calendar <span class="nobr">year-2000</span> cohort of first-ever working-age disability awardees were involved with both programs over a <span class="nobr">60-month</span> period, indicating a higher degree of program interaction than apparent from cross-sectional data. Nonbeneficiary status is three times more prevalent 60 months after entry among those who entered <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> first compared with <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> entrants, as a result of exits that are due to the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> means test. Over half of new awardees qualifying for both <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits are eligible for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> during 4 or 5 months of the <span class="nobr">5-month</span> <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> waiting period, but many do not receive their first <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payment until later because of lags in final award decisions.</p>
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<div class="eightypercent">
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<p>Kalman Rupp is a senior economist with the Division of Policy Evaluation, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, Office of Retirement and Disability Policy, Social Security Administration. Gerald F. Riley is a senior researcher in the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.</p>
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<p><i>Acknowledgments</i>: Paul O'Leary provided invaluable assistance by creating extract files for purposes of this analysis from the Ticket Research File administrative records data system. We appreciate the expert assistance of Francoise Becker in the creation and analysis of the data files used in this article. The authors are also thankful to Nancy Early and Thuy Ho for helpful data processing assistance during exploratory phases of this project. We would also like to thank Richard Burkhauser, Paul Davies, Jeff Hemmeter, Howard Iams, and Joyce Nicholas for thoughtful comments and suggestions reflecting on earlier versions of this article.</p>
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<p>Contents of this publication are <a href="/policy/accessibility.html">not copyrighted</a>; any items may be reprinted, but citation of the <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> as the source is requested. The findings and conclusions presented in the <i>Bulletin</i> are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Social Security Administration.</p>
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</div>
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<h2>Background and Research Questions</h2>
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<div class="abbrtable">
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<table role="presentation">
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<caption>Selected Abbreviations</caption>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr></td>
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<td>Disability Insurance</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr></td>
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<td>Supplemental Security Income</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr></td>
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<td>Ticket Research File, version 8</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</div>
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<p>The purpose of this article is to provide a better understanding of longitudinal patterns of participation among working-age adults in the Social Security Disability Insurance (<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>) and Supplemental Security Income (<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>) disability programs. We follow up a cohort of new awardees to assess two longitudinal aspects of access to cash benefits. The first is the effect of <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program rules, which determine benefit eligibility (also referred to as "payment eligibility"), on longitudinal patterns of access. The second is the effect of the timing of actual payments on access. Benefit eligibility and actual payments reflect two facets of the Social Security Administration's (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s) disability programs. Benefit eligibility for a given month reflects legislative intent. Actual payments are also affected by program implementation, which invariably results in lags between the first month of benefit eligibility and the first month of actual payment. Both <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> provide benefits for people aged <span class="nobr">18–64</span> with qualifying disabilities and share identical criteria for determining disability status. The two programs focus on different, but partially overlapping populations. <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> covers people with substantial earnings histories; <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> covers people with subpoverty level income and few resources. The interactions between the two programs are substantial and complex, but not fully understood. Our analysis is designed to contribute to a better understanding of how interactions of benefit eligibility rules and the timing of actual benefit payments affect the dynamics of access to disability cash benefits.</p>
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<p>We intend to build on and contribute to previous research in three areas: (1) overall access to disability benefits in the working-age population; (2) the dynamics of benefit eligibility for <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s two disability programs, which enhance access as a result of legislative design; and (3) delays in the start of actual benefit payments, which may create de facto temporal gaps in access.</p>
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<p>The first area of previous research addresses disability benefit coverage, a fundamental aspect of overall access. It is well known that the vast majority of the working-age population is insured against the risk of disability through the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program. Yet <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> coverage is not universal, with the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> coverage gap being most noticeable among younger adults<sup><a href="#mn1" id="mt1">1</a></sup> and women close to retirement age (Mitchell and Phillips 2001). But the substantial role of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> in supplementing this <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> safety net has not been well understood until recently. Rupp, Davies, and Strand (2008) found that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> covered a substantial minority of the working-age population. More than <span class="nobr">one-third</span> would satisfy the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> means test in the event of a severe disability. According to that study, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> coverage played an important role in the safety net in three complementary ways: (1) it increased the overall coverage of the working-age population, (2) the program enhanced the bundle of cash benefits available to disabled individuals, and (3) it provided a path toward Medicaid coverage. This article complements that line of analysis by providing information on longitudinal patterns of participation in <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>.<sup><a href="#mn2" id="mt2">2</a></sup></p>
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<p>The second area of previous research (primarily through a series of papers by Hennessey and Dykacz and by Rupp and Scott)<sup><a href="#mn3" id="mt3">3</a></sup> focuses on caseload dynamics of awardee cohorts based on administrative records. Hennessey and Dykacz found that exits that were due to reasons other than death and reaching age 62 were very rare among <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> awardees. Rupp and Scott found a higher proportion of adults exiting the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program rolls, but when multiple spells of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> participation were considered, they found that total duration was fairly similar to the average reported by Hennessey and Dykacz for <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>. Importantly, Rupp and Scott found that exits from <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> during the first year were very high because of failure to meet the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> income screen. They attributed these exits to serial transitions to the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program as a result of the <span class="nobr">5-month</span> <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> waiting period. However, both sets of previous studies use data that are now obsolete and that are based on separate data sets for <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>, and therefore those studies could not explicitly account for longitudinal patterns of interactions between the two programs. The present study fills a clear gap by focusing on longitudinal patterns of participation among awardees of <i>both</i> programs, using a single data set matched at the individual level.<sup><a href="#mn4" id="mt4">4</a></sup> A related line of research (Daly 1998; Livermore, Stapleton, and Claypool 2010) focuses on changes in a broader array of indicators of financial well-being before and after the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and/or <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> award decision.</p>
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<p>The third area of previous research addresses the administrative process of disability determination in creating de facto delays in the availability of cash benefits. A now seminal paper by Donald Parsons (1991a) on self-screening in the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program (self-selection among potential <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> applicants) noted that the self-screening properties of the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program depend on benefit structure (which is specified by the legislation) and the screening policy of the agency. Screening policy has two key parameters: (1) "screening rigor" or stringency, and (2) the duration of the disability determination process.<sup><a href="#mn5" id="mt5">5</a></sup> Much of the subsequent research focuses on the first of these two factors (stringency), which is outside the scope of our study.<sup><a href="#mn6" id="mt6">6</a></sup> Less explicit attention has been paid to the role of time lags arising from the disability determination process. Research conducted by Benitez-Silva and others (1999) is an exception. Those authors addressed the importance of duration in affecting the relative attractiveness of appealing an initial denial decision. Also, in the absence of access to high-quality record data, they developed a second-best measure of duration using self-reported data from the Health and Retirement Study. This article contributes to that body of literature by providing descriptive information on duration from benefit eligibility to actual payments among awardees. However, our substantive focus here is not on incentive effects, but on implications for the temporal dimension of access to benefits.</p>
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<p>In this study, we address the following research questions:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>What are the characteristics of people who entered <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>, <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>, or both programs during calendar year (<abbr class="spell">CY</abbr>) 2000?</li>
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<li>Can we use differences between <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program rules to develop a meaningful classification of longitudinal patterns of benefit eligibility?</li>
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<li>What is the distribution of first entrants to the disability program by major longitudinal patterns?</li>
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<li>What are the outcomes observed during the <span class="nobr">60-month</span> period after first disability entry in terms of disability benefit eligibility and transitions to nonbeneficiary status?</li>
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<li>What is the distribution of the time elapsing between the first month of benefit eligibility and the first month of actual payment receipt? What is the effect on access to actual payments among various subgroups?</li>
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<li>What do longitudinal patterns of disability participation say about the overall role of <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s disability programs in providing access to cash benefits?</li>
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</ul>
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<p>The rest of the article is organized as follows: The next section describes <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program rules and deduces a classification of longitudinal patterns of interactions, which is followed by the data and methodology section. The results of our empirical analysis are given prior to the conclusions and issues for future research.</p>
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<h2>Program Rules and Longitudinal Interactions between <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> Benefit Eligibility</h2>
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<p>Although <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> share the same disability criteria, they have differences in other benefit eligibility requirements that affect a beneficiary's entitlement to <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>, or both. In this section, we highlight key program rules with implications for longitudinal interactions of benefit eligibility.<sup><a href="#mn7" id="mt7">7</a></sup> We then deduce a classification scheme of major longitudinal patterns of benefit eligibility that will be empirically tested in the analysis. The following major factors are highlighted:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><i><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> requires sufficient recent work experience as a precondition of benefit eligibility.</i> Only those categorically disabled beneficiaries who meet the criteria of "<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-insured" status may be eligible to receive <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits. Once initially qualified for <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>, the benefits can be suspended or terminated for work-related reasons or because of medical improvement, but typically, <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-insured status continues until the beneficiary reaches the full retirement age or dies. <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits are essentially a function of the beneficiary's prior work history and in most cases change only because of annual cost-of-living adjustments common to both the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> programs.</li>
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<li><i><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> requires meeting a means test to qualify for benefit eligibility.</i> <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> provides benefits only to those categorically disabled working-age persons who also meet an income and resource test. <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> is a categorical negative income-tax program where benefits can fluctuate or cease because of changes in earned and unearned income from other sources (Rupp and others 2007). Thus, a person can lose <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits because of changes leading to income and/or resource ineligibility regardless of meeting <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s disability criteria.</li>
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<li><i><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits reduce or completely offset <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> cash benefits.</i> <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits are treated as unearned income in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit formula. All but $20 of unearned income reduces <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits $1 for $1. This offset may result in ineligibility for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits.</li>
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<li><i>Some may be eligible for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits during the <span class="nobr">5-month</span> waiting period for <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefit eligibility.</i> The <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program has a <span class="nobr">5-month</span> waiting period after the onset of categorical eligibility as disabled. <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits can start right after the month of application. Thus, a categorically disabled person may be eligible for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits during the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> waiting period.</li>
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<li><i>Retroactive determination of date of disability onset in the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program may reduce the potential <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> role during the <span class="nobr">5-month</span> <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> waiting period.</i> Some complexities arise because of different program rules concerning the relationship between the date of disability onset and the date of application for disability benefits. In the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program, onset may be established retroactively for a period of 12 months. In the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program, there is no retroactivity in the establishment of categorical disability. Thus, if part or the entire <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> waiting period occurred prior to application, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit eligibility cannot be granted for those months.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>All of these major factors have direct implications for longitudinal interactions between <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit eligibility.<sup><a href="#mn8" id="mt8">8</a></sup> We deduce the following major longitudinal patterns of benefit eligibility from program rules:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><i><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only benefit eligibility</i>—<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only first entrants who never entered the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program during our <span class="nobr">60-month</span> observation period;</li>
|
|
<li><i><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only to "joint" <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit eligibility</i>—<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only first entrants who transitioned to joint <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit eligibility at some point during our <span class="nobr">60-month</span> observation period;</li>
|
|
<li><i><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only benefit eligibility</i>—<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only first entrants who never entered the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program during our <span class="nobr">60-month</span> observation period;</li>
|
|
<li><i><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only to <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only "serial" benefit eligibility</i>—<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only first entrants who serially transitioned to <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only status at the end of the <span class="nobr">5-month</span> <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> waiting period because of the loss of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit eligibility as a result of the new <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefit;<sup><a href="#mn9" id="mt9">9</a></sup> and</li>
|
|
<li><i><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only to "joint" <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit eligibility</i>—<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only first entrants who entered the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program at the end of the <span class="nobr">5-month</span> <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> waiting period, but also retained <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit eligibility. These <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> entrants get reduced <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits after <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> begins, but do not lose those payments altogether.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>We believe that this classification covers the most important longitudinal patterns with two caveats. First, our classification is somewhat tentative because our <span class="nobr">60-month</span> follow-up period is not sufficiently long to follow up all participants until they reach age 65 or die. In technical terms, this is the problem of right censoring. For example, people who participate in only <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> for the full <span class="nobr">60-month</span> observation period may enter <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> sometime between month 61 and death or reaching age 65, but such transitions are unobserved in our data set. Second, the categories defined earlier are mutually exclusive, but not exhaustive. There may be other patterns of interest, such as <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only to <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> transitions that occur later in the observation period (subsequent to <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefit eligibility kicking in after the <span class="nobr">5-month</span> waiting period, but before month 60) because of gaining <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-insured status—the result of work activities while in <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only benefit eligibility status.</p>
|
|
<h2>Data and Methodology</h2>
|
|
<p>The source of data is Social Security administrative records. More specifically, we start from a 10 percent random sample of the Ticket Research File (<abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr>, version 8). The <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr> is an analytical file containing longitudinal and <span class="nobr">one-time</span> data on disabled beneficiaries who participated in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> or <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> programs from March 1996 through December 2008. Longitudinal data for all disability program participants from March 1996 through December 2008 is included in this file, which contains monthly data from 1994 through 2008. The <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr> is compiled from various Social Security administrative record systems and is maintained by Mathematica Policy Research. The system currently contains over 20 million observations. For details on the <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr>, see Hildebrand and others (2010).</p>
|
|
<p>To create a file of first disability entrants in <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000, we exclude people who had any <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> or <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit eligibility spell prior to January 2000, who reached age 65, or who died. Although <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> may include state supplements, we consider eligibility for federal <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits in creating the sample frame for the study and to establish longitudinal patterns of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit eligibility. Benefit eligibility is established on the basis of eligibility to receive benefits during a given month as reflected in "current-pay" status in the records data. Benefit eligibility reflects a person's entitlement to benefits during a given month according to legislative design, although it may not correspond to the actual payment of benefits during the given month, which is a function of implementation. In some cases, benefit eligibility is retroactively established and actual payments are received later. There is typically a lag between the first month of benefit eligibility and the first month of actual payments. We limit the analysis to people eligible for benefits as "primary beneficiaries," who are receiving benefits because of their own disabilities; secondary beneficiaries, receiving benefits as family members or survivors, are excluded. Finally, we scan data for each month of <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000 for the remaining records and retain only those observations with a positive benefit eligibility indicator for either <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> or federal <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> involvement while the person was aged <span class="nobr">18–64</span> for at least one month during <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000. This process yields a sample of 68,798 first-ever disability program entrants (defined by first entry to the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>, or both programs during <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000), corresponding to a universe of roughly 690,000 first disability spell entrants in the <span class="nobr">12-month</span> period.<sup><a href="#mn10" id="mt10">10</a></sup></p>
|
|
<p>Note that we key our sample selection to the first month of benefit eligibility, rather than to the month of disability onset, the month of application, or the month of the actual receipt of first disability payments. Those other concepts are also relevant for the dynamics of disability program participation, although for the purpose of this study we choose the benefit eligibility concept to define our sample because it is the clearest indication of the legislative intent concerning access to cash benefits from either program. Note also that our definition is different from other commonly used concepts identifying cohorts of disability program entrants, such as new awardees (that may include repeat awards), <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000 <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> entrants, or <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000 <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> entrants.</p>
|
|
<p>We present descriptive tables and charts to assess the practical importance of longitudinal aspects of access to disability benefits over a <span class="nobr">60-month</span> <span class="nobr">follow-up</span> period. In the analysis, we also use reduced-form models, estimating the relationship between a dependent variable and a set of independent variables such as age, sex, race, and diagnosis. The choice of the specific technique depends on the nature of the dependent variable of interest. For a binary dependent variable (such as being or not being benefit eligible), we use logistic regression. For a nominal dependent variable with more than two unordered outcomes (longitudinal pattern of benefit eligibility), we use multinomial logit. For a continuous dependent variable (natural logarithm of duration of time from month of benefit eligibility and month of actual payment), we use ordinary least squares. Standard error estimates are included in the tables.</p>
|
|
<p>The use of administrative records for this study is a source of substantial strengths arising from the availability of highly accurate monthly data series for a long period of time and the relatively large sample size. However, a limitation is the lack of detail on socioeconomic characteristics. On balance, our data is clearly superior to potential survey data sources for this analysis.</p>
|
|
<h2>Empirical Results</h2>
|
|
<p>First, we describe the characteristics of our sample of awardees. This is followed by findings concerning the relative frequency of various longitudinal patterns of <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit eligibility. Next, we address trends in <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit eligibility over time. Finally, we present information on the role of the timing of first actual payments as a distinct facet of access to disability benefits.</p>
|
|
<h3>Characteristics of Cohort of Awardees First Entitled to Disability Benefits in <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000</h3>
|
|
<p>Table 1 provides demographic and diagnostic characteristics overall and for subgroups defined by first entitlement in <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000 to <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>, or both. Chart 1 provides the more detailed distribution by age. Not surprisingly, <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only first entrants are heavily skewed toward the <span class="nobr">46–64</span> age group, while <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only first entrants are more prominent in the <span class="nobr">18–30</span> age group. However, almost half of those entering only <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> or both programs are aged 46 or older. Looking at the more detailed age distribution shown in Chart 1, the most interesting finding is the age distribution of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only first entrants. There is a clear peak at age 18 followed by a sharp drop reaching a low at age 24.<sup><a href="#mn11" id="mt11">11</a></sup> This seems to reflect primarily the effect of entry by disabled young adults who may have been previously ineligible because of parental "deeming."<sup><a href="#mn12" id="mt12">12</a></sup> The vast majority of them have a primary diagnosis of intellectual disability.<sup><a href="#mn13" id="mt13">13</a></sup> As Table 1 shows, <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only entrants are slightly more likely to be men, substantially more likely to be white, and more likely to have diseases of the musculoskeletal system as primary impairments than <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only entrants. Women, nonwhites, and people with mental disorders (other than intellectual disability) are more prominently represented among <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only entrants.<sup><a href="#mn14" id="mt14">14</a></sup> Further detail about the relationship between diagnosis and age at first award is provided in <a href="#tableA1">Table A-1</a>, which shows that almost half of persons with intellectual disability or congenital anomalies are aged <span class="nobr">18–30</span>. A relatively high proportion of those with mental disorders are young, but actually, about 80 percent of those with a mental disorder primary diagnosis belong to the two older age groups (<span class="nobr">31–45</span> and <span class="nobr">46–64</span>). The proportion of new awardees aged <span class="nobr">46–64</span> at first entry is highest—above 70 percent—among those with a respiratory, circulatory, musculoskeletal, neoplasms, or endocrine primary impairment.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table1">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 1. </span>Percentage distribution of demographic and diagnostic characteristics of new awardees first entitled to disability benefits (<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and/or <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>), by program of entry, <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:18em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Characteristic</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">First entitlement to disability benefits</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Total</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Both</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub2" scope="row">All awardees</th>
|
|
<td>45,773</td>
|
|
<td>13,732</td>
|
|
<td>9,293</td>
|
|
<td>68,798</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Age group</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">18–30</th>
|
|
<td>4.9</td>
|
|
<td>22.1</td>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">31–45</th>
|
|
<td>24.9</td>
|
|
<td>29.4</td>
|
|
<td>36.4</td>
|
|
<td>27.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">46–64</th>
|
|
<td>70.2</td>
|
|
<td>48.5</td>
|
|
<td>49.0</td>
|
|
<td>63.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Total</th>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Sex</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Women</th>
|
|
<td>47.3</td>
|
|
<td>53.3</td>
|
|
<td>44.7</td>
|
|
<td>48.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Men</th>
|
|
<td>52.3</td>
|
|
<td>45.5</td>
|
|
<td>55.0</td>
|
|
<td>51.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>0.4</td>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.3</td>
|
|
<td>0.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Total</th>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Race/ethnicity</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">White</th>
|
|
<td>76.8</td>
|
|
<td>56.0</td>
|
|
<td>63.1</td>
|
|
<td>70.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Nonwhite</th>
|
|
<td>21.9</td>
|
|
<td>42.0</td>
|
|
<td>36.2</td>
|
|
<td>27.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>1.4</td>
|
|
<td>2.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.8</td>
|
|
<td>1.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Total</th>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup"><abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> primary diagnosis</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Congenital</th>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.3</td>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Endocrine</th>
|
|
<td>2.9</td>
|
|
<td>3.1</td>
|
|
<td>3.4</td>
|
|
<td>3.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Infectious and parasitic</th>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>2.9</td>
|
|
<td>3.1</td>
|
|
<td>1.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Injuries</th>
|
|
<td>3.7</td>
|
|
<td>3.6</td>
|
|
<td>4.4</td>
|
|
<td>3.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Intellectual disability <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td>1.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
<td>2.4</td>
|
|
<td>2.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Mental <sup>b</sup></th>
|
|
<td>19.4</td>
|
|
<td>30.1</td>
|
|
<td>27.2</td>
|
|
<td>22.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Neoplasms</th>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Circulatory</th>
|
|
<td>12.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Digestive</th>
|
|
<td>2.1</td>
|
|
<td>2.1</td>
|
|
<td>2.8</td>
|
|
<td>2.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Genitourinary</th>
|
|
<td>2.0</td>
|
|
<td>2.2</td>
|
|
<td>3.4</td>
|
|
<td>2.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Musculoskeletal</th>
|
|
<td>30.5</td>
|
|
<td>13.6</td>
|
|
<td>18.1</td>
|
|
<td>25.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Nervous</th>
|
|
<td>8.6</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.5</td>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Respiratory</th>
|
|
<td>4.4</td>
|
|
<td>3.8</td>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
<td>4.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Other </th>
|
|
<td>0.7</td>
|
|
<td>0.6</td>
|
|
<td>0.8</td>
|
|
<td>0.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>1.4</td>
|
|
<td>4.5</td>
|
|
<td>1.3</td>
|
|
<td>2.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Total</th>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="5">SOURCE: Authors' calculations from Social Security administrative record data extracted from the <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr>, version 8.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">NOTES: Standard errors are in parentheses. The sample excludes 126 state-only <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> new awardees. Totals may not sum to 100 because of rounding.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">a. Intellectual disability was formerly known as mental retardation.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="5">b. Not including intellectual disability.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700">
|
|
<div class="title" id="chart1">Chart 1.<br>Age distribution among subgroups representing first disability program of entry, <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v71n2p25_chart1.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="679" height="339" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 1. </span>Age distribution among subgroups representing first disability program of entry, <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Age at first disability entry</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Both</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">18</th>
|
|
<td>0.12</td>
|
|
<td>6.87</td>
|
|
<td>0.51</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">19</th>
|
|
<td>0.15</td>
|
|
<td>2.54</td>
|
|
<td>0.81</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">20</th>
|
|
<td>0.24</td>
|
|
<td>1.49</td>
|
|
<td>0.98</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">21</th>
|
|
<td>0.23</td>
|
|
<td>1.62</td>
|
|
<td>1.05</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">22</th>
|
|
<td>0.28</td>
|
|
<td>1.12</td>
|
|
<td>1.32</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">23</th>
|
|
<td>0.32</td>
|
|
<td>1.14</td>
|
|
<td>1.00</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">24</th>
|
|
<td>0.35</td>
|
|
<td>0.83</td>
|
|
<td>0.94</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">25</th>
|
|
<td>0.38</td>
|
|
<td>1.00</td>
|
|
<td>1.21</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">26</th>
|
|
<td>0.42</td>
|
|
<td>0.88</td>
|
|
<td>1.22</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">27</th>
|
|
<td>0.48</td>
|
|
<td>1.20</td>
|
|
<td>1.43</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">28</th>
|
|
<td>0.56</td>
|
|
<td>1.09</td>
|
|
<td>1.24</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">29</th>
|
|
<td>0.70</td>
|
|
<td>1.09</td>
|
|
<td>1.46</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">30</th>
|
|
<td>0.69</td>
|
|
<td>1.19</td>
|
|
<td>1.37</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">31</th>
|
|
<td>0.82</td>
|
|
<td>1.28</td>
|
|
<td>1.42</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">32</th>
|
|
<td>0.90</td>
|
|
<td>1.3</td>
|
|
<td>1.69</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">33</th>
|
|
<td>0.92</td>
|
|
<td>1.56</td>
|
|
<td>1.81</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">34</th>
|
|
<td>1.11</td>
|
|
<td>1.66</td>
|
|
<td>1.80</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">35</th>
|
|
<td>1.33</td>
|
|
<td>1.86</td>
|
|
<td>2.04</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">36</th>
|
|
<td>1.42</td>
|
|
<td>1.90</td>
|
|
<td>2.40</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">37</th>
|
|
<td>1.52</td>
|
|
<td>1.87</td>
|
|
<td>2.60</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">38</th>
|
|
<td>1.63</td>
|
|
<td>2.01</td>
|
|
<td>2.43</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">39</th>
|
|
<td>1.82</td>
|
|
<td>2.10</td>
|
|
<td>2.73</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">40</th>
|
|
<td>1.92</td>
|
|
<td>2.19</td>
|
|
<td>2.58</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">41</th>
|
|
<td>2.11</td>
|
|
<td>2.15</td>
|
|
<td>2.87</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">42</th>
|
|
<td>2.15</td>
|
|
<td>2.28</td>
|
|
<td>3.01</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">43</th>
|
|
<td>2.28</td>
|
|
<td>2.24</td>
|
|
<td>2.70</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">44</th>
|
|
<td>2.53</td>
|
|
<td>2.57</td>
|
|
<td>3.12</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">45</th>
|
|
<td>2.44</td>
|
|
<td>2.44</td>
|
|
<td>3.21</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">46</th>
|
|
<td>2.61</td>
|
|
<td>2.37</td>
|
|
<td>2.80</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">47</th>
|
|
<td>2.71</td>
|
|
<td>2.70</td>
|
|
<td>2.53</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">48</th>
|
|
<td>2.88</td>
|
|
<td>2.34</td>
|
|
<td>2.74</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">49</th>
|
|
<td>3.12</td>
|
|
<td>2.32</td>
|
|
<td>2.91</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">50</th>
|
|
<td>4.08</td>
|
|
<td>2.88</td>
|
|
<td>3.66</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">51</th>
|
|
<td>3.66</td>
|
|
<td>2.67</td>
|
|
<td>2.84</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">52</th>
|
|
<td>4.05</td>
|
|
<td>2.82</td>
|
|
<td>2.98</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">53</th>
|
|
<td>4.37</td>
|
|
<td>2.84</td>
|
|
<td>3.22</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">54</th>
|
|
<td>3.82</td>
|
|
<td>2.75</td>
|
|
<td>3.05</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">55</th>
|
|
<td>4.62</td>
|
|
<td>3.33</td>
|
|
<td>3.44</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">56</th>
|
|
<td>4.73</td>
|
|
<td>3.05</td>
|
|
<td>3.29</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">57</th>
|
|
<td>5.20</td>
|
|
<td>2.99</td>
|
|
<td>3.41</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">58</th>
|
|
<td>4.75</td>
|
|
<td>2.93</td>
|
|
<td>3.09</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">59</th>
|
|
<td>4.76</td>
|
|
<td>2.97</td>
|
|
<td>2.97</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">60</th>
|
|
<td>4.96</td>
|
|
<td>3.04</td>
|
|
<td>2.88</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">61</th>
|
|
<td>4.16</td>
|
|
<td>2.35</td>
|
|
<td>2.15</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62</th>
|
|
<td>3.58</td>
|
|
<td>1.88</td>
|
|
<td>0.62</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63</th>
|
|
<td>1.58</td>
|
|
<td>1.41</td>
|
|
<td>0.29</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64</th>
|
|
<td>0.54</td>
|
|
<td>0.89</td>
|
|
<td>0.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="4"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="onlyNote">SOURCE: Authors' calculations from Social Security administrative record data extracted from the <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr>, version 8.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h3>Longitudinal Patterns of Benefit Eligibility among Awardees in 2000</h3>
|
|
<p>In this section we first explore longitudinal patterns of benefit eligibility deduced from program rules to determine their success in classifying the bulk of awardees; then we estimate the relative size of those groups; and finally analyze the relationship between demographic and diagnostic characteristics and the relative odds of various longitudinal patterns of benefit eligibility. Table 2 shows the percentage distribution overall and by age group. The table includes the five patterns of major interest identified previously in addition to two smaller categories. The results show that the longitudinal patterns deduced from program rules are successful tools for classifying our cohort of awardees. Overall, the five patterns cover over 98 percent of our <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000 cohort of first entrants. An additional 1.2 percent entered the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> programs during the same month, while 0.7 percent followed some other pattern following first <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> entry.<sup><a href="#mn15" id="mt15">15</a></sup></p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table2">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 2. </span>Comparison of percentage distribution of longitudinal patterns of disability program benefit eligibility, by age group, for the cohort of first-ever <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000 disability awardees</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:19em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Longitudinal pattern (first 60 months of potential first benefit eligibility)</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">Age group</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Total</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">18–30</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">31–45</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">46–64</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub2" scope="row">All awardees</th>
|
|
<td>6,630</td>
|
|
<td>18,823</td>
|
|
<td>43,345</td>
|
|
<td>68,798</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" rowspan="2" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only entrants</th>
|
|
<td>22.7</td>
|
|
<td>51.7</td>
|
|
<td>70.1</td>
|
|
<td>60.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" rowspan="2" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only to joint <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr></th>
|
|
<td>16.5</td>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" rowspan="2" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only entrants</th>
|
|
<td>37.3</td>
|
|
<td>16.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>15.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" rowspan="2" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> serial entrants</th>
|
|
<td>5.5</td>
|
|
<td>5.2</td>
|
|
<td>3.9</td>
|
|
<td>4.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" rowspan="2" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only to joint <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr></th>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" rowspan="2" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> simultaneous entrants</th>
|
|
<td>2.0</td>
|
|
<td>1.6</td>
|
|
<td>0.9</td>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Any other pattern following first <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> entry</th>
|
|
<td>3.4</td>
|
|
<td>0.5</td>
|
|
<td>0.4</td>
|
|
<td>0.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Total</th>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Of which entrants have—</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Some <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> involvement</th>
|
|
<td>62.7</td>
|
|
<td>83.4</td>
|
|
<td>88.0</td>
|
|
<td>84.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Some <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> involvement</th>
|
|
<td>77.3</td>
|
|
<td>48.3</td>
|
|
<td>29.9</td>
|
|
<td>39.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Some involvement with both programs</th>
|
|
<td>40.0</td>
|
|
<td>31.7</td>
|
|
<td>17.8</td>
|
|
<td>23.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="5">SOURCE: Authors' calculations from Social Security administrative record data extracted from the <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr>, version 8.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="5">NOTES: Standard errors are in parentheses. The sample excludes 126 state-only <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> new awardees. Totals may not sum to 100 because of rounding.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>A key finding is that a fairly sizeable minority (24 percent) had involvement with both programs during the <span class="nobr">60-month</span> observation period. This figure is much higher than what can be gleaned from cross-sectional program data. Consistent with published results on the characteristic of beneficiaries, we find that only about 9 percent of disabled beneficiaries aged <span class="nobr">18–64</span> had concurrent involvement with <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> during December 2000. This constellation of differences between the two proportions (relatively low cross-section estimate) should be expected by analysts familiar with the difference between cross-section ("stock") and cohort-based ("flow") measures of participation. But the differences are sizable enough to highlight the importance of avoiding a common mistake in policy discussions that use cross-sectional data as if they are interchangeable with longitudinal measures of participation. The results also confirm the importance of the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> waiting period as a source of interaction between the two programs.</p>
|
|
<p>There are clear differences in longitudinal pattern by age and to some extent sex.<sup><a href="#mn16" id="mt16">16</a></sup> Although the requirements needed to achieve <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-insured status are more relaxed for younger people than others, the fact remains that many younger people do not have sufficient work experience to qualify, and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only involvement is substantially lower compared with the older age groups. The opposite is true for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only and concurrent involvement. These results are consistent with previous findings demonstrating the importance of concurrent <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> coverage for a sizable portion of the working-age population (Rupp, Davies, and Strand 2008).<sup><a href="#mn17" id="mt17">17</a></sup> The combined effect of low <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> coverage rates, relatively low expected <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits, and very limited financial resources available for those in the <span class="nobr">18–30</span> age group helps to explain the relatively high fraction of new disability program entrants with <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> involvement (77 percent) in this age group.</p>
|
|
<p>Next we look at the longitudinal patterns of benefit eligibility for <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> by diagnostic category, focusing on the top two diagnostic groups—"musculoskeletal" and "mental" (Chart 2). The contrast is sharp. First awardees in the musculoskeletal category are much more likely to have access to <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits only than awardees with mental disorders. In turn, those in the latter category are much more likely to have longitudinal access to <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only compared with the musculoskeletal group. <a href="#tableA2">Table A-2</a> provides more detail by primary diagnosis group and shows substantial variation in the proportion of various longitudinal patterns. In sum, the data reveal strong overall associations of age and diagnosis with the longitudinal pattern of benefit eligibility among awardees. In addition, women are represented relatively highly in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only group.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700">
|
|
<div class="title" id="chart2">Chart 2.<br>Comparison of distribution of <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000 awardees first entitled to disability benefits on the basis of "musculoskeletal" and "mental" as primary impairment, by longitudinal patterns of disability benefit eligibility</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v71n2p25_chart2.gif" alt="Bar chart with tabular version below." width="686" height="383" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 2. </span>Comparison of distribution of <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000 awardees first entitled to disability benefits on the basis of "musculoskeletal" and "mental" as primary impairment, by longitudinal patterns of disability benefit eligibility</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:19em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Longitudinal participation pattern</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Musculosckeletal</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Mental <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row"><span class="nobr">DI</span>-only entrants</th>
|
|
<td>73.6</td>
|
|
<td>47.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">DI-only to joint <span class="nobr">DI</span>/<span class="nobr">SSI</span></th>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>14.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only entrants</th>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
<td>21.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> serial entrants</th>
|
|
<td>2.0</td>
|
|
<td>3.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only to joint <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr></th>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> simultaneous entrants</th>
|
|
<td>0.8</td>
|
|
<td>1.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Any other pattern following first <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> entry</th>
|
|
<td>0.4</td>
|
|
<td>1.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="3"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCE: Authors' calculations from Social Security administrative record data extracted from the <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr>, version 8.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote">a. Not including intellectual disability (formerly known as mental retardation).</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>The relationship between beneficiary characteristics and longitudinal patterns of benefit eligibility is further explored with multivariate analysis. Table 3 shows the association of various demographic and diagnostic factors with the major longitudinal patterns of benefit eligibility based on multinomial logit estimates. Multinomial logit is a straightforward extension of logistic regression for unordered nominal dependent variables. In this case, the outcome of interest is longitudinal pattern. The independent variables include age, sex, and diagnosis. In the table, we present odds ratios for age, sex, race, and diagnosis. The interpretation of those odds ratios is similar to the interpretation of odds ratios in simple binary logit regression, except that in multinomial logit one category of the dependent variable is the comparison category, which is arbitrary.<sup><a href="#mn18" id="mt18">18</a></sup> Although we conduct this analysis on the full sample, our table focuses on the major patterns only. <i><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only</i> is the reference group, and the results are presented for the four additional major groups.<sup><a href="#mn19" id="mt19">19</a></sup></p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table3">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 3. </span>Results of multinomial logistic regression on factors affecting the pattern of disability benefit eligibility</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:18em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="12" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="3" id="c1">Independent variable</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="12" id="c2">Longitudinal pattern</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" id="c3" headers="c2"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only to joint <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> </th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" id="c4" headers="c2"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only entrants</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" id="c5" headers="c2"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> serial entrants</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" id="c6" headers="c2"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only to joint <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> </th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th id="c7" headers="c2 c3">Odds ratio</th>
|
|
<th id="c8" headers="c2 c3">Standard error</th>
|
|
<th id="c9" headers="c2 c3">P > z</th>
|
|
<th id="c10" headers="c2 c4">Odds ratio</th>
|
|
<th id="c11" headers="c2 c4">Standard error</th>
|
|
<th id="c12" headers="c2 c4">P > z</th>
|
|
<th id="c13" headers="c2 c5">Odds ratio</th>
|
|
<th id="c14" headers="c2 c5">Standard error</th>
|
|
<th id="c15" headers="c2 c5">P > z</th>
|
|
<th id="c16" headers="c2 c6">Odds ratio</th>
|
|
<th id="c17" headers="c2 c6">Standard error</th>
|
|
<th id="c18" headers="c2 c6">P > z</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r1" headers="c1">Age group</th>
|
|
<td colspan="12"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r2" headers="r1 c1">18–30</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c3 c7">6.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c3 c8">0.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c3 c9">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c4 c10">6.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c4 c11">0.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c4 c12">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c5 c13">4.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c5 c14">0.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c5 c15">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c6 c16">5.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c6 c17">0.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c6 c18">0.000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r3" headers="r1 c1">31–45</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c2 c3 c7">2.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c2 c3 c8">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c2 c3 c9">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c2 c4 c10">1.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c2 c4 c11">0.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c2 c4 c12">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c2 c5 c13">1.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c2 c5 c14">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c2 c5 c15">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c2 c6 c16">2.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c2 c6 c17">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c2 c6 c18">0.000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r4" headers="r1 c1">46–64 (reference category)</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c2 c3 c7">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c2 c3 c8">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c2 c3 c9">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c2 c4 c10">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c2 c4 c11">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c2 c4 c12">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c2 c5 c13">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c2 c5 c14">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c2 c5 c15">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c2 c6 c16">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c2 c6 c17">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c2 c6 c18">. . .</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r5" headers="c1">Sex</th>
|
|
<td colspan="12"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r6" headers="r5 c1">Women</th>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r6 c2 c3 c7">1.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r6 c2 c3 c8">0.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r6 c2 c3 c9">0.004</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r6 c2 c4 c10">1.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r6 c2 c4 c11">0.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r6 c2 c4 c12">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r6 c2 c5 c13">0.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r6 c2 c5 c14">0.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r6 c2 c5 c15">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r6 c2 c6 c16">1.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r6 c2 c6 c17">0.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r6 c2 c6 c18">0.758</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r7" headers="r5 c1">Men (reference category)</th>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r7 c2 c3 c7">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r7 c2 c3 c8">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r7 c2 c3 c9">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r7 c2 c4 c10">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r7 c2 c4 c11">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r7 c2 c4 c12">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r7 c2 c5 c13">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r7 c2 c5 c14">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r7 c2 c5 c15">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r7 c2 c6 c16">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r7 c2 c6 c17">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r7 c2 c6 c18">. . .</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r8" headers="r5 c1">Missing</th>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r8 c2 c3 c7">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r8 c2 c3 c8">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r8 c2 c3 c9">0.002</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r8 c2 c4 c10">5.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r8 c2 c4 c11">0.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r8 c2 c4 c12">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r8 c2 c5 c13">0.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r8 c2 c5 c14">0.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r8 c2 c5 c15">0.558</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r8 c2 c6 c16">0.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r8 c2 c6 c17">0.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r8 c2 c6 c18">0.024</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r9" headers="c1">Race/ethnicity</th>
|
|
<td colspan="12"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r10" headers="r9 c1">White (reference category)</th>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r10 c2 c3 c7">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r10 c2 c3 c8">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r10 c2 c3 c9">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r10 c2 c4 c10">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r10 c2 c4 c11">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r10 c2 c4 c12">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r10 c2 c5 c13">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r10 c2 c5 c14">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r10 c2 c5 c15">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r10 c2 c6 c16">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r10 c2 c6 c17">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r10 c2 c6 c18">. . .</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r11" headers="r9 c1">Nonwhite</th>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r11 c2 c3 c7">1.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r11 c2 c3 c8">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r11 c2 c3 c9">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r11 c2 c4 c10">3.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r11 c2 c4 c11">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r11 c2 c4 c12">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r11 c2 c5 c13">2.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r11 c2 c5 c14">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r11 c2 c5 c15">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r11 c2 c6 c16">2.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r11 c2 c6 c17">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r11 c2 c6 c18">0.000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r12" headers="r9 c1">Missing</th>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r12 c2 c3 c7">0.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r12 c2 c3 c8">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r12 c2 c3 c9">0.001</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r12 c2 c4 c10">0.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r12 c2 c4 c11">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r12 c2 c4 c12">0.108</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r12 c2 c5 c13">0.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r12 c2 c5 c14">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r12 c2 c5 c15">0.002</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r12 c2 c6 c16">0.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r12 c2 c6 c17">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 r12 c2 c6 c18">0.000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r13" headers="c1"><abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> primary diagnosis</th>
|
|
<td colspan="12"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r14" headers="r13 c1">Congential</th>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r14 c2 c3 c7">1.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r14 c2 c3 c8">0.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r14 c2 c3 c9">0.662</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r14 c2 c4 c10">6.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r14 c2 c4 c11">1.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r14 c2 c4 c12">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r14 c2 c5 c13">4.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r14 c2 c5 c14">1.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r14 c2 c5 c15">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r14 c2 c6 c16">0.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r14 c2 c6 c17">0.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r14 c2 c6 c18">0.722</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r15" headers="r13 c1">Endocrine</th>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r15 c2 c3 c7">1.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r15 c2 c3 c8">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r15 c2 c3 c9">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r15 c2 c4 c10">2.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r15 c2 c4 c11">0.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r15 c2 c4 c12">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r15 c2 c5 c13">2.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r15 c2 c5 c14">0.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r15 c2 c5 c15">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r15 c2 c6 c16">2.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r15 c2 c6 c17">0.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r15 c2 c6 c18">0.000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r16" headers="r13 c1">Infectious and parasitic</th>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r16 c2 c3 c7">1.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r16 c2 c3 c8">0.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r16 c2 c3 c9">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r16 c2 c4 c10">4.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r16 c2 c4 c11">0.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r16 c2 c4 c12">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r16 c2 c5 c13">8.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r16 c2 c5 c14">0.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r16 c2 c5 c15">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r16 c2 c6 c16">2.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r16 c2 c6 c17">0.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r16 c2 c6 c18">0.000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r17" headers="r13 c1">Injuries</th>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r17 c2 c3 c7">1.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r17 c2 c3 c8">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r17 c2 c3 c9">0.815</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r17 c2 c4 c10">1.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r17 c2 c4 c11">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r17 c2 c4 c12">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r17 c2 c5 c13">2.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r17 c2 c5 c14">0.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r17 c2 c5 c15">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r17 c2 c6 c16">1.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r17 c2 c6 c17">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r17 c2 c6 c18">0.000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r18" headers="r13 c1">Intellectual disability <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r18 c2 c3 c7">3.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r18 c2 c3 c8">0.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r18 c2 c3 c9">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r18 c2 c4 c10">16.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r18 c2 c4 c11">1.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r18 c2 c4 c12">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r18 c2 c5 c13">4.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r18 c2 c5 c14">0.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r18 c2 c5 c15">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r18 c2 c6 c16">3.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r18 c2 c6 c17">0.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r18 c2 c6 c18">0.000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r19" headers="r13 c1">Mental <sup>b</sup></th>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r19 c2 c3 c7">1.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r19 c2 c3 c8">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r19 c2 c3 c9">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r19 c2 c4 c10">3.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r19 c2 c4 c11">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r19 c2 c4 c12">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r19 c2 c5 c13">2.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r19 c2 c5 c14">0.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r19 c2 c5 c15">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r19 c2 c6 c16">1.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r19 c2 c6 c17">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r19 c2 c6 c18">0.000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r20" headers="r13 c1">Neoplasms</th>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r20 c2 c3 c7">0.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r20 c2 c3 c8">0.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r20 c2 c3 c9">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r20 c2 c4 c10">2.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r20 c2 c4 c11">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r20 c2 c4 c12">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r20 c2 c5 c13">4.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r20 c2 c5 c14">0.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r20 c2 c5 c15">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r20 c2 c6 c16">0.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r20 c2 c6 c17">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r20 c2 c6 c18">0.001</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r21" headers="r13 c1">Circulatory</th>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r21 c2 c3 c7">1.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r21 c2 c3 c8">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r21 c2 c3 c9">0.584</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r21 c2 c4 c10">1.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r21 c2 c4 c11">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r21 c2 c4 c12">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r21 c2 c5 c13">3.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r21 c2 c5 c14">0.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r21 c2 c5 c15">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r21 c2 c6 c16">2.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r21 c2 c6 c17">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r21 c2 c6 c18">0.000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r22" headers="r13 c1">Digestive</th>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r22 c2 c3 c7">1.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r22 c2 c3 c8">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r22 c2 c3 c9">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r22 c2 c4 c10">2.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r22 c2 c4 c11">0.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r22 c2 c4 c12">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r22 c2 c5 c13">2.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r22 c2 c5 c14">0.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r22 c2 c5 c15">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r22 c2 c6 c16">2.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r22 c2 c6 c17">0.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r22 c2 c6 c18">0.000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r23" headers="r13 c1">Genitourinary</th>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r23 c2 c3 c7">0.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r23 c2 c3 c8">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r23 c2 c3 c9">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r23 c2 c4 c10">1.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r23 c2 c4 c11">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r23 c2 c4 c12">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r23 c2 c5 c13">6.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r23 c2 c5 c14">0.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r23 c2 c5 c15">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r23 c2 c6 c16">1.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r23 c2 c6 c17">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r23 c2 c6 c18">0.415</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r24" headers="r13 c1">Musculoskeletal (reference category)</th>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r24 c2 c3 c7">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r24 c2 c3 c8">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r24 c2 c3 c9">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r24 c2 c4 c10">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r24 c2 c4 c11">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r24 c2 c4 c12">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r24 c2 c5 c13">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r24 c2 c5 c14">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r24 c2 c5 c15">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r24 c2 c6 c16">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r24 c2 c6 c17">. . .</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r24 c2 c6 c18">. . .</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r25" headers="r13 c1">Nervous</th>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r25 c2 c3 c7">0.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r25 c2 c3 c8">0.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r25 c2 c3 c9">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r25 c2 c4 c10">1.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r25 c2 c4 c11">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r25 c2 c4 c12">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r25 c2 c5 c13">2.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r25 c2 c5 c14">0.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r25 c2 c5 c15">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r25 c2 c6 c16">0.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r25 c2 c6 c17">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r25 c2 c6 c18">0.247</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r26" headers="r13 c1">Respiratory</th>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r26 c2 c3 c7">1.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r26 c2 c3 c8">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r26 c2 c3 c9">0.036</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r26 c2 c4 c10">2.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r26 c2 c4 c11">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r26 c2 c4 c12">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r26 c2 c5 c13">4.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r26 c2 c5 c14">0.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r26 c2 c5 c15">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r26 c2 c6 c16">2.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r26 c2 c6 c17">0.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r26 c2 c6 c18">0.000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r27" headers="r13 c1">Other</th>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r27 c2 c3 c7">1.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r27 c2 c3 c8">0.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r27 c2 c3 c9">0.700</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r27 c2 c4 c10">1.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r27 c2 c4 c11">0.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r27 c2 c4 c12">0.027</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r27 c2 c5 c13">1.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r27 c2 c5 c14">0.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r27 c2 c5 c15">0.441</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r27 c2 c6 c16">1.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r27 c2 c6 c17">0.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r27 c2 c6 c18">0.020</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r28" headers="r13 c1">Missing</th>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r28 c2 c3 c7">0.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r28 c2 c3 c8">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r28 c2 c3 c9">0.431</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r28 c2 c4 c10">7.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r28 c2 c4 c11">0.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r28 c2 c4 c12">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r28 c2 c5 c13">2.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r28 c2 c5 c14">0.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r28 c2 c5 c15">0.000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r28 c2 c6 c16">2.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r28 c2 c6 c17">0.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 r28 c2 c6 c18">0.000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<td class="stub0" colspan="13">Number of observations = 68,798</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<td class="stub0" colspan="13">Likelihood ratio Chi<sup>2</sup> (120) = 14,589.40</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<td class="stub0" colspan="13">Probability > Chi<sup>2</sup> = 0.0000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<td class="stub0" colspan="13">Pseudo R<sup>2</sup> = 0.0852</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<td class="stub0" colspan="13">Log likelihood = -78,339.124</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="13">SOURCE: Authors' calculations from Social Security administrative record data extracted from the <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr>, version 8.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="13">NOTES: <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only is the reference group. "<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> simultaneous" entrants and "Other" entrants are included in the multinomial logit model, but results are not presented here.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="13">. . . = not applicable.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="13">a. Intellectual disability was formerly known as mental retardation.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="13">b. Not including intellectual disability.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>The results show a clear relationship between age and longitudinal pattern of benefit eligibility. The regression-adjusted relative odds of access to the categories with <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> involvement are negatively—and very strongly—related to age. The contrast is sharpest between the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only reference groups. The adjusted odds ratios associated with the various diagnostic patterns suggest that generally the odds of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only or <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> serial patterns of benefit eligibility are relatively high, compared with <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only for diagnostic categories other than musculoskeletal impairments. The relative odds of access to <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only status over time (compared with <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only access) are especially high for intellectual disability, congenital anomalies, infectious diseases, and the mental disorders category. In sum, our regression analysis confirms the relevance of age, diagnosis, and sex as factors associated with the availability of different longitudinal patterns of benefit eligibility for the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> programs. These patterns of benefit eligibility directly affect the value of the cash benefit streams available for various subgroups of awardees, as well as the availability of Medicaid and Medicare. Although these latter topics are beyond the scope of this study, our results provide clear motivation for future research on access to combined benefit streams from all four of these major public benefit programs.</p>
|
|
<h3>Trends in Benefit Eligibility Patterns</h3>
|
|
<p>While our classification of longitudinal patterns of benefit eligibility is helpful in understanding caseload dynamics, it does not tell the whole story. To develop a better understanding of the dynamics of benefit eligibility, we look at trends in monthly benefit eligibility status over time. First we look at <span class="nobr">short-term</span> dynamics, focusing on <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> involvement during the <span class="nobr">5-month</span> <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> waiting period. This is followed by the analysis of longer-term dynamics over our <span class="nobr">60-month</span> longitudinal window, which addresses a broader range of outcomes, including trends in benefit eligibility pattern (<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>, concurrent, or neither) and exits that are due to death or reaching age 65.</p>
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|
<p class="noindent"><span class="h4"><span class="nobr">Short-term</span> trends: <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit eligibility during the <span class="nobr">5-month</span> <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> waiting period.</span> Two program design factors are relevant here. The first is the contrast between the immediate benefit eligibility of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> awardees and the <span class="nobr">5-month</span> waiting period between onset and the first month of <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefit eligibility. This creates an upper limit, a <span class="nobr">5-month</span> window of potential <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit eligibility to complement the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program prior to <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefit eligibility kicking in. The second design factor is that the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program allows for a <span class="nobr">12-month</span> window of retrospective consideration of disability onset (relative to the time of application). The <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program does not allow retroactive crediting of categorical eligibility as disabled. Therefore, depending on the date of application, the awardee may be eligible for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits from anywhere between 0 and 5 months prior to the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefit eligibility kicking in among awardees who otherwise would satisfy the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> means test during the <span class="nobr">5-month</span> <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> waiting period.<sup><a href="#mn20" id="mt20">20</a></sup> In our classification scheme, "serial" and "joint" cases may display between 1 and 5 months of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit eligibility during the <span class="nobr">5-month</span> <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> waiting period, and therefore these are the two longitudinal pattern subgroups we will focus on now.</p>
|
|
<p>The distribution of benefit eligibility status during the first 12 months among serial awardees is shown in Chart 3, which uses the month of first-ever <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> entry as the anchoring point (month 1 in the chart). Several conclusions emerge. First, <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> kicks in by month 6 for virtually all serial awardees. Some are still eligible for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits during the first month of <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefit eligibility because <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits are established on the basis of income during the immediately preceding month. Those who were not eligible for <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits during month 5 may be concurrently eligible for both <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits during month 6. Second, for some applicants <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> kicks in earlier (months 2 to 5) because the retroactive establishment of the date of onset in the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program reduces the portion of the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> waiting period that overlaps with the period starting with the first month of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit eligibility. Third, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> plays a substantial role in providing benefit eligibility during the months prior to <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefit eligibility kicking in. Shifting our anchoring point to the onset of <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> categorical eligibility as disabled, we estimate that the number of months of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit eligibility among serial awardees during the <span class="nobr">5-month</span> <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> waiting period averages 3.6 (authors' calculation). In addition and as noted earlier, some awardees are still concurrently eligible for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits during the first month of <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefit eligibility.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700">
|
|
<div class="title" id="chart3">Chart 3.<br>Percentage distribution of benefit eligibility status during the first 12 months among <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> serial entrants, <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v71n2p25_chart3.gif" alt="Bar chart with tabular version below." width="700" height="337" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 3. </span>Percentage distribution of benefit eligibility status during the first 12 months among <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> serial entrants, <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="5" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Month</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Concurrent <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Noneligible</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Dead or aged 65 or older</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1</th>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2</th>
|
|
<td>0.6</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>86.1</td>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">3</th>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
<td>76.6</td>
|
|
<td>6.8</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">4</th>
|
|
<td>19.0</td>
|
|
<td>16.7</td>
|
|
<td>58.0</td>
|
|
<td>6.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">5</th>
|
|
<td>40.4</td>
|
|
<td>35.4</td>
|
|
<td>21.6</td>
|
|
<td>2.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">6</th>
|
|
<td>77.2</td>
|
|
<td>21.7</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>1.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">7</th>
|
|
<td>97.7</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>2.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">8</th>
|
|
<td>96.8</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
<td>3.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">9</th>
|
|
<td>95.9</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.3</td>
|
|
<td>3.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">10</th>
|
|
<td>95.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.3</td>
|
|
<td>4.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">11</th>
|
|
<td>94.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.3</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">12</th>
|
|
<td>93.6</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="6"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="onlyNote">SOURCE: Authors' calculations from Social Security administrative record data extracted from the <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr>, version 8.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>The corresponding distribution for joint awardees is shown in Chart 4. In contrast to serial awardees, a substantial portion of joint awardees are concurrently eligible for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits during month 7 and beyond. Concurrent benefit eligibility is more common after month 1 compared with the experience of serial awardees. From the somewhat different perspective of the anchoring point of <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> disability onset, we find that on average the number of months of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit eligibility among joint awardees during the <span class="nobr">5-month</span> <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> waiting period is 3.3 (authors' calculation), and those awardees continue to be eligible to receive <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits during subsequent months.<sup><a href="#mn21" id="mt21">21</a></sup></p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700">
|
|
<div class="title" id="chart4">Chart 4.<br>Percentage distribution of benefit eligibility status during the first 12 months among <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only to joint <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> entrants, <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v71n2p25_chart4.gif" alt="Bar chart with tabular version below." width="700" height="337" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 4. </span>Percentage distribution of benefit eligibility status during the first 12 months among <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only to joint <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> entrants, <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="5" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Month</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Concurrent <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Noneligible</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Dead or aged 65 or older</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1</th>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2</th>
|
|
<td>0.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>84.2</td>
|
|
<td>2.9</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">3</th>
|
|
<td>1.1</td>
|
|
<td>27.7</td>
|
|
<td>68.7</td>
|
|
<td>2.4</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">4</th>
|
|
<td>3.4</td>
|
|
<td>44.7</td>
|
|
<td>50.0</td>
|
|
<td>1.7</td>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">5</th>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>72.3</td>
|
|
<td>18.8</td>
|
|
<td>1.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">6</th>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>86.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">7</th>
|
|
<td>21.1</td>
|
|
<td>77.9</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">8</th>
|
|
<td>28.2</td>
|
|
<td>70.6</td>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>1.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">9</th>
|
|
<td>33.4</td>
|
|
<td>65.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>1.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">10</th>
|
|
<td>37.5</td>
|
|
<td>60.5</td>
|
|
<td>0.3</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>1.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">11</th>
|
|
<td>40.3</td>
|
|
<td>57.5</td>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
<td>1.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">12</th>
|
|
<td>43.0</td>
|
|
<td>54.5</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
<td>2.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="6"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="onlyNote">SOURCE: Authors' calculations from Social Security administrative record data extracted from the <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr>, version 8.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p class="noindent"><span class="h4">Longer-term trends of <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit eligibility over time.</span> Next we take a longer view and look at outcomes over a <span class="nobr">60-month</span> observation period. For any given month, a <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000 awardee can be in one of the following six states: (1) <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only; (2) <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only; (3) both <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>; (4) not eligible for either benefit and aged 65 or younger; (5) exited before reaching age 65 because of death; and (6) exited because of reaching age 65. This last category includes people who died after reaching age 65, but before the end of the <span class="nobr">60-month</span> observation period. The information presented here represents "snapshots" of the sample at specific times over the <span class="nobr">60-month</span> follow-up observation period. Except for the absorbing states of death and reaching age 65, people can move in and out of all of the other states over time. We are particularly interested in the role of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> involvement in shaping those trends and in factors affecting exits for reasons other than death and reaching 65 years of age. This analysis begins with an overview of trends for the whole cohort of first-ever awardees. Next, we disaggregate those trends by program of first entry. Finally, we assess factors affecting transitions to noneligible status.</p>
|
|
<p class="noindent"><span class="h5">Overall trends for all awardees.</span> The overall trends for the whole awardee cohort are summarized in Table 4, which presents the status of the entire cohort of <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000 first-ever disability program entrants during selected months of the <span class="nobr">60-month</span> observation period. The data are presented in two panels. The top panel provides status for the whole awardee cohort, including status as a result of exits from the sample that are due to death or reaching age 65. The bottom panel is limited to survivors younger than age 65 during the various monthly snapshots. Three major conclusions emerge. First, much of the program interaction occurs between month 1 and month 12, and the changes for the remaining 48 months are fairly gradual. Second, there is a monotonic decrease in the proportion of the entry cohort in program status (from 100 percent to around 70 percent)<sup><a href="#mn22" id="mt22">22</a></sup>—largely because of exits that are due to death and reaching age 65. Third, the proportion of the awardee cohort that is not eligible for either benefit but alive and younger than age 65, while gradually increasing, is still under 5 percent at the end of the <span class="nobr">60-month</span> observation period. Although we cannot directly observe the subgroup not eligible for work-related reasons in this data set, the 5 percent figure is an upper bound for the proportion of the entry cohort not eligible for work-related reasons at any point in time because there are some who are in noneligibility status because of other factors, such as "excess income or resources" (<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>) or "medical improvement" (both programs), neither necessarily implying work.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table4">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 4. </span>Percentage distribution of benefit eligibility status at selected time points for <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000 disability program entrants first entitled to <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and/or <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="7" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup class="shaded" span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Month</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="7" scope="colgroup">Benefit eligibility status during month</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Total</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">N</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Concurrent <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Noneligible and younger than age 65</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Died before age 65</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Reached age 65<br>and alive</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Died after age 65</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="8" scope="rowgroup">Entry cohort</th>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" scope="row" rowspan="2">1 (month of entry)</th>
|
|
<td>69.9</td>
|
|
<td>29.0</td>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>68,798</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" scope="row" rowspan="2">12</th>
|
|
<td>71.7</td>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.3</td>
|
|
<td>1.8</td>
|
|
<td>4.4</td>
|
|
<td>0.4</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>68,798</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" scope="row" rowspan="2">60</th>
|
|
<td>57.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>4.0</td>
|
|
<td>4.8</td>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>0.8</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>68,798</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="8" scope="rowgroup">Survivors younger than age 65</th>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" scope="row" rowspan="2">1 (month of entry)</th>
|
|
<td>69.9</td>
|
|
<td>29.0</td>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>68,798</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" scope="row" rowspan="2">12</th>
|
|
<td>75.3</td>
|
|
<td>14.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>1.9</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>65,497</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" scope="row" rowspan="2">60</th>
|
|
<td>76.1</td>
|
|
<td>12.2</td>
|
|
<td>5.3</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>51,752</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="10">SOURCE: Authors' calculations from Social Security administrative record data extracted from the <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr>, version 8.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="10">NOTES: Standard errors are in parentheses. The sample excludes 126 state-only <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> new awardees. Totals may not sum to 100 because of rounding.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="10">. . . = not applicable.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>The bottom panel of Table 4 shows the distribution among survivors younger than age 65 at each of the three selected time points. Chart 5 provides the monthly detail. The peak percentage in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only group (29 percent) is reached during the very first month of benefit eligibility with a sharp decline up to month 6 and with a very gradual, but still monotonic decline afterward. The peak percentage in the concurrent group (12 percent) is reached during month 6. The figure for the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only group is around 77 percent throughout the period from month 24 to month 53. The chart clearly shows the contrast between <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> involvement over the <span class="nobr">60-month</span> observation period: There is a clear increase in <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> involvement and a sharp decline in <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> involvement over time. Thus, the role of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> as a source of "supplemental" income security—at least as reflected by benefit eligibility according to legislative design—is most important during the first 12 months after entry and less important in the longer run.<sup><a href="#mn23" id="mt23">23</a></sup> The proportion not eligible for either <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> or <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> gradually increases over time, but it still peaks at a low rate (6 percent during the last month of our observation period).</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700">
|
|
<div class="title" id="chart5">Chart 5.<br>Trends in the proportion of survivors younger than age 65 in each program eligibility status category, by month</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v71n2p25_chart5.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="700" height="333" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 5. </span>Trends in the proportion of survivors younger than age 65 in each program eligibility status category, by month</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="4" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Month</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Concurrent <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Noneligible</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1</th>
|
|
<td>70</td>
|
|
<td>29</td>
|
|
<td>1</td>
|
|
<td>0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2</th>
|
|
<td>69</td>
|
|
<td>27</td>
|
|
<td>3</td>
|
|
<td>1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">3</th>
|
|
<td>69</td>
|
|
<td>25</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
<td>1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">4</th>
|
|
<td>69</td>
|
|
<td>22</td>
|
|
<td>7</td>
|
|
<td>1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">5</th>
|
|
<td>70</td>
|
|
<td>18</td>
|
|
<td>11</td>
|
|
<td>1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">6</th>
|
|
<td>72</td>
|
|
<td>15</td>
|
|
<td>12</td>
|
|
<td>1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">7</th>
|
|
<td>74</td>
|
|
<td>15</td>
|
|
<td>10</td>
|
|
<td>1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">8</th>
|
|
<td>74</td>
|
|
<td>14</td>
|
|
<td>10</td>
|
|
<td>1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">9</th>
|
|
<td>75</td>
|
|
<td>14</td>
|
|
<td>9</td>
|
|
<td>2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">10</th>
|
|
<td>75</td>
|
|
<td>14</td>
|
|
<td>9</td>
|
|
<td>2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">11</th>
|
|
<td>75</td>
|
|
<td>14</td>
|
|
<td>9</td>
|
|
<td>2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">12</th>
|
|
<td>75</td>
|
|
<td>14</td>
|
|
<td>9</td>
|
|
<td>2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">13</th>
|
|
<td>75</td>
|
|
<td>14</td>
|
|
<td>9</td>
|
|
<td>2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">14</th>
|
|
<td>74</td>
|
|
<td>14</td>
|
|
<td>10</td>
|
|
<td>2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">15</th>
|
|
<td>74</td>
|
|
<td>14</td>
|
|
<td>10</td>
|
|
<td>2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">16</th>
|
|
<td>75</td>
|
|
<td>14</td>
|
|
<td>9</td>
|
|
<td>2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">17</th>
|
|
<td>75</td>
|
|
<td>14</td>
|
|
<td>9</td>
|
|
<td>3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">18</th>
|
|
<td>75</td>
|
|
<td>14</td>
|
|
<td>8</td>
|
|
<td>3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">19</th>
|
|
<td>75</td>
|
|
<td>14</td>
|
|
<td>8</td>
|
|
<td>3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">20</th>
|
|
<td>76</td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td>8</td>
|
|
<td>3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">21</th>
|
|
<td>76</td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td>7</td>
|
|
<td>3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">22</th>
|
|
<td>76</td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td>7</td>
|
|
<td>3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">23</th>
|
|
<td>76</td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td>7</td>
|
|
<td>3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">24</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td>7</td>
|
|
<td>3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">25</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td>7</td>
|
|
<td>3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">26</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td>6</td>
|
|
<td>4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">27</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td>6</td>
|
|
<td>4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">28</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td>6</td>
|
|
<td>4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">29</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td>6</td>
|
|
<td>4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">30</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td>6</td>
|
|
<td>4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">31</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td>6</td>
|
|
<td>4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">32</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td>6</td>
|
|
<td>4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">33</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td>6</td>
|
|
<td>4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">34</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td>6</td>
|
|
<td>4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">35</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td>6</td>
|
|
<td>4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">36</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
<td>4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">37</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
<td>4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">38</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">39</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">40</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">41</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">42</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">43</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">44</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">45</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>12</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">46</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>12</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">47</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>12</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">48</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>12</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">49</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>12</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">50</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>12</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">51</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>12</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
<td>6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">52</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>12</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
<td>6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">53</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>12</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
<td>6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">54</th>
|
|
<td>76</td>
|
|
<td>12</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
<td>6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">55</th>
|
|
<td>76</td>
|
|
<td>12</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
<td>6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">56</th>
|
|
<td>76</td>
|
|
<td>12</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
<td>6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">57</th>
|
|
<td>76</td>
|
|
<td>12</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
<td>6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">58</th>
|
|
<td>76</td>
|
|
<td>12</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
<td>6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">59</th>
|
|
<td>76</td>
|
|
<td>12</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
<td>6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">60</th>
|
|
<td>76</td>
|
|
<td>12</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
<td>6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="5"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="onlyNote">SOURCE: Authors' calculations from Social Security administrative record data extracted from the <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr>, version 8.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p class="noindent"><span class="h5">Trends of awardees with <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> as the program of first entry.</span> Important trend differences emerge when we look at two subgroups defined by the program of first entry. Table 5 suggests that there is only fairly limited programmatic dynamics for those people who entered <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> first. Not surprisingly, the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only group dominates the picture. The top panel of the table shows that the proportion in <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only status is reduced to 69 percent over the <span class="nobr">60-month</span> observation period. This is almost exclusively the result of an increase in the proportion that died or exited because of reaching age 65. The proportion of noneligibles reaches only 2.8 percent by the end of the <span class="nobr">60-month</span> observation period. These changes are gradual and monotonic. <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only status is extremely rare (no more than 0.03 percent) and appears as zero in the table as a result of rounding. Because <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-insured status can never be lost as long as the person stays categorically disabled, there are only very few situations when <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefit eligibility status is suspended while <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> eligibility status is retained. The programmatic dynamics largely relate to concurrent <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit eligibility status. The monthly underlying data series (not shown) reveals that concurrent eligibility peaks at around 7 percent at month 14 and declines to about 3 percent (3.2 percent of all awardees) by month 60. After limiting the subsample to those alive and younger than age 65 at month 60 (bottom panel of the table), the corresponding percentage is still very low—4.2 percent. Overall, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> is not very important for most people whose first award is <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table5">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 5. </span>Percentage distribution of benefit eligibility status at selected time points for disability program entrants first entitled to <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits, <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="7" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup class="shaded" span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Month</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="7" scope="colgroup">Benefit eligibility status during month</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Total</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">N</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Concurrent <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Noneligible and younger than age 65</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Died before age 65</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Reached age 65 and alive</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Died after age 65</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="8" scope="rowgroup">Entry cohort</th>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">1 (month of entry)</th>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>48,056</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">12</th>
|
|
<td>90.5</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>4.8</td>
|
|
<td>0.5</td>
|
|
<td>3.8</td>
|
|
<td>0.4</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>48,056</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">60</th>
|
|
<td>68.7</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>3.2</td>
|
|
<td>2.8</td>
|
|
<td>13.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>0.9</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>48,056</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="8" scope="rowgroup">Survivors younger than age 65</th>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">1 (month of entry)</th>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>48,056</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">12</th>
|
|
<td>94.5</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.5</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>46,033</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">60</th>
|
|
<td>92.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>4.2</td>
|
|
<td>3.7</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>35,885</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="10">SOURCE: Authors' calculations from Social Security administrative record data extracted from the <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr>, version 8.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="10">NOTES: Standard errors are in parentheses. The sample excludes 126 state-only <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> new awardees. Totals may not sum to 100 because of rounding.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="10">. . . = not applicable.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p class="noindent"><span class="h5">Trends for awardees with <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> as the program of first entry.</span> Table 6 focuses on people who entered the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program first and reveals salient changes. First, the relevance of the two <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> programs dramatically changes over time. The top panel of the table shows that the proportion in <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only status substantially decreases in contrast to the increases in the proportion in <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only status. The proportion in concurrent status peaks at 28 percent during month 6, and it gradually declines afterward (detailed data not shown). Thus, a cohort that started as <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only dramatically changes its programmatic profile, reaching a roughly even representation of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> among those who are on the disability rolls during month 60. Second, when participation in both of <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s disability programs is considered, the overall level during month 60 (67 percent of combined participation) is very close to the 72 percent level for the subgroup that entered the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program first, as presented in Table 5. Finally, by month 60 the percentage not eligible among those who entered the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program first reaches 9.8 percent of all awardees (Table 6, top panel) and 12.8 percent of the subgroup still alive and younger than age 65 during month 60 (bottom panel of the table). These percentages are over three times as large as the corresponding percentages among those who entered the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program first. Because of the importance of this empirical finding, we are examining the reasons for this difference next.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table6">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 6. </span>Percentage distribution of benefit eligibility status at selected time points for disability program entrants first entitled to <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits, <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="7" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup class="shaded" span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Month</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="7" scope="colgroup">Benefit eligibility status during month</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Total</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">N</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Concurrent <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Noneligible and younger than age 65</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Died before age 65</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Reached age 65 and alive</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Died after age 65</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="8" scope="rowgroup">Entry cohort</th>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">1 (month of entry)</th>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>19,930</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">12</th>
|
|
<td>26.7</td>
|
|
<td>46.3</td>
|
|
<td>15.8</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>5.7</td>
|
|
<td>0.6</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>19,930</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">60</th>
|
|
<td>29.3</td>
|
|
<td>31.7</td>
|
|
<td>5.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>16.5</td>
|
|
<td>6.5</td>
|
|
<td>0.5</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>19,930</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="8" scope="rowgroup">Survivors younger than age 65</th>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">1 (month of entry)</th>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>19,930</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">12</th>
|
|
<td>28.4</td>
|
|
<td>49.3</td>
|
|
<td>16.8</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>18,686</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">60</th>
|
|
<td>38.3</td>
|
|
<td>41.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.8</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>15,237</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="10">SOURCE: Authors' calculations from Social Security administrative record data extracted from the <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr>, version 8.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="10">NOTES: Standard errors are in parentheses. The sample excludes 126 state-only <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> new awardees. Totals may not sum to 100 because of rounding.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="10">. . . = not applicable.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p class="noindent"><span class="h5">Transition to nonbeneficiary status and the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> means test.</span> The <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> means test is the most plausible reason for the large month-60 difference between the percentage in nonbeneficiary status among people who entered awardee status through the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> as opposed to the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program. We test this hypothesis in two ways: (1) by looking for confirmatory evidence, and (2) by testing for evidence with the potential for rejecting the hypothesis. The first approach is based on accounting for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> suspensions, using spreadsheet calculations. The second approach is based on logistic regression, assessing factors associated with nonbeneficiary status at the end of our observation period.</p>
|
|
<p>Insofar as confirmatory evidence is concerned, our hypothesis suggests that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> suspensions should explain the difference. The results of our spreadsheet calculations (details not shown) are consistent with this hypothesis.<sup><a href="#mn24" id="mt24">24</a></sup> While the raw percentage among survivors of the group that entered the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program first was much higher than the percentage for those who entered the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program first (12.8 percent versus 3.7 percent), <i>net</i> of suspensions related to the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> means test, the respective percentages are 3.4 percent and 3.2 percent, a virtual tie.<sup><a href="#mn25" id="mt25">25</a></sup> The 3.4 percent and 3.2 percent for the two entry groups that are not explained by suspensions include "medical recoveries" and miscellaneous factors.</p>
|
|
<p>The second strategy is to assess whether observed factors other than the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> means test can account for the observed subgroup differences in the probability of being in nonbeneficiary status during month 60. For this test, we use logistic regression to adjust differences in the relative odds associated with the various entry patterns for demographic and diagnostic factors (Table 7). The dependent variable is status among survivors younger than age 65 during month 60. Those with a 0 value are eligible for <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>, or both during month 60. Those with a value of 1 are not eligible for either program during month 60. (This can be seen as a positive outcome in terms of independence from reliance on disability benefits.) Stepwise regression is a suitable analytic strategy here.<sup><a href="#mn26" id="mt26">26</a></sup> Model 1 includes only the longitudinal entry pattern indicators as independent variables; no adjustments are made for other factors. In contrast, model 2 adds age, sex, race, and diagnosis as predictor variables. The results show that the unadjusted and adjusted relative odds ratios for the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only group are fairly similar in magnitude (6.5 and 5.5, respectively). Thus, consistent with our hypothesis, the variables adjusting for case mix do not explain away the substantial difference in the relative odds between the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only and the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only groups. Overall, the results of two different tests are consistent with the hypothesis that differences in program rules—suspensions that are the result of the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> means test, which do not apply to the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program—provide a credible explanation of the bulk of observed differences in the odds of transitioning to nonbeneficiary status over time between <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> awardees. The determination of whether <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> work incentives (the more favorable treatment of earned income) play a role here would be a worthwhile topic for future research. Another potential area of further research is family dynamics that may affect <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>, but not <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefit eligibility in our sample.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table7">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 7. </span>Results of logistic regression on factors affecting the probability of program status as "not eligible for disability benefits" during month 60 among survivors younger than age 65</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:20em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Independent variable</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">Model 1</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">Model 2</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Unadjusted odds ratio</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Standard error</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">P > z</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Adjusted odds ratio</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Standard error</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">P > z</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Pattern</th>
|
|
<td colspan="6"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only entrants (reference category)</th>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only to joint <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr></th>
|
|
<td>1.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.393</td>
|
|
<td>0.9</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.130</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only entrants</th>
|
|
<td>6.5</td>
|
|
<td>0.3</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
<td>5.5</td>
|
|
<td>0.3</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> serial entrants</th>
|
|
<td>2.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
<td>1.6</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only to joint <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr></th>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.027</td>
|
|
<td>1.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.681</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> simultaneous entrants</th>
|
|
<td>1.7</td>
|
|
<td>0.3</td>
|
|
<td>0.001</td>
|
|
<td>1.4</td>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.035</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Any other pattern following first <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> entry</th>
|
|
<td>1.6</td>
|
|
<td>0.3</td>
|
|
<td>0.021</td>
|
|
<td>1.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.607</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Age group</th>
|
|
<td colspan="6"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">18–30</th>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>3.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">31–45</th>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>1.6</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">46–64 (reference category)</th>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Sex</th>
|
|
<td colspan="6"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Women (reference category)</th>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Men</th>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>0.9</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.003</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Race/ethnicity</th>
|
|
<td colspan="6"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">White (reference category)</th>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Nonwhite</th>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>1.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.302</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.249</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup"><abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> primary diagnosis</th>
|
|
<td colspan="6"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Congenital</th>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>0.6</td>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.212</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Endocrine</th>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>0.9</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.271</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Infectious and parasitic</th>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.163</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Injuries</th>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>1.9</td>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Intellectual disability <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>0.6</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Mental <sup>b</sup></th>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>1.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.397</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Neoplasms</th>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>5.6</td>
|
|
<td>0.5</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Circulatory</th>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>1.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.232</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Digestive</th>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>1.8</td>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Genitourinary</th>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>2.5</td>
|
|
<td>0.3</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Musculoskeletal (reference category)</th>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Nervous</th>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>0.9</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.243</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Respiratory</th>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>1.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.693</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Other</th>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>1.6</td>
|
|
<td>0.3</td>
|
|
<td>0.013</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>- - -</td>
|
|
<td>2.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Log likelihood</th>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">-11,273.416</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">-10,735.951</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Likelihood ratio Chi<sup>2</sup></th>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">2,128.30</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">3,203.23</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Probability > Chi<sup>2</sup></th>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">0.0000</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">0.0000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Pseudo R<sup>2</sup></th>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">0.0863</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">0.1298</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Number of observations</th>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">51,752</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">51,752</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="7">SOURCE: Authors' calculations from Social Security administrative record data extracted from the <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr>, version 8.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="7">NOTES: The study sample is limited to people alive and younger than age 65 during month 60 of the observation period.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="7">. . . = not applicable; - - - = variable not included.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="7">a. Intellectual disability was formerly known as mental retardation.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="7">b. Not including intellectual disability.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h3>Timing of First Cash Payment as a Facet of Access to Disability Benefits</h3>
|
|
<p>The longitudinal interactions affecting access to benefits analyzed so far primarily arise from program <i>design</i> features such as the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> waiting period and the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> means test. However, the receipt of benefits also depends on program <i>implementation</i>. The instantaneous payment of public benefits is never feasible. Some time must elapse before benefits can be paid because of the need to establish benefit eligibility and the processing of payments. Thus, there must be a lag between the first month of benefit eligibility (which is established retroactively) and the first month of actual payments, but its length is consequential. In the case of <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s disability programs, this is a particularly challenging problem because the establishment of categorical eligibility as disabled involves multiple steps to assure that qualified applicants who may be initially denied eventually receive the benefits to which they are entitled.</p>
|
|
<p>Looking from another perspective, the <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> disability determination process has been perceived as cumbersome and lengthy in many instances. Social Security's administrative process innovations address this temporal dimension of access to cash payments. Two examples are "Compassionate Allowances" rules and the "Single Decision Maker" model. Compassionate Allowances rules allow Social Security to quickly target the most obviously disabled individuals for allowances based on objective medical information.<sup><a href="#mn27" id="mt27">27</a></sup> The Single Decision Maker model is designed to expedite the initial disability determination process by increasing operational flexibility at the Disability Determination Service (<abbr class="spell">DDS</abbr>) level. Specifically, it allows the <abbr class="spell">DDS</abbr> administrator to grant disability examiners discretionary authority to make initial decisions without consulting a medical doctor or psychologist under some circumstances.<sup><a href="#mn28" id="mt28">28</a></sup></p>
|
|
<p>Because we have data both on the first month of benefit eligibility and on actual payments, we can calculate the time elapsing between the two events. The distribution is highly skewed, so we present several summary indicators for our disability program (<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and/or <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>) awardee cohort in the following tabulation:</p>
|
|
<div class="table">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:20em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr class="border-bottom">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Average number of months elapsing between the first month of benefit eligibility and the first month of payments received</th>
|
|
<td class="top">10.2 months</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="border-bottom">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Standard deviation in months</th>
|
|
<td class="top">10.6 months</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="border-bottom">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Median</th>
|
|
<td class="top">6 months</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="border-bottom">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">First payment received within 1 year of the first month of benefit eligibility</th>
|
|
<td class="top">67.1 percent</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="border-bottom">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">First payment received <span class="nobr">1–2</span> years after the first month of benefit eligibility</th>
|
|
<td class="top">22.3 percent</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">First payment received more than 2 years after the first month of benefit eligibility</th>
|
|
<td class="top">10.7 percent</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>These summary measures indicate substantial variation in the lag of receiving the first actual payment. Such delays reduce the cash available to support current consumption among people with severe disabilities during a period of financial vulnerability. We do note that there is no loss of benefits in a narrow accounting sense because of the retrospective payment of delayed benefits. <a href="#tableA3">Table A-3</a> provides more detail by various characteristics and displays substantial subgroup differences. Chart 6 illustrates differences by diagnostic category and presents the cumulative distribution for three selected diagnostic categories: neoplasms, circulatory, and musculoskeletal. The cumulative distribution is consistently different for these three diagnoses across different points in time, with neoplasms on a fast track, musculoskeletal impairments on a slow track, and circulatory impairments in between. For example, a payment was received by 77 percent of neoplasms awardees within 5 months or less; the corresponding figure is only 31 percent for musculoskeletal awardees. While almost all neoplasms awardees (98 percent) receive their first payment within 23 months or less, the corresponding figure is lower (80 percent) for musculoskeletal awardees.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700">
|
|
<div class="title" id="chart6">Chart 6.<br>Cumulative distribution of duration of time between first month of benefit eligibility and first month of actual payment among disability program entrants, by selected diagnostic categories</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v71n2p25_chart6.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="692" height="355" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 6. </span>Cumulative distribution of duration of time between first month of benefit eligibility and first month of actual payment among disability program entrants, by selected diagnostic categories</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:9em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Months</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Neoplasms</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Circulatory</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Musculoskeletal</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">5 or less</th>
|
|
<td>77</td>
|
|
<td>56</td>
|
|
<td>31</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">11 or less</th>
|
|
<td>89</td>
|
|
<td>73</td>
|
|
<td>49</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">17 or less</th>
|
|
<td>96</td>
|
|
<td>85</td>
|
|
<td>67</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">23 or less</th>
|
|
<td>98</td>
|
|
<td>93</td>
|
|
<td>80</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">29 or less</th>
|
|
<td>99</td>
|
|
<td>96</td>
|
|
<td>89</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">35 or less</th>
|
|
<td>100</td>
|
|
<td>98</td>
|
|
<td>94</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">41 or less</th>
|
|
<td>100</td>
|
|
<td>99</td>
|
|
<td>97</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">47 or less</th>
|
|
<td>100</td>
|
|
<td>100</td>
|
|
<td>99</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">53 or less</th>
|
|
<td>100</td>
|
|
<td>100</td>
|
|
<td>99</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">59 or less</th>
|
|
<td>100</td>
|
|
<td>100</td>
|
|
<td>100</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="4"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="onlyNote">SOURCE: Authors' calculations from Social Security administrative record data extracted from the <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr>, version 8.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>The reasons for such differences may be quite complex. As a first step of exploring the ways in which various factors interact, we estimate a regression model allowing us to assess the marginal relationship between duration and various subgroup characteristics. Table 8 summarizes the results of a linear regression model of the natural logarithm of time from the first month of eligibility to the first payment. A logged dependent variable was used to improve model fit given its skewed distribution. Generally, the results suggest substantial variation in the duration between benefit eligibility and actual payments. These differences warrant future research.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table8">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 8. </span>Estimated regression coefficients from a linear regression model predicting the natural logarithm of time from the first month of disability benefit eligibility to the first month of actual benefit payment</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:20em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="4" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Independent variable</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Coefficient</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Standard error</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">P > t</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Estimated marginal effect (%) <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Pattern</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only entrants (reference category)</th>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only to joint <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr></th>
|
|
<td>0.65</td>
|
|
<td>0.01</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
<td>90.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only entrants</th>
|
|
<td>-0.43</td>
|
|
<td>0.01</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
<td>-35.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> serial entrants</th>
|
|
<td>-0.76</td>
|
|
<td>0.02</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
<td>-53.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only to joint <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr></th>
|
|
<td>0.25</td>
|
|
<td>0.02</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
<td>28.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> simultaneous entrants</th>
|
|
<td>-0.24</td>
|
|
<td>0.04</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
<td>-21.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Any other pattern following first <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> entry</th>
|
|
<td>-0.22</td>
|
|
<td>0.05</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
<td>-19.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Age group</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">18–30</th>
|
|
<td>0.11</td>
|
|
<td>0.02</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">31–45</th>
|
|
<td>0.38</td>
|
|
<td>0.01</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
<td>46.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">46–64 (reference category)</th>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Sex</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Women</th>
|
|
<td>0.12</td>
|
|
<td>0.01</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Men (reference category)</th>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>-0.40</td>
|
|
<td>0.06</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
<td>-33.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Race/ethnicity</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">White (reference category)</th>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Nonwhite</th>
|
|
<td>0.03</td>
|
|
<td>0.01</td>
|
|
<td>0.003</td>
|
|
<td>2.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>-0.04</td>
|
|
<td>0.04</td>
|
|
<td>0.296</td>
|
|
<td>-3.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup"><abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> primary diagnosis</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Congenital</th>
|
|
<td>-0.67</td>
|
|
<td>0.11</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
<td>-49.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Endocrine</th>
|
|
<td>-0.11</td>
|
|
<td>0.03</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
<td>-10.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Infectious and parasitic</th>
|
|
<td>-0.91</td>
|
|
<td>0.03</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
<td>-59.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Injuries</th>
|
|
<td>-0.37</td>
|
|
<td>0.02</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
<td>-30.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Intellectual disability <sup>b</sup></th>
|
|
<td>-0.61</td>
|
|
<td>0.03</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
<td>-45.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Mental <sup>c</sup></th>
|
|
<td>-0.28</td>
|
|
<td>0.01</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
<td>-24.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Neoplasms</th>
|
|
<td>-1.14</td>
|
|
<td>0.02</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
<td>-68.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Circulatory</th>
|
|
<td>-0.54</td>
|
|
<td>0.01</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
<td>-41.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Digestive</th>
|
|
<td>-0.34</td>
|
|
<td>0.03</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
<td>-29.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Genitourinary</th>
|
|
<td>-1.26</td>
|
|
<td>0.03</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
<td>-71.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Musculoskeletal (reference category)</th>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Nervous</th>
|
|
<td>-0.57</td>
|
|
<td>0.02</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
<td>-43.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Respiratory</th>
|
|
<td>-0.62</td>
|
|
<td>0.02</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
<td>-46.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Other</th>
|
|
<td>-0.27</td>
|
|
<td>0.05</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
<td>-23.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>-0.05</td>
|
|
<td>0.03</td>
|
|
<td>0.071</td>
|
|
<td>-5.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Constant</th>
|
|
<td>1.95</td>
|
|
<td>0.01</td>
|
|
<td>0.000</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<td class="stub0" colspan="5">Adjusted R<sup>2</sup> = 0.2041</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<td class="stub0" colspan="5">Number of observations = 68,423</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<td class="stub0" colspan="5">F(26, 68396) = 675.92</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<td class="stub0" colspan="5">Probability > F = 0.0000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="5">SOURCE: Authors' calculations from Social Security administrative record data extracted from the <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr>, version 8.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">NOTES: . . . = not applicable.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">a. Calculated from the first column as 100*(e<sup>ß</sup> - 1).</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">b. Intellectual disability was formerly known as mental retardation.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="5">c. Not including intellectual disability.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2>Conclusions and Issues for Future Research</h2>
|
|
<p>In this analysis, we did the following:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Demonstrated that longitudinal access to <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits is affected by interactions in benefit eligibility, reflecting legislative design and lags in receiving the first payment.</li>
|
|
<li>Followed up a cohort of new disability awardees aged <span class="nobr">18–64</span> who were first receiving <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> or <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits during <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000.</li>
|
|
<li>Identified five major longitudinal patterns of benefit eligibility based on interactions between <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program rules: (1) <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only; (2) <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only; (3) <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only transitioning to joint <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit eligibility; (4) <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only transitioning to <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only serial benefit eligibility; and (5) <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only transitioning to joint <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit eligibility. These five patterns cover about 98 percent of all new first awards for federal disability benefits.</li>
|
|
<li>Performed empirical analysis of factors affecting benefit eligibility and lags in receiving the first payment.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>Several conclusions arise from the empirical analysis. The results of multinomial logit analysis show substantial differences in the relative odds of various longitudinal patterns of benefit eligibility, primarily as a function of age and diagnostic category. We show that about 40 percent of awardees are involved with <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> or both disability programs over a <span class="nobr">60-month</span> follow-up period. The results indicate a substantially higher degree of program interaction than apparent from cross-sectional data. Among those people participating in both programs, the role of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> is most likely to be front-loaded, especially among younger awardees. In the majority of cases, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit eligibility fills 4 or 5 months of the gap arising from the <span class="nobr">5-month</span> <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> waiting period among awardees eligible for both types of benefits. More than half of those who entered <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> first and were still in disability participant status at month 60 transitioned to the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program or were in concurrent program status at that time. Less than 4 percent of survivors younger than age 65 among those who first entered the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program were in nonpayment status 5 years after entry. In contrast, about 13 percent of those who first entered the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program were in nonpayment status 5 years later, the difference reflecting exits that were due to the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> means test. We also find substantial variation in the months elapsing between the first month of benefit eligibility and the first month of actual payments.</p>
|
|
<p>There are a number of promising future research directions. The authors plan to conduct a <span class="nobr">follow-up</span> study that focuses on the ways in which longitudinal patterns of benefit eligibility affect public health insurance coverage among disabled people, with a particular focus on the role of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> in providing a path toward Medicaid coverage. Another area for <span class="nobr">follow-up</span> analysis is the effect of program implementation factors—such as lags in receiving the first benefit payments, relatively restrictive Medicaid eligibility rules, and auto-enrollment—on Medicaid coverage and utilization. Further studies may explore the longitudinal stream of cash and health insurance benefits arising from these interactions. All of these lines of inquiry will contribute to a better understanding of how interactions among these four important public programs affect the public safety net.</p>
|
|
<h2>Appendix</h2>
|
|
<p>The relationship between diagnosis and age at first award is provided in Table A-1. Table <span class="nobr">A-2</span> shows longitudinal patterns of benefit eligibility by primary diagnosis. Table <span class="nobr">A-3</span> gives summary measures of the distribution of duration of time from the first month of initial benefit eligibility to the first month of actual payment, by various characteristics.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="tableA1">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table A-1. </span>Percentage distribution of new awardees first entitled to disability benefits (<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and/or <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>), by <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> primary diagnosis and age group, <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:18em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup class="shaded" span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Subgroup</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">Age group</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Total</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">N</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">18–30</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">31–45</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">46–64</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">All awardees</th>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>27.4</td>
|
|
<td>63.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>68,798</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup"><abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> primary diagnosis</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Congenital</th>
|
|
<td>48.0</td>
|
|
<td>21.0</td>
|
|
<td>31.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>100</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(5.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(4.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(4.7)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Endocrine</th>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
<td>23.6</td>
|
|
<td>71.8</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>2,089</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.9)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Infectious and parasitic</th>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>54.8</td>
|
|
<td>36.3</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>1,229</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.8)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Injuries</th>
|
|
<td>13.9</td>
|
|
<td>30.8</td>
|
|
<td>55.3</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>2,582</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.7)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.9)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Intellectual disability <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td>48.0</td>
|
|
<td>31.9</td>
|
|
<td>20.1</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>1,751</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(1.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Mental <sup>b</sup></th>
|
|
<td>20.5</td>
|
|
<td>39.2</td>
|
|
<td>40.4</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>15,535</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Neoplasms</th>
|
|
<td>4.2</td>
|
|
<td>21.6</td>
|
|
<td>74.3</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>6,334</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Circulatory</th>
|
|
<td>1.6</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>85.3</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>8,384</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Digestive</th>
|
|
<td>5.3</td>
|
|
<td>35.3</td>
|
|
<td>59.4</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>1,498</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Genitourinary</th>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>30.8</td>
|
|
<td>59.2</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>1,541</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.8)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Musculoskeletal</th>
|
|
<td>2.7</td>
|
|
<td>24.4</td>
|
|
<td>72.9</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>17,530</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Nervous</th>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>27.4</td>
|
|
<td>61.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>5,418</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.7)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Respiratory</th>
|
|
<td>1.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>86.4</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>2,949</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Other</th>
|
|
<td>16.2</td>
|
|
<td>34.1</td>
|
|
<td>49.7</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>463</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(1.7)</td>
|
|
<td>(2.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(2.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>33.8</td>
|
|
<td>56.6</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>1,395</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.8)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="6">SOURCE: Authors' calculations from Social Security administrative record data extracted from the <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr>, version 8.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="6">NOTES: Standard errors are in parentheses. The sample excludes 126 state-only <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> new awardees. Totals may not sum to 100 because of rounding.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="6">a. Intellectual disability was formerly known as mental retardation.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="6">b. Not including intellectual disability.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="table" id="tableA2">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table A-2. </span>Percentage distribution of longitudinal patterns of disability benefit eligibility among first-ever disability benefit (<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and/or <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>) awardees, by primary diagnosis, <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:11em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup style="width:5em">
|
|
<col>
|
|
<col>
|
|
<col>
|
|
<col>
|
|
<col>
|
|
<col>
|
|
<col>
|
|
<col>
|
|
<col class="shaded">
|
|
</colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup class="shaded" span="3" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup"><abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> primary diagnosis</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="9" scope="colgroup">Longitudinal pattern of benefit eligibility</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">Percent involved with—</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only entrants</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only to joint <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only entrants</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> serial entrants</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only to joint <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> </th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> simultaneous entrants</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> entrants following other pattern</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Total</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">N</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stub0 top" scope="row">Endocrine</th>
|
|
<td>56.6</td>
|
|
<td>11.4</td>
|
|
<td>15.2</td>
|
|
<td>3.2</td>
|
|
<td>11.4</td>
|
|
<td>1.4</td>
|
|
<td>0.8</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>2,089</td>
|
|
<td>84.8</td>
|
|
<td>43.4</td>
|
|
<td>28.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(1.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.7)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.8)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.7)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.8)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.0)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stub0 top" scope="row">Infectious and parasitic</th>
|
|
<td>37.4</td>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>25.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>1.3</td>
|
|
<td>1.1</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>1,229</td>
|
|
<td>74.8</td>
|
|
<td>62.7</td>
|
|
<td>37.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(1.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.9)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.9)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(1.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.4)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stub0 top" scope="row">Injuries</th>
|
|
<td>59.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>5.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.4</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>2,582</td>
|
|
<td>86.3</td>
|
|
<td>40.6</td>
|
|
<td>26.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(1.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.7)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.7)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.9)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stub0 top" scope="row">Intellectual disability <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td>16.0</td>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
<td>53.6</td>
|
|
<td>3.5</td>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>1.4</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>1,751</td>
|
|
<td>46.4</td>
|
|
<td>84.0</td>
|
|
<td>30.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.9)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.8)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(1.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.9)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.1)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stub0 top" scope="row">Mental <sup>b</sup></th>
|
|
<td>47.7</td>
|
|
<td>14.3</td>
|
|
<td>21.7</td>
|
|
<td>3.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>1.5</td>
|
|
<td>1.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>15,535</td>
|
|
<td>78.3</td>
|
|
<td>52.3</td>
|
|
<td>30.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stub0 top" scope="row">Neoplasms</th>
|
|
<td>67.1</td>
|
|
<td>4.4</td>
|
|
<td>15.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
<td>4.2</td>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>6,334</td>
|
|
<td>84.3</td>
|
|
<td>32.9</td>
|
|
<td>17.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stub0 top" scope="row">Circulatory</th>
|
|
<td>64.5</td>
|
|
<td>6.6</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.3</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>8,384</td>
|
|
<td>88.3</td>
|
|
<td>35.5</td>
|
|
<td>23.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stub0 top" scope="row">Digestive</th>
|
|
<td>56.3</td>
|
|
<td>11.4</td>
|
|
<td>15.7</td>
|
|
<td>4.1</td>
|
|
<td>10.4</td>
|
|
<td>1.3</td>
|
|
<td>0.8</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>1,498</td>
|
|
<td>84.3</td>
|
|
<td>43.7</td>
|
|
<td>28.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(1.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.8)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.9)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.8)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.9)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.2)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stub0 top" scope="row">Genitourinary</th>
|
|
<td>56.9</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>1.5</td>
|
|
<td>0.4</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>1,541</td>
|
|
<td>85.9</td>
|
|
<td>43.1</td>
|
|
<td>28.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(1.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.9)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.9)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.7)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.9)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.2)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stub0 top" scope="row">Musculoskeletal</th>
|
|
<td>73.6</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
<td>2.0</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.8</td>
|
|
<td>0.4</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>17,530</td>
|
|
<td>92.0</td>
|
|
<td>26.4</td>
|
|
<td>18.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stub0 top" scope="row">Nervous</th>
|
|
<td>68.3</td>
|
|
<td>6.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.9</td>
|
|
<td>0.7</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>5,418</td>
|
|
<td>87.4</td>
|
|
<td>31.7</td>
|
|
<td>19.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stub0 top" scope="row">Respiratory</th>
|
|
<td>63.1</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.3</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>2,949</td>
|
|
<td>86.9</td>
|
|
<td>36.9</td>
|
|
<td>23.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.9)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.9)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.8)</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Minimum percent </th>
|
|
<td>16.0</td>
|
|
<td>4.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
<td>2.0</td>
|
|
<td>4.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.8</td>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>46.4</td>
|
|
<td>26.4</td>
|
|
<td>17.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Maximum percent</th>
|
|
<td>73.6</td>
|
|
<td>14.3</td>
|
|
<td>53.6</td>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>11.4</td>
|
|
<td>1.5</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
<td>92.0</td>
|
|
<td>84.0</td>
|
|
<td>37.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="13">SOURCE: Authors' calculations from Social Security administrative record data extracted from the <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr>, version 8.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="13">NOTES: Standard errors are in parentheses. The sample excludes 126 state-only <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> new awardees. The "Congenital," "Other," and "Missing" <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> primary diagnosis categories (comprising 2.8 percent of the study universe) are not presented in the table. Totals may not sum to 100 because of rounding.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="13">. . . = not applicable.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="13">a. Intellectual disability was formerly known as mental retardation.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="13">b. Not including intellectual disability.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="table" id="tableA3">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table A-3. </span>Percentage distribution and summary measures of the duration of time from the first month of initial benefit eligibility to the first month of actual payment, by various characteristics, <abbr class="spell">CY</abbr> 2000</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:21em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup class="shaded" span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup class="shaded" span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup class="shaded" span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup class="shaded" span="1" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Characteristic</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">Duration of time from first month of benefit eligibility to first payment</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Total </th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">N</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Mean number of months</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Standard deviation</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Median number of months</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">1 year or less</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1–2 years</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">More than 2 years</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">All awardees</th>
|
|
<td>67.1</td>
|
|
<td>22.3</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>68,423</td>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Pattern</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only entrants</th>
|
|
<td>64.5</td>
|
|
<td>23.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>41,392</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-only to joint <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr></th>
|
|
<td>42.6</td>
|
|
<td>35.7</td>
|
|
<td>21.7</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>6,357</td>
|
|
<td>16.6</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>15</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only entrants</th>
|
|
<td>83.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>10,762</td>
|
|
<td>6.5</td>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
<td>3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> serial entrants</th>
|
|
<td>98.0</td>
|
|
<td>1.7</td>
|
|
<td>0.4</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>3,054</td>
|
|
<td>2.8</td>
|
|
<td>3.2</td>
|
|
<td>2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only to joint <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr></th>
|
|
<td>64.5</td>
|
|
<td>27.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>5,585</td>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> simultaneous entrants</th>
|
|
<td>76.4</td>
|
|
<td>18.4</td>
|
|
<td>5.3</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>812</td>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(1.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.8)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Any other pattern following first <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> entry</th>
|
|
<td>77.2</td>
|
|
<td>15.6</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>461</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(2.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.7)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Age group</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">18–30</th>
|
|
<td>71.7</td>
|
|
<td>19.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>6,577</td>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
<td>10.4</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">31–45</th>
|
|
<td>57.1</td>
|
|
<td>26.1</td>
|
|
<td>16.9</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>18,644</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>10</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">46–64</th>
|
|
<td>70.7</td>
|
|
<td>21.0</td>
|
|
<td>8.3</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>43,202</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Sex</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Women</th>
|
|
<td>64.1</td>
|
|
<td>23.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>32,906</td>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Men</th>
|
|
<td>69.6</td>
|
|
<td>21.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>35,147</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
<td>6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>95.1</td>
|
|
<td>3.8</td>
|
|
<td>1.1</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>370</td>
|
|
<td>3.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(1.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Race/ethnicity</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">White</th>
|
|
<td>66.2</td>
|
|
<td>22.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>48,452</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Nonwhite</th>
|
|
<td>69.1</td>
|
|
<td>20.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>19,012</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>70.4</td>
|
|
<td>21.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.6</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>959</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>10.0</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(1.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.9)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup"><abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> primary diagnosis</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Congenital</th>
|
|
<td>71.4</td>
|
|
<td>22.5</td>
|
|
<td>6.1</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>98</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(4.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(4.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(2.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.9)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Endocrine</th>
|
|
<td>55.4</td>
|
|
<td>28.5</td>
|
|
<td>16.2</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>2,066</td>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>10</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(1.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.8)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Infectious and parasitic</th>
|
|
<td>79.8</td>
|
|
<td>14.9</td>
|
|
<td>5.3</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>1,226</td>
|
|
<td>6.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(1.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Injuries</th>
|
|
<td>66.6</td>
|
|
<td>22.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>2,575</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.9)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.8)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Intellectual disability <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td>78.8</td>
|
|
<td>16.1</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>1,740</td>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(1.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.9)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Mental <sup>b</sup></th>
|
|
<td>66.0</td>
|
|
<td>24.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>15,464</td>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Neoplasms</th>
|
|
<td>90.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>2.1</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>6,312</td>
|
|
<td>4.3</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Circulatory system</th>
|
|
<td>75.1</td>
|
|
<td>18.3</td>
|
|
<td>6.6</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>8,353</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Digestive</th>
|
|
<td>63.8</td>
|
|
<td>23.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>1,490</td>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(1.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.9)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Genitourinary</th>
|
|
<td>90.3</td>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>2.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>1,540</td>
|
|
<td>4.0</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.8)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.7)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Musculoskeletal system</th>
|
|
<td>51.6</td>
|
|
<td>30.0</td>
|
|
<td>18.3</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>17,376</td>
|
|
<td>14.0</td>
|
|
<td>11.8</td>
|
|
<td>12</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Nervous</th>
|
|
<td>71.6</td>
|
|
<td>20.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>5,395</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.1)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Respiratory</th>
|
|
<td>76.9</td>
|
|
<td>16.8</td>
|
|
<td>6.3</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>2,945</td>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(0.8)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.7)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.2)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Other </th>
|
|
<td>62.0</td>
|
|
<td>23.9</td>
|
|
<td>14.1</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>461</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(2.3)</td>
|
|
<td>(2.0)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.6)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.5)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" rowspan="2" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>51.1</td>
|
|
<td>29.1</td>
|
|
<td>19.8</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>1,382</td>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.5</td>
|
|
<td>12</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>(1.4)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.2)</td>
|
|
<td>(1.1)</td>
|
|
<td>(0.0)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td>(0.3)</td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="9">SOURCE: Authors' calculations from Social Security administrative record data extracted from the <abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr>, version 8.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="9">NOTES: Standard errors are in parentheses. The sample excludes 126 state-only <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> new awardees. An additional 375 observations are excluded because of missing information on the actual payment date. Totals may not sum to 100 because of rounding.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="9">a. Intellectual disability was formerly known as mental retardation.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="9">b. Not including intellectual disability.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="notes">
|
|
<h2>Notes</h2>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt1" id="mn1">1</a> According to the <i>Annual Supplement to the Social Security Bulletin</i>, in 2009 the proportion of the <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> population aged <span class="nobr">20–64</span> that was <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-insured was 77.4 percent. The corresponding figure among those aged <span class="nobr">15–19</span> and <span class="nobr">20–24</span> was 16.1 percent and 65.6 percent, respectively. In contrast, among those aged <span class="nobr">55–59</span>, the proportion <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-insured was 78.9 percent (authors' calculations based on Tables 4.C2 and 4.C5).</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt2" id="mn2">2</a> Note the distinction between "coverage" and "participation" in <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s two disability programs. The <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-insured concept is a coverage concept akin to that of health insurance coverage. Rupp, Davies, and Strand (2008) generalized this concept of coverage to the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program, defining working-age adults "covered" by the program as those who would pass the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> means test if they applied for benefits and were found categorically disabled. This article focuses on patterns of participation, which is conditional on coverage.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt3" id="mn3">3</a> See Dykacz and Hennessey (1989), Hennessey and Dykacz (1989), Hennessey and Dykacz (1993), Rupp and Scott (1995), Rupp and Scott (1996), and Rupp and Scott (1998).</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt4" id="mn4">4</a> Rupp and Davies (2004) also used record data for both programs, but followed up a cross-sectional population sample, not an awardee cohort.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt5" id="mn5">5</a> Parsons' fundamental insight was that potential applicants self-select into the applicant pool considering a number of factors, including administrative procedures affecting the probability and timing of disability awards. In this framework, anticipated delays reduce the attractiveness of application.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt6" id="mn6">6</a> The now classical debate between Parsons (1980, 1991a, 1991b) and Bound (1989, 1991) focused on the appropriateness of relying on denied applicants as a counterfactual in assessing effects on labor supply. Delays in the disability determination process play an important, but primarily methodological, role in this strain of the literature. The key issue was whether initially denied applicants strategically keep their labor supply low in order to increase their chances of being approved for disability benefits during subsequent steps in the reconsideration and appeals process. The potential importance of this issue clearly depends on the time elapsing between the various steps.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt7" id="mn7">7</a> For a more detailed discussion, see Rupp, Davies, and Strand (2008).</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt8" id="mn8">8</a> In the preceding list, we did not include differences in rules concerning public health insurance because they do not affect cash benefit eligibility, which is the focus of this study. Yet because of the major importance of public health insurance coverage, these differences are worth mentioning here. The <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program has a <span class="nobr">24-month</span> waiting period for Medicare eligibility after the start of <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits (which can be up to 29 months from onset considering the <span class="nobr">5-month</span> <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> waiting period). In contrast, in most cases, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipiency status results in immediate categorical eligibility for Medicaid. One of the implications is that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> may provide a path toward public health insurance coverage for <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> awardees during the Medicare waiting period. This is an issue of great interest to policymakers and researchers (Riley 2004; Riley 2006; Livermore, Stapleton, and Claypool 2010).</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt9" id="mn9">9</a> The <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit formula for each month considers unearned income during the preceding month. As a result, for the first month of <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefit eligibility, the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit formula considers the zero <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefit amount for the previous month rather than the positive <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefit for the current month. Among <i>serial</i> beneficiaries, this could result in a single month of concurrent <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit eligibility right after the <span class="nobr">5-month</span> <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> waiting period.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt10" id="mn10">10</a> In our analysis of time elapsing between the first month of disability benefit eligibility and the first month of the actual receipt of cash benefits, we had to make some further exclusions because of the lack of evidence concerning any positive payment during the <span class="nobr">60-month</span> observation period. The excluded cases amounted to 0.8 percent of the main analytic sample, resulting in a subsample size of 68,423 for the analysis related to actual receipt of cash benefits.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt11" id="mn11">11</a> Note that the <span class="nobr">age-18</span> redetermination is not a factor here because we focus on the very first positive adult entitlement episode; <span class="nobr">age-18</span> redetermination cases entered as children, and thus are outside of our sample frame.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt12" id="mn12">12</a> Deeming is a technical term referring to the rules relevant to the consideration of parental income and resources in establishing the financial eligibility of a child who is categorically disabled according to <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> rules.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt13" id="mn13">13</a> In accordance with Public Law <span class="nobr">111-256</span> (enacted October 2010), the terms "retardation" and "mental retardation" have been replaced with "intellectual disability."</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt14" id="mn14">14</a> Because of the distinctness of the intellectual disability group, references to "mental" disorders in the rest of this study is shorthand for "mental disorders other than intellectual disability."</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt15" id="mn15">15</a> These people first entered <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> with simultaneous or subsequent <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> entry, but did not qualify under our <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> serial or joint entrant category because the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> entry occurred at a point in time beyond the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-waiting period. This would be the case of an <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> entrant who was not <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-insured at the time of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> entry, but subsequently accumulated sufficient work experience to qualify as <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-insured. Our finding concerning the very small fraction falling into this category is consistent with the results of demonstration evaluations suggesting that return to work on a substantial scale among disability beneficiaries is rare, even among those who received demonstration services or waivers.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt16" id="mn16">16</a> The results of tabulations by sex are available from the authors by request. The most obvious difference is the relatively high proportion of women who are <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only for the whole <span class="nobr">60-month</span> observation period. An estimated 18.3 percent of women are in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-only group compared with 13.0 percent of men.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt17" id="mn17">17</a> Using data from Table 2 and Chart 1 of Rupp, Davies, and Strand (2008, <span class="nobr">11–13</span>), we estimate that the proportion <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-insured among the <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> population aged <span class="nobr">18–30</span> was only 69 percent in November 1996, in contrast to the 82 percent <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> coverage rate for the <span class="nobr">31–45</span> age group, and the 78 percent rate for those aged <span class="nobr">46–64</span>. The proportion covered by <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> has shown a sharp negative gradient across the three age groups, from 63 percent for those aged <span class="nobr">18–30</span> to 18 percent for those aged <span class="nobr">46–64</span>.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt18" id="mn18">18</a> Note that the anchoring point for relative odds ratios is the value of "1" as opposed to the value of "0," which would be the case on a linear interval scale. Both are associated with "no difference." We can assess the "relative magnitude" of odds ratios by treating odds ratios smaller than 1 as equivalent (in relative terms) to their inverse, which is always greater than 1. This is equivalent to the use of absolute value as a measure of relative magnitude on a linear scale where 0 corresponds to no difference.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt19" id="mn19">19</a> The results are robust to the inclusion or exclusion of the smallest two groups, comprising 2 percent of the total sample. The full results are available from the authors.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt20" id="mn20">20</a> For example, if the date of disability onset is 12 months before application, a <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>-insured person may become eligible to receive <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits immediately, and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> plays no role during the <span class="nobr">5-month</span> <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> waiting period. In contrast, if onset is established for the month immediately prior to the month of application, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> may fill in the full <span class="nobr">5-month</span> gap in <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefit eligibility.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt21" id="mn21">21</a> About 63 percent of <i>serial</i> and 51 percent of <i>joint</i> awardees are eligible for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> for 4 or 5 months of the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> waiting period.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt22" id="mn22">22</a> In technical terms, a trend is monotonic if the first derivative does not change sign. For example, this means that a decreasing trend is monotonic if it is not interrupted by subperiods of increase.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt23" id="mn23">23</a> We note, however that this may not be reflected in actual payments during the first 12 months as a result of lags arising from the disability determination process—an issue that will be addressed later in the article.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt24" id="mn24">24</a> First, we calculate the percentage in <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> suspension status because of excess income or excess resources for month 60 among survivors younger than age 65 in the cell representing "noneligible" status for two groups: (1) the group that entered the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program first (<a href="#table5">Table 5</a>), and (2) the group that entered the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program first (<a href="#table6">Table 6</a>). Second, we back out these cases from the<i> noneligible</i> group, in effect producing a subgroup of <i>noneligibles</i> for reasons not involving the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> means test.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt25" id="mn25">25</a> Thus, roughly 74 percent [100*(12.8-3.4)/12.8] of those among the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-first program group who were in nonpayment status at month 60 had either excess income or excess resources listed as the reason for suspension.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt26" id="mn26">26</a> Stepwise regression is a common procedure in regression analysis where groups of variables are sequentially added to the list of independent variables in the model.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt27" id="mn27">27</a> For details, see <a href="/compassionateallowances/">http://www.socialsecurity.gov/compassionateallowances/</a>.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt28" id="mn28">28</a> For more information, see <a href="/OP_Home/cfr20/404/404-0906.htm">http://www.socialsecurity.gov/OP_Home/cfr20/404/404-0906.htm</a>.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="references">
|
|
<h2>References</h2>
|
|
<p>Benítez-Silva, Hugo, Moshe Buchinsky, Hiu Man Chan, John Rust, and Sofia Sheidvasser. 1999. "An Empirical Analysis of the Social Security Disability Application, Appeal, and Award Process." <i>Labour Economics</i> 6 (1999): <span class="nobr">147–178</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>Bound, John. 1989. "The Health and Earnings of Rejected Disability Insurance Applicants." <i>American Economic Review </i>79(3): <span class="nobr">482–503</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>———. 1991. "The Health and Earnings of Rejected Disability Insurance Applicants: Reply." <i>American Economic Review </i>81(5): <span class="nobr">1427–1434</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>Daly, Mary C. 1998. "Characteristics of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> Recipients in the Years Prior to Receiving Benefits: Evidence from the <abbr class="spell">PSID</abbr>." In <i>Growth in Disability Benefits: Explanations and Policy Implications,</i> edited by Kalman Rupp and David C. Stapleton, <span class="nobr">177–196</span>. Kalamazoo, <abbr title="Michigan">MI</abbr>: <abbr>W.E.</abbr> Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.</p>
|
|
<p>Dykacz, Janice M., and John C. Hennessey. 1989. "Postrecovery Experience of Disabled-Worker Beneficiaries." <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> 52(9): <span class="nobr">42–66</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>Hennessey, John C., and Janice M. Dykacz. 1989. "Projected Outcomes and Length of Time in the Disability Insurance Program." <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> 52(9): <span class="nobr">2–41</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>———. 1993. "A Comparison of Recovery and Termination Rates of Disabled-Worker Beneficiaries in 1972 and 1985." <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> 56(2): <span class="nobr">58–69</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>Hildebrand, Lesley, Laura Kosar, Jeremy Page, Miriam Loewenberg, Dawn Phelps, and Natalie Hazelwood. 2010. <i>Data Dictionary for the Ticket Research File (<abbr class="spell">TRF</abbr>08).</i> Report prepared for the Social Security Administration (contract <abbr title="number">no.</abbr> 0600-03-60130) Washington, <abbr class="spell">DC</abbr>: Mathematica Policy Research, 388.</p>
|
|
<p>Livermore, Gina A., David C. Stapleton, and Henry Claypool. 2010. "Health Care When Workers Need it Most: Before and After Entry into the Social Security Disability Insurance Program." <i>Inquiry</i> 47(2): <span class="nobr">135–149</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>Mitchell, Olivia S., and John W. R. Phillips. 2001. "Eligibility for Social Security Disability Insurance." <abbr class="spell">MRRC</abbr> Research Paper <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> <abbr class="spell">WP</abbr> 2001-011. Ann Arbor, <abbr title="Michigan">MI</abbr>: Michigan Retirement Research Center. <a href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=1084651">http://ssrn.com/abstract=1084651</a>.</p>
|
|
<p>Parsons, Donald O. 1980. "The Decline in Male Labor Force Participation." <i>Journal of Political Economy</i> 88(1): <span class="nobr">117–134</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>———. 1991a. "Self-Screening in Targeted Public Transfer Programs." <i>The Journal of Political Economy</i>, 99(4): <span class="nobr">859–876</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>———. 1991b. "The Health and Earnings of Rejected Disability Insurance Applicants: Comment." <i>American Economic Review</i> 81(5): <span class="nobr">1419–1426</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>Riley, Gerald F. 2004. "The Cost of Eliminating the <span class="nobr">24-Month</span> Medicare Waiting Period for Social Security Disabled-Worker Beneficiaries." <i>Medical Care</i> 42(4): <span class="nobr">387–394</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>———. 2006. "Health Insurance and Access to Care among Social Security Disability Beneficiaries during the Medicare Waiting Period." <i>Inquiry</i> 43(3): <span class="nobr">222–230</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>Rupp, Kalman, and Paul S. Davies. 2004. "A <span class="nobr">Long-Term</span> View of Health Status, Disabilities, Mortality, and Participation in the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> Disability Programs." In <i>Research in Labor Economics: Accounting for Worker Well-Being</i>, <abbr title="Volume">Vol.</abbr> 23, edited by Solomon Polachek, <span class="nobr">119–183</span>. Amsterdam: Elsevier, <abbr class="spell">JAI</abbr> Press.</p>
|
|
<p>Rupp, Kalman, Alexander Strand, Paul Davies, and Jim Sears. 2007. "Benefit Adequacy among Elderly Social Security Retired-Worker Beneficiaries and the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> Federal Benefit Rate." <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> 67(3): <span class="nobr">29–52</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>Rupp, Kalman, Paul S. Davies, and Alexander Strand. 2008. "Disability Benefit Coverage and Program Interactions in the Working-Age Population." <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> 68(1): <span class="nobr">1–30</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>Rupp, Kalman, and Charles G. Scott. 1995. "Length of Stay on the Supplemental Security Income Disability Program." <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> 58(1): <span class="nobr">29–47</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>———. 1996. "Trends in the Characteristics of <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> Awardees and Duration of Program Participation." <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> 59(1): <span class="nobr">3–21</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>———. 1998. "Determinants of Duration on the Disability Rolls and Program Trends." In <i>Growth in Disability Benefits: Explanations and Policy Implications</i>, edited by Kalman Rupp and David C. Stapleton, <span class="nobr">139–173</span>. Kalamazoo, <abbr title="Michigan">MI</abbr>: <abbr>W.E.</abbr> Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.</p>
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|
</div>
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|
</div>
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</article>
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