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<div id="hLogo"><a class="navLogo" href="/policy/index.html">Social Security</a><a class="navSearch" href="https://search.ssa.gov/search?affiliate=ssa">SEARCH</a></div>
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<h1 itemprop="headline">Hispanics, Social Security, and Supplemental Security Income</h1>
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<div id="hByline">by <span itemprop="author">Patricia P. Martin</span><br>Social Security Bulletin, <abbr title="Volume">Vol.</abbr> 67, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 2, 2007 (released February 2008)</div>
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<div id="breadcrumbs" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BreadcrumbList">You are here: <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Social Security Administration</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1" /></span> > <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/policy/index.html" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Research, Statistics & Policy Analysis</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="2" /></span> > <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/policy/docs/ssb/index.html" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Social Security Bulletin</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="3" /></span> > <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="index.html" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name"><abbr title="Volume">Vol.</abbr> 67, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 2</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="4" /></span></div>
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<p id="synopsis" itemprop="description">This article uses a relatively new data source—the American Community Survey (<abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr>)—to document the economic and demographic characteristics of the Hispanic population in the United States. Although the article focuses on Social Security beneficiaries and Supplemental Security Income (<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>) recipients, other segments of the population are also examined. The <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> data show that the Hispanic population is significantly different from the overall population, particularly with regard to age distribution, education, and economic well-being.</p>
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<div class="eightypercent">
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<p>The author is with the Office of Retirement Policy, Office of Policy, Social Security Administration.</p>
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<p><i>Acknowledgments</i>: Harriet Duleep, Dawn Haines, David Timmons, and David Weaver provided helpful comments and suggestions. Special thanks to Todd Williams for help in calculating standard errors for statistical testing</p>
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<p>Contents of this publication are <a href="/policy/accessibility.html">not copyrighted</a>; any items may be reprinted, but citation of the <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> as the source is requested. The findings and conclusions presented in the <i>Bulletin</i> are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Social Security Administration.</p>
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<h2>Summary</h2>
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<p>The <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Census Bureau reports that Hispanics are the country's largest and fastest growing minority, representing about 14.4 percent of the population in 2005 (Census Bureau 2006b). By 2050, Hispanics will account for an estimated 24.4 percent of the population—or 1 in every 4 persons in the United States (Census Bureau 2004, Table 1a). The Hispanic population tends to be younger than the overall population and currently represents a relatively small but growing fraction of the Social Security beneficiary population. The representation of Hispanics in the Supplemental Security Income (<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>) program, however, approximates that of their representation in the overall population.</p>
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<p>This article compares the Hispanic population with the overall population along several dimensions, with a particular focus on the Social Security beneficiary and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipient populations. Data are drawn mainly from the 2005 Public Use Microdata Sample of the American Community Survey (<abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> <abbr>PUMS</abbr>), a relatively new data source with a rich set of economic and demographic variables. Fully implemented nationwide for the first time in 2005, the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> became the largest household survey in the United States with a sample of almost 3 million addresses.</p>
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<p>The analysis using the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> finds that the Hispanic population is significantly different from the general population, particularly in the areas of age distribution, educational attainment, and economic well-being. Compared with the general population, the Hispanic segment is younger and is characterized by lower levels of educational attainment and a higher rate of poverty. The Hispanic Social Security beneficiary population also differs significantly from the general beneficiary population in the same areas. In contrast, the Hispanic and general <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> populations are more comparable with regard to age and economic status and differ significantly only with regard to education.</p>
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<h2>Introduction</h2>
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<p>Hispanics constitute an important, growing, and changing demographic subgroup of beneficiaries of the retirement, survivor, and disability programs under Social Security. Today, only about 6 percent of Social Security beneficiaries aged 62 or older are Hispanic, but according to projections by the Social Security Administration's <abbr>MINT</abbr> (Modeling Income in the Near Term) model that figure will exceed 15 percent by 2050.<sup><a href="#mn1" id="mt1">1</a></sup> Hispanics tend to be younger than the overall population (Ramirez 2004, 4), and by 2050 they may represent an even larger fraction of younger beneficiaries (for example, those under age 62). The Hispanic beneficiary population is not only growing, but its composition is changing. As a result of immigration trends, future Hispanic beneficiary populations will probably reflect a smaller percentage of persons tracing their ancestry to the Caribbean and larger percentages with Mexican and Central American ancestry.<sup><a href="#mn2" id="mt2">2</a></sup></p>
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<p>Hispanics are also an important subgroup of Supplemental Security Income (<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>) recipients. <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> is a means-tested program for disabled and elderly persons who have limited income and assets. It is administered by the Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>) but is distinct from the Social Security program. Social Security is financed by payroll taxes and is paid to eligible persons who are lawfully residing in the United States. By contrast, the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program is financed by general funds of the <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Treasury and restricts payments to <abbr>U.S.</abbr> citizens and certain groups of qualified aliens. <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> is available to persons in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and some <abbr>U.S.</abbr> territories but, importantly, not Puerto Rico. Most states provide a supplement to the federal benefit. Among persons aged 15 or older, Hispanics represent an estimated 13.0 percent of the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> population. That figure matches the estimated percentage of Hispanics in the overall population in the same age group (13.0 percent).</p>
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<h2>The 2005 American Community Survey</h2>
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<p>Because Hispanics represent a growing subgroup of Social Security beneficiaries and a sizable fraction of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients, policymakers are showing a greater interest in their well-being.<sup><a href="#mn3" id="mt3">3</a></sup> To provide a clearer picture of these populations, this article uses the American Community Survey (<abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr>), which was developed by the <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Census Bureau to replace data collected on the long form of the decennial census. Researchers can access detailed <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> data on income, race and ethnicity, and other economic and demographic variables through the survey's Public Use Microdata Sample (<abbr>PUMS</abbr>), which in 2005 contained data representing about 1.3 million households (Census Bureau 2006c).<sup><a href="#mn4" id="mt4">4</a></sup> This study used the public-use version of the 2005 <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> <abbr>PUMS</abbr>.<sup><a href="#mn5" id="mt5">5</a></sup> Future Social Security research may be able to use <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> data matched to <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s administrative records (see Haines and Greenberg 2005, 5).<sup><a href="#mn6" id="mt6">6</a></sup></p>
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<p>Surveys vary, to some extent, in the wording of questions used to ascertain Hispanic origin. In the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr>, the origin of each person in the household is determined by an affirmative response to the following question: "Is this person Spanish/Hispanic/Latino?" Respondents are given five choices:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>No</li>
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<li>Yes, Mexican, Mexican American, Chicano</li>
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<li>Yes, Puerto Rican</li>
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<li>Yes, Cuban</li>
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<li>Yes, other Spanish/Hispanic/Latino</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Those in the last category are asked to specify a place of origin. People in this category are from Spain, the Spanish-speaking countries of Central or South America, or the Dominican Republic or identify themselves generally as Spanish, Spanish American, Hispanic, Hispano, Latino, and so on (Census Bureau 2006a, 40). The Census Bureau notes that origin can be viewed as "heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the person's parents or ancestors" (Census Bureau 2006a, 40). Hispanics may be of any race.</p>
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<p>The <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> includes persons who indicated that the United States was their usual place of residence at the time of the survey. This group includes the foreign-born population, which is made up of naturalized <abbr>U.S.</abbr> citizens, lawful permanent residents (immigrants), temporary migrants (for example, foreign students), humanitarian migrants (for example, refugees), and unauthorized migrants (people illegally present in the United States) (Census Bureau 2006a, 31).</p>
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<p>The <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> does not ask about immigration status, and thus one cannot decompose the foreign-born population into the various component groups. For that reason, results for Hispanics presented in this article are based on the entire resident Hispanic population and are not restricted to certain groups such as citizens and lawful permanent residents. Note, however, that regardless of a survey's design, certain groups are less likely to be represented in federal surveys. For example, some analysts believe that the net undercount of unauthorized residents in the 2000 Census was much higher than that for foreign-born individuals residing in the country legally—10 percent compared with 2.5 percent (Immigration and Naturalization Service 2003).</p>
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<p>Only persons residing in housing units in the 50 states and the District of Columbia were included in the 2005 <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr>.<sup><a href="#mn7" id="mt7">7</a></sup> Future files will also include persons in group quarters such as college dormitories, prisons, barracks, shelters, and nursing homes. In 2000, less than 3 percent of the total population resided in group quarters (Census Bureau 2001).</p>
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<p>This article</p>
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<ul>
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<li>presents background information on the size, composition, and growth of the Hispanic population using data from a variety of sources;</li>
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<li>provides information from the 2005 ACS PUMS on the Hispanic Social Security beneficiary population and the overall Social Security population;</li>
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<li>provides information on SSI recipients; and</li>
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<li>discusses the findings and policy implications.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Comparisons involving the 2005 <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> <abbr>PUMS</abbr> data have been statistically tested using replicate weights provided by the Census Bureau. Unless otherwise indicated, all comparisons are statistically significant at the 90 percent confidence level.</p>
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<h2>Background on the Hispanic Population in the United States</h2>
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<p>This section presents an overview of the Hispanic population in the United States—where they come from, who they are, and their participation in the Social Security and Supplemental Security Income programs.</p>
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<h3>Growth of the <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanic Population</h3>
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<p>Hispanics now represent the largest ethnic minority subgroup in the United States, and their numbers are projected to increase because of continued immigration and a birth rate that outpaces that of non-Hispanic blacks and whites.<sup><a href="#mn8" id="mt8">8</a></sup> The <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Census Bureau reports that about 42.7 million Hispanics lived in the United States in 2005 (Chart 1), representing roughly 14.4 percent of the <abbr>U.S.</abbr> population. By 2050, Hispanics are projected to number over 100 million and account for 24.4 percent of the population (Census Bureau 2004, Table 1a).</p>
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<p>Compared with the growth of the total <abbr>U.S.</abbr> population, growth of the Hispanic population was over five times greater between 1980 and 1990, over four times greater between 1990 and 2000, and almost four times greater between 2000 and 2005 (Chart 1).</p>
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<p>Between 1980 and 1990, the Hispanic population grew by 53 percent, (Census Bureau 1993), compared with growth of only 10 percent for the total <abbr>U.S.</abbr> population (Census Bureau 2002). Between 1990 and 2000, the Hispanic population grew by 59 percent (Census Bureau 1993, 2006b) compared with 13 percent growth for the total <abbr>U.S.</abbr> population (Census Bureau 2002). Between 2000 and 2005, the Hispanic population grew by 20 percent, and the <abbr>U.S.</abbr> population grew by 5 percent (Census Bureau 2006b).</p>
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<div class="chartCenter">
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<div class="chart700" id="chart1">
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<div class="title">Chart 1.<br>Growth of <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanics and the total <abbr>U.S.</abbr> population</div>
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<div class="scrollChart">
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<div class="panel">Historical and projected, <span class="nobr">1930–2050</span></div>
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<img src="67n2p73_chart01a.gif" alt="Bar chart with tabular version below." width="674" height="295" />
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<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
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<table>
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<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for the first panel of Chart 1. </span>Growth of <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanics and the total <abbr>U.S.</abbr> population: Historical and projected, <span class="nobr">1930–2050</span></caption>
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<colgroup span="1" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
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<colgroup span="1" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Year</th>
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<th scope="col">Growth<br>(in millions)</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Actual <sup>a</sup></th>
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<td colspan="1"></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub1" scope="row">1930</th>
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<td>1.3</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub1" scope="row">1940</th>
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<td>1.6</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub1" scope="row">1950</th>
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<td>2.3</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub1" scope="row">1960</th>
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<td>3.5</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub1" scope="row">1970</th>
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<td>9.1</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub1" scope="row">1980</th>
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<td>14.6</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub1" scope="row">1990</th>
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<td>22.4</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Estimated</th>
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<td colspan="1"></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub1" scope="row">2000</th>
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<td>35.6</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub1" scope="row">2005</th>
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<td>42.7</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Projected</th>
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<td colspan="1"></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub1" scope="row">2010</th>
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<td>47.8</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub1" scope="row">2020</th>
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<td>59.8</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">2030</th>
|
|
<td>73.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">2040</th>
|
|
<td>87.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">2050</th>
|
|
<td>102.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="2"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="panel"><span class="nobr">1980–2005</span></div>
|
|
<img src="67n2p73_chart01b.gif" alt="Bar chart with tabular version below." width="676" height="295" />
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for second panel of Chart 1. </span>Growth of <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanics and the total <abbr>U.S.</abbr> population: <span class="nobr">1980–2005</span> (in percent)</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Years</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr>U.S.</abbr><br>Hispanics</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Total <abbr>U.S.</abbr><br>Population</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">1980–1990</th>
|
|
<td>53</td>
|
|
<td>10</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">1990–2000</th>
|
|
<td>59</td>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">2000–2005</th>
|
|
<td>20</td>
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="3"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCE: Actual data (<span class="nobr">1930-1990</span>) are from Census Bureau (1993). Estimates (2000 and 2005) are from Census Bureau (2006b, Table 4). Projections (<span class="nobr">2010-2050</span>) are from Census Bureau (2004, Table 1a).</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote">a. Data for 1930 include only "Mexicans," data for 1940 include persons of "Spanish mother tongue," and data for 1950 and 1960 include persons of "Spanish surname." Data for Hispanic origin of any race was not collected in 1950 and 1960 by the <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Census.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h3>Country of Origin</h3>
|
|
<p>More than three-quarters of <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanics report being of Central American, primarily Mexican, descent (Chart 2). According to <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> data, the population of Mexico accounted for 26.7 percent of the total population in all Spanish-speaking countries, but the percentage of Hispanics in the United States who reported Mexican origin, or descent, was 2.6 times higher (69.3 percent), as shown in Table 1.<sup><a href="#mn9" id="mt9">9</a></sup> Also, the <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanic population of Mexican origin (26.8 million) is about one-fourth the size of the population of Mexico (107.0 million). These statistics reflect the role that Mexico has played in shaping the Hispanic population in the United States. Furthermore, this role has grown in the past few decades. In 1970, only 56.5 percent of Hispanics reported Mexican origin (Gibson and Jung 2005), excluding the "Other Spanish" category.</p>
|
|
<p>Large numbers of <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanics report Caribbean origin: those of Puerto Rican, Cuban, and Dominican descent make up some of the largest Hispanic groups in the United States. Other large Hispanic groups include those of Salvadoran, Guatemalan, and Colombian descent.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart2">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 2.<br>Origin of <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanics, 2005</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart">
|
|
<div class="panel">Region of origin</div>
|
|
<img src="67n2p73_chart02a.gif" alt="Bar chart with tabular version below." width="677" height="299" />
|
|
<div class="panel">Top five countries of origin</div>
|
|
<img src="67n2p73_chart02b.gif" alt="Bar chart with tabular version below." width="676" height="326" /> </div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 2. </span>Origin of <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanics, 2005</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="colgroup">Origin</th>
|
|
<th scope="colgroup">Percent</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="2" scope="rowgroup">Region of origin</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Caribbean</th>
|
|
<td colspan="1"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Puerto Rico</th>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Other</th>
|
|
<td>6.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Central America</th>
|
|
<td colspan="1"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Mexico</th>
|
|
<td>69.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Other</th>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">South America</th>
|
|
<td>5.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Europe</th>
|
|
<td>0.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="2" scope="rowgroup">Top five countries of origin</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Mexico</th>
|
|
<td>69.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Puerto Rico</th>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Cuba</th>
|
|
<td>3.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">El Salvador</th>
|
|
<td>3.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Dominican Republic</th>
|
|
<td>2.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="2"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="onlyNote">SOURCE: 2005 American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table1">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 1. </span>Proportion of Hispanics in Spanish-speaking countries and the United States, by region and country of origin, 2005</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Region and country<br>of origin</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" scope="colgroup">Hispanic population in<br>Spanish-speaking countries</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">Hispanic population in the United States <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Number</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">As a<br>percentage<br>of total</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Number</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">As a<br>percentage<br>of total</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Ratio relative to<br>all countries<br>of origin<br>combined </th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" scope="rowgroup">Total </th>
|
|
<td>401,333,000</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>38,651,397</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Caribbean</th>
|
|
<td colspan="5"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Cuba</th>
|
|
<td>11,269,000</td>
|
|
<td>2.8</td>
|
|
<td>1,461,574</td>
|
|
<td>3.8</td>
|
|
<td>1.35</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Dominican Republic</th>
|
|
<td>8,895,000</td>
|
|
<td>2.2</td>
|
|
<td>1,118,265</td>
|
|
<td>2.9</td>
|
|
<td>1.31</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Puerto Rico <sup>b</sup></th>
|
|
<td>3,955,000</td>
|
|
<td>1.0</td>
|
|
<td>3,781,317</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.93</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Central America</th>
|
|
<td colspan="5"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Costa Rica</th>
|
|
<td>4,327,000</td>
|
|
<td>1.1</td>
|
|
<td>108,164</td>
|
|
<td>0.3</td>
|
|
<td>0.26</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">El Salvador</th>
|
|
<td>6,881,000</td>
|
|
<td>1.7</td>
|
|
<td>1,239,640</td>
|
|
<td>3.2</td>
|
|
<td>1.87</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Guatemala</th>
|
|
<td>12,599,000</td>
|
|
<td>3.1</td>
|
|
<td>758,898</td>
|
|
<td>2.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.63</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Honduras</th>
|
|
<td>7,205,000</td>
|
|
<td>1.8</td>
|
|
<td>459,653</td>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.66</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Mexico</th>
|
|
<td>107,029,000</td>
|
|
<td>26.7</td>
|
|
<td>26,781,547</td>
|
|
<td>69.3</td>
|
|
<td>2.60</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Nicaragua</th>
|
|
<td>5,487,000</td>
|
|
<td>1.4</td>
|
|
<td>281,167</td>
|
|
<td>0.7</td>
|
|
<td>0.53</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Panama</th>
|
|
<td>3,232,000</td>
|
|
<td>0.8</td>
|
|
<td>136,375</td>
|
|
<td>0.4</td>
|
|
<td>0.44</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">South America</th>
|
|
<td colspan="5"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Argentina</th>
|
|
<td>38,747,000</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>185,678</td>
|
|
<td>0.5</td>
|
|
<td>0.05</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Bolivia</th>
|
|
<td>9,182,000</td>
|
|
<td>2.3</td>
|
|
<td>65,582</td>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.07</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Chile</th>
|
|
<td>16,295,000</td>
|
|
<td>4.1</td>
|
|
<td>102,911</td>
|
|
<td>0.3</td>
|
|
<td>0.07</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Colombia</th>
|
|
<td>45,600,000</td>
|
|
<td>11.4</td>
|
|
<td>730,510</td>
|
|
<td>1.9</td>
|
|
<td>0.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Ecuador</th>
|
|
<td>13,228,000</td>
|
|
<td>3.3</td>
|
|
<td>436,409</td>
|
|
<td>1.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.34</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Paraguay</th>
|
|
<td>6,158,000</td>
|
|
<td>1.5</td>
|
|
<td>15,084</td>
|
|
<td>0</td>
|
|
<td>0.03</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Peru</th>
|
|
<td>27,968,000</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>412,349</td>
|
|
<td>1.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.15</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Uruguay</th>
|
|
<td>3,463,000</td>
|
|
<td>0.9</td>
|
|
<td>50,921</td>
|
|
<td>0.1</td>
|
|
<td>0.15</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Venezuela</th>
|
|
<td>26,749,000</td>
|
|
<td>6.7</td>
|
|
<td>164,903</td>
|
|
<td>0.4</td>
|
|
<td>0.06</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Europe</th>
|
|
<td colspan="5"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Spain</th>
|
|
<td>43,064,000</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>360,450</td>
|
|
<td>0.9</td>
|
|
<td>0.09</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="6">SOURCES: Data on the Hispanic population in Spanish-speaking countries are from United Nations (2005). Data on the Hispanic population in the United States are from the 2005 American Community Survey, Table B03001.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="6">NOTE: . . . = not applicable.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="6">a. Data exclude <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanics who do not report a specific country of origin. Out of 41,870,703 Hispanics in the United States, 3,219,306 (about 8 percent of the total) could not be classified by country of origin. These data are based on a table from the Census Bureau that uses the full American Community Survey, not the American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Sample.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="6">b. The population count of Puerto Ricans from the American Community Survey includes only those interviewed in the United States, excluding Puerto Rico.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h3>Characteristics of <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanics</h3>
|
|
<p>This section presents a snapshot of the demographic, economic, and other characteristics of the Hispanic population in the <abbr>U.S.</abbr> today and compares them with those of the overall <abbr>U.S.</abbr> population (Table 2).</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table2">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 2. </span>Characteristics of <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanics and the total <abbr>U.S.</abbr> population, 2005</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:25em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="4" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" id="c1">Characteristic</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c2">All <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanics</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c3">Total <abbr>U.S.</abbr> population<br>(including Hispanics)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th id="c4" headers="c2">Number</th>
|
|
<th id="c5" headers="c2">As a<br>percentage<br>of total</th>
|
|
<th id="c6" headers="c3">Number</th>
|
|
<th id="c7" headers="c3">As a<br>percentage<br>of total</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="4" id="r1">Demographic characteristics</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r2" headers="r1 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c4">41,926,302</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c5">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c6">288,398,819</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c7">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r3" headers="r1 c1">Sex</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r4" headers="r1 r3 c1">Male</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c2 c4">21,507,031</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c2 c5">51.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c3 c6">141,363,811</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c3 c7">49.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r5" headers="r1 r3 c1">Female</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c2 c4">20,419,271</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c2 c5">48.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c3 c6">147,035,008</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c3 c7">51.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r6" headers="r1 c1">Age</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r7" headers="r1 r6 c1">Under 15</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c2 c4">12,356,973</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c2 c5">29.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c3 c6">60,614,922</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c3 c7">21.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" id="r8" headers="r1 r6 c1">15–24</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c2 c4">6,897,734</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c2 c5">16.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c3 c6">38,853,331</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c3 c7">13.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" id="r9" headers="r1 r6 c1">25–61</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c2 c4">19,938,489</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c2 c5">47.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c3 c6">146,637,237</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c3 c7">50.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" id="r10" headers="r1 r6 c1">62–74</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c2 c4">1,831,864</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c2 c5">4.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c3 c6">25,852,442</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c3 c7">9.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" id="r11" headers="r1 r6 c1">75–84</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c2 c4">716,964</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c2 c5">1.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c3 c6">12,479,794</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c3 c7">4.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r12" headers="r1 r6 c1">85 or older</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r12 c2 c4">184,278</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r12 c2 c5">0.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r12 c3 c6">3,961,093</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r12 c3 c7">1.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r13" headers="r1 c1">Marital status</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r14" headers="r1 r13 c1">Married</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r14 c2 c4">14,928,199</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r14 c2 c5">35.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r14 c3 c6">121,593,813</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r14 c3 c7">42.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r15" headers="r1 r13 c1">Widowed</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r15 c2 c4">987,864</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r15 c2 c5">2.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r15 c3 c6">13,727,274</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r15 c3 c7">4.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r16" headers="r1 r13 c1">Divorced</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r16 c2 c4">2,235,707</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r16 c2 c5">5.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r16 c3 c6">23,277,197</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r16 c3 c7">8.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r17" headers="r1 r13 c1">Separated</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r17 c2 c4">1,152,994</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r17 c2 c5">2.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r17 c3 c6">5,058,319</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r17 c3 c7">1.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r18" headers="r1 r13 c1">Never married or younger than age 15</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r18 c2 c4">22,621,538</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r18 c2 c5">54.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r18 c3 c6">124,742,216</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r18 c3 c7">43.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="4" id="r19">Educational attainment of persons aged 25 or older <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r20" headers="r19 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 c2 c4">22,671,595</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 c2 c5">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 c3 c6">188,930,566</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 c3 c7">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r21" headers="r19 c1">No high school diploma</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r21 c2 c4">9,188,480</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r21 c2 c5">40.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r21 c3 c6">29,780,738</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r21 c3 c7">15.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r22" headers="r19 c1">High school graduate only</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 c2 c4">6,121,196</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 c2 c5">27.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 c3 c6">55,907,093</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 c3 c7">29.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r23" headers="r19 c1">Some college but no degree</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r23 c2 c4">3,420,196</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r23 c2 c5">15.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r23 c3 c6">37,922,764</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r23 c3 c7">20.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r24" headers="r19 c1">Associate's degree</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r24 c2 c4">1,157,135</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r24 c2 c5">5.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r24 c3 c6">13,942,268</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r24 c3 c7">7.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r25" headers="r19 c1">Bachelor's degree or higher</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r25 c2 c4">2,784,588</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r25 c2 c5">12.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r25 c3 c6">51,377,703</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r25 c3 c7">27.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="4" id="r26">Earnings of persons aged 16 or older <sup>b</sup></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r27" headers="r26 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r26 r27 c2 c4">20,710,142</td>
|
|
<td headers="r26 r27 c2 c5">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r26 r27 c3 c6">156,958,710</td>
|
|
<td headers="r26 r27 c3 c7">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" id="r28" headers="r26 c1">$1–16,628</th>
|
|
<td headers="r26 r28 c2 c4">8,838,310</td>
|
|
<td headers="r26 r28 c2 c5">42.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r26 r28 c3 c6">51,538,084</td>
|
|
<td headers="r26 r28 c3 c7">32.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" id="r29" headers="r26 c1">$16,629–36,952</th>
|
|
<td headers="r26 r29 c2 c4">7,667,731</td>
|
|
<td headers="r26 r29 c2 c5">37.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r26 r29 c3 c6">49,617,246</td>
|
|
<td headers="r26 r29 c3 c7">31.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" id="r30" headers="r26 c1">$36,953–59,124</th>
|
|
<td headers="r26 r30 c2 c4">2,669,334</td>
|
|
<td headers="r26 r30 c2 c5">12.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r26 r30 c3 c6">29,485,724</td>
|
|
<td headers="r26 r30 c3 c7">18.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" id="r31" headers="r26 c1">$59,125–89,999</th>
|
|
<td headers="r26 r31 c2 c4">1,041,185</td>
|
|
<td headers="r26 r31 c2 c5">5.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r26 r31 c3 c6">15,616,269</td>
|
|
<td headers="r26 r31 c3 c7">9.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r32" headers="r26 c1">$90,000 or more</th>
|
|
<td headers="r26 r32 c2 c4">493,582</td>
|
|
<td headers="r26 r32 c2 c5">2.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r26 r32 c3 c6">10,701,387</td>
|
|
<td headers="r26 r32 c3 c7">6.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="4" id="r33">Poverty among persons aged 15 or older <sup>c</sup></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r34" headers="r33 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r34 c2 c4">41,650,181</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r34 c2 c5">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r34 c3 c6">287,268,896</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r34 c3 c7">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r35" headers="r33 c1">Below 100%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r35 c2 c4">9,402,750</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r35 c2 c5">22.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r35 c3 c6">38,413,266</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r35 c3 c7">13.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r36" headers="r33 c1">100% to 124%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r36 c2 c4">3,328,123</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r36 c2 c5">8.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r36 c3 c6">12,732,863</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r36 c3 c7">4.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r37" headers="r33 c1">125% to 149%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r37 c2 c4">3,087,906</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r37 c2 c5">7.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r37 c3 c6">12,668,023</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r37 c3 c7">4.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r38" headers="r33 c1">150% or above</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r38 c2 c4">25,831,402</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r38 c2 c5">62.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r38 c3 c6">223,454,744</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r38 c3 c7">77.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="4" id="r39">Disability status of persons aged 5 or older <sup>d</sup></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r40" headers="r39 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r39 r40 c2 c4">37,364,167</td>
|
|
<td headers="r39 r40 c2 c5">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r39 r40 c3 c6">268,086,256</td>
|
|
<td headers="r39 r40 c3 c7">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r41" headers="r39 c1">With disability</th>
|
|
<td headers="r39 r41 c2 c4">4,063,347</td>
|
|
<td headers="r39 r41 c2 c5">10.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r39 r41 c3 c6">39,708,398</td>
|
|
<td headers="r39 r41 c3 c7">14.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r42" headers="r39 c1">Without disability</th>
|
|
<td headers="r39 r42 c2 c4">33,300,820</td>
|
|
<td headers="r39 r42 c2 c5">89.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r39 r42 c3 c6">228,377,858</td>
|
|
<td headers="r39 r42 c3 c7">85.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="4" id="r43">Citizenship and nativity</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r44" headers="r43 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r44 c2 c4">41,926,302</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r44 c2 c5">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r44 c3 c6">288,398,819</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r44 c3 c7">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r45" headers="r43 c1"><abbr>U.S.</abbr> citizenship</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r46" headers="r43 r45 c1"><abbr>U.S.</abbr> citizen</th>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r45 r46 c2 c4">29,779,953</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r45 r46 c2 c5">71.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r45 r46 c3 c6">267,562,787</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r45 r46 c3 c7">92.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r47" headers="r43 r45 c1">Not <abbr>U.S.</abbr> citizen</th>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r45 r47 c2 c4">12,146,349</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r45 r47 c2 c5">29.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r45 r47 c3 c6">20,836,032</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r45 r47 c3 c7">7.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r48" headers="r43 c1">Nativity</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r49" headers="r43 r48 c1"><abbr>U.S.</abbr>-born <sup>e</sup></th>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r48 r49 c2 c4">25,085,528</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r48 r49 c2 c5">59.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r48 r49 c3 c6">252,629,216</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r48 r49 c3 c7">87.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r50" headers="r43 r48 c1">Not <abbr>U.S.</abbr>-born</th>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r48 r50 c2 c4">16,840,774</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r48 r50 c2 c5">40.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r48 r50 c3 c6">35,769,603</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r48 r50 c3 c7">12.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="4" id="r51">Language of persons aged 5 or older <sup>f</sup></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r52" headers="r51 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r52 c2 c4">37,364,167</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r52 c2 c5">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r52 c3 c6">268,086,256</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r52 c3 c7">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r53" headers="r51 c1">Ability to speak English</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r54" headers="r51 r53 c1">English speaker <sup>g</sup></th>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r53 r54 c2 c4">28,202,438</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r53 r54 c2 c5">75.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r53 r54 c3 c6">255,282,118</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r53 r54 c3 c7">95.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r55" headers="r51 r53 c1">Non-English speaker</th>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r53 r55 c2 c4">9,161,729</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r53 r55 c2 c5">24.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r53 r55 c3 c6">12,804,138</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r53 r55 c3 c7">4.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r56" headers="r51 c1">Language spoken at home</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r57" headers="r51 r56 c1">Only English</th>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r56 r57 c2 c4">8,080,214</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r56 r57 c2 c5">21.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r56 r57 c3 c6">216,078,959</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r56 r57 c3 c7">80.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r58" headers="r51 r56 c1">Other language <sup>h</sup></th>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r56 r58 c2 c4">29,283,953</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r56 r58 c2 c5">78.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r56 r58 c3 c6">52,007,297</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r56 r58 c3 c7">19.4</td>
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|
</tr>
|
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</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
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<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="5">SOURCE: 2005 American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample.</td>
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</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">NOTE: . . . = not applicable.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">a. Educational attainment is restricted by author to persons aged 25 or older.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">b. Data exclude persons younger than age 16, who are not asked their earnings by the Census Bureau, and persons with zero or negative earnings.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
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<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">The 2005 national average wage was $36,952.54. Persons earning 45 percent of the average wage ($16,629) are low earners, and those earning 160 percent of the average wage ($59,125) are high earners. These figures and the maximum taxable earnings under Social Security ($90,000 in 2005) were used to define the earnings' cutoffs.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">See Table 3 for additional earnings data.</td>
|
|
</tr>
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<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">c. The Census Bureau does not measure poverty status for unrelated individuals younger than age 15.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">d. The Census Bureau does not measure disability status for persons younger than age 5.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">e. <abbr>U.S.</abbr>-born includes persons born in the United States, those born abroad to <abbr>U.S.</abbr> parents, and those born in Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Virgin Islands according to the Census Bureau.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
|
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<td class="note" colspan="5">f. The Census Bureau does not measure ability to speak English for persons younger than age 5.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">g. Defined here as a person who speaks only English at home or who speaks English well or very well in addition to speaking another language at home.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="5">h. The person speaks another language in addition to or in place of English.</td>
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</tr>
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</tfoot>
|
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</table>
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</div>
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|
<p class="noindent"><span class="h4">Age and Marital Status.</span> Hispanics tend to be younger than the general <abbr>U.S.</abbr> population. Almost 30 percent of Hispanics were under age 15 in 2005, compared with about 21 percent of the total population (Chart 3). Forty-six percent of Hispanics were under age 25, compared with 35 percent of the total population. In 2005, the median age for Hispanics was 27.2 years, compared with 36.4 years for the total population.<sup><a href="#mn10" id="mt10">10</a></sup> In addition, about one-half of non-Hispanic whites were older than 40.<sup><a href="#mn11" id="mt11">11</a></sup> Almost 15 percent of the total population was aged 62 or older, compared with only 6.5 percent of the Hispanic population. In part because Hispanics tend to be younger, they are less likely to be married—almost 36 percent of Hispanics were married, compared with more than 42 percent of the total population.</p>
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|
<div class="chartCenter">
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|
<div class="chart700" id="chart3">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 3.<br>Characteristics of <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanics and the total <abbr>U.S.</abbr> population, 2005</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart">
|
|
<div class="panel">Age</div>
|
|
<img src="67n2p73_chart03a.gif" alt="Bar chart with tabular version below." width="683" height="324" />
|
|
<div class="panel">Education</div>
|
|
<img src="67n2p73_chart03b.gif" alt="Bar chart with tabular version below." width="688" height="331" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 3. </span>Characteristics of <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanics and the total <abbr>U.S.</abbr> population, 2005 (in percent)</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:13em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="colgroup">Characteristic</th>
|
|
<th scope="colgroup"><abbr>U.S.</abbr><br>Hispanics</th>
|
|
<th scope="colgroup">Total <abbr>U.S.</abbr><br>population</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="2" scope="rowgroup">Age</th>
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|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Under 15</th>
|
|
<td>29.5</td>
|
|
<td>21</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Under 25</th>
|
|
<td>45.9</td>
|
|
<td>34.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62 or older</th>
|
|
<td>6.5</td>
|
|
<td>14.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="2" scope="rowgroup">Education</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">No high school diploma</th>
|
|
<td>40.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Bachelor's degree or higher</th>
|
|
<td>15.8</td>
|
|
<td>27.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="3"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="onlyNote">SOURCE: 2005 American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample. See also Table 2 in this article.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p class="noindent"><span class="h4">Education.</span> Another difference between Hispanics and the general population is their lower level of educational attainment. About 41 percent of Hispanics aged 25 or older did not have a high school diploma in 2005, compared with 16 percent of the total population. In addition, only about 12 percent of Hispanics had a bachelor's degree or higher, compared with 27 percent of the overall population.</p>
|
|
<p class="noindent"><span class="h4">Economic Status.</span> For illustrative purposes, the Office of the Chief Actuary at the Social Security Administration defines low, medium, and high earners. For 2005, a steady low earner was defined as someone earning less than $16,629 annually. The figures for medium and high earners were $36,953 and $59,125.<sup><a href="#mn12" id="mt12">12</a></sup> These figures and the maximum taxable earnings under Social Security ($90,000 in 2005) were used to define some of the earnings cutoffs in Table 2. Approximately 43 percent of Hispanics aged 16 or older were steady low earners—earning less than $16,629 annually—compared with 33 percent of the total population (Table 2).</p>
|
|
<p>As shown in Table 3, average, or mean, annual earnings were also lower for Hispanics (about $25,836) than for the overall population ($37,070).<sup><a href="#mn13" id="mt13">13</a></sup> Only in the youngest group—those aged <span class="nobr">16–24—</span>were annual mean earnings higher for Hispanics than for the total <abbr>U.S.</abbr> population. For Hispanics aged 16 or older with positive earnings, the lowest quartile earned up to $10,300, and the highest quartile earned more than $33,000. For the total population, the lowest quartile earned up to $12,000, and the highest quartile earned more than $47,000. Lower levels of education and a younger population may offer partial explanations of the relatively low earnings among Hispanics.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table3">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 3. </span>Economic status of <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanics and the total <abbr>U.S.</abbr> population, 2005</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:16em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" id="c1"></th>
|
|
<th id="c2">All <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanics</th>
|
|
<th id="c3">Total <abbr>U.S.</abbr> population</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="panel" id="r1">Earnings <sup>a</sup> (dollars)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r2" headers="r1 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2">25,836</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c3">37,070</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r3" headers="r1 c1">Annual mean earnings, by age</th>
|
|
<td colspan="2"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" id="r4" headers="r1 r3 c1">16–24</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c2">12,235</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c3">11,504</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" id="r5" headers="r1 r3 c1">25–34</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c2">25,160</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c3">32,756</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" id="r6" headers="r1 r3 c1">35–44</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r6 c2">31,164</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r6 c3">44,442</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" id="r7" headers="r1 r3 c1">45–54</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r7 c2">32,980</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r7 c3">47,673</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" id="r8" headers="r1 r3 c1">55–64</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r8 c2">31,143</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r8 c3">45,749</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r9" headers="r1 r3 c1">65 or older</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r9 c2">23,065</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r9 c3">29,247</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r10" headers="r1 c1">Monthly mean earnings</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c2">2,153</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c3">3,089</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r11" headers="r1 c1">Distribution, by earnings quartile <sup>b</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="2"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r12" headers="r1 r11 c1">First</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 r12 c2">10,300</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 r12 c3">12,000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r13" headers="r1 r11 c1">Second</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 r13 c2">20,000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 r13 c3">26,900</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r14" headers="r1 r11 c1">Third</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 r14 c2">33,000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 r14 c3">47,000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="panel" id="r15">Percentage below 100% of poverty level, by age</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r16" headers="r15 c1">Under 16</th>
|
|
<td headers="r15 r16 c2">30.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 r16 c3">19.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" id="r17" headers="r15 c1">16–24</th>
|
|
<td headers="r15 r17 c2">24.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 r17 c3">20.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" id="r18" headers="r15 c1">25–34</th>
|
|
<td headers="r15 r18 c2">20.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 r18 c3">13.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" id="r19" headers="r15 c1">35–44</th>
|
|
<td headers="r15 r19 c2">17.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 r19 c3">10.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" id="r20" headers="r15 c1">45–54</th>
|
|
<td headers="r15 r20 c2">14.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 r20 c3">8.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" id="r21" headers="r15 c1">55–64</th>
|
|
<td headers="r15 r21 c2">15.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 r21 c3">8.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r22" headers="r15 c1">65 or older</th>
|
|
<td headers="r15 r22 c2">20.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 r22 c3">9.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="3">SOURCE: 2005 American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="3">a. Data exclude persons younger than 16, who are not asked their earnings by the Census Bureau, and persons with zero or negative earnings.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="3">b. Computation of earnings quartiles excludes persons with zero or negative earnings.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Individual earnings are an important determinant of eventual retirement income because Social Security benefits, pensions, and savings are all linked to earnings, but current economic status can be more directly assessed using the poverty standard. An individual is considered poor if the family's total income is less than the appropriate poverty threshold for the family. Hispanics of all ages were 1.7 times as likely as the total population (22.6 percent versus 13.4 percent) to be living below the federal poverty level, defined as below 100 percent of the poverty level (Chart 4). Similar results were found when using measures of "near" poverty (125 percent but below 150 percent of poverty).</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart4">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 4.<br>Poverty among <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanics and the total <abbr>U.S.</abbr> population, 2005</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart">
|
|
<div class="panel">Poverty status</div>
|
|
<img src="67n2p73_chart04a.gif" alt="Bar chart with tabular version below." width="684" height="296" />
|
|
<div class="panel">Percentage below 100 percent of poverty, by age</div>
|
|
<img src="67n2p73_chart04b.gif" alt="Bar chart with tabular version below." width="684" height="333" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 4. </span>Poverty among <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanics and the total <abbr>U.S.</abbr> population, 2005 (in percent)</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:12em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="colgroup">Status/age</th>
|
|
<th scope="colgroup"><abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanics</th>
|
|
<th scope="colgroup">Total <abbr>U.S.</abbr> population</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="2" scope="rowgroup">Poverty status</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Below 100% of poverty</th>
|
|
<td>22.6</td>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Below 150% of poverty</th>
|
|
<td>38.0</td>
|
|
<td>22.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="2" scope="rowgroup">Percentage below 100 percent of poverty, by age</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Under 16</th>
|
|
<td>30.0</td>
|
|
<td>19.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Under 25</th>
|
|
<td>54.5</td>
|
|
<td>39.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65 or older</th>
|
|
<td>20.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="3"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCE: 2005 American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample. See also Table 2 in this article.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote">NOTE: The Census Bureau does not measure poverty status for unrelated individuals younger than age 15.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p class="noindent"><span class="h4">Disability Status.</span> According to the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> definition of disability, Hispanics were less likely to be disabled than were individuals in the total population (10.9 percent compared to 14.8 percent), which may reflect the fact that Hispanics tend to be younger than the overall population.<sup><a href="#mn14" id="mt14">14</a></sup></p>
|
|
<p class="noindent"><span class="h4">Citizenship, Nativity, and Language.</span> The large majority of Hispanics residing in the United States (71.0 percent) are <abbr>U.S.</abbr> citizens.<sup><a href="#mn15" id="mt15">15</a></sup> A majority (59.8 percent) are native born. More than three in four Hispanics are able to speak English, although close to one in five speak only English at home. Not surprisingly, these figures are different than those for the overall population, where more than four in five speak only English at home.</p>
|
|
<h3>Hispanics Receiving Social Security and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr></h3>
|
|
<p>This analysis also compared selected characteristics of Hispanics receiving Social Security or <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and compared them with other segments of the <abbr>U.S.</abbr> population: all <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanics, Hispanic nonbeneficiaries, all beneficiaries, and all <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients. The comparisons focus on persons aged 15 or older.<sup><a href="#mn16" id="mt16">16</a></sup></p>
|
|
<h3>Hispanic Beneficiaries and All Hispanics</h3>
|
|
<p>According to the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr>, about 8 percent of all Hispanics aged 15 or older were beneficiaries of Social Security (Table 4). Hispanic Social Security beneficiaries were older relative to the overall Hispanic population (Chart 5) and more likely to be female and widowed. The incidence of poverty among the overall Hispanic population was similar to that of the subset receiving Social Security (about 20 percent). However, there are some important differences in terms of origin or descent. The beneficiary population has a larger percentage of Hispanics in the overall Caribbean group (Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Dominican Republic) and in the Spanish-descent group and smaller percentages of persons of Mexican, Central American, and South American origin.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table4">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 4. </span>Characteristics of Hispanics receiving Social Security and Supplemental Security Income and all <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanics, 2005 <sup>a</sup></caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:16em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="6" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" id="c1">Characteristic</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c2">Hispanic Social Security<br>beneficiaries</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c3">Hispanic Supplemental<br>Security Income recipients</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c4">All <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanics</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th id="c5" headers="c2">Number</th>
|
|
<th id="c6" headers="c2">As a<br>percentage<br>of total</th>
|
|
<th id="c7" headers="c3">Number</th>
|
|
<th id="c8" headers="c3">As a<br>percentage<br>of total</th>
|
|
<th id="c9" headers="c4">Number</th>
|
|
<th id="c10" headers="c4">As a<br>percentage<br>of total</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="6" id="r1">Demographic characteristics of persons aged 15 or older</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r2" headers="r1 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c5">2,485,175</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c6">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c7">657,247</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c4 c9">29,569,329</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c4 c10">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r3" headers="r1 c1">Sex</th>
|
|
<td colspan="6"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r4" headers="r1 r3 c1">Male</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c2 c5">1,102,569</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c2 c6">44.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c3 c7">250,208</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c3 c8">38.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c4 c9">15,168,030</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c4 c10">51.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r5" headers="r1 r3 c1">Female</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c2 c5">1,382,606</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c2 c6">55.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c3 c7">407,039</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c3 c8">61.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c4 c9">14,401,299</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c4 c10">48.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r6" headers="r1 c1">Age</th>
|
|
<td colspan="6"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" id="r7" headers="r1 r6 c1">15–24</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c2 c5">77,829</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c2 c6">3.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c3 c7">39,924</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c3 c8">6.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c4 c9">6,897,734</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c4 c10">23.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" id="r8" headers="r1 r6 c1">25–61</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c2 c5">457,940</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c2 c6">18.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c3 c7">333,552</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c3 c8">50.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c4 c9">19,938,489</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c4 c10">67.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" id="r9" headers="r1 r6 c1">62–74</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c2 c5">1,212,935</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c2 c6">48.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c3 c7">153,303</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c3 c8">23.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c4 c9">1,831,864</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c4 c10">6.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" id="r10" headers="r1 r6 c1">75–84</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c2 c5">592,177</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c2 c6">23.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c3 c7">92,216</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c3 c8">14.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c4 c9">716,964</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c4 c10">2.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r11" headers="r1 r6 c1">85 or older</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c2 c5">144,294</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c2 c6">5.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c3 c7">38,252</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c3 c8">5.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c4 c9">184,278</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c4 c10">0.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r12" headers="r1 c1">Marital status</th>
|
|
<td colspan="6"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r13" headers="r1 r12 c1">Married</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r13 c2 c5">1,282,832</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r13 c2 c6">51.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r13 c3 c7">185,376</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r13 c3 c8">28.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r13 c4 c9">14,928,199</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r13 c4 c10">50.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r14" headers="r1 r12 c1">Widowed</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r14 c2 c5">561,925</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r14 c2 c6">22.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r14 c3 c7">118,658</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r14 c3 c8">18.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r14 c4 c9">987,864</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r14 c4 c10">3.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r15" headers="r1 r12 c1">Divorced</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r15 c2 c5">286,905</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r15 c2 c6">11.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r15 c3 c7">112,369</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r15 c3 c8">17.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r15 c4 c9">2,235,707</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r15 c4 c10">7.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r16" headers="r1 r12 c1">Separated</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r16 c2 c5">95,484</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r16 c2 c6">3.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r16 c3 c7">53,469</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r16 c3 c8">8.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r16 c4 c9">1,152,994</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r16 c4 c10">3.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r17" headers="r1 r12 c1">Never married or younger than age 15</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r17 c2 c5">258,029</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r17 c2 c6">10.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r17 c3 c7">187,375</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r17 c3 c8">28.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r17 c4 c9">10,264,565</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r17 c4 c10">34.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="6" id="r18">Educational attainment of persons aged 25 or older <sup>b</sup></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r19" headers="r18 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c2 c5">2,407,346</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c2 c6">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c3 c7">617,323</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c3 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c4 c9">22,671,595</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c4 c10">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r20" headers="r18 c1">No high school diploma</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c2 c5">1,361,279</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c2 c6">56.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c3 c7">411,783</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c3 c8">66.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c4 c9">9,188,480</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c4 c10">40.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r21" headers="r18 c1">High school graduate only</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c2 c5">554,944</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c2 c6">23.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c3 c7">124,573</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c3 c8">20.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c4 c9">6,121,196</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c4 c10">27.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r22" headers="r18 c1">Some college but no degree</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c2 c5">254,212</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c2 c6">10.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c3 c7">49,398</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c3 c8">8.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c4 c9">3,420,196</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c4 c10">15.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r23" headers="r18 c1">Associate's degree</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c2 c5">64,063</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c2 c6">2.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c3 c7">13,561</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c3 c8">2.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c4 c9">1,157,135</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c4 c10">5.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r24" headers="r18 c1">Bachelor's degree or higher</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c2 c5">172,848</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c2 c6">7.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c3 c7">18,008</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c3 c8">2.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c4 c9">2,784,588</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c4 c10">12.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="6" id="r25">Poverty among persons aged 15 or older <sup>c</sup></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r26" headers="r25 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r26 c2 c5">2,485,175</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r26 c2 c6">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r26 c3 c7">657,247</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r26 c3 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r26 c4 c9">29,569,329</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r26 c4 c10">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r27" headers="r25 c1">Below 100%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r27 c2 c5">504,220</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r27 c2 c6">20.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r27 c3 c7">283,992</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r27 c3 c8">43.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r27 c4 c9">5,766,509</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r27 c4 c10">19.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r28" headers="r25 c1">100% to 124%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r28 c2 c5">240,839</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r28 c2 c6">9.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r28 c3 c7">81,716</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r28 c3 c8">12.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r28 c4 c9">2,191,804</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r28 c4 c10">7.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r29" headers="r25 c1">125% to 149%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r29 c2 c5">205,188</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r29 c2 c6">8.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r29 c3 c7">51,049</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r29 c3 c8">7.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r29 c4 c9">2,082,998</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r29 c4 c10">7.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r30" headers="r25 c1">150% or above</th>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r30 c2 c5">1,534,928</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r30 c2 c6">61.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r30 c3 c7">240,490</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r30 c3 c8">36.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r30 c4 c9">19,528,018</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r30 c4 c10">66.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="6" id="r31">Disability status of persons aged 15 or older</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r32" headers="r31 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r32 c2 c5">2,485,175</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r32 c2 c6">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r32 c3 c7">657,247</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r32 c3 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r32 c4 c9">29,569,329</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r32 c4 c10">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r33" headers="r31 c1">With disability</th>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r33 c2 c5">1,176,828</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r33 c2 c6">47.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r33 c3 c7">611,811</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r33 c3 c8">93.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r33 c4 c9">3,637,695</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r33 c4 c10">12.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r34" headers="r31 c1">Without disability</th>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r34 c2 c5">1,308,347</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r34 c2 c6">52.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r34 c3 c7">45,436</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r34 c3 c8">6.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r34 c4 c9">25,931,634</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r34 c4 c10">87.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="6" id="r35">Citizenship and nativity of persons aged 15 or older</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r36" headers="r35 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r36 c2 c5">2,485,175</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r36 c2 c6">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r36 c3 c7">657,247</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r36 c3 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r36 c4 c9">29,569,329</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r36 c4 c10">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r37" headers="r35 c1"><abbr>U.S.</abbr> citizenship</th>
|
|
<td colspan="6"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r38" headers="r35 r37 c1"><abbr>U.S.</abbr> citizen</th>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r38 c2 c5">2,155,535</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r38 c2 c6">86.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r38 c3 c7">546,446</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r38 c3 c8">83.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r38 c4 c9">18,488,928</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r38 c4 c10">62.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r39" headers="r35 r37 c1">Not <abbr>U.S.</abbr> citizen</th>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r39 c2 c5">329,640</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r39 c2 c6">13.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r39 c3 c7">110,801</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r39 c3 c8">16.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r39 c4 c9">11,080,401</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r39 c4 c10">37.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r40" headers="r35 c1">Nativity</th>
|
|
<td colspan="6"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r41" headers="r35 r40 c1"><abbr>U.S.</abbr>-born <sup>d</sup></th>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r41 c2 c5">1,420,806</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r41 c2 c6">57.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r41 c3 c7">401,275</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r41 c3 c8">61.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r41 c4 c9">13,905,099</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r41 c4 c10">47.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r42" headers="r35 r40 c1">Not <abbr>U.S.</abbr>-born</th>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r42 c2 c5">1,064,369</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r42 c2 c6">42.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r42 c3 c7">255,972</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r42 c3 c8">38.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r42 c4 c9">15,664,230</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r42 c4 c10">53.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="6" id="r43">Language of persons aged 15 or older</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r44" headers="r43 c1">Ability to speak English <sup>e</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="6"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r45" headers="r43 r44 c1">English speaker</th>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r44 r45 c2 c5">1,676,925</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r44 r45 c2 c6">67.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r44 r45 c3 c7">387,454</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r44 r45 c3 c8">59.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r44 r45 c4 c9">20,964,108</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r44 r45 c4 c10">70.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r46" headers="r43 r44 c1">Non-English speaker</th>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r44 r46 c2 c5">808,250</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r44 r46 c2 c6">32.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r44 r46 c3 c7">269,793</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r44 r46 c3 c8">41.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r44 r46 c4 c9">8,605,221</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r44 r46 c4 c10">29.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r47" headers="r43 c1">Language spoken at home <sup>f</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="6"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r48" headers="r43 r47 c1">Only English</th>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r47 r48 c2 c5">424,140</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r47 r48 c2 c6">17.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r47 r48 c3 c7">119,714</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r47 r48 c3 c8">18.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r47 r48 c4 c9">5,627,634</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r47 r48 c4 c10">19.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r49" headers="r43 r47 c1">Other</th>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r47 r49 c2 c5">2,061,035</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r47 r49 c2 c6">82.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r47 r49 c3 c7">537,533</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r47 r49 c3 c8">81.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r47 r49 c4 c9">23,941,695</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r47 r49 c4 c10">81.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="6" id="r50">Origin of persons aged 15 or older</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r51" headers="r50 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r51 c2 c5">2,485,175</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r51 c2 c6">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r51 c3 c7">657,247</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r51 c3 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r51 c4 c9">29,569,329</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r51 c4 c10">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r52" headers="r50 c1">Mexican</th>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r52 c2 c5">1,296,088</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r52 c2 c6">52.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r52 c3 c7">304,271</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r52 c3 c8">46.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r52 c4 c9">18,288,427</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r52 c4 c10">61.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r53" headers="r50 c1">Puerto Rican</th>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r53 c2 c5">353,615</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r53 c2 c6">14.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r53 c3 c7">158,268</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r53 c3 c8">24.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r53 c4 c9">2,720,218</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r53 c4 c10">9.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r54" headers="r50 c1">Cuban</th>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r54 c2 c5">258,233</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r54 c2 c6">10.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r54 c3 c7">50,086</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r54 c3 c8">7.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r54 c4 c9">1,204,868</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r54 c4 c10">4.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r55" headers="r50 c1">Dominican</th>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r55 c2 c5">58,189</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r55 c2 c6">2.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r55 c3 c7">35,339</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r55 c3 c8">5.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r55 c4 c9">823,877</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r55 c4 c10">2.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r56" headers="r50 c1">Central American</th>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r56 c2 c5">94,992</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r56 c2 c6">3.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r56 c3 c7">26,629</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r56 c3 c8">4.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r56 c4 c9">2,372,395</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r56 c4 c10">8.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r57" headers="r50 c1">South American</th>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r57 c2 c5">116,302</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r57 c2 c6">4.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r57 c3 c7">22,533</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r57 c3 c8">3.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r57 c4 c9">1,767,620</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r57 c4 c10">6.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r58" headers="r50 c1">Spaniard</th>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r58 c2 c5">42,163</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r58 c2 c6">1.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r58 c3 c7">6,115</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r58 c3 c8">0.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r58 c4 c9">292,622</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r58 c4 c10">1.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r59" headers="r50 c1">Other</th>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r59 c2 c5">265,593</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r59 c2 c6">10.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r59 c3 c7">54,006</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r59 c3 c8">8.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r59 c4 c9">2,099,302</td>
|
|
<td headers="r50 r59 c4 c10">7.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="7">SOURCE: 2005 American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="7">a. The 2005 <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> <abbr class="spell">PUMS</abbr> do not provide beneficiary and recipient information for persons under age 15.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="7">b. Educational attainment is restricted by author to persons aged 25 or older.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="7">c. The Census Bureau does not measure poverty status for unrelated individuals younger than age 15.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="7">d. <abbr>U.S.</abbr>-born includes persons born in the United States, those born abroad to <abbr>U.S.</abbr> parents, and those born in Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Virgin Islands according to the Census Bureau.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="7">e. Defined here as a person who speaks only English at home or who speaks English well or very well in addition to speaking another language at home.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="7">f. The person speaks another language in addition to or in place of English.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart5">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 5.<br>Characteristics of <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanics and those receiving Social Security or Supplemental Security Income, 2005</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart">
|
|
<div class="panel">Age</div>
|
|
<img src="67n2p73_chart05a.gif" alt="Bar chart with tabular version below." width="676" height="345" />
|
|
<div class="panel">Origin</div>
|
|
<img src="67n2p73_chart05b.gif" alt="Bar chart with tabular version below." width="678" height="343" />
|
|
<div class="panel">Education</div>
|
|
<img src="67n2p73_chart05c.gif" alt="Bar chart with tabular version below." width="677" height="353" />
|
|
<div class="panel">Poverty status</div>
|
|
<img src="67n2p73_chart05d.gif" alt="Bar chart with tabular version below." width="676" height="347" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 5. </span>Characteristics of <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanics and those receiving Social Security or Supplemental Security Income, 2005 (in percent)</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:15em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="colgroup">Status</th>
|
|
<th scope="colgroup">Hispanic Social<br>Security beneficiaries</th>
|
|
<th scope="colgroup">Hispanic <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr><br>recipients</th>
|
|
<th scope="colgroup">All <abbr>U.S.</abbr><br>Hispanics</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Age</th>
|
|
<td colspan="3"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">15–24</th>
|
|
<td>3.1</td>
|
|
<td>6.1</td>
|
|
<td>23.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">25–61</th>
|
|
<td>18.4</td>
|
|
<td>50.7</td>
|
|
<td>67.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">62 or older</th>
|
|
<td>78.4</td>
|
|
<td>43.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Origin</th>
|
|
<td colspan="3"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Mexico</th>
|
|
<td>52.2</td>
|
|
<td>46.3</td>
|
|
<td>61.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Puerto Rico</th>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>24.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Cuba</th>
|
|
<td>10.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>4.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Dominican Republic</th>
|
|
<td>2.3</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>2.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Central America</th>
|
|
<td>3.8</td>
|
|
<td>4.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">South America</th>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
<td>3.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Spain</th>
|
|
<td>1.7</td>
|
|
<td>0.9</td>
|
|
<td>1.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Other</th>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Education</th>
|
|
<td colspan="3"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">No hich school diploma</th>
|
|
<td>56.5</td>
|
|
<td>66.7</td>
|
|
<td>40.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Bachelor's degree or higher</th>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>2.9</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Poverty status</th>
|
|
<td colspan="3"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Below 100% of poverty</th>
|
|
<td>20.3</td>
|
|
<td>43.2</td>
|
|
<td>19.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Below 150% of poverty</th>
|
|
<td>38.2</td>
|
|
<td>63.4</td>
|
|
<td>34.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="4"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="onlyNote">SOURCE: 2005 American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample. See also Table 4 in this article.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>The vast majority of Hispanic Social Security beneficiaries (about 87 percent) were <abbr>U.S.</abbr> citizens. In addition, a sizable majority (about 67 percent) spoke English, and more than half (57 percent) were born in the United States.</p>
|
|
<p>About 2 percent of all Hispanics aged 15 or older received <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>. Compared with all Hispanics and with Hispanic Social Security beneficiaries, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients had less education and were much more likely to have low income (relative to the poverty standard). The results on poverty are not surprising, because <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> is designed to assist persons with limited income and resources. <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients were also far more likely to report a disability (93.1 percent) than were all Hispanics (12.3 percent).<sup><a href="#mn17" id="mt17">17</a></sup> A majority of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients of Hispanic origin were <abbr>U.S.</abbr> citizens (83.1 percent), were able to speak English (59.0 percent), and were born in the United States (61.1 percent). The relatively high level of <abbr>U.S.</abbr> citizenship stems from <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> restrictions on citizenship and qualified alien status.</p>
|
|
<h3>Hispanic Beneficiaries and Nonbeneficiaries</h3>
|
|
<p>The economic status of Hispanic Social Security beneficiaries aged 15 or older, by origin, is shown in Table 5 and compared with that of Hispanic nonbeneficiaries. For the largest group of Hispanics—those of Mexican descent—beneficiaries and nonbeneficiaries had similar levels of income (relative to the poverty threshold). Among persons of Mexican descent, the percentage below poverty was slightly lower for beneficiaries than for nonbeneficiaries (18.4 percent versus 20.8 percent), and the percentage with income above 150 percent of poverty for both groups was about 63 percent.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table5">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 5. </span>Poverty among Hispanic beneficiaries of Social Security and Hispanic nonbeneficiaries aged 15 or older, by region and country of origin, 2005</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:15em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="10" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" id="c1">Region and<br>country of origin</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c2">All</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c3">Below 100%<br>of poverty</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c4">100% to 124%</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c5">125% to 149%</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c6">150% or above</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th id="c7" headers="c2">Number</th>
|
|
<th id="c8" headers="c2">Percent</th>
|
|
<th id="c9" headers="c3">Number</th>
|
|
<th id="c10" headers="c3">Percent</th>
|
|
<th id="c11" headers="c4">Number</th>
|
|
<th id="c12" headers="c4">Percent</th>
|
|
<th id="c13" headers="c5">Number</th>
|
|
<th id="c14" headers="c5">Percent</th>
|
|
<th id="c15" headers="c6">Number</th>
|
|
<th id="c16" headers="c6">Percent</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="10" id="r1">Beneficiaries</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r2" headers="r1 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c7">2,485,175</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c9">504,220</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c10">20.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c4 c11">240,839</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c4 c12">9.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c5 c13">205,188</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c5 c14">8.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c6 c15">1,534,928</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c6 c16">61.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r3" headers="r1 c1">Mexican</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c2 c7">1,296,088</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c2 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c3 c9">237,959</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c3 c10">18.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c4 c11">127,845</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c4 c12">9.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c5 c13">113,056</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c5 c14">8.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c6 c15">817,228</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c6 c16">63.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r4" headers="r1 c1">Caribbean</th>
|
|
<td colspan="10"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r5" headers="r1 r4 c1">Puerto Rican</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r5 c2 c7">353,615</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r5 c2 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r5 c3 c9">100,787</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r5 c3 c10">28.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r5 c4 c11">31,379</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r5 c4 c12">8.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r5 c5 c13">26,278</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r5 c5 c14">7.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r5 c6 c15">195,171</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r5 c6 c16">55.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r6" headers="r1 r4 c1">Cuban</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r6 c2 c7">258,233</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r6 c2 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r6 c3 c9">57,367</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r6 c3 c10">22.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r6 c4 c11">29,816</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r6 c4 c12">11.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r6 c5 c13">21,353</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r6 c5 c14">8.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r6 c6 c15">149,697</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r6 c6 c16">58.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r7" headers="r1 r4 c1">Dominican</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r7 c2 c7">58,189</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r7 c2 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r7 c3 c9">21,720</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r7 c3 c10">37.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r7 c4 c11">5,622</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r7 c4 c12">9.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r7 c5 c13">5,257</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r7 c5 c14">9.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r7 c6 c15">25,590</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 r7 c6 c16">44.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r8" headers="r1 c1">Central American</th>
|
|
<td colspan="10"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r9" headers="r1 r8 c1">Salvadoran</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r9 c2 c7">26,003</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r9 c2 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r9 c3 c9">4,082</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r9 c3 c10">15.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r9 c4 c11">2,246</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r9 c4 c12">8.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r9 c5 c13">2,701</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r9 c5 c14">10.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r9 c6 c15">16,974</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r9 c6 c16">65.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r10" headers="r1 r8 c1">Guatemalan</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r10 c2 c7">a</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r10 c2 c8">a</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r10 c3 c9">a</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r10 c3 c10">a</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r10 c4 c11">a</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r10 c4 c12">a</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r10 c5 c13">a</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r10 c5 c14">a</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r10 c6 c15">a</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r10 c6 c16">a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r11" headers="r1 r8 c1">Other</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r11 c2 c7">68,989</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r11 c2 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r11 c3 c9">12,965</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r11 c3 c10">18.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r11 c4 c11">7,330</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r11 c4 c12">10.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r11 c5 c13">3,067</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r11 c5 c14">4.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r11 c6 c15">45,627</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 r11 c6 c16">66.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r12" headers="r1 c1">South American</th>
|
|
<td colspan="10"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r13" headers="r1 r12 c1">Colombian</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r13 c2 c7">40,197</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r13 c2 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r13 c3 c9">7,202</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r13 c3 c10">17.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r13 c4 c11">3,076</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r13 c4 c12">7.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r13 c5 c13">3,225</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r13 c5 c14">8.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r13 c6 c15">26,694</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r13 c6 c16">66.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r14" headers="r1 r12 c1">Ecuadorian</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r14 c2 c7">21,426</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r14 c2 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r14 c3 c9">3,418</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r14 c3 c10">16.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r14 c4 c11">791</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r14 c4 c12">3.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r14 c5 c13">1,965</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r14 c5 c14">9.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r14 c6 c15">15,252</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r14 c6 c16">71.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r15" headers="r1 r12 c1">Peruvian</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r15 c2 c7">a</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r15 c2 c8">a</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r15 c3 c9">a</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r15 c3 c10">a</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r15 c4 c11">a</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r15 c4 c12">a</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r15 c5 c13">a</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r15 c5 c14">a</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r15 c6 c15">a</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r15 c6 c16">a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r16" headers="r1 r12 c1">Other</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r16 c2 c7">54,679</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r16 c2 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r16 c3 c9">8,704</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r16 c3 c10">15.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r16 c4 c11">4,001</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r16 c4 c12">7.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r16 c5 c13">3,687</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r16 c5 c14">6.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r16 c6 c15">38,287</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r16 c6 c16">70.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r17" headers="r1 c1">European</th>
|
|
<td colspan="10"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r18" headers="r1 r17 c1">Spaniard</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 r18 c2 c7">42,163</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 r18 c2 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 r18 c3 c9">4,726</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 r18 c3 c10">11.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 r18 c4 c11">4,743</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 r18 c4 c12">11.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 r18 c5 c13">1,914</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 r18 c5 c14">4.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 r18 c6 c15">30,780</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 r18 c6 c16">73.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r19" headers="r1 c1">Other Hispanic</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 c2 c7">265,593</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 c2 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 c3 c9">45,290</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 c3 c10">17.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 c4 c11">23,990</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 c4 c12">9.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 c5 c13">22,685</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 c5 c14">8.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 c6 c15">173,628</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 c6 c16">65.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="10" id="r20">Nonbeneficiaries</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r21" headers="r20 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r21 c2 c7">27,084,154</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r21 c2 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r21 c3 c9">5,262,289</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r21 c3 c10">19.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r21 c4 c11">1,950,965</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r21 c4 c12">7.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r21 c5 c13">1,877,810</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r21 c5 c14">6.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r21 c6 c15">17,993,090</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r21 c6 c16">66.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r22" headers="r20 c1">Mexican</th>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r22 c2 c7">16,992,339</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r22 c2 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r22 c3 c9">3,538,930</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r22 c3 c10">20.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r22 c4 c11">1,352,760</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r22 c4 c12">8.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r22 c5 c13">1,321,040</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r22 c5 c14">7.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r22 c6 c15">10,779,609</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r22 c6 c16">63.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r23" headers="r20 c1">Caribbean</th>
|
|
<td colspan="10"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r24" headers="r20 r23 c1">Puerto Rican</th>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r24 c2 c7">2,366,603</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r24 c2 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r24 c3 c9">510,244</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r24 c3 c10">21.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r24 c4 c11">125,366</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r24 c4 c12">5.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r24 c5 c13">98,272</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r24 c5 c14">4.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r24 c6 c15">1,632,721</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r24 c6 c16">69.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r25" headers="r20 r23 c1">Cuban</th>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r25 c2 c7">946,635</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r25 c2 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r25 c3 c9">133,084</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r25 c3 c10">14.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r25 c4 c11">49,828</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r25 c4 c12">5.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r25 c5 c13">35,256</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r25 c5 c14">3.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r25 c6 c15">728,467</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r25 c6 c16">77.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r26" headers="r20 r23 c1">Dominican</th>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r26 c2 c7">765,688</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r26 c2 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r26 c3 c9">180,612</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r26 c3 c10">23.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r26 c4 c11">55,692</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r26 c4 c12">7.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r26 c5 c13">50,796</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r26 c5 c14">6.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r26 c6 c15">478,588</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r23 r26 c6 c16">62.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r27" headers="r20 c1">Central American</th>
|
|
<td colspan="10"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r28" headers="r20 r27 c1">Salvadoran</th>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r28 c2 c7">913,152</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r28 c2 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r28 c3 c9">135,968</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r28 c3 c10">14.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r28 c4 c11">67,122</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r28 c4 c12">7.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r28 c5 c13">77,061</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r28 c5 c14">8.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r28 c6 c15">633,001</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r28 c6 c16">69.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r29" headers="r20 r27 c1">Guatemalan</th>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r29 c2 c7">569,385</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r29 c2 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r29 c3 c9">112,321</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r29 c3 c10">19.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r29 c4 c11">55,927</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r29 c4 c12">9.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r29 c5 c13">43,515</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r29 c5 c14">7.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r29 c6 c15">357,622</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r29 c6 c16">62.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r30" headers="r20 r27 c1">Other</th>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r30 c2 c7">794,866</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r30 c2 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r30 c3 c9">130,391</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r30 c3 c10">16.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r30 c4 c11">54,037</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r30 c4 c12">6.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r30 c5 c13">54,412</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r30 c5 c14">6.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r30 c6 c15">556,026</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r27 r30 c6 c16">70.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r31" headers="r20 c1">South American</th>
|
|
<td colspan="10"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r32" headers="r20 r31 c1">Colombian</th>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r32 c2 c7">528,932</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r32 c2 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r32 c3 c9">56,945</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r32 c3 c10">10.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r32 c4 c11">26,404</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r32 c4 c12">5.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r32 c5 c13">25,666</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r32 c5 c14">4.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r32 c6 c15">419,917</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r32 c6 c16">79.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r33" headers="r20 r31 c1">Ecuadorian</th>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r33 c2 c7">318,343</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r33 c2 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r33 c3 c9">38,382</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r33 c3 c10">12.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r33 c4 c11">18,565</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r33 c4 c12">5.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r33 c5 c13">19,215</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r33 c5 c14">6.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r33 c6 c15">242,181</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r33 c6 c16">76.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r34" headers="r20 r31 c1">Peruvian</th>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r34 c2 c7">315,042</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r34 c2 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r34 c3 c9">29,882</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r34 c3 c10">9.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r34 c4 c11">17,990</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r34 c4 c12">5.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r34 c5 c13">24,566</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r34 c5 c14">7.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r34 c6 c15">242,604</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r34 c6 c16">77.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r35" headers="r20 r31 c1">Other</th>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r35 c2 c7">489,001</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r35 c2 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r35 c3 c9">60,583</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r35 c3 c10">12.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r35 c4 c11">20,795</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r35 c4 c12">4.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r35 c5 c13">18,786</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r35 c5 c14">3.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r35 c6 c15">388,837</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r31 r35 c6 c16">79.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r36" headers="r20 c1">European</th>
|
|
<td colspan="10"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r37" headers="r20 r36 c1">Spaniard</th>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r36 r37 c2 c7">250,459</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r36 r37 c2 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r36 r37 c3 c9">28,340</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r36 r37 c3 c10">11.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r36 r37 c4 c11">9,869</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r36 r37 c4 c12">3.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r36 r37 c5 c13">11,408</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r36 r37 c5 c14">4.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r36 r37 c6 c15">200,842</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r36 r37 c6 c16">80.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r38" headers="r20 c1">Other Hispanic</th>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r38 c2 c7">1,833,709</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r38 c2 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r38 c3 c9">306,607</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r38 c3 c10">16.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r38 c4 c11">96,610</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r38 c4 c12">5.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r38 c5 c13">97,817</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r38 c5 c14">5.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r38 c6 c15">1,332,675</td>
|
|
<td headers="r20 r38 c6 c16">72.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="11">SOURCE: 2005 American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="11">a. Numbers too few to list.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Some groups, however, had noticeable differences between beneficiaries and nonbeneficiaries. For example, among Hispanics of Cuban origin, nonbeneficiaries had relatively high economic status: the percentage with income below 150 percent of poverty (about 23 percent) was roughly half the percentage for beneficiaries of the same origin (about 42 percent). The general pattern observed with Hispanics of Cuban descent was also observed, but to a lesser extent, among those of Puerto Rican descent: 31 percent of nonbeneficiaries had income below 150 percent of the poverty level, compared with about 45 percent of beneficiaries.</p>
|
|
<p>Persons of Dominican origin, whether Social Security beneficiaries or nonbeneficiaries, represent the largest proportion of Hispanics living below the federal poverty level. Among beneficiaries, more than one in three were poor, and a majority (56.0 percent) had income below 150 percent of the federal poverty level. Nonbeneficiaries were somewhat better off but still had a relatively high poverty rate (23.6 percent).</p>
|
|
<p>Individuals who trace their origin to Spain, regardless of benefit status, were among the most likely to have income above 150 percent of the federal poverty level. About 73 percent of beneficiaries and 80 percent of nonbeneficiaries of Spanish origin had income above this threshold.</p>
|
|
<p>The incidence of poverty in the Hispanic community varies by ethnic origin, as discussed above, but there is no striking pattern (Chart 6). Among the largest group of Hispanics (those of Mexican descent), beneficiaries had a lower incidence of poverty than nonbeneficiaries. For some other groups, the estimated percentages were close. This result suggests that Social Security benefit receipt is not uniformly associated with declines in economic status.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart6">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 6.<br>Hispanic Social Security beneficiaries and nonbeneficiaries below 100 percent of the poverty level, by region and country of origin, 2005</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="67n2p73_chart06.gif" alt="Bar chart with tabular version below." width="693" height="385" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 6. </span>Hispanic Social Security beneficiaries and nonbeneficiaries below 100 percent of the poverty level, by region and country of origin, 2005 (in percent)</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:15em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Region and country of origin</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Beneficiaries</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Nonbeneficiaries</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Caribbean</th>
|
|
<td colspan="2"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Puerto Rican</th>
|
|
<td>29</td>
|
|
<td>22</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Dominican</th>
|
|
<td>37</td>
|
|
<td>24</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Cuban</th>
|
|
<td>22</td>
|
|
<td>14</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Central American</th>
|
|
<td colspan="2"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Mexico</th>
|
|
<td>18</td>
|
|
<td>21</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Salvadorian</th>
|
|
<td>16</td>
|
|
<td>15</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Other</th>
|
|
<td>19</td>
|
|
<td>16</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">South American</th>
|
|
<td colspan="2"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Columbian</th>
|
|
<td>18</td>
|
|
<td>11</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Ecuadorian</th>
|
|
<td>16</td>
|
|
<td>12</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Other</th>
|
|
<td>16</td>
|
|
<td>12</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">European</th>
|
|
<td colspan="2"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Spaniard</th>
|
|
<td>11</td>
|
|
<td>11</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Other</th>
|
|
<td colspan="2"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Other Hispanic</th>
|
|
<td>17</td>
|
|
<td>17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="3"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="onlyNote">SOURCE: 2005 American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample. See also Table 5 in this article.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h3>Hispanic Social Security Beneficiaries and All Beneficiaries</h3>
|
|
<p>Hispanics aged 15 or older have lower average Social Security benefits than do their counterparts among all beneficiaries (Table 6). Their mean annual Social Security benefit in 2005 was about $8,056, compared with about $9,900 for all beneficiaries. Twenty-five percent of Hispanic beneficiaries received up to $4,900 in annual benefits. By comparison, for the overall beneficiary population, the 25th percentile cutoff occurred at $6,100.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table6">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 6. </span>Social Security benefits of Hispanic beneficiaries and all beneficiaries, 2005 (in dollars)</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:15em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Benefit amount</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Hispanic beneficiaries</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">All beneficiaries</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Mean Social Security benefit</th>
|
|
<td colspan="2"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Annual</th>
|
|
<td>8,056</td>
|
|
<td>9,879</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Monthly</th>
|
|
<td>671</td>
|
|
<td>823</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Distribution, by benefit quartile</th>
|
|
<td colspan="2"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">First</th>
|
|
<td>4,900</td>
|
|
<td>6,100</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Second</th>
|
|
<td>7,200</td>
|
|
<td>9,600</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Third</th>
|
|
<td>10,800</td>
|
|
<td>13,000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="onlyNote" colspan="3">SOURCE: 2005 American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Social Security benefits are based on earnings in covered employment. As noted in Table 2, Hispanics had lower relative earnings than the overall <abbr>U.S.</abbr> population, which will translate into lower average benefits. Note, however, that Social Security's benefit formula provides higher replacement rates (benefits as a percentage of preretirement earnings) for people with low lifetime earnings. This feature helps persons who consistently earn low wages or who have partial careers under the Social Security program and have not accrued the minimum of 40 quarters of coverage under Social Security to be eligible for retirement benefits. Thus, although benefits received by Hispanics tend to be lower than those for the overall population, they probably replace a higher percentage of their preretirement earnings.</p>
|
|
<p>Hispanic beneficiaries were nearly twice as likely as all beneficiaries to be living below the federal poverty level—20.3 percent versus 10.7 percent (see Chart 7 and Table 7, which presents selected characteristics of Hispanic beneficiaries and all beneficiaries). They were also 1.8 times as likely as the overall Social Security population to have income below 125 percent of the poverty level and 1.6 times as likely to have income below 150 percent of the poverty level. Recall that the relatively low economic status of Hispanics was also apparent among persons of working age (see Table 2). In other words, Hispanics do not necessarily suffer sharp drops in well-being at retirement; rather, their well-being in retirement may reflect factors that also exist during their working years.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart7">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 7.<br>Poverty status and education of Hispanic Social Security beneficiaries and all beneficiaries, 2005</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart">
|
|
<div class="panel">Poverty status</div>
|
|
<img src="67n2p73_chart07a.gif" alt="Bar chart with tabular version below." width="683" height="323" />
|
|
<div class="panel">Education</div>
|
|
<img src="67n2p73_chart07b.gif" alt="Bar chart with tabular version below." width="684" height="348" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 7. </span>Poverty status and education of Hispanic Social Security beneficiaries and all beneficiaries, 2005 (in percent)</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:13em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="colgroup">Status</th>
|
|
<th scope="colgroup">Hispanic<br>Social<br>Security<br>beneficiaries</th>
|
|
<th scope="colgroup">All<br>beneficiaries</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="2" scope="rowgroup">Poverty status</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Below 100% of poverty</th>
|
|
<td>20.3</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Below 150% of poverty</th>
|
|
<td>38.2</td>
|
|
<td>23.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="2" scope="rowgroup">Education</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">No high school diploma</th>
|
|
<td>26.3</td>
|
|
<td>56.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">High school graduate only</th>
|
|
<td>35.2</td>
|
|
<td>23.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Bachelor's degree or higher</th>
|
|
<td>17.1</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="3"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="onlyNote">SOURCE: 2005 American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample. See also Table 7 in this article.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table7">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 7. </span>Characteristics of Hispanic beneficiaries of Social Security and all beneficiaries, 2005 <sup>a</sup></caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:20em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="4" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" id="c1">Characteristic</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c2">Hispanic beneficiaries</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c3">All beneficiaries</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th id="c4" headers="c2">Number</th>
|
|
<th id="c5" headers="c2">As a<br>percentage<br>of total</th>
|
|
<th id="c6" headers="c3">Number</th>
|
|
<th id="c7" headers="c3">As a<br>percentage<br>of total</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="4" id="r1">Demographic characteristics of persons aged 15 or older</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r2" headers="r1 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c4">2,485,175</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c5">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c6">40,162,673</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c7">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r3" headers="r1 c1">Sex</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r4" headers="r1 r3 c1">Male</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c2 c4">1,102,569</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c2 c5">44.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c3 c6">17,610,175</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c3 c7">43.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r5" headers="r1 r3 c1">Female</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c2 c4">1,382,606</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c2 c5">55.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c3 c6">22,552,498</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c3 c7">56.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r6" headers="r1 c1">Age</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" id="r7" headers="r1 r6 c1">15–24</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c2 c4">77,829</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c2 c5">3.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c3 c6">662,934</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c3 c7">1.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" id="r8" headers="r1 r6 c1">25–61</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c2 c4">457,940</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c2 c5">18.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c3 c6">4,719,388</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c3 c7">11.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" id="r9" headers="r1 r6 c1">62–74</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c2 c4">1,212,935</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c2 c5">48.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c3 c6">19,689,798</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c3 c7">49.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" id="r10" headers="r1 r6 c1">75–84</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c2 c4">592,177</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c2 c5">23.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c3 c6">11,452,945</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c3 c7">28.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r11" headers="r1 r6 c1">85 or older</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c2 c4">144,294</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c2 c5">5.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c3 c6">3,637,608</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c3 c7">9.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r12" headers="r1 c1">Marital status</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r13" headers="r1 r12 c1">Married</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r13 c2 c4">1,282,832</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r13 c2 c5">51.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r13 c3 c6">22,011,219</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r13 c3 c7">54.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r14" headers="r1 r12 c1">Widowed</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r14 c2 c4">561,925</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r14 c2 c5">22.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r14 c3 c6">10,403,905</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r14 c3 c7">25.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r15" headers="r1 r12 c1">Divorced</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r15 c2 c4">286,905</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r15 c2 c5">11.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r15 c3 c6">4,184,446</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r15 c3 c7">10.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r16" headers="r1 r12 c1">Separated</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r16 c2 c4">95,484</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r16 c2 c5">3.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r16 c3 c6">592,560</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r16 c3 c7">1.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r17" headers="r1 r12 c1">Never married or younger than age 15</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r17 c2 c4">258,029</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r17 c2 c5">10.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r17 c3 c6">2,970,543</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r17 c3 c7">7.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="4" id="r18">Educational attainment of persons aged 25 or older <sup>b</sup></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r19" headers="r18 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c2 c4">2,407,346</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c2 c5">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c3 c6">39,499,739</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c3 c7">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r20" headers="r18 c1">No high school diploma</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c2 c4">1,361,279</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c2 c5">56.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c3 c6">10,372,664</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c3 c7">26.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r21" headers="r18 c1">High school graduate only</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c2 c4">554,944</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c2 c5">23.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c3 c6">13,916,488</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c3 c7">35.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r22" headers="r18 c1">Some college but no degree</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c2 c4">254,212</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c2 c5">10.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c3 c6">6,906,004</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c3 c7">17.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r23" headers="r18 c1">Associate's degree</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c2 c4">64,063</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c2 c5">2.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c3 c6">1,565,198</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c3 c7">4.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r24" headers="r18 c1">Bachelor's degree or higher</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c2 c4">172,848</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c2 c5">7.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c3 c6">6,739,385</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c3 c7">17.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="4" id="r25">Poverty among persons aged 15 or older <sup>c</sup></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r26" headers="r25 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r26 c2 c4">2,485,175</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r26 c2 c5">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r26 c3 c6">40,162,673</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r26 c3 c7">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r27" headers="r25 c1">Below 100%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r27 c2 c4">504,220</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r27 c2 c5">20.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r27 c3 c6">4,285,977</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r27 c3 c7">10.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r28" headers="r25 c1">100% to 124%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r28 c2 c4">240,839</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r28 c2 c5">9.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r28 c3 c6">2,509,942</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r28 c3 c7">6.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r29" headers="r25 c1">125% to 149%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r29 c2 c4">205,188</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r29 c2 c5">8.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r29 c3 c6">2,561,446</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r29 c3 c7">6.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r30" headers="r25 c1">150% or above</th>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r30 c2 c4">1,534,928</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r30 c2 c5">61.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r30 c3 c6">30,805,308</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r30 c3 c7">76.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="4" id="r31">Disability status of persons aged 15 or older</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r32" headers="r31 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r32 c2 c4">2,485,175</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r32 c2 c5">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r32 c3 c6">40,162,673</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r32 c3 c7">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r33" headers="r31 c1">With disability</th>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r33 c2 c4">1,176,828</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r33 c2 c5">47.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r33 c3 c6">17,499,870</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r33 c3 c7">43.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r34" headers="r31 c1">Without disability</th>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r34 c2 c4">1,308,347</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r34 c2 c5">52.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r34 c3 c6">22,662,803</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r34 c3 c7">56.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="4" id="r35">Citizenship and nativity of persons aged 15 or older</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r36" headers="r35 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r36 c2 c4">2,485,175</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r36 c2 c5">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r36 c3 c6">40,162,673</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r36 c3 c7">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r37" headers="r35 c1"><abbr>U.S.</abbr> citizenship</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r38" headers="r35 r37 c1"><abbr>U.S.</abbr> citizen</th>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r38 c2 c4">2,155,535</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r38 c2 c5">86.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r38 c3 c6">39,400,143</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r38 c3 c7">98.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r39" headers="r35 r37 c1">Not <abbr>U.S.</abbr> citizen</th>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r39 c2 c4">329,640</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r39 c2 c5">13.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r39 c3 c6">762,530</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r39 c3 c7">1.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r40" headers="r35 c1">Nativity</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r41" headers="r35 r40 c1"><abbr>U.S.</abbr>-born <sup>d</sup></th>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r41 c2 c4">1,420,806</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r41 c2 c5">57.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r41 c3 c6">36,644,520</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r41 c3 c7">91.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r42" headers="r35 r40 c1">Not <abbr>U.S.</abbr>-born</th>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r42 c2 c4">1,064,369</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r42 c2 c5">42.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r42 c3 c6">3,518,153</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r42 c3 c7">8.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="4" id="r43">Language of persons aged 15 or older</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r44" headers="r43 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r44 c2 c4">2,485,175</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r44 c2 c5">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r44 c3 c6">40,162,673</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r44 c3 c7">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r45" headers="r43 c1">Ability to speak English <sup>e</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r46" headers="r43 r45 c1">English speaker</th>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r45 r46 c2 c4">1,676,925</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r45 r46 c2 c5">67.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r45 r46 c3 c6">38,782,809</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r45 r46 c3 c7">96.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r47" headers="r43 r45 c1">Non-English speaker</th>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r45 r47 c2 c4">808,250</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r45 r47 c2 c5">32.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r45 r47 c3 c6">1,379,864</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r45 r47 c3 c7">3.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r48" headers="r43 c1">Language spoken at home</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r49" headers="r43 r48 c1">Only English</th>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r48 r49 c2 c4">424,140</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r48 r49 c2 c5">17.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r48 r49 c3 c6">35,412,572</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r48 r49 c3 c7">88.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r50" headers="r43 r48 c1">Other language <sup>f</sup></th>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r48 r50 c2 c4">2,061,035</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r48 r50 c2 c5">82.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r48 r50 c3 c6">4,750,101</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r48 r50 c3 c7">11.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="4" id="r51">Race of persons aged 15 or older</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r52" headers="r51 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r52 c2 c4">2,485,175</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r52 c2 c5">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r52 c3 c6">40,162,673</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r52 c3 c7">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r53" headers="r51 c1">White alone</th>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r53 c2 c4">1,591,736</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r53 c2 c5">64.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r53 c3 c6">34,103,524</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r53 c3 c7">84.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r54" headers="r51 c1">Black or African American alone</th>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r54 c2 c4">40,630</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r54 c2 c5">1.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r54 c3 c6">3,757,786</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r54 c3 c7">9.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r55" headers="r51 c1">American Indian or Alaska native</th>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r55 c2 c4">21,285</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r55 c2 c5">0.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r55 c3 c6">235,432</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r55 c3 c7">0.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r56" headers="r51 c1">Asian or Pacific Islander</th>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r56 c2 c4">8,818</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r56 c2 c5">0.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r56 c3 c6">906,278</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r56 c3 c7">2.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r57" headers="r51 c1">Some other race alone</th>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r57 c2 c4">754,727</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r57 c2 c5">30.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r57 c3 c6">791,137</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r57 c3 c7">2.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r58" headers="r51 c1">Two or more major race groups</th>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r58 c2 c4">67,979</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r58 c2 c5">2.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r58 c3 c6">368,516</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r58 c3 c7">0.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="5">SOURCE: 2005 American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">a. The 2005 <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> <abbr class="spell">PUMS</abbr> does not provide beneficiary and recipient information for persons under age 15.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">b. Educational attainment is restricted by author to persons aged 25 or older.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">c. The Census Bureau does not measure poverty status for unrelated individuals younger than age 15.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">d. <abbr>U.S.</abbr>-born includes persons born in the United States, those born abroad to <abbr>U.S.</abbr> parents, and those born in Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Virgin Islands according to the Census Bureau.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">e. Defined here as a person who speaks only English at home or who speaks English well or very well in addition to speaking another language at home.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="5">f. The person speaks another language in addition to or in place of English.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Educational attainment is a major determinant of labor market earnings and, ultimately, retirement income. It is therefore useful to highlight the data on educational attainment from Table 7. Nearly three-fifths (56.5 percent) of Hispanic beneficiaries never completed high school, compared with slightly more than one-fourth (26.3 percent) of beneficiaries overall. Hispanic beneficiaries were less than half as likely as the overall group to have completed a bachelor's degree (7.2 percent versus 17.1 percent).</p>
|
|
<p>Hispanic beneficiaries tend to be younger than other beneficiaries. Three percent of Hispanic beneficiaries are in the <span class="nobr">15–24 </span> age range compared with 1.7 percent of all Social Security beneficiaries. Among those aged 62 or older, Hispanics had about 8 percentage points fewer older beneficiaries—78.4 percent compared with 86.6 percent.</p>
|
|
<p>With regard to race, about 85 percent of all Social Security beneficiaries were white alone, compared with 64.0 percent of Hispanic beneficiaries. The second largest racial group of Social Security beneficiaries (9.4 percent) was black alone. Among Hispanic Social Security beneficiaries, the second largest group was composed of those of "Some other race alone" (30.4 percent).<sup><a href="#mn18" id="mt18">18</a></sup></p>
|
|
<h3>Hispanic <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> Recipients and All Recipients</h3>
|
|
<p>The study also looked at the same selected demographics of Hispanic <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients and compared them with those of all <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients aged 15 or older (Table 8). The two populations were similar with regard to some key variables, namely, sex, age distributions, marital status, and poverty status. For example, regardless of Hispanic status, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients had similar high rates of poverty—above 40 percent (Chart 8). The two populations differ, however, in terms of education. About 67 percent of Hispanic beneficiaries had no high school diploma, compared with 45 percent of the general <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> population. Finally, annual payments received by Hispanics were about 8 percent lower than those received by the overall <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> population—$5,944 versus $6,420 (Table 9).</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table8">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 8. </span>Characteristics of Hispanic recipients of Supplemental Security Income and all recipients, 2005 <sup>a</sup></caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:15em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="4" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" id="c1">Characteristic</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c2">Hispanic recipients</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c3">All recipients</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th id="c4" headers="c2">Number</th>
|
|
<th id="c5" headers="c2">As a<br>percentage<br>of total</th>
|
|
<th id="c6" headers="c3">Number</th>
|
|
<th id="c7" headers="c3">As a<br>percentage<br>of total</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="4" id="r1">Demographic characteristics of persons aged 15 or older</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r2" headers="r1 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c4">657,247</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c5">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c6">5,039,182</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c7">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r3" headers="r1 c1">Sex</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r4" headers="r1 r3 c1">Male</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c2 c4">250,208</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c2 c5">38.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c3 c6">2,044,069</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c3 c7">40.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r5" headers="r1 r3 c1">Female</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c2 c4">407,039</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c2 c5">61.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c3 c6">2,995,113</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c3 c7">59.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r6" headers="r1 c1">Age</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" id="r7" headers="r1 r6 c1">15–24</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c2 c4">39,924</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c2 c5">6.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c3 c6">331,208</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c3 c7">6.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" id="r8" headers="r1 r6 c1">25–61</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c2 c4">333,552</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c2 c5">50.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c3 c6">2,972,993</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c3 c7">59.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" id="r9" headers="r1 r6 c1">62–74</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c2 c4">153,303</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c2 c5">23.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c3 c6">950,828</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c3 c7">18.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" id="r10" headers="r1 r6 c1">75–84</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c2 c4">92,216</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c2 c5">14.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c3 c6">551,292</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c3 c7">10.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r11" headers="r1 r6 c1">85 or older</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c2 c4">38,252</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c2 c5">5.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c3 c6">232,861</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c3 c7">4.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r12" headers="r1 c1">Marital status</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r13" headers="r1 r12 c1">Married</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r13 c2 c4">185,376</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r13 c2 c5">28.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r13 c3 c6">1,363,911</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r13 c3 c7">27.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r14" headers="r1 r12 c1">Widowed</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r14 c2 c4">118,658</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r14 c2 c5">18.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r14 c3 c6">791,912</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r14 c3 c7">15.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r15" headers="r1 r12 c1">Divorced</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r15 c2 c4">112,369</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r15 c2 c5">17.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r15 c3 c6">1,023,119</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r15 c3 c7">20.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r16" headers="r1 r12 c1">Separated</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r16 c2 c4">53,469</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r16 c2 c5">8.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r16 c3 c6">304,374</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r16 c3 c7">6.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r17" headers="r1 r12 c1">Never married</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r17 c2 c4">187,375</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r17 c2 c5">28.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r17 c3 c6">1,555,866</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 r17 c3 c7">30.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="4" id="r18">Educational attainment of persons aged 25 or older <sup>b</sup></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r19" headers="r18 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c2 c4">617,323</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c2 c5">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c3 c6">4,707,974</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c3 c7">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r20" headers="r18 c1">No high school diploma</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c2 c4">411,783</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c2 c5">66.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c3 c6">2,138,290</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c3 c7">45.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r21" headers="r18 c1">High school graduate only</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c2 c4">124,573</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c2 c5">20.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c3 c6">1,446,977</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c3 c7">30.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r22" headers="r18 c1">Some college but no degree</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c2 c4">49,398</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c2 c5">8.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c3 c6">640,514</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c3 c7">13.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r23" headers="r18 c1">Associate's degree</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c2 c4">13,561</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c2 c5">2.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c3 c6">173,697</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c3 c7">3.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r24" headers="r18 c1">Bachelor's degree or higher</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c2 c4">18,008</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c2 c5">2.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c3 c6">308,496</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c3 c7">6.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="4" id="r25">Poverty among persons aged 15 or older <sup>c</sup></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r26" headers="r25 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r26 c2 c4">657,247</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r26 c2 c5">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r26 c3 c6">5,039,182</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r26 c3 c7">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r27" headers="r25 c1">Below 100%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r27 c2 c4">283,992</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r27 c2 c5">43.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r27 c3 c6">2,052,513</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r27 c3 c7">40.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r28" headers="r25 c1">100% to 124%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r28 c2 c4">81,716</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r28 c2 c5">12.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r28 c3 c6">535,052</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r28 c3 c7">10.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r29" headers="r25 c1">125% to 149%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r29 c2 c4">51,049</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r29 c2 c5">7.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r29 c3 c6">388,064</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r29 c3 c7">7.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r30" headers="r25 c1">150% or above</th>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r30 c2 c4">240,490</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r30 c2 c5">36.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r30 c3 c6">2,063,553</td>
|
|
<td headers="r25 r30 c3 c7">41.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="4" id="r31">Disability status of persons aged 15 or older</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r32" headers="r31 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r32 c2 c4">657,247</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r32 c2 c5">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r32 c3 c6">5,039,182</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r32 c3 c7">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r33" headers="r31 c1">With disability</th>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r33 c2 c4">611,811</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r33 c2 c5">93.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r33 c3 c6">4,718,101</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r33 c3 c7">93.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r34" headers="r31 c1">Without disability</th>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r34 c2 c4">45,436</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r34 c2 c5">6.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r34 c3 c6">321,081</td>
|
|
<td headers="r31 r34 c3 c7">6.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="4" id="r35">Citizenship and nativity of persons aged 15 or older</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r36" headers="r35 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r36 c2 c4">657,247</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r36 c2 c5">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r36 c3 c6">5,039,182</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r36 c3 c7">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r37" headers="r35 c1"><abbr>U.S.</abbr> citizenship</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r38" headers="r35 r37 c1"><abbr>U.S.</abbr> citizen</th>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r38 c2 c4">546,446</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r38 c2 c5">83.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r38 c3 c6">4,810,331</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r38 c3 c7">95.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r39" headers="r35 r37 c1">Not <abbr>U.S.</abbr> citizen</th>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r39 c2 c4">110,801</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r39 c2 c5">16.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r39 c3 c6">228,851</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 r39 c3 c7">4.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r40" headers="r35 c1">Nativity</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r41" headers="r35 r40 c1"><abbr>U.S.</abbr>-born <sup>d</sup></th>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r41 c2 c4">401,275</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r41 c2 c5">61.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r41 c3 c6">4,326,677</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r41 c3 c7">85.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r42" headers="r35 r40 c1">Not <abbr>U.S.</abbr> -born</th>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r42 c2 c4">255,972</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r42 c2 c5">38.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r42 c3 c6">712,505</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r40 r42 c3 c7">14.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="4" id="r43">Language of persons aged 15 or older</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r44" headers="r43 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r44 c2 c4">657,247</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r44 c2 c5">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r44 c3 c6">5,039,182</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r44 c3 c7">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r45" headers="r43 c1">Ability to speak English <sup>e</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r46" headers="r43 r45 c1">English speaker</th>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r45 r46 c2 c4">387,454</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r45 r46 c2 c5">59.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r45 r46 c3 c6">4,482,766</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r45 r46 c3 c7">89.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r47" headers="r43 r45 c1">Non-English speaker</th>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r45 r47 c2 c4">269,793</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r45 r47 c2 c5">41.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r45 r47 c3 c6">556,416</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r45 r47 c3 c7">11.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r48" headers="r43 c1">Language spoken at home</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r49" headers="r43 r48 c1">Only English</th>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r48 r49 c2 c4">119,714</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r48 r49 c2 c5">18.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r48 r49 c3 c6">3,987,513</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r48 r49 c3 c7">79.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r50" headers="r43 r48 c1">Other language <sup>f</sup></th>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r48 r50 c2 c4">537,533</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r48 r50 c2 c5">81.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r48 r50 c3 c6">1,051,669</td>
|
|
<td headers="r43 r48 r50 c3 c7">20.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="4" id="r51">Race of persons aged 15 or older</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r52" headers="r51 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r52 c2 c4">657,247</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r52 c2 c5">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r52 c3 c6">5,039,182</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r52 c3 c7">100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r53" headers="r51 c1">White alone</th>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r53 c2 c4">344,955</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r53 c2 c5">52.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r53 c3 c6">3,231,517</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r53 c3 c7">64.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r54" headers="r51 c1">Black or African American alone</th>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r54 c2 c4">13,460</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r54 c2 c5">2.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r54 c3 c6">1,125,967</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r54 c3 c7">22.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r55" headers="r51 c1">American Indian or Alaska native</th>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r55 c2 c4">9,084</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r55 c2 c5">1.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r55 c3 c6">77,774</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r55 c3 c7">1.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r56" headers="r51 c1">Asian or Pacific Islander</th>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r56 c2 c4">2,847</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r56 c2 c5">0.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r56 c3 c6">228,476</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r56 c3 c7">4.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r57" headers="r51 c1">Some other race alone</th>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r57 c2 c4">264,856</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r57 c2 c5">40.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r57 c3 c6">275,541</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r57 c3 c7">5.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r58" headers="r51 c1">Two or more major race groups</th>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r58 c2 c4">22,045</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r58 c2 c5">3.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r58 c3 c6">99,907</td>
|
|
<td headers="r51 r58 c3 c7">2.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="5">SOURCE: 2005 American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">a. The 2005 <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> <abbr class="spell">PUMS</abbr> does not provide beneficiary and recipient information for persons under age 15.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">b. Educational attainment is restricted by author to persons aged 25 or older.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">c. The Census Bureau does not measure poverty status for unrelated individuals younger than age 15.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">d. <abbr>U.S.</abbr>-born includes persons born in the United States, those born abroad to <abbr>U.S.</abbr> parents, and those born in Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Virgin Islands according to the Census Bureau.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">e. Defined here as a person who speaks only English at home or who speaks English well or very well in addition to speaking another language at home.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="5">f. The person speaks another language in addition to or in place of English.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart8">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 8.<br>Poverty status and education of Hispanic Supplemental Security Income recipients and all recipients aged 15 or older, 2005</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart">
|
|
<div class="panel">Poverty status</div>
|
|
<img src="67n2p73_chart08a.gif" alt="Bar chart with tabular version below." width="684" height="297" />
|
|
<div class="panel">Education</div>
|
|
<img src="67n2p73_chart08b.gif" alt="Bar chart with tabular version below." width="683" height="350" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 8. </span>Poverty status and education of Hispanic Supplemental Security Income recipients and all recipients aged 15 or older, 2005 (in percent)</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:13em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Status</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Hispanic<br>Social<br>Security<br>beneficiaries</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">All<br>beneficiaries</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="2" scope="rowgroup">Poverty status</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Below 100% of poverty</th>
|
|
<td>43.2</td>
|
|
<td>40.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Below 150% of poverty</th>
|
|
<td>63.4</td>
|
|
<td>59.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="2" scope="rowgroup">Education</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">No high school diploma</th>
|
|
<td>66.7</td>
|
|
<td>45.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">High school graduate only</th>
|
|
<td>20.2</td>
|
|
<td>30.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Bachelor's degree or higher</th>
|
|
<td>2.9</td>
|
|
<td>6.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="3"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="onlyNote">SOURCE: 2005 American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample. See also Table 8 in this article.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table9">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 9. </span>Supplemental Security Income payments of Hispanic recipients and all recipients, 2005 (in dollars)</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:15em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col"></th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Hispanic recipients</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">All recipients</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Mean <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payment</th>
|
|
<td colspan="2"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Annual</th>
|
|
<td>5,944</td>
|
|
<td>6,420</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Monthly</th>
|
|
<td>495</td>
|
|
<td>535</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Distribution, by payment quartile</th>
|
|
<td colspan="2"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">First</th>
|
|
<td>3,600</td>
|
|
<td>4,000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Second</th>
|
|
<td>6,000</td>
|
|
<td>6,400</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Third</th>
|
|
<td>7,200</td>
|
|
<td>7,500</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="onlyNote" colspan="3">SOURCE: 2005 American Community Survey, Public Use Microdata Sample.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2>Policy Implications and Future Research</h2>
|
|
<p>The demographic and economic differences among the Hispanic population underscore the importance of including more detailed and precise information about Hispanics in any analysis of the Social Security program, including analyses involving the financial status of the program and the effects of various policy options.</p>
|
|
<p>This article documents not only the demographic and economic characteristics of the Hispanic population in the United States but also similar characteristics of the growing and changing subgroups of Hispanic Social Security beneficiaries and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients compared with their general populations. It is important, therefore, for policymakers to consider whether the program's structure will provide adequate benefits to future beneficiary populations and to understand factors that influence economic well-being among Hispanics. For future study, it would be interesting to repeat these analyses for subgroups of the Hispanic population (such as the foreign-born population).</p>
|
|
<p>News reports and even scholarly studies tend to lump Hispanics into one group. Yet this article reveals a remarkable diversity within the Hispanic community, and policymakers may therefore wish to pay special attention to certain subgroups within the Hispanic community. For example, the incidence of poverty among Hispanic Social Security beneficiaries varies by ethnic origin. The findings suggest that country of origin is a strong predictor of economic well-being among <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanics. Beneficiaries, as a rule, are not consistently worse (or better) off than nonbeneficiaries. This finding suggests that retirement (or, more specifically, Social Security benefit receipt) is not uniformly associated with declines in economic status. Quantifying the diversity across Hispanic groups may aid forecasts of the effects of various program policy options.</p>
|
|
<p>The analyses in this article shed some light on the relationship of <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Hispanics to Social Security. For instance, the relatively low earnings of Hispanics are of significance to a special aspect of the program: the Social Security benefit formula replaces a higher percentage of preretirement earnings for persons with lower lifetime earnings. Moreover, some Social Security reform proposals contain provisions that specifically target augmented benefits to low lifetime earners.</p>
|
|
<p>This article, however, contains a cautionary tale regarding retirement policy. The overall economic well-being of Hispanics during their working years and retirement is largely dependent on their success in the labor market, which in turn is strongly related to educational attainment. Thus, a focus only on retirement policy will not address the underlying issues associated with well-being among Hispanics.</p>
|
|
<p>Finally, over time the Social Security program will become increasingly important to Hispanics. As today's relatively young Hispanic population ages, more Hispanics will become eligible for the retirement, disability, and survivor benefits available under Social Security.</p>
|
|
<div id="notes">
|
|
<h2>Notes</h2>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt1" id="mn1">1</a>. The 6 percent figure is derived from <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> tabulations in Table 7 of this article, and the 15 percent figure is based on unpublished tabulations from the <abbr>MINT</abbr> model (see Smith, Cashin, and Favreault [2005] for a description of <abbr>MINT</abbr> projection methods).</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt2" id="mn2">2</a>. Population growth has varied by Hispanic group. For example, the population of Mexican descent grew by 54.4 percent between 1980 and 1990, compared with 35.4 percent and 30.0 percent for those of Puerto Rican and Cuban descent. Also, the 1980s witnessed a substantial increase in immigrants from Central America (Census Bureau 1993).</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt3" id="mn3">3</a>. Data from the public-use files of the March <span class="nobr">2001–2005</span> Income Supplement to the Current Population Survey indicate that the percentage of Social Security beneficiaries aged 15 or older who are Hispanic has been growing in recent years—from 5.5 percent in 2000 to 6.1 percent in 2004 (Social Security Administration 2001, 2005, Table 3.C8). Data from the same source also indicate a growing percentage of Hispanic <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt4" id="mn4">4</a>. See <a href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/about.html">http://www.census.gov/acs/www/SBasics/index.htm</a> for basic information about the survey, including the questionnaire and data collection procedures. Refer to http://www.census.gov<wbr>/hhes<wbr>/www<wbr>/poverty<wbr>/acs_cpspovcompreport.pdf for more detail about how the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> survey differs from other government surveys, such as the Current Population Survey.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt5" id="mn5">5</a>. The <abbr>PUMS</abbr> was released September 11, 2006, with corrected replicate weights for statistical testing. The <abbr>PUMS</abbr> data are a subset of the full <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> sample (Census 2006c).</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt6" id="mn6">6</a>. Matched administrative records can be used to improve information from the survey. Research indicates that some survey respondents are confused about sources of income (for example, some respondents confuse SSI income with Social Security income and vice versa). See Sears and Rupp (2003) for a fuller discussion of this and other issues related to the accuracy of survey data.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt7" id="mn7">7</a>. The population counts of Puerto Ricans in the tables in this article include only persons interviewed in the United States as part of the American Community Survey. This article excludes information on residents of Puerto Rico that is collected as part of the Puerto Rico Community Survey. That survey, which began in 2005, may be used in future work on Hispanics by <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> researchers.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt8" id="mn8">8</a>. Downs (2003) notes that Hispanic women had the highest fertility rate in 2002 among all race and origin groups.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt9" id="mn9">9</a>. The data reported here and in Table 1 illustrate patterns of origin, but they do not measure immigration status. For example, a person who reports Mexican descent may be an immigrant or a person born in the United States. Also note that Puerto Ricans are <abbr>U.S.</abbr> citizens.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt10" id="mn10">10</a>. Statistics on median age from the 2005 <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> are available at the American FactFinder site maintained by the Census Bureau (<a href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/">http://factfinder.census.gov</a>). See Tables <span class="nobr">B01002</span> Median Age by Sex (Total Population) and <span class="nobr">B01002I</span> Median Age by Sex (Hispanic or Latino).</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt11" id="mn11">11</a>. See Table <span class="nobr">B01002H</span>, Median Age by Sex (White Alone, not Hispanic or Latino) at <a href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/">http://factfinder.census.gov</a>.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt12" id="mn12">12</a>. The dollar values for steady low, medium, and high earners in a given year are determined by applying factors (0.45, 1.0, and 1.6) to the year's average wage (computed for <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> program purposes). For 2005, that average wage was $36,952.94, which is close to the average wage tabulated in the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> ($37,069.81).</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt13" id="mn13">13</a>. Because the overall populations in Table 2 encompass a broad age range, some statistics (earnings and poverty) are also presented for narrower age ranges.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt14" id="mn14">14</a>. The <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> classifies individuals as disabled on the basis of whether they report sensory, physical, mental, self-care, go-outside-home, or work disabilities. Persons aged <span class="nobr">16–64</span> are classified as disabled if they report at least one of these six types of disability. The go-outside-home and work disabilities questions are not used to assess persons aged 65 or older, and the questions about go-outside-home disability are not used to assess persons aged <span class="nobr">5–15</span>.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt15" id="mn15">15</a>. In the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr>, respondents are considered <abbr>U.S.</abbr> citizens if they indicated "they were born in the United States, Puerto Rico, a <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Island Area (such as Guam), or abroad of American (<abbr>U.S.</abbr> citizen) parent or parents" or indicated "they were <abbr>U.S.</abbr> citizens through naturalization" (Census Bureau 2006a, 31).</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt16" id="mn16">16</a>. The 2005 <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> <abbr>PUMS</abbr> does not provide beneficiary and recipient information for persons under age 15. <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> data also do not allow for detailed analysis by beneficiary or recipient type. In addition to retirement benefits, Social Security provides disability, spouse, survivor, and child benefits. <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> provides payments to eligible blind, disabled, and aged persons.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt17" id="mn17">17</a>. The <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> definition of disability is not intended to match the definition of disability used in the Supplemental Security Income or Social Security Disability Insurance programs. Rather, its use in this article is to simply illustrate the prevalence of self-reported health problems in various populations.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt18" id="mn18">18</a>. The <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> lists White, Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and "Some Other Race" race categories. Persons who select "Some Other Race" are asked to write in the race. The write in entries include general responses such as "interracial," as well as responses related to origin (for example, "Mexican").</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="references">
|
|
<h2>References</h2>
|
|
<p>Census Bureau. 1993. We, the American . . . Hispanics. Available at http://www.census.gov/apsd/wepeople/we-2r.pdf.</p>
|
|
<p>———. 2001. Total population in households and group quarters by sex and selected age groups, for the United States: 2000. Available at http://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/grpqtr/grpqtr01.pdf.</p>
|
|
<p>———. 2002. Demographic trends in the 20th century. Census 2000 Special Reports (November), Figure <span class="nobr">1-1</span>. Total Population: <span class="nobr">1900-2000</span>. Available in 2006 at <a href="https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2002/dec/censr-4.html">http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/censr-4.pdf</a>.</p>
|
|
<p>———. 2004. <abbr>U.S.</abbr> interim projections by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Available at http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/.</p>
|
|
<p>———. 2006a. American Community Survey 2005 subject definitions. Available at <a href="https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/subject_definitions/2005_ACSSubjectDefinitions.pdf">http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Downloads/2005/usedata/Subject_Definitions.pdf</a>.</p>
|
|
<p>———. 2006b. Annual estimates of the population by sex, race and Hispanic or Latino origin for the United States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2005. Available at http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/NC-EST2005-srh.html.</p>
|
|
<p>———. 2006c. <abbr>PUMS</abbr> accuracy of the data (2005). <a href="https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/pums/accuracy/2005AccuracyPUMS.pdf">Available at http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Downloads/2005/AccuracyPUMS.pdf</a>.</p>
|
|
<p>Downs, Barbara. 2003. Fertility of American women, June 2002. Current Population Reports, <span class="nobr">P-20-548</span> (October). Also available at <a href="https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2003/demo/p20-548.html">http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/p20-548.pdf</a>.</p>
|
|
<p>Gibson, Campbell, and Kay Jung. Historical census statistics on population totals by race, 1790 to 1990, and by Hispanic origin, 1970 to 1990, for the United States, regions, divisions, and states. Available at http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056.html.</p>
|
|
<p>Haines, Dawn E., and Brian Greenberg. 2005. Statistical uses of Social Security administrative data. <abbr>ASA</abbr> proceedings of the Joint Statistical Meetings, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> <span class="nobr">1138-1145</span>. American Statistical Association (Alexandria, <abbr title="Virginia">VA</abbr>). Available at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/58/13/36237686.pdf.</p>
|
|
<p>Immigration and Naturalization Service, Office of Policy and Planning. 2003. Estimates of the unauthorized immigrant population residing in the United States: 1990 to 2000. Available at http://www.uscis.gov<wbr>/graphics<wbr>/shared<wbr>/statistics<wbr>/publications<wbr>/index.htm#population.</p>
|
|
<p>Ramirez, Roberto R. 2004. We the people: Hispanics in the United States. Census 2000 Special Reports. Available at <a href="https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2004/dec/censr-18.html">http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/censr-18.pdf</a>.</p>
|
|
<p>Sears, James, and Kalman Rupp. 2003. Exploring Social Security payment history matched with the Survey of Income and Program Participation. Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology Research Conference. Available at http://www.fcsm.gov/03papers/SearsRupp.pdf.</p>
|
|
<p>Smith, Karen E., David Cashin and Melissa Favreault. 2005. Modeling income in the near term 4: Revised projections of retirement income through 2020 for the <span class="nobr">1931–1960</span> birth cohorts. Urban Institute, Washington, DC. Available at: <a href="https://www.urban.org/research/publication/modeling-income-near-term-4">http://www.urban.org/publications/411191.html</a>.</p>
|
|
<p>Social Security Administration. 2001. Annual Statistical Supplement to the Social Security Bulletin, 2001. Washington, DC: Social Security Administration.</p>
|
|
<p>———. 2005. Annual Statistical Supplement to the Social Security Bulletin, 2005. Washington, DC: Social Security Administration.</p>
|
|
<p>United Nations. 2005. World Population Prospects, 2005. New York: United Nations, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</article>
|
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<footer><div id="footer">
|
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<div class="important-info"><h4>Important Information:</h4>
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