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<h1 itemprop="headline"><span class="bannerNote">PERSPECTIVES:</span> How Postsecondary Education Improves Adult Outcomes for Supplemental Security Income Children with Severe Hearing Impairments</h1>
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<div id="hByline">by <span itemprop="author">Robert R. Weathers II, Gerard Walter, Sara Schley, John Hennessey, Jeffrey Hemmeter, and Richard V. Burkhauser</span><br>Social Security Bulletin, <abbr title="Volume">Vol.</abbr> 67, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 2, 2007 (released February 2008)</div>
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<p id="synopsis" itemprop="description">This article uses a unique longitudinal dataset based on administrative data from the National Technical Institute for the Deaf (<abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>) linked to Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>) microdata to conduct a case study of Supplemental Security Income (<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>) children who applied for postsecondary education at <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>. The authors estimate the likelihood that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who apply to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> will eventually graduate relative to other hearing impaired applicants, as well as the influence of graduation from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> on participation in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program as adults and later success in the labor market. Findings indicate that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children are substantially less likely to graduate from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> than their fellow deaf students who did not participate in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program as children, but that those who do graduate spend less time in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> adult program and have higher age-earnings profiles than those who do not graduate.</p>
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<p>Robert R. Weathers II is with the Social Security Administration. Gerard Walter and Sara Schley are with the National Technical Institute for the Deaf. John Hennessey and Jeffrey Hemmeter are with the Social Security Administration. Richard V. Burkhauser is with Cornell University.</p>
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<p><i>Acknowledgments</i>: Partial funding for the work reported in this article came from the <abbr class="spell">U.S.</abbr> Department of Education, National Institute of Disability and Rehabilitation Research (<abbr class="spell">NIDRR</abbr>), cooperative agreement 1331390038, and the National Technical Institute for the Deaf (<abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>). This work does not necessarily reflect the views of <abbr class="spell">NIDRR</abbr>, <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>, or the Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>). The matched administrative data files used here could not have been created without the help of several senior administrators at <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>. We thank them for their commitment to this project. We also thank Joyce Manchester, L. Scott Muller, and Kalman Rupp for comments and suggestions on earlier drafts of this article. The data extract for this project is restricted-use, and permission must be granted by <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> to use these data.</p>
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<p>Contents of this publication are <a href="/policy/accessibility.html">not copyrighted</a>; any items may be reprinted, but citation of the <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> as the source is requested.</p>
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<h2>Summary</h2>
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<p>The rapid growth in the number of children participating in the Supplemental Security Income (<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>) program before the age of 18 has led policymakers to consider new methods of assisting children with disabilities in their transition from school to work. Postsecondary education represents one path that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children may take to acquire the skills necessary to enter employment and reduce dependency on the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability program as adults. Yet little is known about <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children's experience with postsecondary education, let alone their ability to increase their labor market earnings and reduce their time on <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> as adults in the long term. This lack of information on long-term outcomes is due in part to a lack of longitudinal data.</p>
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<p>This article uses a unique longitudinal data set to conduct a case study of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who applied for postsecondary education at the National Technical Institute for the Deaf (<abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>) within the Rochester Institute of Technology. The data set was created by merging <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> administrative data on the characteristics and experiences of its applicants to Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>) longitudinal data on earnings and program participation. We used this data file to estimate the likelihood that an <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> child will graduate from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> relative to other hearing-impaired <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants, and we estimated the influence of graduation from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> on participation in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> adult program and later success in the labor market.</p>
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<p>The results of our analysis show that the percentage of <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants who were <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children increased over time, from a low of 10 percent in 1982 to more than 41 percent in 2000. However, the differences in the probability of graduation from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> between deaf <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children and deaf applicants who were not <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children did not change accordingly. The probability of graduation for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who applied to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> was 13.5 percentage points lower than for those who were not <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children. The estimated disparity indicates that targeting college retention programs toward <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children may be an effective way to improve overall graduation rates.</p>
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<p>Our results also show that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> spent less time in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> adult program and had higher earnings than <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who did not graduate. Compared with <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who were accepted to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> but chose not to attend, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> left the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program 19 months earlier, were less likely to reenter the program, and at age 30 had increased their earnings by an estimated 49 percent. Our findings demonstrate that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children need not be relegated to a lifetime of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> participation as adults, despite the poor overall labor market experience of this population since the creation of the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program in 1974.</p>
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<h2>Introduction</h2>
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<p>The Supplemental Security Income (<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>) program is the largest federal means-tested cash assistance program in the United States. It is administered by the Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>) and provides assistance to children with disabilities, working-age adults with disabilities, and the aged, as long as they meet the income and resource requirements necessary for eligibility.<sup><a href="#mn1" id="mt1">1</a></sup> In 2005, approximately 1 million children under the age of 18 received disability payments through the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program. The number of children receiving <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> has tripled over the past 15 years, far outpacing the growth of working-age adults and the aged receiving it (Social Security Administration 2006). Many of these children are likely to participate in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability program for a majority of their lifetime (Rupp and Scott 1995) because they are unlikely to reach the income or resource levels, either through work or through other means, to make a long-term exit from the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program. The rapid growth in the number of children receiving disability payments and the evidence that suggests that many of them will depend on these benefits for most of their lives has prompted policymakers to consider new methods to assist children in the transition from school to work. <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> program administrators have referred to these efforts as "managing against the risk of disability."<sup><a href="#mn2" id="mt2">2</a></sup></p>
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<p>Postsecondary education represents one path that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children (that is, those who enter the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program before age 18) may take to acquire the skills necessary to enter employment and reduce dependency on the adult <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability program. Yet little is known about <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children's experience with postsecondary education, let alone its ability to increase their labor market earnings and reduce their time on <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> as adults in the long term. This lack of information on the long-term outcomes is due in part to the absence of longitudinal data on them.<sup><a href="#mn3" id="mt3">3</a></sup></p>
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<p>The findings reported here are from a unique longitudinal data set we created. The data set consists of administrative records from the Rochester Institute of Technology's National Technical Institute for the Deaf (<abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>) linked to data from <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s Supplemental Security Record, the Master Earnings File, and the Numident file. We use these data to conduct a case study of the subsequent educational and labor market success of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children as well as their <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program participation as adults, relative to other deaf children who apply for postsecondary education.</p>
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<p>The case study followed persons with severe hearing impairments who applied to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>, one of two federally supported postsecondary schools that serve the population with severe hearing impairments. The postsecondary education programs offered at <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> include vocational degree programs that provide specific training for particular occupations. They also include professional degree programs that may lead to an associate of science, bachelor of arts, or master of arts degree. Almost all <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants have hearing impairments that meet the medical criteria used to determine eligibility for the Social Security disability programs, and so they also are eligible to receive <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> adult benefits if they meet the income and resource tests.</p>
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<p>We found that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> spent less time in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> adult program and had higher earnings than <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who did not graduate. However, we also found that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who applied to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> had a greater risk of not graduating than their fellow deaf students who did not participate in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program as children. Our findings suggest that greater effort may be necessary to prepare <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children for postsecondary education and that the currently <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>-funded youth transition demonstration projects may contribute to our understanding of how such efforts can improve adult outcomes for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children with disabilities.</p>
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<h2>Literature Review</h2>
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<p>There is a significant body of research on the transition from secondary school to postsecondary education and employment for youth with disabilities. (See Wittenburg and Maag [2002] for a review of this literature.) We contribute to this literature by examining a subgroup of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients—<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children. We describe their experiences during the transition to postsecondary education and quantify their economic outcomes as young adults. Our study is unique in that the longitudinal data on Social Security participation and earnings allowed us to examine outcomes over a relatively long period after the completion of postsecondary education. Here we summarize research related to this study and describe its contribution to the larger body of research.</p>
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<h3>Postsecondary Education for Youth with Disabilities</h3>
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<p>As of 2003, participation in postsecondary education among youth with disabilities was estimated to be about half of the participation rate for the general population of youth (Wagner and others 2005). This research, which used the National Longitudinal Transition Survey (<abbr class="spell">NLTS</abbr>) and the National Longitudinal Transition Survey 2 <span class="nobr">(NLTS–2)</span>, also showed increased participation in postsecondary education for youth with disabilities from 1987 to 2001 and that this increase was greater than the increase for the general population (Wagner and others 2005). This finding indicates that the gap between the two groups has declined over time and that the transition from secondary education to postsecondary education is becoming more prevalent among youth with disabilities.</p>
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<p>Data on postsecondary education completion rates show that youth with disabilities are less likely to complete postsecondary education than other youth. Horn and Berktold (1999) used the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (<abbr class="spell">BPS</abbr>: 90/94) to support this finding; the <abbr class="spell">BPS</abbr>: 90/94 was a survey of undergraduates who enrolled in postsecondary education for the first time in the <span class="nobr">1989–1990</span> period and were interviewed for the last time in 1994. Their results show that, at the time of the last interview, 53 percent of students with disabilities had completed postsecondary education or were still enrolled, compared with 64 percent of those without disabilities. Horn and Berktold state that this difference may have been partly due to differences in attributes that correlate with lower completion rates. For example, persons with disabilities were more likely to have General Educational Development (<abbr class="spell">GED</abbr>) degrees rather than standard high school diplomas, and persons with <abbr class="spell">GED</abbr> degrees are less likely to complete postsecondary education.</p>
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<p>Research on the benefits of postsecondary education is limited to outcomes immediately following completion of postsecondary education. Horn and Berktold (1999) used the <abbr class="spell">BPS</abbr>: 90/94 to show that the gap between postsecondary education graduates with and without disabilities is small in terms of postgraduation employment, participation in graduate school, and participation in employment related to their postsecondary degree. They concluded that postsecondary education graduates with disabilities fare relatively well when compared with those without disabilities. This finding is in stark contrast to the experience of the general population with disabilities, which does not fare nearly as well with respect to both employment and earnings compared with the general population. However, the postsecondary education outcomes considered by Horn and Berktold focused only on the year immediately following graduation; the study did not examine employment and earnings in subsequent years. Thus, these studies may have missed differences that arise in terms of earnings growth and long-term employment prospects.</p>
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<p>The only study that examines long-term employment outcomes among persons with disabilities was performed by Walter, Clarcq, and Thompson (2002), who used data from a 1998 version of the <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> matched data to examine employment outcomes for all <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants. Their analysis suggests that a postsecondary education from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> yields significant economic gains for persons with severe hearing impairments. However, their analysis was based on a single cross section of data and hence did not follow the individuals over time; nor did it examine whether there are differences in these outcomes between those who are former SSI children and those who are not.</p>
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<h3><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> Children</h3>
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<p>Research on <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children shows that they are likely to spend a significant portion of their adult life collecting <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits and that they are less likely to enroll in postsecondary education compared with the general population.</p>
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<p>Rupp and Scott (1995) provide evidence of the length of stay in the program for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children. The authors used sample cohorts of persons awarded <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> as children from 1974 through 1982 and examined a <span class="nobr">10-year</span> follow-up period using administrative records from 1974 through 1992. They found that the mean length of the first spell of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> participation was 11.3 years for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children. By the time <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children turn 65, it is estimated that more than half of them will have spent over 25 years in the program; the mean length of stay for all children was 26.7 years.<sup><a href="#mn4" id="mt4">4</a></sup></p>
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<p>The postsecondary education enrollment rates for former <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children aged <span class="nobr">19–23</span> are described in Loprest and Wittenburg (2005). To examine the transition process, they used data from the National Survey of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> Children and Families (<abbr class="spell">NSCF</abbr>), an <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>-funded nationally representative survey of current and former <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children, fielded from August 2001 through July 2002.<sup><a href="#mn5" id="mt5">5</a></sup> Part of their study examined the educational attainment of a posttransition cohort of people who were aged <span class="nobr">19–23</span> in 2000 and had received <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payments as children in 1996. At the time of the interview, they found that an estimated 42.3 percent had graduated from secondary school but were not in postsecondary school, while 6.3 percent had graduated from secondary school and made the transition to postsecondary school.<sup><a href="#mn6" id="mt6">6</a></sup> The 6.3 percent of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who enrolled in postsecondary education provides some context for our study. Although the rate was not zero, it was small compared with the estimate of 35 percent enrollment rate for youth in the general population who were aged <span class="nobr">18–24</span>.<sup><a href="#mn7" id="mt7">7</a></sup> The <abbr class="spell">NSCF</abbr> estimate of 42 percent of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who completed secondary education but did not enroll in postsecondary education may point to additional <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who could benefit from postsecondary education.</p>
|
|
<h3>How the Current Study Contributes to the Literature</h3>
|
|
<p>Our study builds on existing research by focusing on <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children and examining postsecondary education completion rates, as well as on how postsecondary education can influence length of stay in the adult <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program and long-term employment outcomes. No other study has examined either postsecondary education completion rates for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children or long-term outcomes, such as dependency on the adult <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability program or adult employment associated with postsecondary education for this population. The few studies that have considered long-term outcomes for youth with disabilities who participate in postsecondary education have not taken full advantage of the longitudinal data. Our analysis used a longitudinal database and used techniques that take advantage of the longitudinal nature of our data to characterize outcomes for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children.</p>
|
|
<h2>Data</h2>
|
|
<p>A data file based on administrative data from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> was used for the analyses. The data file was created under a Memorandum of Agreement (<abbr class="spell">MOA</abbr>) whereby <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> paid <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> to create the merged data file for the purpose of conducting research on outcomes for <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants. The two organizations worked together with researchers at Cornell University to design a merged <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> event history data file that could be used to track <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants' outcomes for Social Security program participation, employment, and labor earnings. <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> staff constructed the file, which is securely stored at <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>; only <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> employees are allowed to perform analysis on the individual records.<sup><a href="#mn8" id="mt8">8</a></sup></p>
|
|
<p>The <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> data contain information on all persons who have applied to the school since it opened in 1968. The data allow <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants to be disaggregated into four groups:</p>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>those who were not accepted,</li>
|
|
<li>those who were accepted but chose not to attend,</li>
|
|
<li>those who attended but withdrew before earning a degree, and</li>
|
|
<li>those who graduated.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<p>Individual information is available on the age, sex, and race of all applicants. Additional data are collected for those who attended <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>, including information on the age at which the hearing impairment began, the severity of the person's hearing impairment, and family background.</p>
|
|
<p>Social Security Administration data come from the Supplemental Security Record, the Master Earnings File, and the Numident file.<sup><a href="#mn9" id="mt9">9</a></sup> The Supplemental Security Record contains the complete history of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program participation since the program began in 1974. The file is used to identify childhood participation in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program and to construct an event history file of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program participation in adulthood. The Master Earnings File contains information on annual earnings that are subject to Federal Insurance Contribution Act (<abbr>FICA</abbr>) taxes from 1981 through 2003.<sup><a href="#mn10" id="mt10">10</a></sup> It is used to estimate labor earnings for the age/earnings profiles. The Numident file contains information on deaths that occurred before 2004.</p>
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|
<p>The resulting <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> merged data file has several features that make it superior to all other data sets that describe postsecondary education experiences of and outcomes for persons with disabilities. First, it is the only data set able to track long-term outcomes for youth with disabilities, such as adult <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> participation, employment, and earnings. Second, the <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> data include three different groups of applicants who did not graduate from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>—those who were not accepted, those who were accepted but chose not to attend, and those who attended but withdrew before earning a degree. By comparing <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> graduates with these applicant groups, we were able to reduce the influence of selection bias associated with comparing them with all other persons who had disabilities. Third, our data were administrative, so we were able to match almost all <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants to their administrative records. In this way, we avoided the usual problems with survey data that rely on self-reporting and have low response rates, which can affect validity.</p>
|
|
<p>We focused on applicants born from 1965 through 1979 who were alive at the time we extracted their <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> administrative records.<sup><a href="#mn11" id="mt11">11</a></sup> We restricted our sample to persons born after 1964 because a significant amount of data in the <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> database is missing for earlier cohorts and because by doing so we avoided complications associated with <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> rule changes that occurred in the early 1980s.<sup><a href="#mn12" id="mt12">12</a></sup> We restricted our sample to persons born before 1980 to ensure that we would observe graduation from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>.</p>
|
|
<p>A total of 5,638 applicants met our criteria for the analyses. We refer to this group as <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants. In some of our analyses, we used the subset of 1,366 applicants who were <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children. Finally, we drew a sample of 9,388 <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children from <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> administrative data who met our selection criteria for the analyses. The latter group was used to show how program participation and earnings outcomes differ between <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children in the four <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicant groups and all <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children.</p>
|
|
<p>Table 1 describes the variables used in our analysis, organizing them by <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicant group, participation in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program as a child, demographic characteristics, age at onset of hearing impairment, severity of impairment, and family background characteristics. The descriptive statistics in Table 2 show how the composition of characteristics differed across the four <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> groups.<sup><a href="#mn13" id="mt13">13</a></sup> For example, there are differences in the percentage of each <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicant group who were <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children—16 percent of graduates were <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children compared with 29 percent of those who withdrew; 24 percent of those who were accepted but chose not to attend; and 32 percent of applicants who were not accepted. The lower percentage of <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> graduates who were <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children suggests that the former <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who applied to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> had a relatively lower chance of graduating than other <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants. However, there also are sizable differences across the four groups in terms of other individual characteristics, and these differences may also explain differences in graduation probabilities. Below, we describe how we accounted for these differences in our analyses.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table1">
|
|
<table class="textTable">
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 1. </span>Definition of variables</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:15em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:40em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Variable</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Definition</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Applicant group</th>
|
|
<td colspan="1"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Graduated</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if person graduated from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Withdrew </th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if person withdrew from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Accepted, did not attend</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if person was accepted but did not attend <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Not accepted</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if person was not accepted into <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Received <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> as a child</th>
|
|
<td colspan="1"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> child</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if person received <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payments before age 18; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Not <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> child</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if person did not receive <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payments before age 18; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Sex and race</th>
|
|
<td colspan="1"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Female</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if sex is female; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Nonwhite</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if race is nonwhite; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Age at onset of hearing loss</th>
|
|
<td colspan="1"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Age</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals age at deaf onset; 99 or "." if missing.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Birth</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if age at hearing loss is birth; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">Ages 0–5</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if age at hearing loss is <span class="nobr">0–5</span>; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Ages 6 or older</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if age at hearing loss is 6 or older; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if age at hearing loss is missing; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Severity of hearing loss</th>
|
|
<td colspan="1"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Mild</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if lowest <abbr class="spell">PTA</abbr> hearing score is between 0 and 60; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Severe </th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if lowest <abbr class="spell">PTA</abbr> hearing score is between 61 and 90; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Severe spline</th>
|
|
<td>Is a continuous value that is the difference between the <abbr class="spell">PTA</abbr> score and the score of 60, which is the definition of a severe hearing impairment. It is equal to 0 for those with a <abbr class="spell">PTA</abbr> score above 89 and below 60.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Profound</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if lowest <abbr class="spell">PTA</abbr> hearing score is greater than 90; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Profound spline</th>
|
|
<td>Is a continuous value that is the difference between the <abbr class="spell">PTA</abbr> score and the score of 90, which is the definition of a profound hearing impairment. It is equal to 0 for those with a <abbr class="spell">PTA</abbr> score below 90.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Father's education</th>
|
|
<td colspan="1"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Elementary</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if father's education is elementary school; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Secondary</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if father's education is secondary school; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">College</th>
|
|
<td colspan="1"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" scope="row">2 years</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if father's education is 2 years of college; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" scope="row">4 years</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if father's education is 4 years of college; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" scope="row">5 or more years</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if father's education is postgraduate; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if father's education is missing; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Mother's education</th>
|
|
<td colspan="1"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Elementary</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if mother's education is elementary school; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Secondary</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if mother's education is secondary school; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">College</th>
|
|
<td colspan="1"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" scope="row">2 years</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if mother's education is 2 years of college; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" scope="row">4 years</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if mother's education is 4 years of college; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" scope="row">5 or more years</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if mother's education is 5 or more years of college; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if mother's education is missing; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Deaf parents</th>
|
|
<td colspan="1"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Neither</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if neither parent is deaf; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">One</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if one parent is deaf; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Two</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if two parents are deaf; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>Value equals 1 if parents' hearing status is missing; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Birth year</th>
|
|
<td>Set of indicators equal to 1 for each birth year from 1965 to 1979; 0 otherwise.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="2">SOURCES: Data file of administrative records from the National Technical Institute for the Deaf linked to data from the Social Security Administration's Supplemental Security Record, Master Earnings File, and Numident file.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="2">NOTE: <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> = National Technical Institute for the Deaf; <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> = Supplemental Security Income; <abbr class="spell">PTA</abbr> = pure tone average hearing level.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2>Methods</h2>
|
|
<p>Our analyses focused on describing the following three outcomes for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children:</p>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>The probability that an <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> child who applied to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> would graduate, compared with <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants who did not participate in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program in childhood;</li>
|
|
<li>Dependency on the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> adult program for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>, compared with each of the three groups of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who applied but did not graduate; and</li>
|
|
<li>Levels and growth of earnings for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>, compared with each of the three groups of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who applied but did not graduate.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<p>Different methods were required to describe each of the outcomes. Here, we provide an overview of the methods used. The technical details can be found in Appendix A.</p>
|
|
<h3>Educational Outcomes</h3>
|
|
<p>The differences in the probability of graduation between <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children and those who were not <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children (outcome 1) were used to assess whether the differences between the two groups are large enough for policymakers to consider special programs that specifically target <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who apply for postsecondary education. If there are no differences in the probability of graduation between the two groups, then postsecondary education programs specifically targeting <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children may have a smaller potential for affecting educational success. This information is important to policymakers interested in identifying which programs have the potential to help <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children make the transition to adult life. We do not attribute the differences to the presence of the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program; that is, we do not conclude that if the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program did not exist there would be no difference in graduation rates. <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> eligibility is based on family income and resource tests, and in the absence of the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program these children might have experienced similar differences in the probability of graduation because their families had lower income and resources compared with <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants who were not <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children.</p>
|
|
<p>The method we used to estimate differences in the probability of graduation among all applicants is referred to as a sequential response model. This type of model disaggregates the probability of graduation into a sequence of three events and may be used to show how differences in the probability of graduation are related to the probability that each of the following events will occur:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>an <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicant will meet the school's admission criteria,</li>
|
|
<li>an accepted applicant will choose to attend <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>, and</li>
|
|
<li>for those who attend <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>, whether they will graduate.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>Some of those who attend <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> will withdraw from the school before completing the requirements for graduation. </p>
|
|
<p>We used multivariate logit models to estimate how participation in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program as a child is related to the probability that each of these events will occur; therefore, our model is referred to as a sequential logit.<sup><a href="#mn14" id="mt14">14</a></sup> The motivation for using the sequential logit is based on the descriptive statistics in Table 2, which show substantial differences in sex and race for those who are admitted to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>, those who choose to attend, and attendees who graduate from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>. Therefore, differences between <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children and those who are not <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children could be driven by differences in sex or race.<sup><a href="#mn15" id="mt15">15</a></sup> The sequential logit model allows us to estimate how the probability that a particular event will occur and differs for those who participate in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program as children, compared with those who do not, after accounting for differences in sex, race, and birth year across the two groups. It also allows us to examine differences in graduation that may be related to sex or race.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table2">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 2. </span>Descriptive statistics for <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants, by outcome of application (in percent unless otherwise specified)</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:15em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="10" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stubHeading" id="c1">Variable</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" id="c2">Total</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" id="c3">Not accepted</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" id="c4">Accepted,<br>did not attend</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" id="c5">Withdrew</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" id="c6">Graduated</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th id="c7" headers="c2">Mean</th>
|
|
<th id="c8" headers="c2"><abbr class="spell">SE</abbr></th>
|
|
<th id="c9" headers="c3">Mean</th>
|
|
<th id="c10" headers="c3"><abbr class="spell">SE</abbr></th>
|
|
<th id="c11" headers="c4">Mean</th>
|
|
<th id="c12" headers="c4"><abbr class="spell">SE</abbr></th>
|
|
<th id="c13" headers="c5">Mean</th>
|
|
<th id="c14" headers="c5"><abbr class="spell">SE</abbr></th>
|
|
<th id="c15" headers="c6">Mean</th>
|
|
<th id="c16" headers="c6"><abbr class="spell">SE</abbr></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r1" headers="c1">Individual characteristics</th>
|
|
<td colspan="10"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r2" headers="r1 c1">Former <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> child</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c7">24.23</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c8">0.57</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c9">31.94</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c10">1.84</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c4 c11">23.72</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c4 c12">1.39</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c5 c13">28.68</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c5 c14">0.94</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c6 c15">15.84</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c6 c16">0.87</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r3" headers="r1 c1">Female</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c2 c7">44.75</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c2 c8">0.66</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c3 c9">49.61</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c3 c10">1.97</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c4 c11">53.51</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c4 c12">1.63</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c5 c13">38.90</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c5 c14">1.02</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c6 c15">45.93</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c6 c16">1.19</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r4" headers="r1 c1">Nonwhite</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c2 c7">24.49</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c2 c8">0.57</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c3 c9">44.03</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c3 c10">1.96</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c4 c11">30.96</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c4 c12">1.51</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c5 c13">21.41</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c5 c14">0.86</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c6 c15">17.89</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c6 c16">0.92</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r5" headers="c1">Age at onset of hearing loss</th>
|
|
<td colspan="10"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r6" headers="r5 c1">Mean age at onset (years)</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r6 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r6 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r6 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r6 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r6 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r6 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r6 c5 c13">10.80</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r6 c5 c14">0.64</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r6 c6 c15">9.65</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r6 c6 c16">0.69</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r7" headers="r5 c1">Birth</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r7 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r7 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r7 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r7 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r7 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r7 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r7 c5 c13">75.15</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r7 c5 c14">0.90</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r7 c6 c15">76.52</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r7 c6 c16">1.01</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" id="r8" headers="r5 c1">Ages 1–5</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r8 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r8 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r8 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r8 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r8 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r8 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r8 c5 c13">10.23</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r8 c5 c14">0.63</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r8 c6 c15">10.77</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r8 c6 c16">0.74</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r9" headers="r5 c1">Ages 6 or older</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r9 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r9 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r9 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r9 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r9 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r9 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r9 c5 c13">1.00</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r9 c5 c14">0.21</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r9 c6 c15">0.68</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r9 c6 c16">0.20</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r10" headers="r5 c1">Missing</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r10 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r10 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r10 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r10 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r10 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r5 r10 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r10 c5 c13">13.62</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r10 c5 c14">0.72</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r10 c6 c15">12.02</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 r10 c6 c16">0.78</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r11" headers="c1">Severity of hearing loss</th>
|
|
<td colspan="10"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r12" headers="r11 c1">Mean hearing loss</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r12 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r12 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r12 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r12 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r12 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r12 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r12 c5 c13">93.13</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r12 c5 c14">0.45</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r12 c6 c15">94.87</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r12 c6 c16">0.46</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r13" headers="r11 c1">Missing</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r13 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r13 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r13 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r13 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r13 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r13 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r13 c5 c13">2.22</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r13 c5 c14">0.31</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r13 c6 c15">1.60</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r13 c6 c16">0.30</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r14" headers="r11 c1">Mild</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r14 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r14 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r14 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r14 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r14 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r14 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r14 c5 c13">4.22</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r14 c5 c14">0.42</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r14 c6 c15">2.68</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r14 c6 c16">0.39</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r15" headers="r11 c1">Severe</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r15 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r15 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r15 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r15 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r15 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r15 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r15 c5 c13">27.89</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r15 c5 c14">0.94</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r15 c6 c15">25.81</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r15 c6 c16">1.04</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r16" headers="r11 c1">Severe spline (mean)</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r16 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r16 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r16 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r16 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r16 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r16 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r16 c5 c13">5.60</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r16 c5 c14">0.20</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r16 c6 c15">5.26</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r16 c6 c16">0.23</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r17" headers="r11 c1">Profound</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r17 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r17 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r17 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r17 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r17 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r17 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r17 c5 c13">65.67</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r17 c5 c14">0.99</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r17 c6 c15">69.91</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r17 c6 c16">1.10</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r18" headers="r11 c1">Profound spline (mean)</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r18 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r18 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r18 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r18 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r18 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r11 r18 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r18 c5 c13">9.52</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r18 c5 c14">0.21</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r18 c6 c15">9.87</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 r18 c6 c16">0.23</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r19" headers="c1">Father's education</th>
|
|
<td colspan="10"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r20" headers="r19 c1">Elementary</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r20 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r20 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r20 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r20 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r20 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r20 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 c5 c13">11.88</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 c5 c14">0.68</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 c6 c15">8.60</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 c6 c16">0.67</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r21" headers="r19 c1">Secondary</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r21 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r21 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r21 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r21 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r21 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r21 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r21 c5 c13">32.94</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r21 c5 c14">0.98</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r21 c6 c15">30.71</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r21 c6 c16">1.10</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r22" headers="r19 c1">College</th>
|
|
<td colspan="10"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r23" headers="r19 r22 c1">2 years</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r22 r23 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r22 r23 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r22 r23 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r22 r23 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r22 r23 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r22 r23 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 r23 c5 c13">17.15</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 r23 c5 c14">0.79</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 r23 c6 c15">15.67</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 r23 c6 c16">0.87</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r24" headers="r19 r22 c1">4 years</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r22 r24 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r22 r24 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r22 r24 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r22 r24 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r22 r24 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r22 r24 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 r24 c5 c13">17.93</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 r24 c5 c14">0.80</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 r24 c6 c15">22.22</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 r24 c6 c16">0.99</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r25" headers="r19 r22 c1">5 or more years</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r22 r25 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r22 r25 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r22 r25 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r22 r25 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r22 r25 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r22 r25 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 r25 c5 c13">9.27</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 r25 c5 c14">0.61</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 r25 c6 c15">14.07</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 r25 c6 c16">0.83</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r26" headers="r19 c1">Missing</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r26 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r26 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r26 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r26 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r26 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r19 r26 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r26 c5 c13">10.84</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r26 c5 c14">0.65</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r26 c6 c15">8.72</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r26 c6 c16">0.67</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r27" headers="c1">Mother's education</th>
|
|
<td colspan="10"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r28" headers="r27 c1">Elementary</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r28 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r28 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r28 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r28 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r28 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r28 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 r28 c5 c13">10.36</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 r28 c5 c14">0.64</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 r28 c6 c15">8.15</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 r28 c6 c16">0.65</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r29" headers="r27 c1">Secondary</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r29 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r29 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r29 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r29 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r29 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r29 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 r29 c5 c13">39.51</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 r29 c5 c14">1.02</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 r29 c6 c15">35.84</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 r29 c6 c16">1.14</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r30" headers="r27 c1">College</th>
|
|
<td colspan="10"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r31" headers="r27 r30 c1">2 years</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r30 r31 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r30 r31 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r30 r31 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r30 r31 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r30 r31 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r30 r31 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 r30 r31 c5 c13">22.32</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 r30 r31 c5 c14">0.87</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 r30 r31 c6 c15">21.20</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 r30 r31 c6 c16">0.98</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r32" headers="r27 r30 c1">4 years</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r30 r32 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r30 r32 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r30 r32 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r30 r32 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r30 r32 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r30 r32 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 r30 r32 c5 c13">16.45</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 r30 r32 c5 c14">0.77</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 r30 r32 c6 c15">20.97</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 r30 r32 c6 c16">0.97</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r33" headers="r27 r30 c1">5 or more years</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r30 r33 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r30 r33 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r30 r33 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r30 r33 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r30 r33 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r30 r33 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 r30 r33 c5 c13">5.09</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 r30 r33 c5 c14">0.46</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 r30 r33 c6 c15">7.29</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 r30 r33 c6 c16">0.62</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r34" headers="r27 c1">Missing</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r34 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r34 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r34 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r34 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r34 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r27 r34 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 r34 c5 c13">6.27</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 r34 c5 c14">0.51</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 r34 c6 c15">6.55</td>
|
|
<td headers="r27 r34 c6 c16">0.59</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r35" headers="c1">Deaf parents</th>
|
|
<td colspan="10"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r36" headers="r35 c1">Neither</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r35 r36 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r35 r36 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r35 r36 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r35 r36 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r35 r36 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r35 r36 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r36 c5 c13">88.90</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r36 c5 c14">0.66</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r36 c6 c15">93.68</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r36 c6 c16">0.58</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r37" headers="r35 c1">One</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r35 r37 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r35 r37 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r35 r37 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r35 r37 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r35 r37 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r35 r37 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 c5 c13">1.65</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 c5 c14">0.27</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 c6 c15">1.20</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r37 c6 c16">0.26</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r38" headers="r35 c1">Two</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r35 r38 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r35 r38 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r35 r38 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r35 r38 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r35 r38 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r35 r38 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r38 c5 c13">8.18</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r38 c5 c14">0.57</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r38 c6 c15">4.90</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r38 c6 c16">0.52</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r39" headers="r35 c1">Missing</th>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r35 r39 c2 c7">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r35 r39 c2 c8">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r35 r39 c3 c9">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r35 r39 c3 c10">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r35 r39 c4 c11">--</td>
|
|
<td class="nobr" headers="r35 r39 c4 c12">--</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r39 c5 c13">1.26</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r39 c5 c14">0.23</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r39 c6 c15">0.23</td>
|
|
<td headers="r35 r39 c6 c16">0.11</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r40" headers="c1">Mean birth year</th>
|
|
<td headers="r40 c2 c7">1970.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r40 c2 c8">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r40 c3 c9">1969.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r40 c3 c10">0.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r40 c4 c11">1970.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r40 c4 c12">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r40 c5 c13">1971.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r40 c5 c14">0.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r40 c6 c15">1970.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r40 c6 c16">0.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r41" headers="c1">Number of observations</th>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="2">5,638</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="2">645</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="2">940</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="2">2,298</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="2">1,755</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="11">SOURCES: Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>) calculations using the data file of administrative records from the National Technical Institute for the Deaf linked to data from <abbr class="spell">SSA's</abbr> Supplemental Security Record, Master Earnings File, and Numident file.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="11">NOTE: <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> = National Technical Institute for the Deaf; <abbr class="spell">SE</abbr> = standard error; <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> = Supplemental Security Income; <span class="nobr">--</span> = not available.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>The estimates from the sequential logit may be used to show how individual characteristics have different effects on the overall probability of graduation at each event within the sequence of events leading to graduation.<sup><a href="#mn16" id="mt16">16</a></sup> This information is important because it can show policymakers how each of the three events—<abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> admission among those who apply, <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> attendance among those accepted, and <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> graduation among those who attend—is related to differences in the probability of graduation for particular types of applicants. For example, if lower graduation rates among <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children occur because they decide not to attend <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>, efforts to improve graduation rates might consist of providing better information on how <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children can get financial assistance. However, other efforts would be called for—such as improvements to college retention programs—if lower graduation rates occur because <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children are withdrawing from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> before earning a degree.</p>
|
|
<h3>Program Dependency and Earnings Outcomes</h3>
|
|
<p><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduate from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> (outcome 1) may experience reduced dependency on the adult program (outcome 2) and increased earnings (outcome 3). Our strategy for identifying the potential impact of <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> graduation was to compare these outcomes for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduate from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> with the outcomes for the following groups of applicants:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who were accepted to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> but chose not to attend, and</li>
|
|
<li><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who withdrew before earning a degree.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>To attribute the entire difference in these outcomes to graduation from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>, we need to assume that the <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> graduates would have experienced the same outcomes as the comparison groups if they had not graduated from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>. We refer to our estimates as "potential impacts" because we are not able to verify that this assumption is valid.</p>
|
|
<p>We used two other comparison groups to provide further context to our estimates of these outcomes:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who applied to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> but who did not meet the admission standard. Our hypothesis is that this comparison group spent more time in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program as adults and earned less than those who were accepted to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> because they did not meet the <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> admission standard.</li>
|
|
<li>former <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who qualified on the basis of a primary diagnosis of deafness and were similar in age to the <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> sample.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>These comparison groups place our results in the context of the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program. We hypothesize that the full population of deaf <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children spent the most time in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program and had the lowest earnings.</p>
|
|
<p>We measured adult dependency on the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program using survival analysis, which provides estimates of the timing of exit from and reentry into the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program after reaching age 19. Survival analysis entails following individuals from one particular event (for example, entering the adult <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program) to another (for example, exiting the adult <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program), and comparing the amount of time between events across groups. We estimated the potential effect of <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> graduation by comparing <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> with each of our comparison groups using the following measures:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>the estimated probability of remaining in the program for each year over a <span class="nobr">10-year</span> period,</li>
|
|
<li>the probability of leaving the program at the end of the <span class="nobr">10-year</span> period, and </li>
|
|
<li>the estimated median number of months spent in the adult <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p class="noindent"><span class="h4">Dependency on the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> Program as an Adult.</span> For this analysis, we confined our sample to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants who were <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children receiving <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> adult benefits at age 19.<sup><a href="#mn17" id="mt17">17</a></sup> The event history file contains the month that the person turns 19 and either the month that the person exits the adult <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program or the last month available in our data. Months are a natural time unit for the measurement of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> participation because an <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipient's payment status is determined on a monthly basis. For presentation purposes, we grouped months into yearly intervals. Some people in our data set were still participating in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program as of the last time period we recorded; that is, we never observed a transition from the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program for some persons. These cases are referred to as censored cases, and we accounted for them by using standard statistical techniques (described in Appendix B).</p>
|
|
<p>We used a similar approach to examine the timing of reentry into the adult program after a first exit. In this case, the first event was the month that a person first exited the adult <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program, and the second event was the month that a person first reentered the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program. Like the analysis of first exit from the adult <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program, we grouped months into yearly intervals for presentation and used standard techniques to account for censored cases in the analysis. Because of data limitations, we focused on the probability of reentry into the program within 5 years of first exit as another measure of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> dependency.</p>
|
|
<p class="noindent"><span class="h4">Earnings.</span> To describe the third outcome, earnings, we used age/earnings profiles to examine differences in earnings from ages <span class="nobr">18–30</span> across the four groups of <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants. For each person in the data set, earnings were observed for each age up to 2002, the final year that annual earnings are available in our data. A data set that contains an observation for each person at each age was created, and the dollar values were adjusted to 2004 dollars using the consumer price index for all urban consumers (<abbr class="spell">CPI-U</abbr>). We used three key statistics to describe the age/earnings profiles:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>the percentage of persons with at least $1 of earnings at a particular age,</li>
|
|
<li>the mean earnings for those with at least $1 of earnings at a particular age, and</li>
|
|
<li>the mean earnings for all persons at a particular age.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>Appendix B contains data for each of the three statistics. Separate profiles were estimated for each of the four <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicant groups using mean earnings for all persons. Mean earnings for each age were plotted in an age/earnings graph, and a third-order polynomial trend line was fit to the means to illustrate the pattern for the various groups. The analysis allowed us to examine differences in both the level and growth in earnings from ages <span class="nobr">18–30</span> and to describe the potential effects of an <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> education on earnings during this period.</p>
|
|
<h2>Results</h2>
|
|
<p>From 1982 to 2000, the percentage of both <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants and graduates who were <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children steadily increased. These two trends are illustrated in Chart 1, which organizes <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants and graduates by the year they first applied, so that there is a common basis of comparison. The chart shows that the percentage of all <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants who were <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children increased from 10 percent in 1983 to 43 percent in 1999. It also shows that the fraction of <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> graduates who were <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children increased from 8 percent of those who applied in 1982 to 28 percent in 1999. These results indicate that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children with hearing impairments accounted for a significant share of applicants and graduates during this period and that they were willing and able to participate in postsecondary education.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart1">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 1.<br>Time series of the percentage of <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants and graduates who were <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children, by year of application</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="67n2p101_chart01.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="700" height="316" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 1. </span>Time series of the percentage of <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants and graduates who were <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children, by year of application (percent)</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:15em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Year of application</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percent of applicants who<br>Received <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> as a Child</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percent of <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> graduates who<br>received <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> as a Child</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>18.07</td>
|
|
<td>8.33</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>10.53</td>
|
|
<td>8.60</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>13.29</td>
|
|
<td>6.45</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>12.35</td>
|
|
<td>13.08</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>14.15</td>
|
|
<td>7.14</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>17.07</td>
|
|
<td>11.56</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>19.76</td>
|
|
<td>16.67</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>21.65</td>
|
|
<td>15.04</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>29.05</td>
|
|
<td>20.95</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>27.53</td>
|
|
<td>20.56</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>27.81</td>
|
|
<td>17.58</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>37.20</td>
|
|
<td>21.18</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>32.22</td>
|
|
<td>18.85</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>32.42</td>
|
|
<td>27.45</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>36.47</td>
|
|
<td>29.90</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>29.90</td>
|
|
<td>11.86</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>36.41</td>
|
|
<td>17.24</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>41.57</td>
|
|
<td>28.57</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="3"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCES: Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>) calculations using the data file of administrative records from the National Technical Institute for the Deaf linked to data from <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s Supplemental Security Record, Master Earnings File, and Numident file.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote">NOTE: <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> = National Technical Institute for the Deaf; <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> = Supplemental Security Income.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>The position of the trend lines in Chart 1 also shows that, for each application year, the fraction of eventual graduates who were <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children was smaller than the fraction of all applicants who were <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children. For the 1999 application-year cohort, 42 percent of applicants were <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children, compared with only 28 percent of eventual graduates. Overall, the percentage of those who graduated and were classified as <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children was lower than the percentage who graduated and were not in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program in childhood. Hence, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who applied were less likely to graduate, compared with other applicants. The chart shows that this finding existed for almost every application year from 1982 to 1999.</p>
|
|
<p>Finally, the slopes of the two trend lines are different.<sup><a href="#mn18" id="mt18">18</a></sup> This difference indicates that even though both trends increased, the fraction of <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants who were <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children increased at a faster rate. As a result, the likelihood that an <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> child who applies to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> will eventually graduate has decreased over time. More <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children are applying to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>, but the rate of graduation among these applicants has declined slightly over time. The estimates below more precisely measure the exact relationship between participation in <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> as a child and educational success as an adult.</p>
|
|
<h3>Probability of Graduation</h3>
|
|
<p>The results of our multivariate logit model show some substantial and statistically significant differences in the characteristics of applicants who were not admitted to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>, were admitted and chose to attend <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>, and attended and completed degree requirements. Table 3 shows the differences in the probability for each of these events between <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children and those who were not <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children. Compared with non-<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children, the probability that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who applied to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> would be admitted was 4.8 percentage points lower, the probability that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who were admitted would attend <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> was not statistically different, and the probability that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who attended <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> would graduate was 16 percentage points lower. The difference in the graduation rate among those who attend <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> is large; after adjusting for differences in sex and race, we estimate that 47 percent of <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> attendees who were not <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children graduated compared with only 31 percent of those who were <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children. The difference suggests that college preparation and retention programs that target <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children may have the potential to substantially improve their graduation rates.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table3">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 3. </span>Sequential logit model results of relationship between <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> participation as a child and graduation from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>: Estimated impact on the probability that each event will occur (in percentage points)</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:15em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Variable</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Difference in probability of being admitted to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> among applicants</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Difference in probability of attending <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> among those admitted</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Difference in probability of graduation among those who attend <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Former <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> child</th>
|
|
<td>-4.81***<br>[1.09] </td>
|
|
<td class="align3asterisks">-0.76<br>[1.34]</td>
|
|
<td>-16.07***<br>[1.81] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Female</th>
|
|
<td>-1.93***<br>[0.83] </td>
|
|
<td>-7.27***<br>[1.11] </td>
|
|
<td>8.11***<br>[1.55] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Nonwhite</th>
|
|
<td>-12.42***<br>[1.19] </td>
|
|
<td>-11.28***<br>[1.50] </td>
|
|
<td class="align3asterisks">-0.69<br>[1.98] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Birth year indicators</th>
|
|
<td>Yes</td>
|
|
<td>Yes</td>
|
|
<td>Yes</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Predicted probability (percent)</th>
|
|
<td>88.6</td>
|
|
<td>81.2</td>
|
|
<td>42.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Number of observations</th>
|
|
<td>5,638</td>
|
|
<td>4,993</td>
|
|
<td>4,053</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="4">SOURCES: Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>) calculations using the data file of administrative records from the National Technical Institute for the Deaf linked to data from <abbr class="spell">SSA's</abbr> Supplemental Security Record, Master Earnings File, and Numident file.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="4">NOTES: The sequential model is based on a sequential logit specification as described in Appendix A. Logit coefficients, odds ratios, and marginal effects for the entire model are in <a href="#tablea2">Table <span class="nobr">A-2</span></a>.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="4">Standard errors are in brackets.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="4"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> = Supplemental Security Income; <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> = National Technical Institute for the Deaf.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="4">* significant at .10 level; <span class="nobr">**</span> significant at .05 level; <span class="nobr">***</span> significant at .01 level.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>The results for females and nonwhite applicants are remarkably different from those described for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children. Females who applied were less likely to be admitted, and those who were admitted were less likely to attend. However, the probability of graduation for females who attended <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> was 8.1 percentage points higher than that of their male counterparts. Compared with whites, nonwhites were less likely to meet the admission criteria, and those who met the criteria were less likely to choose to attend <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>. However, the differences in graduation rates between whites and nonwhites who attended <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> were not statistically different.</p>
|
|
<p>We also looked at the relationship between individual characteristics and the overall probability of graduation among <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants at each stage of the process.<sup><a href="#mn19" id="mt19">19</a></sup> As shown in Table 4, the probability of graduation for all <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who applied to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> was 13.5 percentage points lower than that for <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants who were not <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children. The lower probability was spread over the three separate events that lead to graduation for applicants—with 1.7 percentage points attributed to the admittance step, 0.3 percentage points attributed to the attendance step, and 11.5 percentage points attributed to the graduation step. Thus, the final step was responsible for most of the disparity in the overall graduation rates for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who applied to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> compared with the rate for those who were not <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table4">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 4. </span>Sequential logit model results of relationship between <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> participation as a child and graduation from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>: Decomposition of each event's impact on the overall probability of graduation among applicants (in percentage points)</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="4" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Variable</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Difference in<br>probability of<br>graduation<br>among all <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr><br>applicants</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Difference in<br>probability of<br>graduation<br>due to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr><br>admission decision</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Difference in<br>probability of<br>graduation<br>due to decision<br>to attend <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Difference in<br>probability of<br>graduation<br>due to decision<br>to complete an<br><abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> degree</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Former <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> child</th>
|
|
<td>-13.5</td>
|
|
<td>-1.7</td>
|
|
<td>-0.3</td>
|
|
<td>-11.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Female</th>
|
|
<td>2.4</td>
|
|
<td>-0.7</td>
|
|
<td>-2.7</td>
|
|
<td>5.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Nonwhite</th>
|
|
<td>-9.1</td>
|
|
<td>-4.3</td>
|
|
<td>-4.3</td>
|
|
<td>-0.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="5">SOURCES: Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>) calculations using the data file of administrative records from the National Technical Institute for the Deaf linked to data from <abbr class="spell">SSA's</abbr> Supplemental Security Record, Master Earnings File, and Numident file.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">NOTES: The sequential model is based on a sequential logit specification as described in Appendix A. Logit coefficients, odds ratios, and marginal effects for the entire model are in <a href="#tablea2">Table <span class="nobr">A-2</span></a>.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="5"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> = Supplemental Security Income; <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> = National Technical Institute for the Deaf.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Given the importance of the graduation step, we estimated a multivariate logit model of the probability of graduation for those who attended <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> that includes the additional characteristics available for those attendees. The results are in Table 5 and are comparable with those shown in Table 3. The inclusion of the additional characteristics slightly reduces the estimated difference in the probability of graduation between former <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children and those who had not been in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program as children. However, the difference is still large and statistically significant. The probability that former <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who attended <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> would graduate was 13.5 percentage points lower than for those who were not <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children. To put this result in perspective, the probability of graduation for those who were not <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children was 46 percent, compared with an estimated 32.5 percent for former <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children. Thus, even after controlling for sex, race, severity of hearing impairment, family background characteristics, and birth cohort, former <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children were significantly less likely to graduate than their non-<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> counterparts.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table5">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 5. </span>Logit model results of the probability of graduation for <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> attendees</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:15em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:15em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:15em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Variable</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Coefficient</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Effect on probability<br>of graduation<br>(percentage points)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Individual characteristic</th>
|
|
<td colspan="2"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Former <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> child</th>
|
|
<td>-0.5887***<br>[0.0873] </td>
|
|
<td>-13.5<br>[1.92]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Female</th>
|
|
<td>0.3653***<br>[0.0668] </td>
|
|
<td>8.5<br>[1.54]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Nonwhite</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0158 <br>[0.0873] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.4<br>[2.01]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Age at onset of hearing loss</th>
|
|
<td colspan="2"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Birth</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0049 <br>[0.1086] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.1<br>[2.52]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">Ages 1–5 (reference)</th>
|
|
<td>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Ages 6 or older</th>
|
|
<td>-0.4722 <br>[0.3797] </td>
|
|
<td>-10.7<br>[8.16]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>-0.2385 <br>[0.1503] </td>
|
|
<td>-5.5<br>[3.4]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Severity of hearing loss</th>
|
|
<td colspan="2"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Mild</th>
|
|
<td>0.1989 <br>[0.2492] </td>
|
|
<td>-4.5<br>[5.5]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Severe (reference)</th>
|
|
<td>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Severe spline</th>
|
|
<td>0.0034 <br>[0.0077] </td>
|
|
<td>0.1<br>[0.18]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Profound</th>
|
|
<td>0.2314 <br>[0.1866] </td>
|
|
<td>5.4<br>[4.28]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Profound spline</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0009 <br>[0.0050] </td>
|
|
<td>0<br>[0.12]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>0.5797* <br>[0.3399] </td>
|
|
<td>13.4<br>[7.84]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Father's education</th>
|
|
<td colspan="2"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Primary</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0707 <br>[0.1470] </td>
|
|
<td>-1.6<br>[3.3]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Secondary</th>
|
|
<td>0.0831 <br>[0.1038] </td>
|
|
<td>1.9<br>[2.4]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">College</th>
|
|
<td colspan="2"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" scope="row">2 years (reference)</th>
|
|
<td>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2 top" scope="row">4 years</th>
|
|
<td>0.2016* <br>[0.1113] </td>
|
|
<td>4.8<br>[2.65]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2 top" scope="row">5 or more years</th>
|
|
<td>0.2923** <br>[0.1345] </td>
|
|
<td>7.0<br>[3.21]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>-0.3107 <br>[0.1977] </td>
|
|
<td>-6.9<br>[4.29]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Mother's education</th>
|
|
<td colspan="2"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Primary</th>
|
|
<td>0.0741 <br>[0.1467] </td>
|
|
<td>1.7<br>[3.35]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Secondary</th>
|
|
<td>-0.0117 <br>[0.0930] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.3<br>[2.14]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">College</th>
|
|
<td colspan="2"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" scope="row">2 years (reference)</th>
|
|
<td>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2 top" scope="row">4 years</th>
|
|
<td>0.2* <br>[0.1072] </td>
|
|
<td>4.7<br>[2.53]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2 top" scope="row">5 or more years</th>
|
|
<td>0.3513** <br>[0.1591] </td>
|
|
<td>8.3<br>[3.75]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>0.6418***<br>[0.2372] </td>
|
|
<td>14.8<br>[5.42]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Deaf parents</th>
|
|
<td colspan="2"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Neither (reference)</th>
|
|
<td>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . .</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">One</th>
|
|
<td>-0.1507 <br>[0.2871] </td>
|
|
<td>-3.5<br>[6.59]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Two</th>
|
|
<td>-0.3507** <br>[0.1409] </td>
|
|
<td>-8.0<br>[3.12]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>-1.9819***<br>[0.5822] </td>
|
|
<td>-34.0<br>[5.49]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" scope="rowgroup">Constant</th>
|
|
<td>0.4382* <br>[0.2350] </td>
|
|
<td>. . .<br>. . .</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="3">SOURCES: Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>) calculations using the data file of administrative records from the National Technical Institute for the Deaf linked to data from <abbr class="spell">SSA's</abbr> Supplemental Security Record, Master Earnings File, and Numident file.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="3">NOTES: Birth cohort dummy variables are included. Number of observations was 4,053. Standard errors are in brackets.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="3"><abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> = National Technical Institute for the Deaf; <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> = Supplemental Security Income; . . . = not applicable.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="3"><span class="nobr">*</span> significant at .10 level; <span class="nobr">**</span> significant at .05 level; <span class="nobr">***</span> significant at .01 level.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>In summary, the result of a lower probability of graduation for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children was partly due to the admission standard (that is, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children were less likely to be accepted to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>), but most of it was due to the lower probability of graduation for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who attended <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>. Devoting efforts to improving retention rates among <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who attend <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> appears to be necessary to reduce the differences in graduation rates.</p>
|
|
<h3>Relationship Between <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> Graduation and Participation in the Adult <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> Program</h3>
|
|
<p>Almost all of the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who applied to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> participated in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program when they turned 19. After age 19, the patterns of exiting the program differed substantially between <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> graduates and each of the comparison groups: <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated were more likely to have left the program within 10 years following age 19 and were less likely to reenter the program.</p>
|
|
<p>Using the survival probability for each year following age 19 as a measure, we examined the changes in the probability of remaining on the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> compared with each of our comparison groups. Chart 2 shows that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated were more likely to remain in the program during the first 4 years following their 19th birthday—the years that many of them were attending <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>—and that after the 4th year there was a relatively sharp decline in the probability of remaining in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program. By the 10th year, there was only a 34 percent chance that they would remain in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program, which was significantly lower than the probability for each of the other comparison groups.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart2">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 2.<br>Probability that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children will remain in the adult <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program for <span class="nobr">1 10</span> years after age 19, by <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> status</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="67n2p101_chart02.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="700" height="310" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 2. </span>Probability that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children will remain in the adult <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program for <span class="nobr">1–10</span> years after age 19, by <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> status (percent)</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="5" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Years since age 19</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Graduated</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Withdrew</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Accepted,<br>did not<br>attend</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Not<br>accepted</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">All <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children<br>with a primary<br>diagnosis of<br>deafness</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1</th>
|
|
<td>98.70</td>
|
|
<td>97.3</td>
|
|
<td>97.93</td>
|
|
<td>98.88</td>
|
|
<td>96.34</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2</th>
|
|
<td>96.54</td>
|
|
<td>94.59</td>
|
|
<td>96.37</td>
|
|
<td>97.77</td>
|
|
<td>93.07</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">3</th>
|
|
<td>94.81</td>
|
|
<td>90.81</td>
|
|
<td>94.3</td>
|
|
<td>94.41</td>
|
|
<td>89.53</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">4</th>
|
|
<td>92.21</td>
|
|
<td>86.85</td>
|
|
<td>92.75</td>
|
|
<td>89.94</td>
|
|
<td>85.18</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">5</th>
|
|
<td>83.12</td>
|
|
<td>80.36</td>
|
|
<td>84.46</td>
|
|
<td>84.36</td>
|
|
<td>80.75</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">6</th>
|
|
<td>74.03</td>
|
|
<td>74.05</td>
|
|
<td>75.65</td>
|
|
<td>79.33</td>
|
|
<td>76.01</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">7</th>
|
|
<td>63.08</td>
|
|
<td>66.17</td>
|
|
<td>65.53</td>
|
|
<td>73.10</td>
|
|
<td>71.02</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">8</th>
|
|
<td>49.92</td>
|
|
<td>59.98</td>
|
|
<td>58.81</td>
|
|
<td>65.49</td>
|
|
<td>65.75</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">9</th>
|
|
<td>41.23</td>
|
|
<td>52.89</td>
|
|
<td>52.43</td>
|
|
<td>57.04</td>
|
|
<td>61.07</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">10</th>
|
|
<td>35.31</td>
|
|
<td>47.77</td>
|
|
<td>44.69</td>
|
|
<td>48.36</td>
|
|
<td>57.09</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="6"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCES: Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>) calculations using the data file of administrative records from the National Technical Institute for the Deaf linked to data from <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s Supplemental Security Record, Master Earnings File, and Numident file.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote">NOTE: <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> = Supplemental Security Income; <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> = National Technical Institute for the Deaf.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>The potential impact of <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> graduation on the likelihood that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children will leave the program within 10 years following their 19th birthday and the median amount of time they spend in the program are shown in Table 6. We estimated that there was a 64.7 percent chance that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> would leave the program within 10 years, which was larger than and statistically different from the estimates of 52.2 percent for those who withdrew from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>, 55.3 percent for those who did not attend, 51.6 percent for those who were not accepted, and 42.9 percent for the group of all <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children with a primary diagnosis of deafness.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table6">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 6. </span>Estimates of first exit from <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program for children receiving <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> at age 19, by <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> status</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:18em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:9em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:9em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup"><abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> status</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" scope="colgroup">Probability of leaving <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program<br>within 10 years</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" scope="colgroup">Median number of months<br>to first exit from <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col"> Estimate<br>(percent)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Potential impact of<br><abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> graduation<br>(percentage points)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Estimate<br>(percent)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Potential impact of<br><abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> graduation<br>(percentage points)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" scope="row">Graduated</th>
|
|
<td>64.7<br>[3.29]</td>
|
|
<td class="top">. . . </td>
|
|
<td>95<br>[1.44]</td>
|
|
<td class="top">. . . </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" scope="row">Withdrew</th>
|
|
<td>52.2<br>[2.28]</td>
|
|
<td class="top">12.5***</td>
|
|
<td>116<br>[3.34]</td>
|
|
<td class="top">-21***</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" scope="row">Accepted, did not attend</th>
|
|
<td>55.3<br>[3.71]</td>
|
|
<td class="top">9.4* </td>
|
|
<td>114<br>[2.58]</td>
|
|
<td class="top">-19***</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" scope="row">Not accepted</th>
|
|
<td>51.6<br>[3.84]</td>
|
|
<td class="top">13.1** </td>
|
|
<td>118<br>[2.61]</td>
|
|
<td class="top">-23***</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" scope="row">All <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children awarded benefits on the basis of a hearing impairment <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td>42.9<br>[0.57]</td>
|
|
<td class="top">21.8 </td>
|
|
<td>145<br>[2.38]</td>
|
|
<td class="top">-50 </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="5">SOURCES: Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>) calculations using the data file of administrative records from the National Technical Institute for the Deaf linked to data from <abbr class="spell">SSA's</abbr> Supplemental Security Record, Master Earnings File, and Numident file.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">NOTES: Standard errors are in brackets.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> = Supplemental Security Income; <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> = National Technical Institute for the Deaf; . . . = not applicable.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">a. The group of all <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children awarded benefits on the basis of a hearing impairment is not mutually exclusive from the group of NTID graduates, and we do not calculate statistical tests for this group.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="5"><span class="nobr">*</span> significant at .10 level; <span class="nobr">**</span> significant at .05 level; <span class="nobr">***</span> significant at .01 level.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>We also found that <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> graduation may increase the probability of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children leaving the program within 10 years following their 19th birthday. That probability increased by 12.5 percentage points compared with <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who withdrew from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> and by 9.4 percentage points compared with <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who were accepted but chose not to attend. <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> fared even better when compared with each of the other two groups; the probability of leaving the program within 10 years was 13.1 percentage points higher for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who were not admitted and 21.8 percentage points higher for the group of all <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> deaf children.</p>
|
|
<p>The potential impact measured as the difference in the median time spent in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program before leaving is also shown in Table 6. For the group of <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> graduates, the median expected time spent in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program before leaving it was 95 months—substantially less than the 116 months estimated for those who withdrew from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>, 114 months for those who chose not to attend, 118 months for those who were not accepted, and 145 months for the group of all deaf <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children. The potential impact for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated was a <span class="nobr">21-month</span> reduction in median months spent in the program before leaving when compared with those who withdrew from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> and a <span class="nobr">19-month</span> reduction when compared with those who were accepted but chose not to attend. Again, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated fared even better when compared with the other two groups; the median time before leaving was 23 months less than for those who were not admitted and 50 months less than for the group of all <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> deaf children.</p>
|
|
<p>An examination of the first <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> episode does not fully measure the relationship between <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> graduation and dependency on the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program. If <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> graduates were less likely to reenter the program after their first exit, then our estimate may have understated the role of an <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> degree on reductions in dependency on the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program. Chart 3 shows that the probability that the person would remain off the program, or survive without the program, was higher for <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> graduates across the 5 years after first exit. The sample sizes declined dramatically after the 5th year (as shown in Table <span class="nobr">A–5</span>), and our estimates for later years have larger standard errors.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart3">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 3.<br>Probability that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children will remain off the adult program after first exit, by <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> status</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="67n2p101_chart03.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="700" height="314" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 3. </span>Probability that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children will remain off the adult <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program after first exit, by <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> status (percent)</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:11em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="5" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Years since first <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> exit</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Graduated</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Withdrew</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Accepted,<br>did not<br>attend</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Not<br>accepted</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">All <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children<br>with a primary<br>diagnosis of<br>deafness</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1</th>
|
|
<td>96.63</td>
|
|
<td>92.82</td>
|
|
<td>94.59</td>
|
|
<td>92.82</td>
|
|
<td>92.07</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2</th>
|
|
<td>94.39</td>
|
|
<td>89.15</td>
|
|
<td>92.62</td>
|
|
<td>87.09</td>
|
|
<td>86.53</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">3</th>
|
|
<td>91.12</td>
|
|
<td>85.39</td>
|
|
<td>89.35</td>
|
|
<td>83.36</td>
|
|
<td>83.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">4</th>
|
|
<td>88.41</td>
|
|
<td>81.52</td>
|
|
<td>82.11</td>
|
|
<td>79.12</td>
|
|
<td>79.28</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">5</th>
|
|
<td>88.41</td>
|
|
<td>78.26</td>
|
|
<td>82.11</td>
|
|
<td>75.86</td>
|
|
<td>76.84</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">6</th>
|
|
<td>88.41</td>
|
|
<td>76.68</td>
|
|
<td>78.72</td>
|
|
<td>73.91</td>
|
|
<td>74.88</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">7</th>
|
|
<td>85.58</td>
|
|
<td>74.74</td>
|
|
<td>74.84</td>
|
|
<td>73.91</td>
|
|
<td>72.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">8</th>
|
|
<td>85.58</td>
|
|
<td>74.74</td>
|
|
<td>70.01</td>
|
|
<td>73.91</td>
|
|
<td>71.51</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">9</th>
|
|
<td>85.58</td>
|
|
<td>74.74</td>
|
|
<td>66.90</td>
|
|
<td>73.91</td>
|
|
<td>70.64</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">10</th>
|
|
<td>85.58</td>
|
|
<td>72.82</td>
|
|
<td>66.90</td>
|
|
<td>73.91</td>
|
|
<td>67.80</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="6"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCES: Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>) calculations using the data file of administrative records from the National Technical Institute for the Deaf linked to data from <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s Supplemental Security Record, Master Earnings File, and Numident file.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote">NOTE: <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> = National Technical Institute for the Deaf; <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> = Supplemental Security Income.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Table 7 shows the probability that an <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> child would reenter the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program within 5 and within 10 years following first exit from the program after reaching age 19, using the survival probability as a measure.<sup><a href="#mn20" id="mt20">20</a></sup> The probability of reentry within 5 years after leaving the program was only 11.6 percent for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>, which was smaller than the 21.7 percent estimate for those who withdrew, the 17.9 percent estimate for those who were accepted but chose not to attend, the 24.1 percent for those who were not accepted, and the 23.2 percent for the group of all deaf <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children. The potential impact of <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> graduation for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children was a drop of 10.1 percentage points in the probability of reentering the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program when compared with those who withdrew and a drop of 6.3 percentage points when compared with those who chose not to attend <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> (although the latter result is not statistically significant). The estimates for the other two groups show that the group of all deaf <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children also fared better. The probability of reentering the program within 10 years shows that the potential impact of <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> graduation is also substantial and statistically significant.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table7">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 7. </span>Probability that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children will reenter the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program within 5 or 10 years following first exit from the program after reaching age 19, by <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> status</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:18em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:9em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:9em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup"><abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> status</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" scope="colgroup">Within 5 years</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" scope="colgroup">Within 10 years</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col"> Estimate<br>(percent)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Potential impact of<br><abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> graduation<br>(percentage points)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"> Estimate<br>(percent)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Potential impact of<br><abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> graduation<br>(percentage points)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" scope="row">Graduated</th>
|
|
<td>11.6<br>[2.84]</td>
|
|
<td class="top">. . . </td>
|
|
<td>14.4<br>[3.38]</td>
|
|
<td class="top">. . . </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" scope="row">Withdrew</th>
|
|
<td>21.7<br>[2.86]</td>
|
|
<td class="top">-10.1** </td>
|
|
<td>27.2<br>[3.67]</td>
|
|
<td class="top">-12.8***</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" scope="row">Accepted, did not attend</th>
|
|
<td>17.9<br>[3.99]</td>
|
|
<td class="top">-6.3 </td>
|
|
<td>33.1<br>[6.28]</td>
|
|
<td class="top">-18.7***</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" scope="row">Not accepted</th>
|
|
<td>24.1<br>[4.82]</td>
|
|
<td class="top">-12.5** </td>
|
|
<td>26.1<br>[5.08]</td>
|
|
<td class="top">-11.7* </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" scope="row">All <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children awarded benefits on the basis of a hearing impairment <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td>23.2<br>[0.88]</td>
|
|
<td class="top">-11.6 </td>
|
|
<td>32.2<br>[1.44]</td>
|
|
<td class="top">-17.8 </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="5">SOURCES: Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>) calculations using the data file of administrative records from the National Technical Institute for the Deaf linked to data from <abbr class="spell">SSA's</abbr> Supplemental Security Record, Master Earnings File, and Numident file.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">NOTES: Standard errors are in brackets.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> = Supplemental Security Income; <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> = National Technical Institute for the Deaf; . . . = not applicable.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">a. The group of all <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children awarded benefits based on a hearing impairment is not mutually exclusive from the group of <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> graduates, and we do not calculate statistical tests for this group.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="5"><span class="nobr">*</span> significant at .10 level; <span class="nobr">**</span> significant at .05 level; <span class="nobr">***</span> significant at .01 level.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h3>Age/Earnings Profiles</h3>
|
|
<p>To determine the potential impact of <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> graduation on the labor earnings of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children during the early portion of their adult life, we compared the age/earnings profile for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> with the profile for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who withdrew from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> (Chart 4).<sup><a href="#mn21" id="mt21">21</a></sup> The results show that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated had a mean annual earnings level of less than $1,000 between the ages of 18 and 21, ages at which most graduates were attending <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>. The trend line shows that their mean annual earnings grew from about $1,000 at age 21 to $17,500 by age 30. <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who withdrew from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> experienced very little earnings growth, and by age 30 the mean annual earnings level for the group was a little less than $11,600 per year. By age 30, the gap between the two groups was almost $6,000, with <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated earning 51 percent more than those who withdrew.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart4">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 4.<br>Age/earnings for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> compared with those who withdrew</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="67n2p101_chart04.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="700" height="312" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 4. </span>Age/earnings profiles for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> compared with those who withdrew (mean annual earnings in dollars)</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:18em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Age</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Graduated</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Withdrew</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">18</th>
|
|
<td>433.60</td>
|
|
<td>509.95</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">19</th>
|
|
<td>548.14</td>
|
|
<td>646.35</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">20</th>
|
|
<td>712.29</td>
|
|
<td>1,041.22</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">21</th>
|
|
<td>1,014.60</td>
|
|
<td>1,917.45</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">22</th>
|
|
<td>1,488.96</td>
|
|
<td>2,832.60</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">23</th>
|
|
<td>3,096.15</td>
|
|
<td>4,093.94</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">24</th>
|
|
<td>5,091.19</td>
|
|
<td>5,420.12</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">25</th>
|
|
<td>7,773.99</td>
|
|
<td>6,645.59</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">26</th>
|
|
<td>10,623.73</td>
|
|
<td>7,618.26</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">27</th>
|
|
<td>12,688.73</td>
|
|
<td>8,615.03</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">28</th>
|
|
<td>14,724.92</td>
|
|
<td>9,727.15</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">29</th>
|
|
<td>15,913.53</td>
|
|
<td>10,787.78</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">30</th>
|
|
<td>17,560.42</td>
|
|
<td>11,610.11</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="3"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCES: Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>) calculations using the data file of administrative records from the National Technical Institute for the Deaf linked to data from <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s Supplemental Security Record, Master Earnings File, and Numident file.</div>
|
|
<div class="note">NOTES: Data include zero earners.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> = Supplemental Security Income; <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> = National Technical Institute for the Deaf; <abbr class="spell">Poly.</abbr> = polynomial trend line.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>The potential earnings impact for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> compared with <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who were accepted to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> but did not attend is shown in Chart 5. The earnings of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated exceeded the earnings of those who chose not to attend at every age after reaching age 24. The earnings of those who did not attend <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> grew to slightly more than $12,100 by the time they were age 30. By age 30, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> were earning about $5,400 (or 44 percent) more than <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who were accepted to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> but chose not to attend.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart5">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 5.<br>Age/earnings profiles for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> compared with those who were accepted but chose not to attend</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="67n2p101_chart05.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="700" height="309" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 5. </span>Age/earnings profiles for SSI children who graduated from NTID compared with those who were accepted but chose not to attend (mean annual earnings in dollars)</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:18em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Age</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Graduated</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Accepted, did<br>not attend</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">18</th>
|
|
<td>433.60</td>
|
|
<td>409.44</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">19</th>
|
|
<td>548.14</td>
|
|
<td>613.78</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">20</th>
|
|
<td>712.29</td>
|
|
<td>976.52</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">21</th>
|
|
<td>1,014.60</td>
|
|
<td>1,317.91</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">22</th>
|
|
<td>1,488.96</td>
|
|
<td>2,383.01</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">23</th>
|
|
<td>3,096.15</td>
|
|
<td>3,564.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">24</th>
|
|
<td>5,091.19</td>
|
|
<td>5,295.26</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">25</th>
|
|
<td>7,773.99</td>
|
|
<td>6,585.57</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">26</th>
|
|
<td>10,623.73</td>
|
|
<td>7,664.71</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">27</th>
|
|
<td>12,688.73</td>
|
|
<td>9,351.27</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">28</th>
|
|
<td>14,724.92</td>
|
|
<td>9,729.42</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">29</th>
|
|
<td>15,913.53</td>
|
|
<td>11,063.33</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">30</th>
|
|
<td>17,560.42</td>
|
|
<td>12,158.55</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="3"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCES: Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>) calculations using the data file of administrative records from the National Technical Institute for the Deaf linked to data from <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s Supplemental Security Record, Master Earnings File, and Numident file.</div>
|
|
<div class="note">NOTES: Data include zero earners.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> = Supplemental Security Income; <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> = National Technical Institute for the Deaf; <abbr class="spell">Poly.</abbr> = polynomial trend line.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Comparisons between <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> and those who were not admitted are shown in Chart 6. <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who were not accepted to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> had modest growth in mean annual earnings from age 18 to age 30, with a mean level of earnings of about $8,800 at age 30. This level was well below the level for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated. At age 30, the earnings gap was about $8,700; <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> earned about 99 percent more than those who were not accepted.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart6">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 6.<br>Age/earnings for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> compared with those who were not accepted</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="67n2p101_chart06.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="684" height="316" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 6. </span>Age/earnings profiles for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> compared with those who were not accepted (mean annual earnings in dollars)</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:18em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Age</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Graduated</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Not accepted</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">18</th>
|
|
<td>433.60</td>
|
|
<td>307.13</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">19</th>
|
|
<td>548.14</td>
|
|
<td>387.30</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">20</th>
|
|
<td>712.29</td>
|
|
<td>738.14</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">21</th>
|
|
<td>1,014.60</td>
|
|
<td>1,426.78</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">22</th>
|
|
<td>1,488.96</td>
|
|
<td>2,627.12</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">23</th>
|
|
<td>3,096.15</td>
|
|
<td>3,776.01</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">24</th>
|
|
<td>5,091.19</td>
|
|
<td>4,656.32</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">25</th>
|
|
<td>7,773.99</td>
|
|
<td>5,269.25</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">26</th>
|
|
<td>10,623.73</td>
|
|
<td>6,337.49</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">27</th>
|
|
<td>12,688.73</td>
|
|
<td>7,240.66</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">28</th>
|
|
<td>14,724.92</td>
|
|
<td>7,595.99</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">29</th>
|
|
<td>15,913.53</td>
|
|
<td>8,230.02</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">30</th>
|
|
<td>17,560.42</td>
|
|
<td>8,841.52</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="3"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCES: Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>) calculations using the data file of administrative records from the National Technical Institute for the Deaf linked to data from <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s Supplemental Security Record, Master Earnings File, and Numident file.</div>
|
|
<div class="note">NOTES: Data include zero earners.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> = Supplemental Security Income; <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> = National Technical Institute for the Deaf; <abbr class="spell">Poly.</abbr> = polynomial trend line.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>In Chart 7, the age/earnings profiles of the four groups of <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants are compared with the broader population of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children with a primary diagnosis of deafness. Mean earnings among the group of former <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children were lower than for all other groups from ages <span class="nobr">25–30</span>, and by age 30 their annual earnings were about $6,800, which was well below the earnings of each of the <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicant groups.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart7">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 7.<br>Age/earnings for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children using polynomial trend lines, by <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> status</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="67n2p101_chart07.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="688" height="313" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 7. </span>Age/earnings profiles for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children using polynomial trend lines, by <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> status (mean annual earnings in dollars)</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="5" style="width:12em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Age</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Graduated</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Withdrew</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Accepted, did<br>not attend</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Not<br>accepted</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">All deaf former<br><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">18</th>
|
|
<td>433.60</td>
|
|
<td>509.95</td>
|
|
<td>409.44</td>
|
|
<td>307.13</td>
|
|
<td>472.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">19</th>
|
|
<td>548.14</td>
|
|
<td>646.35</td>
|
|
<td>613.78</td>
|
|
<td>387.30</td>
|
|
<td>854.19</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">20</th>
|
|
<td>712.29</td>
|
|
<td>1,041.22</td>
|
|
<td>976.52</td>
|
|
<td>738.14</td>
|
|
<td>1,467.87</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">21</th>
|
|
<td>1,014.60</td>
|
|
<td>1,917.45</td>
|
|
<td>1,317.91</td>
|
|
<td>1,426.78</td>
|
|
<td>2,254.73</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">22</th>
|
|
<td>1,488.96</td>
|
|
<td>2,832.60</td>
|
|
<td>2,383.01</td>
|
|
<td>2,627.12</td>
|
|
<td>2,945.91</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">23</th>
|
|
<td>3,096.15</td>
|
|
<td>4,093.94</td>
|
|
<td>3,564.17</td>
|
|
<td>3,776.01</td>
|
|
<td>3,561.73</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">24</th>
|
|
<td>5,091.19</td>
|
|
<td>5,420.12</td>
|
|
<td>5,295.26</td>
|
|
<td>4,656.32</td>
|
|
<td>4,190.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">25</th>
|
|
<td>7,773.99</td>
|
|
<td>6,645.59</td>
|
|
<td>6,585.57</td>
|
|
<td>5,269.25</td>
|
|
<td>4,744.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">26</th>
|
|
<td>10,623.73</td>
|
|
<td>7,618.26</td>
|
|
<td>7,664.71</td>
|
|
<td>6,337.49</td>
|
|
<td>5,209.11</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">27</th>
|
|
<td>12,688.73</td>
|
|
<td>8,615.03</td>
|
|
<td>9,351.27</td>
|
|
<td>7,240.66</td>
|
|
<td>5,613.80</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">28</th>
|
|
<td>14,724.92</td>
|
|
<td>9,727.15</td>
|
|
<td>9,729.42</td>
|
|
<td>7,595.99</td>
|
|
<td>5,956.44</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">29</th>
|
|
<td>15,913.53</td>
|
|
<td>10,787.78</td>
|
|
<td>11,063.33</td>
|
|
<td>8,230.02</td>
|
|
<td>6,267.75</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">30</th>
|
|
<td>17,560.42</td>
|
|
<td>11,610.11</td>
|
|
<td>12,158.55</td>
|
|
<td>8,841.52</td>
|
|
<td>6,822.08</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="6"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCES: Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>) calculations using the data file of administrative records from the National Technical Institute for the Deaf linked to data from <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s Supplemental Security Record, Master Earnings File, and Numident file.</div>
|
|
<div class="note">NOTES: Data include zero earners.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> = Supplemental Security Income; <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> = National Technical Institute for the Deaf.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2>Discussion of the Findings and Future Research</h2>
|
|
<p>Our analysis focused on the relative success of former <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who applied to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>. We found that the percentage of <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants who were <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children increased over time, from a low of 10 percent in 1982 to more than 41 percent in 2000. However, the differences in the probability of graduation from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> between deaf <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children and deaf <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants who were not <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children did not change accordingly. The probability of graduation for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who applied to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> was 13.5 percentage points lower than for those who were not <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children. Finally, using our most credible comparison group—<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who were accepted to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> but chose not to attend—we found that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> left the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program early in their adult life (19 months earlier), were less likely to reenter the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program, and at age 30 had increased their earnings by an estimated 49 percent. Our findings demonstrate that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children need not be relegated to a lifetime of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> participation as adults, despite the poor overall experience of this population since the creation of the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program in 1974. Postsecondary education can increase their earnings and reduce their dependency on <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> as adults.</p>
|
|
<p>These key findings—the lower postsecondary graduation rates among deaf <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children and the potential for successful adult outcomes for deaf <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduate—suggest that there is a need to carefully examine the current support services for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children and identify improvements or new support services that will increase postsecondary graduation rates for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children. The Social Security Administration's youth transition demonstration projects are beginning to address these issues, but to date they have not focused on specific support for postsecondary educational achievement.</p>
|
|
<p>Our analysis is a case study of deaf persons who apply to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>, and there are limitations to generalizing our results to the broader population of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children with disabilities. Children who qualify for the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program on the basis of other types of disabilities may face different barriers to postsecondary education and to successful labor market outcomes. <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> is unique in that it is tailored to the needs of the deaf population. <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children with other types of disabilities generally must rely on postsecondary educational institutions that are not specifically designed to meet their special needs. These children may face different challenges—such as an environment with physical barriers, an inaccessible commuting environment, or social isolation—that may reduce the likelihood of application to and graduation from postsecondary institutions.</p>
|
|
<p>To assess the potential for programs that promote postsecondary education to reach <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children with different impairments, we used <span class="nobr">2001–2002</span> data from the Office of Special Education Programs (<abbr class="spell">OSEP</abbr>) on high school graduation rates for all children with disabilities, by impairment type.<sup><a href="#mn22" id="mt22">22</a></sup> According to <abbr class="spell">OSEP</abbr> data, 51 percent of children with disabilities graduated from high school. That percentage is similar to the estimate of 48 percent for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children reported by Loprest and Wittenburg (2005), which we used as an upper bound of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who may benefit in the short run from such programs.<sup><a href="#mn23" id="mt23">23</a></sup> The <abbr class="spell">OSEP</abbr> data showed substantial differences in high school graduation rates by impairment type: graduation rates were above average for children with visual impairments (71 percent), hearing impairments (67 percent), specific learning disabilities (57 percent), and orthopedic impairments (56 percent); graduation rates were below average for children with mental retardation (39 percent) and children with severe emotional disturbances (32 percent). These data suggest that programs that promote postsecondary education may be more accessible to <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children with certain types of impairments than with others.</p>
|
|
<p>One area for further research is to examine specific barriers in completing postsecondary education for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children with different types of impairments and to estimate the impact that such barriers may have on program participation and labor market outcomes.<sup><a href="#mn24" id="mt24">24</a></sup> Another area for future research is to extend our analysis by using data from the National Survey of Children and Families (<abbr class="spell">NSCF</abbr>) linked to Social Security administrative records for the broader population of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who undertake postsecondary education. That study would be limited initially to a short postgraduation follow-up period and a smaller sample size, but over time the data may provide further evidence of the long-term effects of postsecondary education.</p>
|
|
<p>Our analysis has two other limitations that could be addressed in future research. First, our analysis does not examine entry and exits from the Social Security Disability Insurance (<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>) program.<sup><a href="#mn25" id="mt25">25</a></sup> Our analysis of the age earnings/profiles, as well as preliminary analysis of cross-sectional data on <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> participation among <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants, suggests that postsecondary education may have the added effect of reducing dependency on the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program. We are currently constructing an event history file of <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> participation, and future research will examine how postsecondary education is related to participation in this program.</p>
|
|
<p>Finally, our analysis is based on nonexperimental data, so it is possible that those who graduated from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> may have experienced better adult outcomes, in part, because of unobserved attributes such as higher levels of motivation or ability. At the same time, our findings show that positive outcomes are possible and suggest that a more rigorous evaluation, such as a randomized experiment, may be worthwhile. In the future, it would be useful to consider a project that includes a rigorous test of interventions promoting postsecondary education and examines the effect of such interventions on postsecondary education outcomes, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program participation, and long-term earnings.</p>
|
|
<h2>Appendix A:Estimating the Probability of Graduation for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> Children</h2>
|
|
<p>The purpose of this section is to provide further details on the estimates and the statistical methodology used to estimate the probability of graduation. Table <span class="nobr">A–1</span> shows the time-series estimates used to create Chart 1. Table <span class="nobr">A–2</span> shows additional estimates used for the sequential logit model. Table <span class="nobr">A–3</span> shows additional logit model estimates of the probability of graduation. In the remainder of this section we provide further details on the statistical methodology used to estimate the probability of graduation.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="tablea1">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table <span class="nobr">A–1</span>. </span>Time series data on the composition of <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants and graduates</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Year of first<br>contact with <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percentage of<br>applicants who<br>received <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr><br>as a child</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percentage of<br><abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> graduates<br>who received <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr><br>as a child</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1982</th>
|
|
<td>18.07</td>
|
|
<td>8.33</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1983</th>
|
|
<td>10.53</td>
|
|
<td>8.60</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1984</th>
|
|
<td>13.29</td>
|
|
<td>6.45</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1985</th>
|
|
<td>12.35</td>
|
|
<td>13.08</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1986</th>
|
|
<td>14.15</td>
|
|
<td>7.14</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1987</th>
|
|
<td>17.07</td>
|
|
<td>11.56</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1988</th>
|
|
<td>19.76</td>
|
|
<td>16.67</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1989</th>
|
|
<td>21.65</td>
|
|
<td>15.04</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1990</th>
|
|
<td>29.05</td>
|
|
<td>20.95</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1991</th>
|
|
<td>27.53</td>
|
|
<td>20.56</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1992</th>
|
|
<td>27.81</td>
|
|
<td>17.58</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1993</th>
|
|
<td>37.20</td>
|
|
<td>21.18</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1994</th>
|
|
<td>32.22</td>
|
|
<td>18.85</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1995</th>
|
|
<td>32.42</td>
|
|
<td>27.45</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1996</th>
|
|
<td>36.47</td>
|
|
<td>29.90</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1997</th>
|
|
<td>29.90</td>
|
|
<td>11.86</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1998</th>
|
|
<td>36.41</td>
|
|
<td>17.24</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1999</th>
|
|
<td>41.57</td>
|
|
<td>28.57</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>43.59</td>
|
|
<td>0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="3">SOURCES: Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>) calculations using the data file of administrative records from the National Technical Institute for the Deaf linked to data from <abbr class="spell">SSA's</abbr> Supplemental Security Record, Master Earnings File, and Numident file.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="3">NOTE: <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> = National Technical Institute for the Deaf; <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> = Supplemental Security Income.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>A sequential logit model was used on the entire set of <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants to estimate the relationship between participation in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program as a child and graduation from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>.<sup><a href="#mn26" id="mt26">26</a></sup> The sequential logit model disaggregates the graduation process into a sequence of three events. The first event is the <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> decision on the application—that is, whether or not an <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicant meets the admission criteria. The probability that this event will occur for an individual is not observed; instead we observe the discrete outcome of whether the applicant meets the criteria for admittance to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> or not. The second event is the admitted applicant's decision to attend. The probability that an applicant will choose to attend <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> is not observed; instead we observe the discrete outcome of the decision to attend or not. For those who attend <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>, the final event is graduation. The probability of graduation is not observed; rather those who choose to attend either graduate from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> or withdraw without earning a degree. An applicant's probability of graduation is the result of outcomes at each of these steps, as shown in Equation <span class="nobr">A–1</span>.</p>
|
|
<p><b>Equation <span class="nobr">A–1</span></b></p>
|
|
<div class="equation">
|
|
<div class="scrollMath">
|
|
<math display='block'>
|
|
<mrow>
|
|
<mtable columnalign='left'>
|
|
<mtr columnalign='left' rowalign='top'>
|
|
<mtd columnalign='left'>
|
|
<mrow>
|
|
<mi>P</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>(</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Graduate</mi>
|
|
<mo>|</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Applied</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>,</mo>
|
|
<mi>X</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
</mrow>
|
|
</mtd>
|
|
<mtd columnalign='left'>
|
|
<mrow>
|
|
<mtable columnalign='left'>
|
|
<mtr columnalign='left'>
|
|
<mtd columnalign='left'>
|
|
<mrow>
|
|
<mi>P</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>(</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Admitted</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>|</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Applied</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>,</mo>
|
|
<mi>X</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
|
|
<mo>⋅</mo>
|
|
</mrow>
|
|
</mtd>
|
|
</mtr>
|
|
<mtr columnalign='left'>
|
|
<mtd columnalign='left'>
|
|
<mrow>
|
|
<mi>P</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>(</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Attend</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>|</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Applied</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>,</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Admitted</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>,</mo>
|
|
<mi>X</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
|
|
<mo>⋅</mo>
|
|
</mrow>
|
|
</mtd>
|
|
</mtr>
|
|
<mtr columnalign='left'>
|
|
<mtd columnalign='left'>
|
|
<mrow>
|
|
<mi>P</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>(</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Graduate</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>|</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Applied</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>,</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Admitted</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>,</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Attended</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>,</mo>
|
|
<mi>X</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
|
|
</mrow>
|
|
</mtd>
|
|
</mtr>
|
|
</mtable>
|
|
</mrow>
|
|
</mtd>
|
|
</mtr>
|
|
</mtable>
|
|
</mrow>
|
|
</math>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>In Equation <span class="nobr">A–1</span>, <i>X</i> represents a vector of individual characteristics that includes an indicator variable for whether the person received <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> as a child, an indicator variable for nonwhite race, an indicator variable for female sex, and a set of indicator variables for year of birth. We estimate the conditional probability that each event will occur for the particular population of interest using logit models.<sup><a href="#mn27" id="mt27">27</a></sup></p>
|
|
<p>To quantify how individual characteristics are associated with the likelihood of graduation at each point in the sequential process, we use the decomposition of the sequential logit proposed by Heckman and Smith (2004), shown in Equation <span class="nobr">A–2</span>.</p>
|
|
<p><b>Equation <span class="nobr">A–2</span></b></p>
|
|
<div class="equation">
|
|
<div class="scrollMath">
|
|
<math display='block'>
|
|
<mrow>
|
|
<mtable columnalign='left'>
|
|
<mtr columnalign='left' rowalign='top'>
|
|
<mtd columnalign='left'>
|
|
<mrow>
|
|
<mfrac>
|
|
<mrow>
|
|
<mo>∂</mo>
|
|
<mi>P</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>(</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Graduate</mi>
|
|
<mo>|</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Applied</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>,</mo>
|
|
<mi>X</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
|
|
</mrow>
|
|
<mrow>
|
|
<mo>∂</mo>
|
|
<mi>X</mi>
|
|
</mrow>
|
|
</mfrac>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
</mrow>
|
|
</mtd>
|
|
<mtd columnalign='left'>
|
|
<mrow>
|
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<mtable columnalign='left'>
|
|
<mtr columnalign='left'>
|
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<mtd columnalign='left'>
|
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<mtable columnalign='left'>
|
|
<mtr>
|
|
<mtd>
|
|
<mfrac>
|
|
<mrow>
|
|
<mo>∂</mo>
|
|
<mi>P</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>(</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Admitted</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>|</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Applied</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>,</mo>
|
|
<mi>X</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
|
|
</mrow>
|
|
<mrow>
|
|
<mo>∂</mo>
|
|
<mi>X</mi>
|
|
</mrow>
|
|
</mfrac>
|
|
<mo>⋅</mo>
|
|
</mtd>
|
|
</mtr>
|
|
<mtr>
|
|
<mtd>
|
|
<mi>P</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>(</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Attend</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>|</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Applied</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>,</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Admitted</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>,</mo>
|
|
<mi>X</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
|
|
<mo>⋅</mo>
|
|
</mtd>
|
|
</mtr>
|
|
<mtr>
|
|
<mtd>
|
|
<mi>P</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>(</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Graduate</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>|</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Applied</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>,</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Admitted</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>,</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Attend</mi>
|
|
<mi>e</mi>
|
|
<mi>d</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>,</mo>
|
|
<mi>X</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
|
|
</mtd>
|
|
</mtr>
|
|
<mtr>
|
|
<mtd>
|
|
<mo>+</mo>
|
|
<mi>P</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>(</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Admitted</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>|</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Applied</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>,</mo>
|
|
<mi>X</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
|
|
<mo>⋅</mo>
|
|
</mtd>
|
|
</mtr>
|
|
<mtr>
|
|
<mtd>
|
|
<mfrac>
|
|
<mrow>
|
|
<mtext> </mtext>
|
|
<mtext> </mtext>
|
|
<mi>P</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>(</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Attend</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>|</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Applied</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>,</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Admitted</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>,</mo>
|
|
<mi>X</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
|
|
</mrow>
|
|
<mrow>
|
|
<mo>∂</mo>
|
|
<mi>X</mi>
|
|
</mrow>
|
|
</mfrac>
|
|
<mo>⋅</mo>
|
|
</mtd>
|
|
</mtr>
|
|
<mtr>
|
|
<mtd>
|
|
<mi>P</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>(</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Graduate</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>|</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Applied</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>,</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Admitted</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>,</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Attend</mi>
|
|
<mi>e</mi>
|
|
<mi>d</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>,</mo>
|
|
<mi>X</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
|
|
</mtd>
|
|
</mtr>
|
|
<mtr>
|
|
<mtd>
|
|
<mo>+</mo>
|
|
<mo>∂</mo>
|
|
<mi>P</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>(</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Admitted</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>|</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Applied</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>,</mo>
|
|
<mi>X</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
|
|
<mo>⋅</mo>
|
|
</mtd>
|
|
</mtr>
|
|
<mtr>
|
|
<mtd>
|
|
<mi>P</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>(</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Attend</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>|</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Applied</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>,</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Admitted</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>,</mo>
|
|
<mi>X</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
|
|
<mo>⋅</mo>
|
|
</mtd>
|
|
</mtr>
|
|
<mtr>
|
|
<mtd>
|
|
<mfrac>
|
|
<mrow>
|
|
<mi>P</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>(</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Graduate</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>|</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Applied</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>,</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Admitted</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>,</mo>
|
|
<mi mathvariant='italic'>Attend</mi>
|
|
<mi>e</mi>
|
|
<mi>d</mi>
|
|
<mo>=</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
|
<mo>,</mo>
|
|
<mi>X</mi>
|
|
<mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
|
|
</mrow>
|
|
<mrow>
|
|
<mo>∂</mo>
|
|
<mi>X</mi>
|
|
</mrow>
|
|
</mfrac>
|
|
</mtd>
|
|
</mtr>
|
|
</mtable>
|
|
</mtd>
|
|
</mtr>
|
|
</mtable>
|
|
</mrow>
|
|
</mtd>
|
|
</mtr>
|
|
</mtable>
|
|
</mrow>
|
|
</math>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>This decomposition results from the application of the chain rule to Equation <span class="nobr">A–1</span>. The first term on the right-hand side of Equation <span class="nobr">A–2</span> describes the relationship between the admittance step and the overall probability of graduation; the second term shows the relationship between the attendance step and the overall likelihood of graduation; and the third term shows the relationship between the graduation step and the overall likelihood of graduation.</p>
|
|
<p>The <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">SSA </abbr>matched data contain additional health and family background information for the two groups—those who graduate or withdraw—who choose to attend <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>. The additional information allows us to examine whether the inclusion of additional characteristics affects our estimate of the relationship between the receipt of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> as a child and the conditional probability of graduation from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> for those who choose to attend.</p>
|
|
<p>The estimates of the logit parameters do not provide a direct measure of the relationship between individual characteristics and the probability that each event in the graduation process will occur. We use the logit parameters to estimate how individual characteristics are related to the difference in the probability that each event within the sequential graduation process will occur, based on the mean of individual-level changes in the probability.<sup><a href="#mn28" id="mt28">28</a></sup> For the sequential logit model, we also present the results of the decomposition that shows how individual-level characteristics contribute to the likelihood of graduation at each step in the process. The estimated logit parameters and odds ratios are reported in Tables <span class="nobr">A–2</span> and <span class="nobr">A–3</span>.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="tablea2">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table <span class="nobr">A–2</span>. </span>Additional sequential logit results of the relationship between <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> participation as a child and the graduation process</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Variable</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">Accepted</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">Attended</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">Graduated</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Coefficient</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Odds ratio</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Marginal<br>effects</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Coefficient</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Odds ratio</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Marginal<br>effects</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Coefficient</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Odds ratio</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Marginal<br>effects</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" scope="rowgroup">Former <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> child</th>
|
|
<td>-0.4645***<br>[0.0980] </td>
|
|
<td>0.6285***<br>[0.0616] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.0481***<br>[0.0109] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.0514 <br>[0.0906] </td>
|
|
<td>0.9499 <br>[0.0861] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.0076 <br>[0.0134] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.6972***<br>[0.0831] </td>
|
|
<td>0.4980***<br>[0.0414] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.1607***<br>[0.0181] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" scope="rowgroup">Female</th>
|
|
<td>-0.2006** <br>[0.0864] </td>
|
|
<td>0.8182** <br>[0.0707] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.0193** <br>[0.0083] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.4902***<br>[0.0744] </td>
|
|
<td>0.6125***<br>[0.0455] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.0727***<br>[0.0111] </td>
|
|
<td>0.3431***<br>[0.0659] </td>
|
|
<td>1.4092***<br>[0.0928] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0811***<br>[0.0155] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" scope="rowgroup">Nonwhite</th>
|
|
<td>-1.0840***<br>[0.0904] </td>
|
|
<td>0.3382***<br>[0.0306] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.1242***<br>[0.0119] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.6931***<br>[0.0848] </td>
|
|
<td>0.5000***<br>[0.0424] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.1128***<br>[0.0150] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.0295 <br>[0.0845] </td>
|
|
<td>0.9709 <br>[0.0821] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.0069 <br>[0.0198] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Birth year</th>
|
|
<td colspan="9"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">1966</th>
|
|
<td>0.2658 <br>[0.1692] </td>
|
|
<td>1.3044 <br>[0.2207] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0357* <br>[0.0212] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0817 <br>[0.1613] </td>
|
|
<td>1.0852 <br>[0.1750] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0143 <br>[0.0277] </td>
|
|
<td>0.1516 <br>[0.1551] </td>
|
|
<td>1.1638 <br>[0.1805] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0371 <br>[0.0379] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">1967</th>
|
|
<td>0.3797** <br>[0.1728] </td>
|
|
<td>1.4618** <br>[0.2526] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0494** <br>[0.0202] </td>
|
|
<td>0.1140 <br>[0.1605] </td>
|
|
<td>1.1208 <br>[0.1798] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0199 <br>[0.0273] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0859 <br>[0.1541] </td>
|
|
<td>1.0897 <br>[0.1680] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0211 <br>[0.0378] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">1968</th>
|
|
<td>0.5901***<br>[0.1802] </td>
|
|
<td>1.8042***<br>[0.3251] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0728***<br>[0.0187] </td>
|
|
<td>0.1110 <br>[0.1600] </td>
|
|
<td>1.1174 <br>[0.1788] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0194 <br>[0.0273] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0136 <br>[0.1541] </td>
|
|
<td>1.0137 <br>[0.1562] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0033 <br>[0.0378] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">1969</th>
|
|
<td>0.6125***<br>[0.1759] </td>
|
|
<td>1.8451***<br>[0.3246] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0749***<br>[0.0180] </td>
|
|
<td>0.5264***<br>[0.1674] </td>
|
|
<td>1.6928***<br>[0.2834] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0822***<br>[0.0228] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.0369 <br>[0.1466] </td>
|
|
<td>0.9638 <br>[0.1413] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.0090 <br>[0.0359] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">1970</th>
|
|
<td>0.6329***<br>[0.1837] </td>
|
|
<td>1.8831***<br>[0.3460] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0774***<br>[0.0186] </td>
|
|
<td>0.1960 <br>[0.1637] </td>
|
|
<td>1.2166 <br>[0.1991] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0336 <br>[0.0268] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0398 <br>[0.1549] </td>
|
|
<td>1.0406 <br>[0.1612] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0097 <br>[0.0379] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">1971</th>
|
|
<td>0.7691***<br>[0.1897] </td>
|
|
<td>2.1579***<br>[0.4094] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0915***<br>[0.0178] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0930 <br>[0.1628] </td>
|
|
<td>1.0974 <br>[0.1786] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0164 <br>[0.0281] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.0197 <br>[0.1582] </td>
|
|
<td>0.9805 <br>[0.1551] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.0048 <br>[0.0386] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">1972</th>
|
|
<td>0.7460***<br>[0.2115] </td>
|
|
<td>2.1085***<br>[0.4460] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0869***<br>[0.0194] </td>
|
|
<td>0.3340* <br>[0.1827] </td>
|
|
<td>1.3965* <br>[0.2551] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0551** <br>[0.0277] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.1330 <br>[0.1664] </td>
|
|
<td>0.8754 <br>[0.1457] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.0324 <br>[0.0404] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">1973</th>
|
|
<td>0.9294***<br>[0.2073] </td>
|
|
<td>2.5330***<br>[0.5251] </td>
|
|
<td>0.1065***<br>[0.0176] </td>
|
|
<td>0.5124***<br>[0.1840] </td>
|
|
<td>1.6693***<br>[0.3071] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0814***<br>[0.0255] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.2702 <br>[0.1652] </td>
|
|
<td>0.7632 <br>[0.1261] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.0649* <br>[0.0391] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">1974</th>
|
|
<td>0.9625***<br>[0.2125] </td>
|
|
<td>2.6182***<br>[0.5563] </td>
|
|
<td>0.1088***<br>[0.0175] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0967 <br>[0.1719] </td>
|
|
<td>1.1016 <br>[0.1894] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0171 <br>[0.0298] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.3212* <br>[0.1715] </td>
|
|
<td>0.7253* <br>[0.1244] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.0771* <br>[0.0403] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">1975</th>
|
|
<td>1.5466***<br>[0.2822] </td>
|
|
<td>4.6953***<br>[1.3251] </td>
|
|
<td>0.1445***<br>[0.0144] </td>
|
|
<td>0.7759***<br>[0.2117] </td>
|
|
<td>2.1725***<br>[0.4599] </td>
|
|
<td>0.1141***<br>[0.0246] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.1904 <br>[0.1736] </td>
|
|
<td>0.8266 <br>[0.1435] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.0461 <br>[0.0416] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">1976</th>
|
|
<td>1.9192***<br>[0.3176] </td>
|
|
<td>6.8156***<br>[2.1648] </td>
|
|
<td>0.1632***<br>[0.0122] </td>
|
|
<td>1.2038***<br>[0.2381] </td>
|
|
<td>3.3328***<br>[0.7934] </td>
|
|
<td>0.1573***<br>[0.0206] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.1261 <br>[0.1728] </td>
|
|
<td>0.8815 <br>[0.1523] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.0305 <br>[0.0416] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">1977</th>
|
|
<td>1.9381***<br>[0.3281] </td>
|
|
<td>6.9458***<br>[2.2788] </td>
|
|
<td>0.1605***<br>[0.0120] </td>
|
|
<td>2.0937***<br>[0.3266] </td>
|
|
<td>8.1147***<br>[2.6505] </td>
|
|
<td>0.2081***<br>[0.0135] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.3876** <br>[0.1684] </td>
|
|
<td>0.6787** <br>[0.1143] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.0926** <br>[0.0391] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">1978</th>
|
|
<td>1.7251***<br>[0.2972] </td>
|
|
<td>5.6129***<br>[1.6681] </td>
|
|
<td>0.1539***<br>[0.0133] </td>
|
|
<td>1.4081***<br>[0.2522] </td>
|
|
<td>4.0881***<br>[1.0309] </td>
|
|
<td>0.1726***<br>[0.0186] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.5450***<br>[0.1746] </td>
|
|
<td>0.5799***<br>[0.1012] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.1281***<br>[0.0390] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">1979</th>
|
|
<td>1.3335***<br>[0.2544] </td>
|
|
<td>3.7942***<br>[0.9653] </td>
|
|
<td>0.1355***<br>[0.0159] </td>
|
|
<td>0.5186***<br>[0.1973] </td>
|
|
<td>1.6798***<br>[0.3314] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0830***<br>[0.0274] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.9355***<br>[0.1938] </td>
|
|
<td>0.3924***<br>[0.0760] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.2095***<br>[0.0377] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" scope="rowgroup">Constant</th>
|
|
<td>1.9054***<br>[0.1141] </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>1.5078***<br>[0.1103] </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>-0.1200 <br>[0.1043] </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tr class="shaded topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Observations</th>
|
|
<td>5,638 </td>
|
|
<td>5,638 </td>
|
|
<td>5,638 </td>
|
|
<td>4,993 </td>
|
|
<td>4,993 </td>
|
|
<td>4,993 </td>
|
|
<td>4,053 </td>
|
|
<td>4,053 </td>
|
|
<td>4,053 </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="10">SOURCES: Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>) calculations using the data file of administrative records from the National Technical Institute for the Deaf linked to data from <abbr class="spell">SSA's</abbr> Supplemental Security Record, Master Earnings File, and Numident file.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="10">NOTES: Standard errors in brackets.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="10"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> = Supplemental Security Income; . . . = not applicable.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="10"><span class="nobr">*</span> significant at .10 level; <span class="nobr">**</span> significant at .05 level; <span class="nobr">***</span> significant at .01 level.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="table" id="tablea3">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table <span class="nobr">A–3</span>. </span>Additional logit model estimates of the probability of graduation</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:14em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Variable</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">Model with only<br><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> child variable</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">Model with variables<br>available for all applicants</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">Model with full set<br>of variables for attendees</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Coefficient</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Odds ratio</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Marginal effects<br>(percentage points)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Coefficient</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Odds ratio</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Marginal effects<br>(percentage points)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Coefficient</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Odds ratio</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Marginal effects<br>(percentage points)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Individual characteristics</th>
|
|
<td colspan="9"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Former <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> child</th>
|
|
<td>0.7590***<br>[0.0800] </td>
|
|
<td>2.1362***<br>[0.1709] </td>
|
|
<td>17.7***<br>[1.74] </td>
|
|
<td>0.7639***<br>[0.0814] </td>
|
|
<td>2.1467***<br>[0.1748] </td>
|
|
<td>17.7***<br>[1.76] </td>
|
|
<td>0.5887***<br>[0.0873] </td>
|
|
<td>1.8017***<br>[0.1574] </td>
|
|
<td>13.5***<br>[1.92] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Female</th>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>-0.3224***<br>[0.0652] </td>
|
|
<td>0.7244***<br>[0.0472] </td>
|
|
<td>-7.7***<br>[1.56] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.3653***<br>[0.0668] </td>
|
|
<td>0.6940***<br>[0.0463] </td>
|
|
<td>-8.5***<br>[1.54] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Nonwhite</th>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>0.0971 <br>[0.0828] </td>
|
|
<td>1.1019 <br>[0.0913] </td>
|
|
<td>2.3 <br>[1.96] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0158 <br>[0.0873] </td>
|
|
<td>1.0159 <br>[0.0887] </td>
|
|
<td>0.4 <br>[2.01] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Age at onset of hearing loss</th>
|
|
<td colspan="9"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Birth</th>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>0.0049 <br>[0.1086] </td>
|
|
<td>1.0049 <br>[0.1091] </td>
|
|
<td>0.1 <br>[2.52] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Ages 6 or older</th>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>0.4722 <br>[0.3797] </td>
|
|
<td>1.6036 <br>[0.6089] </td>
|
|
<td>10.7 <br>[8.16] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>0.2385 <br>[0.1503] </td>
|
|
<td>1.2693 <br>[0.1908] </td>
|
|
<td>5.5 <br>[3.4] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Severity of hearing loss</th>
|
|
<td colspan="9"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Mild</th>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>0.1989 <br>[0.2492] </td>
|
|
<td>1.2201 <br>[0.3040] </td>
|
|
<td>4.5 <br>[5.5] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Spline severe</th>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>-0.0034 <br>[0.0077] </td>
|
|
<td>0.9966 <br>[0.0077] </td>
|
|
<td>-0.1 <br>[0.18] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Profound</th>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>-0.2314 <br>[0.1866] </td>
|
|
<td>0.7934 <br>[0.1480] </td>
|
|
<td>-5.4 <br>[4.28] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Profound spline</th>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>0.0009 <br>[0.0050] </td>
|
|
<td>1.0009 <br>[0.0050] </td>
|
|
<td>0.0 <br>[0.12] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>-0.5797* <br>[0.3399] </td>
|
|
<td>0.5600* <br>[0.1904] </td>
|
|
<td>-13.4* <br>[7.84] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Father's education</th>
|
|
<td colspan="9"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Primary</th>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>0.0707 <br>[0.1470] </td>
|
|
<td>1.0733 <br>[0.1578] </td>
|
|
<td>1.6 <br>[3.3] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Secondary</th>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>-0.0831 <br>[0.1038] </td>
|
|
<td>0.9203 <br>[0.0955] </td>
|
|
<td>-1.9 <br>[2.4] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">College</th>
|
|
<td colspan="9"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2 top" scope="row">4 years</th>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>-0.2016* <br>[0.1113] </td>
|
|
<td>0.8174* <br>[0.0910] </td>
|
|
<td>-4.8* <br>[2.65] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2 top" scope="row">5 years or more</th>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>-0.2923** <br>[0.1345] </td>
|
|
<td>0.7466** <br>[0.1004] </td>
|
|
<td>-7.0** <br>[3.21] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>0.3107 <br>[0.1977] </td>
|
|
<td>1.3643 <br>[0.2698] </td>
|
|
<td>6.9 <br>[4.29] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Mother's education</th>
|
|
<td colspan="9"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Primary</th>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>-0.0741 <br>[0.1467] </td>
|
|
<td>0.9286 <br>[0.1362] </td>
|
|
<td>-1.7 <br>[3.35] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Secondary</th>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>0.0117 <br>[0.0930] </td>
|
|
<td>1.0117 <br>[0.0941] </td>
|
|
<td>0.3 <br>[2.14] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">College</th>
|
|
<td colspan="9"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2 top" scope="row">4 years</th>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>-0.2000* <br>[0.1072] </td>
|
|
<td>0.8187* <br>[0.0878] </td>
|
|
<td>-4.7* <br>[2.53] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2 top" scope="row">5 years or more</th>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>-0.3513** <br>[0.1591] </td>
|
|
<td>0.7038** <br>[0.1119] </td>
|
|
<td>-8.3** <br>[3.75] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>-0.6418***<br>[0.2372] </td>
|
|
<td>0.5263***<br>[0.1249] </td>
|
|
<td>-14.8***<br>[5.42] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Deaf parents</th>
|
|
<td colspan="9"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">One</th>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>0.1507 <br>[0.2871] </td>
|
|
<td>1.1626 <br>[0.3337] </td>
|
|
<td>3.5 <br>[6.59] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Two</th>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>0.3507** <br>[0.1409] </td>
|
|
<td>1.4201** <br>[0.2002] </td>
|
|
<td>8.0** <br>[3.12] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 top" scope="row">Missing</th>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>1.9819***<br>[0.5822] </td>
|
|
<td>7.2564***<br>[4.2250] </td>
|
|
<td>34.0***<br>[5.49] </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Inclusion of birth cohort dummy variables</th>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">No</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">No</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">Yes</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" scope="rowgroup">Constant</th>
|
|
<td>0.1041***<br>[0.0359] </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>0.2206***<br>[0.0468] </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>0.4382* <br>[0.2350] </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
<td>. . . <br>. . . </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tr class="shaded topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Observations</th>
|
|
<td>4,053 </td>
|
|
<td>4,053 </td>
|
|
<td>4,053 </td>
|
|
<td>4,053 </td>
|
|
<td>4,053 </td>
|
|
<td>4,053 </td>
|
|
<td>4,053 </td>
|
|
<td>4,053 </td>
|
|
<td>4,053 </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="10">SOURCES: Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>) calculations using the data file of administrative records from the National Technical Institute for the Deaf linked to data from <abbr class="spell">SSA's</abbr> Supplemental Security Record, Master Earnings File, and Numident file.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="10">NOTES: Standard errors in brackets.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="10"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> = Supplemental Security Income; . . . = not applicable.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="10"><span class="nobr">*</span> significant at .10 level; <span class="nobr">**</span> significant at .05 level; <span class="nobr">***</span> significant at .01 level.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2>Appendix B:Technical Description of Survival Analysis</h2>
|
|
<p>The purpose of this section is to provide additional details on the estimates and methodology for the analysis of time spent in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program, along with additional details on the estimates of age/earnings profiles. Table <span class="nobr">B–1</span> shows the estimates of the time to first exit from the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program that are used for Chart 2. Table <span class="nobr">B–2</span> shows the estimates of the time to reentry into the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program that are used for Chart 3. Table <span class="nobr">B–3</span> shows the data used to construct the age/earnings profiles that are used for Charts 4 through 7. In the remainder of this section we provide further details on survival analysis, which is the technique used to construct the estimates of the time spent in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="tableb1">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table <span class="nobr">B–1</span>. </span>Lifetable estimates of time to first exit from <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> for adults who received <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> as a child, by <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> status</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Years<br>following<br>age 19</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">Graduated</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">Withdrew</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">Accepted, did not attend</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">Not accepted</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">All former <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children with a<br>primary diagnosis of deafness</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Number<br>eligible</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Hazard<br>(multiplied<br>by 100)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Survival<br>(percent)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Number<br>eligible</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Hazard<br>(multiplied<br>by 100)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Survival<br>(percent)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Number<br>eligible</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Hazard<br>(multiplied<br>by 100)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Survival<br>(percent)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Number<br>eligible</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Hazard<br>(multiplied<br>by 100)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Survival (percent)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Number<br>eligible</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Hazard<br>(multiplied<br>by 100)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Survival<br>(percent)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1</th>
|
|
<td>231</td>
|
|
<td>0.11</td>
|
|
<td>98.70</td>
|
|
<td>555</td>
|
|
<td>0.23</td>
|
|
<td>97.30</td>
|
|
<td>193</td>
|
|
<td>0.17</td>
|
|
<td>97.93</td>
|
|
<td>179</td>
|
|
<td>0.09</td>
|
|
<td>98.88</td>
|
|
<td>9,388</td>
|
|
<td>0.31</td>
|
|
<td>96.34</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2</th>
|
|
<td>228</td>
|
|
<td>0.18</td>
|
|
<td>96.54</td>
|
|
<td>540</td>
|
|
<td>0.23</td>
|
|
<td>94.59</td>
|
|
<td>189</td>
|
|
<td>0.13</td>
|
|
<td>96.37</td>
|
|
<td>177</td>
|
|
<td>0.09</td>
|
|
<td>97.77</td>
|
|
<td>9,037</td>
|
|
<td>0.29</td>
|
|
<td>93.07</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">3</th>
|
|
<td>223</td>
|
|
<td>0.15</td>
|
|
<td>94.81</td>
|
|
<td>525</td>
|
|
<td>0.34</td>
|
|
<td>90.81</td>
|
|
<td>186</td>
|
|
<td>0.18</td>
|
|
<td>94.30</td>
|
|
<td>175</td>
|
|
<td>0.29</td>
|
|
<td>94.41</td>
|
|
<td>8,723</td>
|
|
<td>0.32</td>
|
|
<td>89.53</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">4</th>
|
|
<td>219</td>
|
|
<td>0.23</td>
|
|
<td>92.21</td>
|
|
<td>501</td>
|
|
<td>0.37</td>
|
|
<td>86.85</td>
|
|
<td>182</td>
|
|
<td>0.14</td>
|
|
<td>92.75</td>
|
|
<td>169</td>
|
|
<td>0.40</td>
|
|
<td>89.94</td>
|
|
<td>8,378</td>
|
|
<td>0.41</td>
|
|
<td>85.18</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">5</th>
|
|
<td>213</td>
|
|
<td>0.86</td>
|
|
<td>83.12</td>
|
|
<td>482</td>
|
|
<td>0.65</td>
|
|
<td>80.36</td>
|
|
<td>179</td>
|
|
<td>0.78</td>
|
|
<td>84.46</td>
|
|
<td>161</td>
|
|
<td>0.53</td>
|
|
<td>84.36</td>
|
|
<td>7,958</td>
|
|
<td>0.45</td>
|
|
<td>80.75</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">6</th>
|
|
<td>192</td>
|
|
<td>0.96</td>
|
|
<td>74.03</td>
|
|
<td>446</td>
|
|
<td>0.68</td>
|
|
<td>74.05</td>
|
|
<td>163</td>
|
|
<td>0.92</td>
|
|
<td>75.65</td>
|
|
<td>151</td>
|
|
<td>0.51</td>
|
|
<td>79.33</td>
|
|
<td>7,533</td>
|
|
<td>0.50</td>
|
|
<td>76.01</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">7</th>
|
|
<td>171</td>
|
|
<td>1.33</td>
|
|
<td>63.08</td>
|
|
<td>411</td>
|
|
<td>0.94</td>
|
|
<td>66.17</td>
|
|
<td>146</td>
|
|
<td>1.19</td>
|
|
<td>65.53</td>
|
|
<td>142</td>
|
|
<td>0.68</td>
|
|
<td>73.10</td>
|
|
<td>6,967</td>
|
|
<td>0.57</td>
|
|
<td>71.02</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">8</th>
|
|
<td>142</td>
|
|
<td>1.94</td>
|
|
<td>49.92</td>
|
|
<td>336</td>
|
|
<td>0.82</td>
|
|
<td>59.98</td>
|
|
<td>119</td>
|
|
<td>0.90</td>
|
|
<td>58.81</td>
|
|
<td>127</td>
|
|
<td>0.91</td>
|
|
<td>65.49</td>
|
|
<td>5,645</td>
|
|
<td>0.64</td>
|
|
<td>65.75</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">9</th>
|
|
<td>107</td>
|
|
<td>1.59</td>
|
|
<td>41.23</td>
|
|
<td>275</td>
|
|
<td>1.05</td>
|
|
<td>52.89</td>
|
|
<td>103</td>
|
|
<td>0.95</td>
|
|
<td>52.43</td>
|
|
<td>110</td>
|
|
<td>1.15</td>
|
|
<td>57.04</td>
|
|
<td>4,461</td>
|
|
<td>0.62</td>
|
|
<td>61.07</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">10</th>
|
|
<td>82</td>
|
|
<td>1.29</td>
|
|
<td>35.31</td>
|
|
<td>219</td>
|
|
<td>0.85</td>
|
|
<td>47.77</td>
|
|
<td>89</td>
|
|
<td>1.33</td>
|
|
<td>44.69</td>
|
|
<td>93</td>
|
|
<td>1.37</td>
|
|
<td>48.36</td>
|
|
<td>3,451</td>
|
|
<td>0.56</td>
|
|
<td>57.09</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" scope="row">Cumulative<br>probability of<br>exit within<br>10 years<br>(percent)</th>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">64.7<br>[3.29]</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">52.2<br>2.28</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">55.3<br>3.71</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">51.6<br>3.84</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">42.9<br>0.57</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" scope="row">Median<br>months to<br><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> exit <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">95<br>[1.44]</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">116<br>[3.34]</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">114<br>[2.58]</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">118<br>[2.61]</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">145<br>[2.38]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="16">SOURCES: Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>) calculations using the data file of administrative records from the National Technical Institute for the Deaf linked to data from <abbr class="spell">SSA's</abbr> Supplemental Security Record, Master Earnings File, and Numident file.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="16">NOTES: Standard errors are in brackets.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="16"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> = Supplemental Security Income; <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> = National Technical Institute for the Deaf.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="16">a. Rounded to the nearest month.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="table" id="tableb2">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table <span class="nobr">B–2</span>. </span>Lifetable estimates of time to <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> reentry for adults who received <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> as a child, by <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> status</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Years<br>following<br>first exit</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">Graduated</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">Withdrew</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">Accepted, did not attend</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">Not accepted</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">All former <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children with a<br>primary diagnosis of deafness</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Number<br>eligible</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Hazard<br>(multiplied<br>by 100)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Survival<br>(percent)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Number<br>eligible</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Hazard<br>(multiplied<br>by 100)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Survival<br>(percent)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Number<br>eligible</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Hazard<br>(multiplied<br>by 100)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Survival<br>(percent)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Number<br>eligible</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Hazard<br>(multiplied<br>by 100)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Survival<br>(percent)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Number<br>eligible</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Hazard<br>(multiplied<br>by 100)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Survival<br>(percent)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">1</th>
|
|
<td>157</td>
|
|
<td>0.29</td>
|
|
<td>96.63</td>
|
|
<td>295</td>
|
|
<td>0.62</td>
|
|
<td>92.82</td>
|
|
<td>115</td>
|
|
<td>0.46</td>
|
|
<td>94.59</td>
|
|
<td>104</td>
|
|
<td>0.62</td>
|
|
<td>92.82</td>
|
|
<td>3,315</td>
|
|
<td>0.69</td>
|
|
<td>92.07</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">2</th>
|
|
<td>135</td>
|
|
<td>0.20</td>
|
|
<td>94.39</td>
|
|
<td>242</td>
|
|
<td>0.34</td>
|
|
<td>89.15</td>
|
|
<td>101</td>
|
|
<td>0.18</td>
|
|
<td>92.62</td>
|
|
<td>84</td>
|
|
<td>0.53</td>
|
|
<td>87.09</td>
|
|
<td>2,619</td>
|
|
<td>0.52</td>
|
|
<td>86.53</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">3</th>
|
|
<td>120</td>
|
|
<td>0.29</td>
|
|
<td>91.12</td>
|
|
<td>205</td>
|
|
<td>0.36</td>
|
|
<td>85.39</td>
|
|
<td>89</td>
|
|
<td>0.30</td>
|
|
<td>89.35</td>
|
|
<td>73</td>
|
|
<td>0.36</td>
|
|
<td>83.36</td>
|
|
<td>2,122</td>
|
|
<td>0.33</td>
|
|
<td>83.17</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">4</th>
|
|
<td>107</td>
|
|
<td>0.25</td>
|
|
<td>88.41</td>
|
|
<td>166</td>
|
|
<td>0.39</td>
|
|
<td>81.52</td>
|
|
<td>78</td>
|
|
<td>0.70</td>
|
|
<td>82.11</td>
|
|
<td>64</td>
|
|
<td>0.43</td>
|
|
<td>79.12</td>
|
|
<td>1,764</td>
|
|
<td>0.40</td>
|
|
<td>79.28</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">5</th>
|
|
<td>92</td>
|
|
<td>0</td>
|
|
<td>88.41</td>
|
|
<td>136</td>
|
|
<td>0.34</td>
|
|
<td>78.26</td>
|
|
<td>64</td>
|
|
<td>0</td>
|
|
<td>82.11</td>
|
|
<td>51</td>
|
|
<td>0.35</td>
|
|
<td>75.86</td>
|
|
<td>1,371</td>
|
|
<td>0.26</td>
|
|
<td>76.84</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">6</th>
|
|
<td>79</td>
|
|
<td>0</td>
|
|
<td>88.41</td>
|
|
<td>109</td>
|
|
<td>0.17</td>
|
|
<td>76.68</td>
|
|
<td>51</td>
|
|
<td>0.35</td>
|
|
<td>78.72</td>
|
|
<td>44</td>
|
|
<td>0.22</td>
|
|
<td>73.91</td>
|
|
<td>994</td>
|
|
<td>0.22</td>
|
|
<td>74.88</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">7</th>
|
|
<td>71</td>
|
|
<td>0.27</td>
|
|
<td>85.58</td>
|
|
<td>87</td>
|
|
<td>0.21</td>
|
|
<td>74.74</td>
|
|
<td>44</td>
|
|
<td>0.42</td>
|
|
<td>74.84</td>
|
|
<td>33</td>
|
|
<td>0</td>
|
|
<td>73.91</td>
|
|
<td>710</td>
|
|
<td>0.22</td>
|
|
<td>72.96</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">8</th>
|
|
<td>52</td>
|
|
<td>0</td>
|
|
<td>85.58</td>
|
|
<td>69</td>
|
|
<td>0</td>
|
|
<td>74.74</td>
|
|
<td>35</td>
|
|
<td>0.56</td>
|
|
<td>70.01</td>
|
|
<td>23</td>
|
|
<td>0</td>
|
|
<td>73.91</td>
|
|
<td>520</td>
|
|
<td>0.17</td>
|
|
<td>71.51</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">9</th>
|
|
<td>45</td>
|
|
<td>0</td>
|
|
<td>85.58</td>
|
|
<td>54</td>
|
|
<td>0</td>
|
|
<td>74.74</td>
|
|
<td>25</td>
|
|
<td>0.38</td>
|
|
<td>66.90</td>
|
|
<td>17</td>
|
|
<td>0</td>
|
|
<td>73.91</td>
|
|
<td>376</td>
|
|
<td>0.10</td>
|
|
<td>70.64</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">10</th>
|
|
<td>36</td>
|
|
<td>0</td>
|
|
<td>85.58</td>
|
|
<td>44</td>
|
|
<td>0.22</td>
|
|
<td>72.82</td>
|
|
<td>19</td>
|
|
<td>0</td>
|
|
<td>66.90</td>
|
|
<td>15</td>
|
|
<td>0</td>
|
|
<td>73.91</td>
|
|
<td>280</td>
|
|
<td>0.34</td>
|
|
<td>67.80</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Cumulative<br>probability<br>of reentry<br>within— <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="15"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" scope="row">5 years</th>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">11.60<br>[2.84]</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">21.70<br>[2.86]</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">17.90<br>[3.99]</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">24.10<br>[4.82]</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">23.16<br>[0.88]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub0 top" scope="row">10 years</th>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">14.40<br>[3.38]</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">27.20<br>[3.67]</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">33.10<br>[6.28]</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">26.10<br>[5.08]</td>
|
|
<td class="center" colspan="3">32.2<br>[1.44]</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="16">SOURCES: Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>) calculations using the data file of administrative records from the National Technical Institute for the Deaf linked to data from <abbr class="spell">SSA's</abbr> Supplemental Security Record, Master Earnings File, and Numident file.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="16">NOTES: Standard errors are in brackets.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="16"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> = Supplemental Security Income; <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> = National Technical Institute for the Deaf.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="16">a. Median months to reentry not estimated.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="table" id="tableB3">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table <span class="nobr">B–3</span>. </span>Data used in age/earnings profiles for <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> applicants who received <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> as a child, by age and <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> status</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:2em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="18" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="3" id="c1">Age</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" id="c2">Graduated</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" id="c3">Withdrew</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" id="c4">Accepted, did not attend</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" id="c5">Not accepted</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" id="c6">Graduated but not<br>a former <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> child</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" id="c7">All former <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children with<br>a primary diagnosis of deafness</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" id="c8" headers="c2">Percentage<br>with earnings</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c9" headers="c2">Mean (dollars)</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" id="c10" headers="c3">Percentage<br>with earnings</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c11" headers="c3">Mean (dollars)</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" id="c12" headers="c4">Percentage<br>with earnings</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c13" headers="c4">Mean (dollars)</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" id="c14" headers="c5">Percentage<br>with earnings</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c15" headers="c5">Mean (dollars)</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" id="c16" headers="c6">Percentage<br>with earnings</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c17" headers="c6">Mean (dollars)</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" id="c18" headers="c7">Percentage<br>with earnings</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c19" headers="c7">Mean (dollars)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th id="c20" headers="c2 c9">Earners</th>
|
|
<th id="c21" headers="c2 c9">Earners<br>and non-<br>earners</th>
|
|
<th id="c22" headers="c3 c11">Earners</th>
|
|
<th id="c23" headers="c3 c11">Earners<br>and non-<br>earners</th>
|
|
<th id="c24" headers="c4 c13">Earners</th>
|
|
<th id="c25" headers="c4 c13">Earners<br>and non-<br>earners</th>
|
|
<th id="c26" headers="c5 c15">Earners</th>
|
|
<th id="c27" headers="c5 c15">Earners<br>and non-<br>earners</th>
|
|
<th id="c28" headers="c6 c17">Earners</th>
|
|
<th id="c29" headers="c6 c17">Earners<br>and non-<br>earners</th>
|
|
<th id="c30" headers="c7 c19">Earners</th>
|
|
<th id="c31" headers="c7 c19">Earners<br>and non-<br>earners</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r1" headers="c1">18</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c2 c8">46.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c2 c9 c20">934</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c2 c9 c21">434</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c3 c10">53.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c3 c11 c22">963</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c3 c11 c23">510</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c4 c12">48.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c4 c13 c24">845</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c4 c13 c25">409</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c5 c14">40.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c5 c15 c26">753</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c5 c15 c27">307</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c6 c16">57.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c6 c17 c28">1,076</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c6 c17 c29">618</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c7 c18">42.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c7 c19 c30">1,113</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c7 c19 c31">473</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r2" headers="c1">19</th>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c2 c8">45.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c2 c9 c20">1,219</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c2 c9 c21">548</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c3 c10">47.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c3 c11 c22">1,357</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c3 c11 c23">646</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c4 c12">49.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c4 c13 c24">1,244</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c4 c13 c25">614</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c5 c14">46.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c5 c15 c26">831</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c5 c15 c27">387</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c6 c16">55.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c6 c17 c28">1,254</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c6 c17 c29">692</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c7 c18">47.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c7 c19 c30">1,804</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c7 c19 c31">854</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r3" headers="c1">20</th>
|
|
<td headers="r3 c2 c8">50.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r3 c2 c9 c20">1,425</td>
|
|
<td headers="r3 c2 c9 c21">712</td>
|
|
<td headers="r3 c3 c10">51.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r3 c3 c11 c22">2,042</td>
|
|
<td headers="r3 c3 c11 c23">1,041</td>
|
|
<td headers="r3 c4 c12">51.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r3 c4 c13 c24">1,894</td>
|
|
<td headers="r3 c4 c13 c25">977</td>
|
|
<td headers="r3 c5 c14">50.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r3 c5 c15 c26">1,462</td>
|
|
<td headers="r3 c5 c15 c27">738</td>
|
|
<td headers="r3 c6 c16">57.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r3 c6 c17 c28">1,576</td>
|
|
<td headers="r3 c6 c17 c29">910</td>
|
|
<td headers="r3 c7 c18">50.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r3 c7 c19 c30">2,889</td>
|
|
<td headers="r3 c7 c19 c31">1,468</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r4" headers="c1">21</th>
|
|
<td headers="r4 c2 c8">55.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r4 c2 c9 c20">1,820</td>
|
|
<td headers="r4 c2 c9 c21">1,015</td>
|
|
<td headers="r4 c3 c10">57.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r4 c3 c11 c22">3,334</td>
|
|
<td headers="r4 c3 c11 c23">1,917</td>
|
|
<td headers="r4 c4 c12">54.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r4 c4 c13 c24">2,429</td>
|
|
<td headers="r4 c4 c13 c25">1,318</td>
|
|
<td headers="r4 c5 c14">60.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r4 c5 c15 c26">2,370</td>
|
|
<td headers="r4 c5 c15 c27">1,427</td>
|
|
<td headers="r4 c6 c16">62.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r4 c6 c17 c28">1,932</td>
|
|
<td headers="r4 c6 c17 c29">1,203</td>
|
|
<td headers="r4 c7 c18">54.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r4 c7 c19 c30">4,165</td>
|
|
<td headers="r4 c7 c19 c31">2,255</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r5" headers="c1">22</th>
|
|
<td headers="r5 c2 c8">57.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 c2 c9 c20">2,603</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 c2 c9 c21">1,489</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 c3 c10">64.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 c3 c11 c22">4,372</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 c3 c11 c23">2,833</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 c4 c12">62.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 c4 c13 c24">3,823</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 c4 c13 c25">2,383</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 c5 c14">65.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 c5 c15 c26">4,039</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 c5 c15 c27">2,627</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 c6 c16">64.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 c6 c17 c28">2,774</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 c6 c17 c29">1,775</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 c7 c18">55.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 c7 c19 c30">5,277</td>
|
|
<td headers="r5 c7 c19 c31">2,946</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r6" headers="c1">23</th>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c2 c8">69.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c2 c9 c20">4,460</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c2 c9 c21">3,096</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c3 c10">66.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c3 c11 c22">6,188</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c3 c11 c23">4,094</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c4 c12">65.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c4 c13 c24">5,481</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c4 c13 c25">3,564</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c5 c14">73.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c5 c15 c26">5,117</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c5 c15 c27">3,776</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c6 c16">69.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c6 c17 c28">4,820</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c6 c17 c29">3,341</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c7 c18">55.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c7 c19 c30">6,461</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c7 c19 c31">3,562</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r7" headers="c1">24</th>
|
|
<td headers="r7 c2 c8">68.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r7 c2 c9 c20">7,410</td>
|
|
<td headers="r7 c2 c9 c21">5,091</td>
|
|
<td headers="r7 c3 c10">70.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r7 c3 c11 c22">7,698</td>
|
|
<td headers="r7 c3 c11 c23">5,420</td>
|
|
<td headers="r7 c4 c12">66.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r7 c4 c13 c24">7,925</td>
|
|
<td headers="r7 c4 c13 c25">5,295</td>
|
|
<td headers="r7 c5 c14">73.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r7 c5 c15 c26">6,352</td>
|
|
<td headers="r7 c5 c15 c27">4,656</td>
|
|
<td headers="r7 c6 c16">74.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r7 c6 c17 c28">7,724</td>
|
|
<td headers="r7 c6 c17 c29">5,716</td>
|
|
<td headers="r7 c7 c18">54.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r7 c7 c19 c30">7,627</td>
|
|
<td headers="r7 c7 c19 c31">4,191</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r8" headers="c1">25</th>
|
|
<td headers="r8 c2 c8">76.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r8 c2 c9 c20">10,140</td>
|
|
<td headers="r8 c2 c9 c21">7,774</td>
|
|
<td headers="r8 c3 c10">70.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r8 c3 c11 c22">9,404</td>
|
|
<td headers="r8 c3 c11 c23">6,646</td>
|
|
<td headers="r8 c4 c12">72.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r8 c4 c13 c24">9,115</td>
|
|
<td headers="r8 c4 c13 c25">6,586</td>
|
|
<td headers="r8 c5 c14">71.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r8 c5 c15 c26">7,362</td>
|
|
<td headers="r8 c5 c15 c27">5,269</td>
|
|
<td headers="r8 c6 c16">79.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r8 c6 c17 c28">10,593</td>
|
|
<td headers="r8 c6 c17 c29">8,460</td>
|
|
<td headers="r8 c7 c18">54.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r8 c7 c19 c30">8,650</td>
|
|
<td headers="r8 c7 c19 c31">4,745</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r9" headers="c1">26</th>
|
|
<td headers="r9 c2 c8">84.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 c2 c9 c20">12,560</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 c2 c9 c21">10,624</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 c3 c10">72.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 c3 c11 c22">10,544</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 c3 c11 c23">7,618</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 c4 c12">74.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 c4 c13 c24">10,237</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 c4 c13 c25">7,665</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 c5 c14">72.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 c5 c15 c26">8,697</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 c5 c15 c27">6,337</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 c6 c16">83.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 c6 c17 c28">13,131</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 c6 c17 c29">11,003</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 c7 c18">55.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 c7 c19 c30">9,439</td>
|
|
<td headers="r9 c7 c19 c31">5,209</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r10" headers="c1">27</th>
|
|
<td headers="r10 c2 c8">86.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r10 c2 c9 c20">14,655</td>
|
|
<td headers="r10 c2 c9 c21">12,689</td>
|
|
<td headers="r10 c3 c10">73.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r10 c3 c11 c22">11,788</td>
|
|
<td headers="r10 c3 c11 c23">8,615</td>
|
|
<td headers="r10 c4 c12">74.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r10 c4 c13 c24">12,490</td>
|
|
<td headers="r10 c4 c13 c25">9,351</td>
|
|
<td headers="r10 c5 c14">72.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r10 c5 c15 c26">9,963</td>
|
|
<td headers="r10 c5 c15 c27">7,241</td>
|
|
<td headers="r10 c6 c16">86.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r10 c6 c17 c28">15,619</td>
|
|
<td headers="r10 c6 c17 c29">13,507</td>
|
|
<td headers="r10 c7 c18">55.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r10 c7 c19 c30">10,203</td>
|
|
<td headers="r10 c7 c19 c31">5,614</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r11" headers="c1">28</th>
|
|
<td headers="r11 c2 c8">86.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 c2 c9 c20">17,003</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 c2 c9 c21">14,725</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 c3 c10">73.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 c3 c11 c22">13,177</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 c3 c11 c23">9,727</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 c4 c12">78.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 c4 c13 c24">12,328</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 c4 c13 c25">9,729</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 c5 c14">68.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 c5 c15 c26">11,054</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 c5 c15 c27">7,596</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 c6 c16">88.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 c6 c17 c28">17,570</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 c6 c17 c29">15,572</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 c7 c18">55.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 c7 c19 c30">10,797</td>
|
|
<td headers="r11 c7 c19 c31">5,956</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r12" headers="c1">29</th>
|
|
<td headers="r12 c2 c8">85.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r12 c2 c9 c20">18,681</td>
|
|
<td headers="r12 c2 c9 c21">15,914</td>
|
|
<td headers="r12 c3 c10">75.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r12 c3 c11 c22">14,371</td>
|
|
<td headers="r12 c3 c11 c23">10,788</td>
|
|
<td headers="r12 c4 c12">79.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r12 c4 c13 c24">13,992</td>
|
|
<td headers="r12 c4 c13 c25">11,063</td>
|
|
<td headers="r12 c5 c14">69.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r12 c5 c15 c26">11,895</td>
|
|
<td headers="r12 c5 c15 c27">8,230</td>
|
|
<td headers="r12 c6 c16">89.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r12 c6 c17 c28">20,073</td>
|
|
<td headers="r12 c6 c17 c29">18,019</td>
|
|
<td headers="r12 c7 c18">54.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r12 c7 c19 c30">11,445</td>
|
|
<td headers="r12 c7 c19 c31">6,268</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r13" headers="c1">30</th>
|
|
<td headers="r13 c2 c8">84.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 c2 c9 c20">20,776</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 c2 c9 c21">17,560</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 c3 c10">76.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 c3 c11 c22">15,232</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 c3 c11 c23">11,610</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 c4 c12">81.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 c4 c13 c24">14,996</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 c4 c13 c25">12,159</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 c5 c14">73.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 c5 c15 c26">12,071</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 c5 c15 c27">8,842</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 c6 c16">90.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 c6 c17 c28">21,748</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 c6 c17 c29">19,668</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 c7 c18">55.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 c7 c19 c30">12,246</td>
|
|
<td headers="r13 c7 c19 c31">6,822</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r14" headers="c1">31</th>
|
|
<td headers="r14 c2 c8">81.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r14 c2 c9 c20">20,689</td>
|
|
<td headers="r14 c2 c9 c21">16,915</td>
|
|
<td headers="r14 c3 c10">73.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r14 c3 c11 c22">16,538</td>
|
|
<td headers="r14 c3 c11 c23">12,107</td>
|
|
<td headers="r14 c4 c12">79.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r14 c4 c13 c24">17,636</td>
|
|
<td headers="r14 c4 c13 c25">14,001</td>
|
|
<td headers="r14 c5 c14">74.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r14 c5 c15 c26">12,351</td>
|
|
<td headers="r14 c5 c15 c27">9,218</td>
|
|
<td headers="r14 c6 c16">90.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r14 c6 c17 c28">23,408</td>
|
|
<td headers="r14 c6 c17 c29">21,090</td>
|
|
<td headers="r14 c7 c18">56.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r14 c7 c19 c30">12,525</td>
|
|
<td headers="r14 c7 c19 c31">7,037</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r15" headers="c1">32</th>
|
|
<td headers="r15 c2 c8">84.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 c2 c9 c20">22,626</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 c2 c9 c21">19,187</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 c3 c10">75.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 c3 c11 c22">16,882</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 c3 c11 c23">12,787</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 c4 c12">78.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 c4 c13 c24">18,011</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 c4 c13 c25">14,061</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 c5 c14">66.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 c5 c15 c26">14,480</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 c5 c15 c27">9,577</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 c6 c16">88.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 c6 c17 c28">25,418</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 c6 c17 c29">22,556</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 c7 c18">55.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 c7 c19 c30">13,168</td>
|
|
<td headers="r15 c7 c19 c31">7,268</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r16" headers="c1">33</th>
|
|
<td headers="r16 c2 c8">80.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r16 c2 c9 c20">25,358</td>
|
|
<td headers="r16 c2 c9 c21">20,491</td>
|
|
<td headers="r16 c3 c10">75.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r16 c3 c11 c22">17,071</td>
|
|
<td headers="r16 c3 c11 c23">12,892</td>
|
|
<td headers="r16 c4 c12">82.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r16 c4 c13 c24">19,529</td>
|
|
<td headers="r16 c4 c13 c25">16,014</td>
|
|
<td headers="r16 c5 c14">70.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r16 c5 c15 c26">14,707</td>
|
|
<td headers="r16 c5 c15 c27">10,350</td>
|
|
<td headers="r16 c6 c16">87.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r16 c6 c17 c28">26,818</td>
|
|
<td headers="r16 c6 c17 c29">23,505</td>
|
|
<td headers="r16 c7 c18">53.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r16 c7 c19 c30">14,065</td>
|
|
<td headers="r16 c7 c19 c31">7,530</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r17" headers="c1">34</th>
|
|
<td headers="r17 c2 c8">80.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r17 c2 c9 c20">28,815</td>
|
|
<td headers="r17 c2 c9 c21">23,202</td>
|
|
<td headers="r17 c3 c10">66.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r17 c3 c11 c22">18,498</td>
|
|
<td headers="r17 c3 c11 c23">12,290</td>
|
|
<td headers="r17 c4 c12">77.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r17 c4 c13 c24">21,175</td>
|
|
<td headers="r17 c4 c13 c25">16,335</td>
|
|
<td headers="r17 c5 c14">64.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r17 c5 c15 c26">16,038</td>
|
|
<td headers="r17 c5 c15 c27">10,398</td>
|
|
<td headers="r17 c6 c16">86.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r17 c6 c17 c28">27,971</td>
|
|
<td headers="r17 c6 c17 c29">24,112</td>
|
|
<td headers="r17 c7 c18">53.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r17 c7 c19 c30">14,949</td>
|
|
<td headers="r17 c7 c19 c31">7,943</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r18" headers="c1">35</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 c2 c8">84.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 c2 c9 c20">31,000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 c2 c9 c21">26,271</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 c3 c10">66.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 c3 c11 c22">19,552</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 c3 c11 c23">13,035</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 c4 c12">86.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 c4 c13 c24">20,629</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 c4 c13 c25">17,741</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 c5 c14">59.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 c5 c15 c26">16,878</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 c5 c15 c27">9,984</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 c6 c16">85.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 c6 c17 c28">28,187</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 c6 c17 c29">24,078</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 c7 c18">51.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 c7 c19 c30">15,586</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 c7 c19 c31">8,086</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="19">SOURCES: Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>) calculations using the data file of administrative records from the National Technical Institute for the Deaf linked to data from <abbr class="spell">SSA's</abbr> Supplemental Security Record, Master Earnings File, and Numident file.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="19">NOTE: <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> = National Technical Institute for the Deaf; <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> = Supplemental Security Income.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>The probability that an exit from the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program will occur within <span class="nobr">1-year</span> intervals beginning at age 19 may be described using a hazard function or a survival function. Both measures use the probability of failure, <i>f<sub>t</sub></i>, in time interval <i>t</i>. The probability of failure is defined as the percentage of persons in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program at the beginning of the time interval who are observed leaving the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program within the <span class="nobr">12-month</span> interval. The probability of failure is shown in Equation <span class="nobr">B–1</span>.</p>
|
|
<p><b>Equation <span class="nobr">B–1</span></b></p>
|
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<math display='block'>
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<mrow>
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<msub>
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<mi>f</mi>
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<mi>t</mi>
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</msub>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mfrac>
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<mrow>
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<msub>
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<mi>d</mi>
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<mi>t</mi>
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</msub>
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</mrow>
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<mrow>
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<mo stretchy='false'>(</mo>
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<msub>
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<mi>N</mi>
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<mi>t</mi>
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</msub>
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<mo>−</mo>
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<mfrac>
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<mrow>
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<msub>
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<mi>m</mi>
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<mi>t</mi>
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</msub>
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</mrow>
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<mn>2</mn>
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</mfrac>
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<mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
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</mrow>
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</mfrac>
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</mrow>
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</math>
|
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<p>In Equation <span class="nobr">B–1</span>, <i>d<sub>t</sub></i> is the number of people who leave the program in year <i>t</i>, <i>N<sub>t</sub></i> is the total number of persons observed at the beginning of the year, and <i>m<sub>t</sub></i> is the number of censored observations within year <i>t</i>. Censored cases are those for which we do not have data on participation in the program within the time interval and so do not know whether the participants left the program.</p>
|
|
<p>The hazard at time <i>t</i>, λ<sub>t</sub>, is the probability that a person will exit the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program within a <span class="nobr">1-year</span> interval, given that the person has not left the program at the beginning of the interval (shown in Equation <span class="nobr">B–2</span>).</p>
|
|
<p><b>Equation <span class="nobr">B–2</span></b></p>
|
|
<math display='block'>
|
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<mrow>
|
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<msub>
|
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<mi>λ</mi>
|
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<mi>j</mi>
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</msub>
|
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<mo>=</mo>
|
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<mfrac>
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<mrow>
|
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<msub>
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<mi>f</mi>
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<mi>j</mi>
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</msub>
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</mrow>
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<mrow>
|
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<mo stretchy='false'>(</mo>
|
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<mn>1</mn>
|
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<mo>−</mo>
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<mfrac>
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<mrow>
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<msub>
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<mi>f</mi>
|
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<mi>j</mi>
|
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</msub>
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</mrow>
|
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<mn>2</mn>
|
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</mfrac>
|
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<mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
|
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<mo>⋅</mo>
|
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<mo stretchy='false'>(</mo>
|
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<msub>
|
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<mi>t</mi>
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<mrow>
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<mi>j</mi>
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<mo>+</mo>
|
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<mn>1</mn>
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</mrow>
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</msub>
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<mo>−</mo>
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<msub>
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<mi>t</mi>
|
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<mi>j</mi>
|
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</msub>
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<mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
|
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</mrow>
|
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</mfrac>
|
|
</mrow>
|
|
</math>
|
|
<p class="noindent">Where <i>t<sub>j+1</sub></i> – <i>t<sub>j</sub></i> is the length of the interval in months—which is 12 in our case. The denominator is the standard adjustment for censored cases in the interval.<sup><a href="#mn29" id="mt29">29</a></sup></p>
|
|
<p>The probability that a person remains on the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program until period <i>j</i>, referred to as survival <i>(S<sub>j</sub>)</i>, is the probability that a person has not left the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program within a particular interval (shown in Equation <span class="nobr">B–3</span>).</p>
|
|
<p><b>Equation <span class="nobr">B–3</span></b></p>
|
|
<math display='block'>
|
|
<mrow>
|
|
<msub>
|
|
<mi>S</mi>
|
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<mi>j</mi>
|
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</msub>
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<mo>=</mo>
|
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<mstyle displaystyle='true'>
|
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<munderover>
|
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<mo>∏</mo>
|
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<mrow>
|
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<mi>k</mi>
|
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<mo>=</mo>
|
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<mn>1</mn>
|
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</mrow>
|
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<mi>j</mi>
|
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</munderover>
|
|
<mrow>
|
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<mo stretchy='false'>(</mo>
|
|
<mn>1</mn>
|
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<mo>−</mo>
|
|
<msub>
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|
<mi>f</mi>
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<mi>k</mi>
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</msub>
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<mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
|
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</mrow>
|
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</mstyle>
|
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</mrow>
|
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</math>
|
|
<p>Equation <span class="nobr">B–3</span> is simply the probability that failure will not occur in each time interval from 1 to <i>j</i>.</p>
|
|
<p>Equations <span class="nobr">B–1</span> through <span class="nobr">B–3</span> are modified to describe the hazard and the survival estimates for reentry into the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program within <span class="nobr">1-year</span> intervals, beginning at the point when applicants leave the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program. In this case, the hazard rate in Equation <span class="nobr">B–1</span> represents the probability that an applicant will reenter the program within a <span class="nobr">1-year</span> interval, given that he or she has not reentered the program before the interval. The survival rate in Equation <span class="nobr">B–3</span> represents the probability that an applicant has not reentered the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program within a particular interval.</p>
|
|
<div id="notes">
|
|
<h2>Notes</h2>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt1" id="mn1">1</a> See Daly and Burkhauser (2003) for an overview of the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt2" id="mn2">2</a> The term "managing against the risk of disability" in the context of the children and youth remaining in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability program has been used by the former Deputy Commissioner for Disability and Income Support Programs at <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> (Gerry 2002).</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt3" id="mn3">3</a> Wittenburg and Maag (2002) identify the lack of data as a limitation to research on the relationship between children's participation in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program and adult outcomes. The National Council on Disability (2003) also identifies limitations in the data available to examine postsecondary education for youth with disabilities.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt4" id="mn4">4</a> Rupp and Scott (1995) do not disaggregate the length of stay in the program by the time spent on <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> as a child and the time spent in the program as an adult. Rather, for children, they estimate the total time spent in the program. Thus, one cannot use their estimates to identify the portion of time spent in the program as a child and the portion of time spent in the program as an adult.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt5" id="mn5">5</a> See Davies and Rupp (2006) for further information on the <abbr class="spell">NSCF</abbr> data.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt6" id="mn6">6</a> Of the remaining <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children, 38.5 percent had dropped out of secondary school and 12.9 percent were still enrolled.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt7" id="mn7">7</a> Estimates of enrollment rates vary across sources and subgroups. The 35 percent estimate is based on all persons aged <span class="nobr">18–24</span>. The rate is estimated from the Current Population Survey (<abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr>), as reported in Hurst and Hudson (2005). Estimates from other surveys range from 32 percent to almost 40 percent.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt8" id="mn8">8</a> The data merge is possible under the authority of the Privacy Act of 1974 as amended by <abbr class="spell">U.S.C.</abbr> Section 552a (b) (5), which states, "disclosures may be made with advance adequate written assurance that the record will be used solely as a statistical and reporting record, and transferred in a form that is not individually identifiable."</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt9" id="mn9">9</a> The <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> merged data file contains information on a total of 13,863 persons who applied to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>. Of these, 1,597 were not accepted to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>, 2,068 were accepted but chose not to attend, 5,128 withdrew before completing a degree, and 5,070 graduated from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt10" id="mn10">10</a> Although <abbr>FICA</abbr> earnings cover most workers, some persons may work in jobs not covered by <abbr>FICA</abbr>. Thus, our estimates must be interpreted as employment and earnings within the covered sector.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt11" id="mn11">11</a> There were 66 deaths among the 5,704 sample members in our case study. The sample size is too small to treat these cases as separate outcomes in our analysis. We estimated the models with and without these cases. Although there was a slight difference in magnitude, it did not have a large impact on the results.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt12" id="mn12">12</a> In particular, Public Law <span class="nobr">96–265</span> (enacted in 1980) changed the rules regarding parental deeming. Children aged 18 or older were no longer subject to parental deeming for the purposes of program eligibility.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt13" id="mn13">13</a> Note that Table 2 does not cover the <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> administrative sample of all former <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who had a primary diagnosis of deafness and who were born from 1964 through 1980. The reason is that <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> does not have data on those who do not apply for admission.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt14" id="mn14">14</a> The technical details of the sequential logit model are given in Appendix A. It is important to emphasize that this is a reduced form model that describes the <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> graduation process, and not a formal structural model. Nonetheless, the descriptive results can be very informative to policymakers, as shown in Heckman and Smith (2004) and Ruiz-Quintanilla and others (2006).</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt15" id="mn15">15</a> To illustrate this point, the descriptive statistics show that former <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children are less likely to graduate. They also show that nonwhites are less likely to graduate. Because <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children tend to be nonwhite, it is possible that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children are less likely to graduate because they tend to be nonwhite, not because they participated in the program as children. Researchers have found lower college graduation rates among minority students and have attributed the findings to the low percentages of minority students on college campuses, which may lead to social isolation, lower social attachment, and, therefore, lower graduation rates (Scott and others 2006). At the same time, it is possible that nonwhites are less likely to graduate because they tend to participate in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program as children. Research by Rupp and others (2006) show that 52.8 percent of all <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children are nonwhite. The descriptive statistics cannot differentiate between these two alternative explanations. The multivariate models described below provide a measure of the influence of participation in the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program as a child, holding race and other characteristics constant.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt16" id="mn16">16</a> See Appendix A for details.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt17" id="mn17">17</a> We used age 19 because many <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children have a short period of time around their 18th birthday when they are out of the program. As of their 19th birthday, 1,158 of the 1,366 <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children were in the program. We also estimated the models for those who we observed collecting <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> adult benefits, beginning in the month they turned 18. The sample sizes were smaller for this analysis, but the results were similar to those described in this article. They are available on request from the corresponding author, <a href="mailto:Robert.Weathers@ssa.gov">Robert.Weathers@ssa.gov</a>.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt18" id="mn18">18</a> We tested for the difference in slopes by estimating a regression that allowed for a separate intercept for each series but restricted the slopes to be equal (restricted model) and estimated a regression that allowed separate intercepts and slopes for each trend line (unrestricted model). We computed an <i>F</i> statistic as follows:</p>
|
|
<math display='block'>
|
|
<mrow>
|
|
<mi>F</mi>
|
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<mo stretchy='false'>(</mo>
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<mi>J</mi>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mi>n</mi>
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<mi>K</mi>
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<mfrac>
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<mrow>
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<mo stretchy='false'>(</mo>
|
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<msubsup>
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<mi>u</mi>
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<mn>2</mn>
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</msubsup>
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<msubsup>
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<mi>r</mi>
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</msubsup>
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<mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
|
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<mo>/</mo>
|
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<mi>J</mi>
|
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</mrow>
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<mrow>
|
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<mo stretchy='false'>(</mo>
|
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<mn>1</mn>
|
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<mo>−</mo>
|
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<msubsup>
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<mi>R</mi>
|
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<mi>u</mi>
|
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|
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</msubsup>
|
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<mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
|
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<mo>/</mo>
|
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<mo stretchy='false'>(</mo>
|
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<mi>n</mi>
|
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|
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<mi>K</mi>
|
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<mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
|
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</mrow>
|
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</mfrac>
|
|
</mrow>
|
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</math>
|
|
<p class="secondpara">Where <i>J</i> is the number of restrictions, which is equal to 1 in our case, <i>n</i> is the number of observations (which is equal to 36) and <i>K</i> is the number of independent variables in the unrestricted model (which is equal to four separate constants and slopes). The <i>R</i>-squared for the restricted model is 0.776487 and the <i>R</i>-squared for the unrestricted model is 0.810819. Thus, <span class="nobr"><i>F</i> (1,32) = 5.807 > 4.17</span>, which is the 95th percentile of the corresponding <i>F</i>, and we can reject the hypothesis that the two slopes are the same.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt19" id="mn19">19</a> The decomposition is based on estimates from Table 3. For example, the first term in decomposition shows the contribution of the admitted step to the overall probability of graduation. The first term in Equation <span class="nobr">A–2</span> in Appendix A shows that this can be estimated by multiplying the change in the probability of being admitted for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children by the conditional probability of attending and by the conditional probability of graduating given attendance. Using the values shown in Table 3, the first term of the decomposition is <span class="nobr">.0482 * 0.812 * .427 = -.017</span>. We use the term "unconditional probability" to differentiate the probability of graduation among all applicants from the probability of graduation conditional on an applicant being admitted to and choosing to attend <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt20" id="mn20">20</a> We are unable to produce credible estimates of the median time to reentry because most of our sample does not reenter the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt21" id="mn21">21</a> In the comparisons that follow, we focused on former <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who graduated from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> and compared them with <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children who were in each of the three groups that did not graduate from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>. As we showed earlier, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children are less likely to graduate from <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> compared with those who had not been on <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> as children. <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children also had age/earnings profiles that were slightly lower than <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr> graduates who were not <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children. The results are available on request from the corresponding author, <a href="mailto:Robert.Weathers@ssa.gov">Robert.Weathers@ssa.gov</a>.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt22" id="mn22">22</a> See Table <span class="nobr">1–22</span> from Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, Office of Special Education Programs (2005).</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt23" id="mn23">23</a> Loprest and Wittenburg (2005) do not disaggregate graduation rates by impairment type, which is why we use the <abbr class="spell">OSEP</abbr> data on graduation rates for all <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children, by impairment type.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt24" id="mn24">24</a> See Cornell University http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/edi/p-ccfid.cfm for a study that assesses the state of Web accessibility in the community college network for students with disabilities. The study focuses on examining problems that prospective students with disabilities may have with the online admissions application process, applying for financial aid via the Web, as well as finding important programmatic information on college Websites.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt25" id="mn25">25</a> The <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program covered under Social Security is a social insurance program funded through payroll tax contributions to the Social Security trust funds, whereas the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program is a means-tested cash assistance program funded from general revenues. There are several important differences in these two programs that make separate analysis more practical than attempting to model the two together. We plan to conduct future research on the relationship between postsecondary education and dependency on the <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> program.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt26" id="mn26">26</a> See Madalla (1983) for more information on the sequential logit and Ruiz-Quintanilla and others (2006) for a recent application of the sequential logit to participation in <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> demonstration projects.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt27" id="mn27">27</a> The logit for the first step was estimated by using the sample of all applicants to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>. The logit for the second step used the subset of applicants who were admitted to <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>. The logit for the third step used the subset of applicants who were admitted and chose to attend <abbr class="spell">NTID</abbr>.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt28" id="mn28">28</a> We used the Stata program written by Bartus (2004) to estimate the changes in the probability related to a change in each characteristic in our sequential logit model.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt29" id="mn29">29</a> See Allison (1995, 46) for more details on the adjustment for censored observations.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="references">
|
|
<h2>References</h2>
|
|
<p>Allison, Paul D. 1995. Survival analysis using the <abbr>SAS</abbr> system: A practical guide. Cary, North Carolina: <abbr>SAS</abbr> Institute.</p>
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