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<h1 itemprop="headline">Have People Delayed Claiming Retirement Benefits? Responses to Changes in Social Security Rules</h1>
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<div id="hByline">by <span itemprop="author">Jae Song and Joyce Manchester</span><br>Social Security Bulletin, <abbr title="Volume">Vol.</abbr> 67, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 2, 2007 (released February 2008)</div>
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<div id="breadcrumbs" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BreadcrumbList">You are here: <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Social Security Administration</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1" /></span> > <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/policy/index.html" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Research, Statistics & Policy Analysis</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="2" /></span> > <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/policy/docs/ssb/index.html" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Social Security Bulletin</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="3" /></span> > <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="index.html" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name"><abbr title="Volume">Vol.</abbr> 67, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 2</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="4" /></span></div>
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<p id="synopsis" itemprop="description">Using a 1 percent sample of Social Security Administration data, this article documents and analyzes responses in the entitlement age for old-age benefits following the recent changes in Social Security rules. Both rules, the removal of the retirement earnings test (<abbr class="spell">RET</abbr>) for persons who are at the full retirement age (<abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>) through age 69 in 2000 or later and a gradual increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> for those who reach age 62 in 2000 or later, are expected to affect the age at which people claim Social Security retirement benefits (or entitlement age) and the work behavior of older Americans.</p>
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<div class="eightypercent">
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<p>Jae Song is with the Division of Economic Research, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, Office of Policy, Social Security Administration. Joyce Manchester, who was also with the Social Security Administration during the preparation of this article, is currently with the Congressional Budget Office.</p>
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<p><i>Acknowledgments</i>: The authors are grateful to Ed DeMarco, Linda Maxfield, and Susan Grad for their support. Chris Moore made substantial contributions to an earlier draft of the paper as an intern at <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>. The authors thank Ben Bridges, Kimberly Burham, Michael Leonesio, Scott Muller, and David Weaver for helpful comments; Bill Kearns and Joel Packman for help with data; and Tom Solomon and Barbara Tyler for providing computer resources.</p>
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<p>Contents of this publication are <a href="/policy/accessibility.html">not copyrighted</a>; any items may be reprinted, but citation of the <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> as the source is requested. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Social Security Administration. The paper was prepared for and presented at the <abbr>ISSA</abbr> Research Conference held in Warsaw in March 2007.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<h2>Summary</h2>
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<p>This article examines changes in the age at which people claim Social Security retirement benefits in response to two recent changes in the Social Security rules: the removal of the retirement earnings test at ages 65 to 69 in 2000 and the gradual increase in the full retirement age (<abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>) for those born in 1938 or later. Data come from the 1 percent sample of Social Security administrative data for <span class="nobr">1997–2005</span>. Descriptive and regression analyses show that the largest effect of the change in the earnings test rule in 2000 occurs at age 65. At that age, the proportion of people who claim retirement benefits increases by about 4 percentage points among men and 2 percentage points among women. The response to the gradual increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> occurs not only among those who are close to the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> but also among those who are close to the early retirement age.</p>
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<h2>Introduction</h2>
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<p>Recently, two major changes in Social Security rules became effective: the removal of the retirement earnings test for persons who are at the full retirement age (<abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>) through age 69 in 2000 or later and a gradual increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> for those who reach age 62 in 2000 or later. The <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> is the age at which 100 percent of retirement benefits is payable. Each rule change is expected to affect the entitlement age at which people claim Social Security retirement benefits and the work behavior of older Americans.</p>
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<p>The effectiveness of the changes largely depends on how people adjust their age at entitlement. Eliminating the retirement earnings test is meant to encourage older people to work so that their earnings can supplement their Social Security benefits, but how the change affects the age at which older people claim Social Security benefits is less clear. One of the unwanted consequences of the change in the earnings test in 2000 is that claiming benefits at the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> has become more attractive for those who previously claimed benefits later than the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>. Accelerated benefit claims at the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> with continued post-<abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> employment reduce benefit amounts by forfeiting the expected long-term increase that otherwise accrues under the program's delayed retirement credit. At the same time, some analysts argue that eliminating the earnings test for those who have reached the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> through age 69 could affect the benefit claiming ages of those who are younger than the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> as well.<sup><a href="#mn1" id="mt1">1</a></sup> If that is true, one of the desired consequences is that those who have not attained the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> are more likely to continue to work and not claim benefits until they reach the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>.</p>
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<p>Effects of raising the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> would seem to be more straightforward at first glance. The aim of increasing the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> is to improve the solvency of the Social Security system by providing stronger disincentives for claiming benefits early. What is not clear is how people actually respond to those disincentives. To understand the effect of the rule changes on Social Security finances and individuals' retirement wealth, we need to examine how people adjust the age at which they claim benefits in response to the rule changes.</p>
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<p>Using a 1 percent sample of Social Security administrative data, this article documents and analyzes responses in the entitlement age for old-age benefits following the recent changes in Social Security rules.<sup><a href="#mn2" id="mt2">2</a></sup> Because the administrative data allow us to determine the exact age at entitlement for all Social Security beneficiaries, we can accurately document responses in benefit entitlement age before and after the rule changes. By doing so, we expect to learn whether people have responded to changes in Social Security rules by modifying the age at which they claim benefits, how responsive they have been, and whether the response is concentrated only around the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>. One of the most interesting questions surrounding the gradual increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> is whether it can affect the behavior of those claiming benefits close to the early retirement age. Results here will help shed light on responses by future workers as the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> continues to rise to age 67 and, more generally, on responses to changes in retirement incentives.</p>
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<p>Previous studies have examined effects of the earnings test removal in 2000, but none of them has investigated simultaneously the effects of the gradual increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> on earnings and old-age benefit entitlement.<sup><a href="#mn3" id="mt3">3</a></sup> This study investigates effects of both program rule changes. We take advantage of the fact that while the change in the earnings test in 2000 affects those who are at the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> through age 69 in 2000 or later, the gradual rise in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> affects those who reach age 62 in 2000 or later. Since the rule changes are specific to the calendar year and different birth years, we first identify three different groups affected by the changes.</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Those affected by the gradual increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>.</li>
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<li>Those affected by the removal of the earnings test in 2000.</li>
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<li>Those affected by both rule changes.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>We then examine changes in the distribution of ages at which people claim benefits and benefit entitlement status across time and across birth cohorts. Also investigated are changes in the percentage of persons who are entitled to benefits among those who are fully insured both before and after 2000, by holding age constant. We define a person who is entitled to benefits as one who has filed a claim for a specific type of benefit and has received an award for that benefit. Once an award is made, the person usually receives an immediate payment.</p>
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<p>The remainder of this article</p>
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<ul>
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<li>reviews recent changes in the earnings test and <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> and discusses theoretical predictions of how people will respond to those changes,</li>
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<li>discusses the data and our empirical strategy,</li>
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<li>presents descriptive results,</li>
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<li>presents regression results on the impact of the rule changes on the age at benefit entitlement, and</li>
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<li>concludes with the key findings.</li>
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</ul>
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<h2>Recent Changes in the Retirement Earnings Test and the Full Retirement Age</h2>
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<p>Under the retirement earnings test, Social Security benefits are reduced or withheld if earnings exceed specified threshold amounts. On April 7, 2000, major changes to the earnings test occurred when President Clinton signed into law the Senior Citizens' Freedom to Work Act of 2000. That law eliminated the earnings test in and after the month in which a person attains the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (which was then age 65). Persons receiving old-age benefits who have not reached the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> remain subject to the earnings test. Social Security benefits of those who do not reach the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> in the test year are reduced by $1 for every $2 earned beyond the earnings test threshold, which was $11,520 in 2003. Those who reach the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> during the year are subject to a more moderate test. Benefits are reduced $1 for every $3 earned beyond the modified threshold, which was $30,720 in 2003.<sup><a href="#mn4" id="mt4">4</a></sup> Thus, the earnings test removal in 2000 not only eliminated the test for those who had attained ages <span class="nobr">65–69</span> (more precisely, <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> to 69), but it also considerably relaxed the test for those turning the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (see Song and Manchester (2007) for a more detailed description of the rule change).<sup><a href="#mn5" id="mt5">5</a></sup></p>
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<p>In an effort to improve the solvency of the system, the 1983 Amendments to the Social Security Act gradually raised the full retirement age beginning with those born in 1938, who reach the early retirement age (age 62) in 2000. The <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> is age 65 for those born in 1937 or earlier, but it gradually increases by <span class="nobr">2-month</span> intervals beginning with persons born in 1938 until it reaches age 67 for those born in 1960 or later.<sup><a href="#mn6" id="mt6">6</a></sup> Persons born in 1938 have an <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> of 65 years and 2 months, those born in 1939 at 65 and 4 months, those born in 1940 at 65 and 6 months, and so forth (see Social Security Administration 2005, Table 2.A17.1). Although the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> is increasing, the age at which a person can start receiving reduced Social Security retirement benefits remains at age 62. For those who become entitled to benefits before the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>, monthly benefits are reduced from the full benefit amount at the rate of <span class="nobr">5/9</span> of 1 percent per month for the first 36 months before the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> and <span class="nobr">5/12</span> of 1 percent for any additional months. As a result, the gradual increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> causes a gradual increase in the permanent benefit reduction for early benefit claimants at any given age (Chart 1).<sup><a href="#mn7" id="mt7">7</a></sup></p>
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<div class="chartCenter">
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<div class="chart700" id="chart1">
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<div class="title">Chart 1.<br>Benefit amounts as a percentage of the primary insurance amount, by birth year and entitlement age</div>
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<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v67n2p1_chart1.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="630" height="287" /></div>
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<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
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<table>
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<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 1. </span>Benefit amounts as a percentage of the primary insurance amount, by birth year and entitlement age</caption>
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<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
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<colgroup span="6" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Entitlement age <sup>a</sup></th>
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<th scope="col">1937 or earlier</th>
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<th scope="col">1938</th>
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<th scope="col">1939</th>
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<th scope="col">1940</th>
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<th scope="col">1941</th>
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<th scope="col">1942</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">62</th>
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<td>80.0000</td>
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<td>79.1667</td>
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<td>78.3333</td>
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<td>77.5000</td>
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<td>76.6667</td>
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<td>75.8333</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">62 & 2</th>
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<td>81.1111</td>
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<td>80.0000</td>
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<td>79.1667</td>
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<td>78.3333</td>
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<td>77.5000</td>
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<td>76.6667</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">62 & 4</th>
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<td>82.2222</td>
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<td>81.1111</td>
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<td>80.0000</td>
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<td>79.1667</td>
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<td>78.3333</td>
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<td>77.5000</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">62 & 6</th>
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<td>83.3333</td>
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<td>82.2222</td>
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<td>81.1111</td>
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<td>80.0000</td>
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<td>79.1667</td>
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<td>78.3333</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">62 & 8</th>
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<td>84.4444</td>
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<td>83.3333</td>
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<td>82.2222</td>
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<td>81.1111</td>
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<td>80.0000</td>
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<td>79.1667</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">62 & 10</th>
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<td>85.5556</td>
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<td>84.4444</td>
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<td>83.3333</td>
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<td>82.2222</td>
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<td>81.1111</td>
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<td>80.0000</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">63</th>
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<td>86.6667</td>
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|
<td>85.5556</td>
|
|
<td>84.4444</td>
|
|
<td>83.3333</td>
|
|
<td>82.2222</td>
|
|
<td>81.1111</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">63 & 2</th>
|
|
<td>87.7778</td>
|
|
<td>86.6667</td>
|
|
<td>85.5556</td>
|
|
<td>84.4444</td>
|
|
<td>83.3333</td>
|
|
<td>82.2222</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">63 & 4</th>
|
|
<td>88.8889</td>
|
|
<td>87.7778</td>
|
|
<td>86.6667</td>
|
|
<td>85.5556</td>
|
|
<td>84.4444</td>
|
|
<td>83.3333</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">63 & 6</th>
|
|
<td>90.0000</td>
|
|
<td>88.8889</td>
|
|
<td>87.7778</td>
|
|
<td>86.6667</td>
|
|
<td>85.5556</td>
|
|
<td>84.4444</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">63 & 8</th>
|
|
<td>91.1111</td>
|
|
<td>90.0000</td>
|
|
<td>88.8889</td>
|
|
<td>87.7778</td>
|
|
<td>86.6667</td>
|
|
<td>85.5556</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">63 & 10</th>
|
|
<td>92.2222</td>
|
|
<td>91.1111</td>
|
|
<td>90.0000</td>
|
|
<td>88.8889</td>
|
|
<td>87.7778</td>
|
|
<td>86.6667</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64</th>
|
|
<td>93.3333</td>
|
|
<td>92.2222</td>
|
|
<td>91.1111</td>
|
|
<td>90.0000</td>
|
|
<td>88.8889</td>
|
|
<td>87.7778</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">64 & 2</th>
|
|
<td>94.4444</td>
|
|
<td>93.3333</td>
|
|
<td>92.2222</td>
|
|
<td>91.1111</td>
|
|
<td>90.0000</td>
|
|
<td>88.8889</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">64 & 4</th>
|
|
<td>95.5556</td>
|
|
<td>94.4444</td>
|
|
<td>93.3333</td>
|
|
<td>92.2222</td>
|
|
<td>91.1111</td>
|
|
<td>90.0000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">64 & 6</th>
|
|
<td>96.6667</td>
|
|
<td>95.5556</td>
|
|
<td>94.4444</td>
|
|
<td>93.3333</td>
|
|
<td>92.2222</td>
|
|
<td>91.1111</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">64 & 8</th>
|
|
<td>97.7778</td>
|
|
<td>96.6667</td>
|
|
<td>95.5556</td>
|
|
<td>94.4444</td>
|
|
<td>93.3333</td>
|
|
<td>92.2222</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">64 & 10</th>
|
|
<td>98.8889</td>
|
|
<td>97.7778</td>
|
|
<td>96.6667</td>
|
|
<td>95.5556</td>
|
|
<td>94.4444</td>
|
|
<td>93.3333</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65</th>
|
|
<td>100.0000</td>
|
|
<td>98.8889</td>
|
|
<td>97.7778</td>
|
|
<td>96.6667</td>
|
|
<td>95.5556</td>
|
|
<td>94.4444</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">65 & 2</th>
|
|
<td>101.0833</td>
|
|
<td>100.0000</td>
|
|
<td>98.8889</td>
|
|
<td>97.7778</td>
|
|
<td>96.6667</td>
|
|
<td>95.5556</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">65 & 4</th>
|
|
<td>102.1667</td>
|
|
<td>101.0833</td>
|
|
<td>100.0000</td>
|
|
<td>98.8889</td>
|
|
<td>97.7778</td>
|
|
<td>96.6667</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">65 & 6</th>
|
|
<td>103.2500</td>
|
|
<td>102.1667</td>
|
|
<td>101.1667</td>
|
|
<td>100.0000</td>
|
|
<td>98.8889</td>
|
|
<td>97.7778</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">65 & 8</th>
|
|
<td>104.3333</td>
|
|
<td>103.2500</td>
|
|
<td>102.3333</td>
|
|
<td>101.1667</td>
|
|
<td>100.0000</td>
|
|
<td>98.8889</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">65 & 10</th>
|
|
<td>105.4167</td>
|
|
<td>104.3333</td>
|
|
<td>103.5000</td>
|
|
<td>102.3333</td>
|
|
<td>101.2500</td>
|
|
<td>100.0000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66</th>
|
|
<td>106.5000</td>
|
|
<td>105.4167</td>
|
|
<td>104.6667</td>
|
|
<td>103.5000</td>
|
|
<td>102.5000</td>
|
|
<td>101.2500</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="7"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCE: Social Security Administration (2005), Table 2.A17.1.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote">a. Entitlement age is measured in <span class="nobr">2-month</span> increments; the notation "62.5" = 62 years and 6 months.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Both rule changes could affect Social Security finances as well as individuals' retirement wealth. Consider the responses of persons claiming benefits at ages below the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>, at the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>, and above the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>. First, those who claim benefits at given ages earlier than the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> would experience additional declines in benefits due to the increased <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>. Second, as pointed out in Gruber and Orszag (2003) and Song and Manchester (2007), workers may delay claiming benefits until they reach the increased <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> in order to receive their full benefits and avoid the earnings test. To the extent that they work longer before claiming benefits, they will also pay Social Security taxes longer. On the cost side, even if lifetime benefits for those who delay claiming benefits are not affected on average, the mortality experience of those who delay claiming could affect the Social Security trust fund finances. Finally, accelerated benefit claiming among workers who have reached the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> and no longer face the earnings test could result in more years of benefit payments with lower levels of annual benefits. Benefits could be lower because those workers would miss out on the delayed retirement credit, which is discussed in more detail later.</p>
|
|
<p>The overall effect of the rule changes on Social Security finances depends on the combination of workers' labor supply responses and benefit-claiming decisions. While choices regarding work participation and work hours affect Social Security revenues, responses in the age at benefit entitlement affect Social Security expenditures as well as individuals' retirement wealth.</p>
|
|
<p>An individual can earn a delayed retirement credit (<abbr class="spell">DRC</abbr>) for each month benefits are not paid beginning with the month in which he or she reaches the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> and ending with the month before reaching age 70. For those who turned age 65 in <span class="nobr">2000–2001</span>, the <abbr class="spell">DRC</abbr> is 1/2 of 1 percent for each incremental month, or 6 percent per year. The marginal (yearly) percentage increase in the <abbr class="spell">DRC</abbr> for birth cohorts included in the study is 0.5 percent for every other birth cohort until it reaches 8.0 percent for cohorts born in 1943 or later.<sup><a href="#mn8" id="mt8">8</a></sup> The increase in <abbr class="spell">DRC</abbr> does not affect benefit amounts as significantly as the two rule changes, but it might be considered to be a third change in the study period. Interaction between the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> changes and the <abbr class="spell">DRC</abbr> changes could dilute the pure effect of raising the retirement age. Identifying the separate effects of these changes, however, is left for future research.</p>
|
|
<p>The focus of this article is on the effects of the Social Security rule changes, but swings in economic activity, ongoing trends in labor force participation among older workers, and other factors can also influence the age at which people claim retirement benefits. For example, the economy was in recession during <span class="nobr">2001–2002</span>, with the unemployment rate reaching 6.0 percent in 2003. This recession may have resulted in older persons encountering difficulty holding on to existing jobs or finding new jobs. As a result, delays in claiming retirement benefits shown here may be understated to some degree.</p>
|
|
<h2>Data and Analytical Strategy</h2>
|
|
<p>The data used in this study come from a number of 1 percent extracts of Social Security Administration data, including the Continuous Work History Sample (<abbr class="spell">CWHS</abbr>) 2004, Master Beneficiary Record (<abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>), and Numident master file of Social Security numbers. Those administrative data extracts contain the exact month and year of entitlement for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (<abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr>) benefits, the type of benefits (primary or auxiliary), and date of birth. Therefore, the age and month at benefit entitlement—the most important variable in this study—can be precisely derived. Further, 1 percent extracts can be easily matched across different files using identification numbers. The 1 percent samples are selected by a "stratified cluster design" based on certain serial digits of the Social Security number. They are generally considered to be random samples and contain a large number of observations that represent the general population.</p>
|
|
<p>The <b>Continuous Work History Sample</b> is an analytical master file for the 1 percent sample of Social Security numbers ever issued and is the base data set used for this article. The file is derived from several administrative master files, including the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> and the Master Earnings File, to support research and statistical analysis of the Social Security programs. The <abbr class="spell">CWHS</abbr> contains information on each individual's demographic characteristics, longitudinal earnings (Social Security-covered annual earnings from 1951 to the present and total annual wages from 1978 to the present), <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> benefit entitlement status, and death information (if any). The <abbr class="spell">CWHS</abbr> has both an active and an inactive file. The active file includes workers who ever reported earnings from any employment. Before 1978, the <abbr class="spell">CWHS</abbr> tracked only earnings covered by Social Security. However, starting in 1978, the <abbr class="spell">CWHS</abbr> was extended to include uncovered earnings. The inactive sample includes those who never worked in covered or uncovered employment. By combining both the active and inactive files, we can analyze the earnings and <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> program participation of our 1 percent sample of the <abbr>U.S.</abbr> population with valid Social Security numbers.</p>
|
|
<p>The semiannual <b>Master Beneficiary Record</b> extract contains data related to the administration of the <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> program such as application and entitlement dates, benefit amounts, payment status, type of benefits, and demographic information. An <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> record is established whenever an individual application for benefits is processed. The <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> has one record for each primary beneficiary (the worker on whose earnings the benefit entitlement exists). However, each <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> record can contain more than one beneficiary.</p>
|
|
<p>Lastly, we merged our base data set with a 1 percent extract of the <b>Numident file</b>. The Numident is a master file of assigned Social Security numbers that contains birth and death dates, place of birth, race, and sex.<sup><a href="#mn9" id="mt9">9</a></sup> Information on date of death permits us to eliminate those in the sample who died. Thus, our sample includes only those who are alive at the end of each reference year.</p>
|
|
<p>Investigating how changes in the rules affect age at entitlement requires a data source with precise information on age, birth month and year, and month and year of entitlement. The elimination of the retirement earnings test affects those from age 65 (or <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>) to age 69. In a given year, anyone older than age 69 or younger than the full retirement age will not be affected directly by the elimination of the retirement earnings test. However, because the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> gradually increases by <span class="nobr">2-month</span> intervals, the year in which a person becomes affected by the elimination of the retirement earnings test not only depends on the year in which they were born but also on the month in which they were born. For example, someone born in November through December 1939 would reach the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> not in 2004 but in 2005. Yet someone born in January through October 1939 would reach the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> in 2004. Only the year of birth, however, determines who is affected by the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> increase.</p>
|
|
<p>Whereas the earnings test removal in 2000 was a relatively abrupt change in a Social Security program parameter, the gradual increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> was anticipated for many years following the enactment of the 1983 amendments. The earliest birth cohort affected by the 1983 amendments reached their <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> in <span class="nobr">2003–2004</span>. Thus, a forward-looking individual would have adjusted his or her labor supply over the last 20 years in order to compensate for the expected benefit reduction due to the increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>. Unlike ongoing labor supply decisions, benefit claiming can occur only after reaching the early retirement age. Thus, the standard before-and-after or difference-in-difference approach is valid in evaluating the effect of the 1983 amendment on the age at which benefits are claimed. It is worth noting, however, that larger compensating adjustments in labor supply result in smaller estimated effects on the age at benefit entitlement.</p>
|
|
<p>The fact that the "treatment" in this study depends on both time and age suggests a quasi-experimental study using a standard design. Thus, our analysis relies primarily on comparing benefit entitlement probabilities and entitlement hazards over the period before and after the rule changes became effective, holding age constant. Entitlement hazard refers to the probability that those who have not yet claimed benefits will do so during the specified period.</p>
|
|
<p>Three distinct treatment groups emerge from the rule changes (Chart 2).</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><b>The first treatment group is affected only by the 2000 earnings test rule change.</b> That group consists of those who were born in <span class="nobr">1930–1935</span>, <span class="nobr">1931–1936</span>, <span class="nobr">1932–1937</span>, <span class="nobr">1933–1937</span>, <span class="nobr">1934–1937</span>, <span class="nobr">1935–1937</span>, respectively, for 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005.</li>
|
|
<li><b>The second treatment group is affected by both the increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> and the change in the earnings test in 2000.</b> It consists of those who were born in January 1938 through October 1938, January 1938 through August 1939, and January 1938 through June 1940, respectively, for 2003, 2004, and 2005.</li>
|
|
<li><b>The third treatment group, which consists of those born in 1938 or later for years prior to attainment of the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>, is affected only by the increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>.</b> For example, for the year 2000, the 1938 cohort would not be directly affected by the earnings test change because they were too young in that year.<sup><a href="#mn10" id="mt10">10</a></sup></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart2">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 2.<br>Effect of rule changes on treatment groups, by birth year and calendar year</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v67n2p1_chart2.gif" alt="Timeline diagram fully described in chart notes." width="664" height="316" /></div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCE: Social Security Administration (2005, Tables 2.A17.1 and 2.A29).</div>
|
|
<div class="note">NOTES: Birth year is defined in years and months for cohorts born in <span class="nobr">1938–1942</span>. Persons born during this period are shown in two separate groups, depending on the calendar year in which they reach the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>. For example, those born in <span class="nobr">January–October</span> 1938 reach the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> in 2003, but those born in <span class="nobr">November–December</span> 1938 reach the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> in 2004.</div>
|
|
<div class="note">The first treatment group is affected only by the 2000 earnings test rule change. That group consists of those who were born in <span class="nobr">1930–1935</span>, <span class="nobr">1931–1936</span>, <span class="nobr">1932–1937</span>, <span class="nobr">1933–1937</span>, <span class="nobr">1934–1937</span>, <span class="nobr">1935–1937</span>, respectively, for 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005. The second treatment group is affected by both the increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> and the change in the earnings test in 2000. It consists of those who were born in January 1938 through October 1938, January 1938 through August 1939, and January 1938 through June 1940, respectively, for 2003, 2004, and 2005. The third treatment group, which consists of those born in 1938 or later for years prior to attainment of the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>, is affected only by the increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>. For example, for the year 2000, the 1938 cohort would not be directly affected by the earnings test change because they were too young in that year.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote"><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr> = retirement earnings; <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> = full retirement age.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2>Descriptive Analysis</h2>
|
|
<h3>An Overview of the 1 Percent Sample</h3>
|
|
<p>For <span class="nobr">1997–2005</span>, year-end counts of <abbr class="spell">OASI</abbr> beneficiaries and persons who are fully insured (as of age 60) give us a good overview of the 1 percent data (Table 1). In our 1 percent sample, 24,524 men and 21,797 women aged <span class="nobr">62–64</span> in 2000 are fully insured.<sup><a href="#mn11" id="mt11">11</a></sup> Only 292 of the 10,374 auxiliary beneficiaries in that age group in 2000 are male. While the number of women auxiliary beneficiaries tends to drop significantly over the study period, the number of men auxiliary beneficiaries appears to remain relatively stable. Primary beneficiaries include individuals who claim benefits as dual beneficiaries—those receiving both a primary benefit and a partial spouse or survivor benefit. Although primary beneficiaries include dual beneficiaries, we note that the reduction factors for the spouse and survivor portion of benefits are different than for primary benefits and that the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> increase for survivor benefits has a different schedule than that for primary or spouse benefits (Social Security Administration 2005, Tables <span class="nobr">2.A21–2.A22</span>).</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table1">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 1. </span><abbr class="spell">OASI</abbr> benefit entitlement status for those aged <span class="nobr">62–70</span>, <span class="nobr">1997–2005</span></caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:15em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="9" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" id="c1">Type of entitlement</th>
|
|
<th id="c2">1997</th>
|
|
<th id="c3">1998</th>
|
|
<th id="c4">1999</th>
|
|
<th id="c5">2000</th>
|
|
<th id="c6">2001</th>
|
|
<th id="c7">2002</th>
|
|
<th id="c8">2003</th>
|
|
<th id="c9">2004</th>
|
|
<th id="c10">2005</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="9" id="r1">Aged 62–64</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r2" headers="r1 c1">Men</th>
|
|
<td colspan="9"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r3" headers="r1 r2 c1">Fully insured</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r3 c2">23,154</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r3 c3">23,661</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r3 c4">24,069</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r3 c5">24,524</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r3 c6">25,058</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r3 c7">25,968</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r3 c8">26,699</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r3 c9">28,788</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r3 c10">31,166</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r4" headers="r1 r2 c1">Primary beneficiaries</th>
|
|
<td colspan="9"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r5" headers="r1 r2 r4 c1">Number</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r4 r5 c2">12,778</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r4 r5 c3">12,933</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r4 r5 c4">13,190</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r4 r5 c5">13,257</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r4 r5 c6">13,279</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r4 r5 c7">13,383</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r4 r5 c8">13,304</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r4 r5 c9">13,819</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r4 r5 c10">14,539</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r6" headers="r1 r2 r4 c1">As a percentage of fully insured</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r4 r6 c2">0.5519</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r4 r6 c3">0.5466</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r4 r6 c4">0.5480</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r4 r6 c5">0.5406</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r4 r6 c6">0.5299</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r4 r6 c7">0.5154</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r4 r6 c8">0.4983</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r4 r6 c9">0.4800</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r4 r6 c10">0.4665</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r7" headers="r1 r2 c1">Auxiliary beneficiaries</th>
|
|
<td colspan="9"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r8" headers="r1 r2 r7 c1">Number</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r7 r8 c2">321</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r7 r8 c3">292</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r7 r8 c4">300</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r7 r8 c5">292</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r7 r8 c6">294</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r7 r8 c7">291</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r7 r8 c8">306</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r7 r8 c9">328</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r7 r8 c10">370</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r9" headers="r1 r2 r7 c1">As a percentage of primary beneficiaries</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r7 r9 c2">0.0251</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r7 r9 c3">0.0226</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r7 r9 c4">0.0227</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r7 r9 c5">0.0220</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r7 r9 c6">0.0221</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r7 r9 c7">0.0217</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r7 r9 c8">0.0230</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r7 r9 c9">0.0237</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 r7 r9 c10">0.0254</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r10" headers="r1 c1">Women</th>
|
|
<td colspan="9"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r11" headers="r1 r10 c1">Fully insured</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r11 c2">19,910</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r11 c3">20,358</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r11 c4">20,867</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r11 c5">21,797</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r11 c6">22,406</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r11 c7">23,235</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r11 c8">24,094</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r11 c9">26,345</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r11 c10">28,416</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r12" headers="r1 r10 c1">Primary beneficiaries</th>
|
|
<td colspan="9"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r13" headers="r1 r10 r12 c1">Number</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r12 r13 c2">10,888</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r12 r13 c3">11,138</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r12 r13 c4">11,375</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r12 r13 c5">11,875</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r12 r13 c6">12,051</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r12 r13 c7">12,215</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r12 r13 c8">12,319</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r12 r13 c9">13,174</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r12 r13 c10">13,940</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r14" headers="r1 r10 r12 c1">As a percentage of fully insured</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r12 r14 c2">0.5469</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r12 r14 c3">0.5471</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r12 r14 c4">0.5451</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r12 r14 c5">0.5448</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r12 r14 c6">0.5378</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r12 r14 c7">0.5257</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r12 r14 c8">0.5113</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r12 r14 c9">0.5001</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r12 r14 c10">0.4906</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r15" headers="r1 r10 c1">Auxiliary beneficiaries</th>
|
|
<td colspan="9"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r16" headers="r1 r10 r15 c1">Number</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r15 r16 c2">10,239</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r15 r16 c3">10,193</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r15 r16 c4">10,194</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r15 r16 c5">10,082</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r15 r16 c6">9,881</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r15 r16 c7">9,369</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r15 r16 c8">9,072</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r15 r16 c9">9,044</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r15 r16 c10">8,987</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r17" headers="r1 r10 r15 c1">As a percentage of primary beneficiaries</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r15 r17 c2">0.9404</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r15 r17 c3">0.9152</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r15 r17 c4">0.8962</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r15 r17 c5">0.8490</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r15 r17 c6">0.8199</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r15 r17 c7">0.7670</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r15 r17 c8">0.7364</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r15 r17 c9">0.6865</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 r15 r17 c10">0.6447</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r18" headers="r1 c1">Birth year</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c2">1933–1935</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c3">1934–1936</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c4">1935–1937</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c5">1936–1938</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c6">1937–1939</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c7">1938–1940</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c8">1939–1941</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c9">1940–1942</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c10">1941–1943</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="9" id="r19">Aged 65–70</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r20" headers="r19 c1">Men</th>
|
|
<td colspan="9"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r21" headers="r19 r20 c1">Fully insured</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r21 c2" class="nobr">43,660</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r21 c3" class="nobr">43,068</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r21 c4" class="nobr">42,876</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r21 c5" class="nobr">43,058</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r21 c6" class="nobr">43,172</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r21 c7" class="nobr">43,621</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r21 c8" class="nobr">44,592</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r21 c9" class="nobr">45,658</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r21 c10" class="nobr">47,274</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r22" headers="r19 r20 c1">Primary beneficiaries</th>
|
|
<td colspan="9"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r23" headers="r19 r20 r22 c1">Number</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r22 r23 c2">41,372</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r22 r23 c3">40,660</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r22 r23 c4">40,521</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r22 r23 c5">41,739</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r22 r23 c6">41,899</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r22 r23 c7">42,321</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r22 r23 c8">42,868</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r22 r23 c9">43,376</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r22 r23 c10">44,267</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r24" headers="r19 r20 r22 c1">As a percentage of fully insured</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r22 r24 c2">0.9476</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r22 r24 c3">0.9441</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r22 r24 c4">0.9451</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r22 r24 c5">0.9694</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r22 r24 c6">0.9705</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r22 r24 c7">0.9702</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r22 r24 c8">0.9613</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r22 r24 c9">0.9500</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r22 r24 c10">0.9364</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r25" headers="r19 r20 c1">Auxiliary beneficiaries</th>
|
|
<td colspan="9"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r26" headers="r19 r20 r25 c1">Number</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r25 r26 c2">891</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r25 r26 c3">881</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r25 r26 c4">874</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r25 r26 c5">862</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r25 r26 c6">860</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r25 r26 c7">852</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r25 r26 c8">846</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r25 r26 c9">841</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r25 r26 c10">868</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r27" headers="r19 r20 r25 c1">As a percentage of primary beneficiaries</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r25 r27 c2">0.0215</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r25 r27 c3">0.0217</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r25 r27 c4">0.0216</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r25 r27 c5">0.0207</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r25 r27 c6">0.0205</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r25 r27 c7">0.0201</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r25 r27 c8">0.0197</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r25 r27 c9">0.0194</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 r25 r27 c10">0.0196</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r28" headers="r19 c1">Women</th>
|
|
<td colspan="9"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r29" headers="r19 r28 c1">Fully insured</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r29 c2">38,126</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r29 c3">38,090</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r29 c4">38,231</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r29 c5">38,344</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r29 c6">38,427</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r29 c7">38,991</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r29 c8">40,044</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r29 c9">41,113</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r29 c10">42,634</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r30" headers="r19 r28 c1">Primary beneficiaries</th>
|
|
<td colspan="9"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r31" headers="r19 r28 r30 c1">Number</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r30 r31 c2">31,896</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r30 r31 c3">31,928</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r30 r31 c4">32,244</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r30 r31 c5">32,933</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r30 r31 c6">33,214</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r30 r31 c7">33,771</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r30 r31 c8">34,735</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r30 r31 c9">35,499</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r30 r31 c10">36,709</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r32" headers="r19 r28 r30 c1">As a percentage of fully insured</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r30 r32 c2">0.8366</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r30 r32 c3">0.8382</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r30 r32 c4">0.8434</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r30 r32 c5">0.8589</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r30 r32 c6">0.8643</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r30 r32 c7">0.8661</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r30 r32 c8">0.8674</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r30 r32 c9">0.8634</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r30 r32 c10">0.8610</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r33" headers="r19 r28 c1">Auxiliary beneficiaries</th>
|
|
<td colspan="9"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r34" headers="r19 r28 r33 c1">Number</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r33 r34 c2">28,606</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r33 r34 c3">28,517</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r33 r34 c4">28,365</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r33 r34 c5">28,289</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r33 r34 c6">27,730</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r33 r34 c7">27,466</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r33 r34 c8">27,069</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r33 r34 c9">26,530</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r33 r34 c10">26,091</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r35" headers="r19 r28 r33 c1">As a percentage of primary beneficiaries</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r33 r35 c2">0.8969</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r33 r35 c3">0.8932</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r33 r35 c4">0.8797</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r33 r35 c5">0.8590</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r33 r35 c6">0.8349</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r33 r35 c7">0.8133</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r33 r35 c8">0.7793</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r33 r35 c9">0.7473</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 r33 r35 c10">0.7108</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r36" headers="r19 c1">Birth year</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c2" class="nobr">1927–1932</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c3" class="nobr">1928–1933</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c4" class="nobr">1929–1934</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c5" class="nobr">1930–1935</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c6" class="nobr">1931–1936</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c7" class="nobr">1932–1937</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c8" class="nobr">1933–1938</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c9" class="nobr">1934–1939</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c10" class="nobr">1935–1940</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="10">SOURCE: Authors' tabulations using active and inactive files of the Continuous Work History Sample, 2004; 1 percent Master Beneficiary Record extract based on Claim Account Number; and 1 percent Master Beneficiary Record extract based on Beneficiary Own Account Number for December <span class="nobr">1999–2005</span> and June 2006.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="10">NOTES: Dual beneficiaries are counted in both primary and auxiliary beneficiary categories.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="10"><abbr class="spell">OASI</abbr> = Old-Age and Survivors Insurance.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Interestingly, the percentage of persons who are fully insured and become primary beneficiaries before age 65 remains relatively constant until 1999 and then gradually decreases over the rest of the study period. Because those born in 1938 reach age 62 in 2000, the gradual decrease in the percentage of primary beneficiaries probably arises in large part from delayed benefit claiming among those born in 1938 or later. Declines in the percentage of primary beneficiaries beginning in 2003 seem plausible because 2003 is the first year in which those aged 65 face the higher <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>. A part of the gradual decline, known as the spillover effect associated with the earnings test removal, may be attributed to individuals aged <span class="nobr">62–64</span> who continue to work and delay claiming benefits until they reach age 65 following the removal of the earnings test. Of course, that effect is unlikely to be as large as the direct effect of the rising <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>.</p>
|
|
<p>Among those aged <span class="nobr">65–70</span>, the percentage of primary beneficiaries increases over the <span class="nobr">2000–2002</span> period and then gradually declines over the rest of the study period. Responses to removal of the earnings test in 2000 and raising the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> are evident here. The percentage of male primary beneficiaries drops from 96 percent to 95 percent between 2003 and 2004, followed by a decline from 95 percent to 93.6 percent between 2004 and 2005. The percentage of female primary beneficiaries also drops during both time intervals, but fairly insignificantly (less than 1 percentage point). It is notable that the drops for both men and women come at the same time that the increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> begins to affect them directly. Smaller declines for women may reflect lower responses among auxiliary beneficiaries such as spouses and widows.</p>
|
|
<p>Eliminating the retirement earnings test also appears to affect the share of fully insured individuals who have claimed benefits as primary beneficiaries (Table 1). Among men aged <span class="nobr">65–70</span>, 94.5 percent of the fully insured are primary beneficiaries in 1999. In 2000, immediately after the earnings test removal, the percentage of primary men beneficiaries rises nearly 3 percentage points to 97 percent. Female primary beneficiaries also increase more than 1 percentage point to 86 percent.</p>
|
|
<p>The rest of our analysis focuses exclusively on primary beneficiaries because their benefit claiming behavior has the biggest effect on household Social Security benefits. Primary-worker beneficiaries are the largest group among Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (<abbr class="spell">OASI</abbr>) beneficiaries; they constituted approximately 75 percent of total <abbr class="spell">OASI</abbr> beneficiaries in 2002 (Social Security Administration 2004). Only persons aged 62 or older can claim benefits as primary beneficiaries, so we do not include persons younger than age 62 in the analysis. In addition, we limit our sample to individuals who have accumulated enough quarters of coverage to be fully insured between the year they turn age 21 and the year they reach age 60. Our analytical samples also exclude persons who were ever beneficiaries under the Social Security Disability Insurance program and Old-Age beneficiaries who converted from the Disability Insurance program.</p>
|
|
<h3>Percentage of Primary Beneficiaries in Each Treatment Group</h3>
|
|
<p>Our empirical strategy is to trace both the number and the percentage of primary beneficiaries among the fully insured population from <span class="nobr">1997–2005</span>, by holding age constant. Data on the population that is fully insured as of age 60 can be found in Table 2 and Chart 3.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table2">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 2. </span>Number and percentage of primary beneficiaries at the end of each year, by sex and birth year</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="18" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" id="c1">Birth year</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c2">1997</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c3">1998</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c4">1999</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c5">2000</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c6">2001</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c7">2002</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c8">2003</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c9">2004</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c10">2005</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th id="c11" headers="c2">Men</th>
|
|
<th id="c12" headers="c2">Women</th>
|
|
<th id="c13" headers="c3">Men</th>
|
|
<th id="c14" headers="c3">Women</th>
|
|
<th id="c15" headers="c4">Men</th>
|
|
<th id="c16" headers="c4">Women</th>
|
|
<th id="c17" headers="c5">Men</th>
|
|
<th id="c18" headers="c5">Women</th>
|
|
<th id="c19" headers="c6">Men</th>
|
|
<th id="c20" headers="c6">Women</th>
|
|
<th id="c21" headers="c7">Men</th>
|
|
<th id="c22" headers="c7">Women</th>
|
|
<th id="c23" headers="c8">Men</th>
|
|
<th id="c24" headers="c8">Women</th>
|
|
<th id="c25" headers="c9">Men</th>
|
|
<th id="c26" headers="c9">Women</th>
|
|
<th id="c27" headers="c10">Men</th>
|
|
<th id="c28" headers="c10">Women</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="18" id="r1">Number entitled</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r2" headers="r1 c1">1927</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c11">6,928</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c12">5,193</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c4 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c5 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c6 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c7 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c8 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c9 c26"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c10 c27"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c10 c28"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r3" headers="r1 c1">1928</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c2 c11">6,909</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c2 c12">5,184</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c3 c13">6,782</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c3 c14">5,239</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c4 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c5 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c6 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c7 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c8 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c9 c26"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c10 c27"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c10 c28"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r4" headers="r1 c1">1929</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c2 c11">6,884</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c2 c12">5,290</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c3 c13">6,764</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c3 c14">5,260</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c4 c15">6,686</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c4 c16">5,311</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c5 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c6 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c7 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c8 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c9 c26"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c10 c27"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c10 c28"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r5" headers="r1 c1">1930</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c2 c11">7,104</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c2 c12">5,495</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c3 c13">7,000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c3 c14">5,468</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c4 c15">6,924</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c4 c16">5,427</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c5 c17">6,838</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c5 c18">5,489</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c6 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c7 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c8 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c9 c26"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c10 c27"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c10 c28"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r6" headers="r1 c1">1931</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c2 c11">6,838</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c2 c12">5,427</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c3 c13">6,754</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c3 c14">5,427</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c4 c15">6,694</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c4 c16">5,431</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c5 c17">6,682</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c5 c18">5,416</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c6 c19">6,528</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c6 c20">5,467</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c7 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c8 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c9 c26"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c10 c27"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c10 c28"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r7" headers="r1 c1">1932</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c2 c11">6,709</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c2 c12">5,307</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c3 c13">6,773</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c3 c14">5,362</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c4 c15">6,777</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c4 c16">5,372</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c5 c17">6,806</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c5 c18">5,413</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c6 c19">6,695</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c6 c20">5,365</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c7 c21">6,537</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c7 c22">5,390</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c8 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c9 c26"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c10 c27"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c10 c28"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r8" headers="r1 c1">1933</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c2 c11">4,826</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c2 c12">3,969</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c3 c13">6,587</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c3 c14">5,172</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c4 c15">6,728</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c4 c16">5,259</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c5 c17">6,877</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c5 c18">5,350</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c6 c19">6,766</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c6 c20">5,327</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c7 c21">6,657</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c7 c22">5,293</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c8 c23">6,527</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c8 c24">5,371</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c9 c26"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c10 c27"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c10 c28"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r9" headers="r1 c1">1934</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c2 c11">4,433</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c2 c12">3,874</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c3 c13">4,869</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c3 c14">4,211</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c4 c15">6,712</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c4 c16">5,444</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c5 c17">7,051</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c5 c18">5,582</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c6 c19">6,963</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c6 c20">5,563</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c7 c21">6,846</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c7 c22">5,515</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c8 c23">6,720</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c8 c24">5,489</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c9 c25">6,591</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c9 c26">5,503</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c10 c27"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c10 c28"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r10" headers="r1 c1">1935</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c2 c11">3,519</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c2 c12">3,045</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c3 c13">4,581</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c3 c14">3,857</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c4 c15">5,041</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c4 c16">4,221</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c5 c17">7,485</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c5 c18">5,683</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c6 c19">7,451</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c6 c20">5,669</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c7 c21">7,345</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c7 c22">5,645</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c8 c23">7,235</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c8 c24">5,623</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c9 c25">7,115</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c9 c26">5,617</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c10 c27">7,036</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c10 c28">5,705</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r11" headers="r1 c1">1936</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c2 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c3 c13">3,483</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c3 c14">3,070</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c4 c15">4,581</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c4 c16">3,934</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c5 c17">5,065</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c5 c18">4,293</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c6 c19">7,496</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c6 c20">5,823</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c7 c21">7,448</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c7 c22">5,822</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c8 c23">7,365</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c8 c24">5,807</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c9 c25">7,256</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c9 c26">5,798</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c10 c27">7,196</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c10 c28">5,800</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r12" headers="r1 c1">1937</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c2 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c3 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c4 c15">3,568</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c4 c16">3,220</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c5 c17">4,598</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c5 c18">4,127</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c6 c19">5,037</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c6 c20">4,516</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c7 c21">7,488</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c7 c22">6,106</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c8 c23">7,456</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c8 c24">6,123</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c9 c25">7,385</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c9 c26">6,113</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c10 c27">7,321</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c10 c28">6,127</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r13" headers="r1 c1">1938</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c2 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c3 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c4 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c5 c17">3,594</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c5 c18">3,455</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c6 c19">4,708</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c6 c20">4,349</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c7 c21">5,184</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c7 c22">4,723</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c8 c23">7,565</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c8 c24">6,322</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c9 c25">7,892</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c9 c26">6,565</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c10 c27">7,866</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c10 c28">6,596</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r14" headers="r1 c1">1939</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c2 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c3 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c4 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c5 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c6 c19">3,534</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c6 c20">3,185</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c7 c21">4,642</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c7 c22">4,104</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c8 c23">5,087</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c8 c24">4,510</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c9 c25">7,137</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c9 c26">5,902</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c10 c27">7,932</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c10 c28">6,428</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r15" headers="r1 c1">1940</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c2 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c3 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c4 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c5 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c6 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c7 c21">3,557</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c7 c22">3,387</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c8 c23">4,664</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c8 c24">4,312</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c9 c25">5,164</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c9 c26">4,746</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c10 c27">6,916</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c10 c28">6,052</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r16" headers="r1 c1">1941</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c2 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c3 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c4 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c5 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c6 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c7 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c8 c23">3,553</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c8 c24">3,496</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c9 c25">4,739</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c9 c26">4,474</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c10 c27">5,273</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c10 c28">4,968</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r17" headers="r1 c1">1942</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c2 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c3 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c4 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c5 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c6 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c7 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c8 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c9 c25">3,916</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c9 c26">3,954</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c10 c27">5,254</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c10 c28">5,177</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r18" headers="r1 c1">1943</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c2 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c3 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c4 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c5 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c6 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c7 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c8 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c9 c26"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c10 c27">4,012</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r18 c10 c28">3,794</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="18" id="r19">Percent of entitled</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r20" headers="r19 c1">1927</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 c2 c11">0.9778</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 c2 c12">0.8680</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 c3 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 c4 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 c5 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 c6 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 c7 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 c8 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 c9 c26"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 c10 c27"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r20 c10 c28"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r21" headers="r19 c1">1928</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r21 c2 c11">0.9636</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r21 c2 c12">0.8405</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r21 c3 c13">0.9740</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r21 c3 c14">0.8628</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r21 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r21 c4 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r21 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r21 c5 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r21 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r21 c6 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r21 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r21 c7 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r21 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r21 c8 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r21 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r21 c9 c26"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r21 c10 c27"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r21 c10 c28"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r22" headers="r19 c1">1929</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 c2 c11">0.9574</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 c2 c12">0.8444</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 c3 c13">0.9637</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 c3 c14">0.8514</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 c4 c15">0.9758</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 c4 c16">0.8715</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 c5 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 c6 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 c7 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 c8 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 c9 c26"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 c10 c27"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r22 c10 c28"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r23" headers="r19 c1">1930</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r23 c2 c11">0.9446</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r23 c2 c12">0.8297</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r23 c3 c13">0.9520</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r23 c3 c14">0.8360</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r23 c4 c15">0.9613</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r23 c4 c16">0.8427</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r23 c5 c17">0.9756</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r23 c5 c18">0.8652</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r23 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r23 c6 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r23 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r23 c7 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r23 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r23 c8 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r23 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r23 c9 c26"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r23 c10 c27"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r23 c10 c28"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r24" headers="r19 c1">1931</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r24 c2 c11">0.9301</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r24 c2 c12">0.8334</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r24 c3 c13">0.9417</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r24 c3 c14">0.8438</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r24 c4 c15">0.9526</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r24 c4 c16">0.8545</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r24 c5 c17">0.9712</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r24 c5 c18">0.8679</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r24 c6 c19">0.9746</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r24 c6 c20">0.8891</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r24 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r24 c7 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r24 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r24 c8 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r24 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r24 c9 c26"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r24 c10 c27"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r24 c10 c28"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r25" headers="r19 c1">1932</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r25 c2 c11">0.9138</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r25 c2 c12">0.8071</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r25 c3 c13">0.9354</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r25 c3 c14">0.8244</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r25 c4 c15">0.9493</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r25 c4 c16">0.8355</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r25 c5 c17">0.9727</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r25 c5 c18">0.8527</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r25 c6 c19">0.9762</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r25 c6 c20">0.8592</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r25 c7 c21">0.9777</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r25 c7 c22">0.8774</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r25 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r25 c8 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r25 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r25 c9 c26"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r25 c10 c27"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r25 c10 c28"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r26" headers="r19 c1">1933</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r26 c2 c11">0.6503</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r26 c2 c12">0.6181</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r26 c3 c13">0.8999</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r26 c3 c14">0.8128</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r26 c4 c15">0.9313</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r26 c4 c16">0.8336</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r26 c5 c17">0.9702</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r26 c5 c18">0.8550</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r26 c6 c19">0.9745</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r26 c6 c20">0.8606</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r26 c7 c21">0.9777</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r26 c7 c22">0.8670</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r26 c8 c23">0.9794</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r26 c8 c24">0.8909</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r26 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r26 c9 c26"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r26 c10 c27"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r26 c10 c28"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r27" headers="r19 c1">1934</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r27 c2 c11">0.5805</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r27 c2 c12">0.5775</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r27 c3 c13">0.6464</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r27 c3 c14">0.6326</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r27 c4 c15">0.9032</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r27 c4 c16">0.8246</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r27 c5 c17">0.9659</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r27 c5 c18">0.8556</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r27 c6 c19">0.9714</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r27 c6 c20">0.8615</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r27 c7 c21">0.9734</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r27 c7 c22">0.8644</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r27 c8 c23">0.9752</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r27 c8 c24">0.8724</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r27 c9 c25">0.9777</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r27 c9 c26">0.8883</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r27 c10 c27"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r27 c10 c28"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r28" headers="r19 c1">1935</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 c2 c11">0.4346</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 c2 c12">0.4490</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 c3 c13">0.5727</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 c3 c14">0.5728</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 c4 c15">0.6377</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 c4 c16">0.6317</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 c5 c17">0.9616</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 c5 c18">0.8570</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 c6 c19">0.9698</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 c6 c20">0.8635</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 c7 c21">0.9721</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 c7 c22">0.8689</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 c8 c23">0.9738</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 c8 c24">0.8742</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 c9 c25">0.9753</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 c9 c26">0.8822</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 c10 c27">0.9778</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r28 c10 c28">0.9050</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r29" headers="r19 c1">1936</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r29 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r29 c2 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r29 c3 c13">0.4284</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r29 c3 c14">0.4406</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r29 c4 c15">0.5697</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r29 c4 c16">0.5690</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r29 c5 c17">0.6381</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r29 c5 c18">0.6248</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r29 c6 c19">0.9583</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r29 c6 c20">0.8536</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r29 c7 c21">0.9674</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r29 c7 c22">0.8614</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r29 c8 c23">0.9718</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r29 c8 c24">0.8684</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r29 c9 c25">0.9741</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r29 c9 c26">0.8757</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r29 c10 c27">0.9761</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r29 c10 c28">0.8829</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r30" headers="r19 c1">1937</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r30 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r30 c2 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r30 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r30 c3 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r30 c4 c15">0.4392</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r30 c4 c16">0.4429</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r30 c5 c17">0.5724</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r30 c5 c18">0.5716</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r30 c6 c19">0.6347</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r30 c6 c20">0.6297</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r30 c7 c21">0.9553</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r30 c7 c22">0.8592</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r30 c8 c23">0.9648</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r30 c8 c24">0.8678</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r30 c9 c25">0.9698</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r30 c9 c26">0.8754</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r30 c10 c27">0.9721</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r30 c10 c28">0.8825</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r31" headers="r19 c1">1938</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r31 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r31 c2 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r31 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r31 c3 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r31 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r31 c4 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r31 c5 c17">0.4202</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r31 c5 c18">0.4484</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r31 c6 c19">0.5546</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r31 c6 c20">0.5686</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r31 c7 c21">0.6178</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r31 c7 c22">0.6214</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r31 c8 c23">0.9114</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r31 c8 c24">0.8376</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r31 c9 c25">0.9624</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r31 c9 c26">0.8771</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r31 c10 c27">0.9669</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r31 c10 c28">0.8853</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r32" headers="r19 c1">1939</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r32 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r32 c2 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r32 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r32 c3 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r32 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r32 c4 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r32 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r32 c5 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r32 c6 c19">0.4094</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r32 c6 c20">0.4199</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r32 c7 c21">0.5433</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r32 c7 c22">0.5429</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r32 c8 c23">0.6017</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r32 c8 c24">0.6005</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r32 c9 c25">0.8539</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r32 c9 c26">0.7909</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r32 c10 c27">0.9575</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r32 c10 c28">0.8657</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r33" headers="r19 c1">1940</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r33 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r33 c2 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r33 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r33 c3 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r33 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r33 c4 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r33 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r33 c5 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r33 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r33 c6 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r33 c7 c21">0.3938</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r33 c7 c22">0.4195</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r33 c8 c23">0.5222</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r33 c8 c24">0.5368</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r33 c9 c25">0.5851</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r33 c9 c26">0.5944</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r33 c10 c27">0.7899</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r33 c10 c28">0.7620</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r34" headers="r19 c1">1941</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r34 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r34 c2 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r34 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r34 c3 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r34 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r34 c4 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r34 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r34 c5 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r34 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r34 c6 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r34 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r34 c7 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r34 c8 c23">0.3816</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r34 c8 c24">0.4089</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r34 c9 c25">0.5148</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r34 c9 c26">0.5258</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r34 c10 c27">0.5770</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r34 c10 c28">0.5861</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r35" headers="r19 c1">1942</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r35 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r35 c2 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r35 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r35 c3 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r35 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r35 c4 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r35 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r35 c5 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r35 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r35 c6 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r35 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r35 c7 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r35 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r35 c8 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r35 c9 c25">0.3640</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r35 c9 c26">0.4013</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r35 c10 c27">0.4910</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r35 c10 c28">0.5272</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r36" headers="r19 c1">1943</th>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c2 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c3 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c4 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c5 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c6 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c7 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c8 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c9 c26"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c10 c27">0.3542</td>
|
|
<td headers="r19 r36 c10 c28">0.3749</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="19">SOURCE: Authors' tabulations using active and inactive files of the Continuous Work History Sample, 2004; 1 percent <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> extract based on Claim Account Number, and 1 percent <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> extract based on Beneficiary Own Account Number for December 1999–June 2006.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="19">NOTE: Data represent primary beneficiaries who were fully insured at age 60.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart3">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 3.<br>Entitlement probability: Percentage entitled as primary beneficiaries, <span class="nobr">1997–2005</span>, by sex and age</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart">
|
|
<div class="panel">Men</div>
|
|
<img src="v67n2p1_chart3a.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="625" height="272" />
|
|
<div class="panel">Women</div>
|
|
<img src="v67n2p1_chart3b.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="624" height="274" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 3. </span>Entitlement probability: Percentage entitled as primary beneficiaries, <span class="nobr">1997–2005</span>, by sex and age</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="9" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Age</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1997</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1998</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1999</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2000</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2001</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2002</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2003</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2004</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2005</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="9" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Men</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">70</th>
|
|
<td>0.9778</td>
|
|
<td>0.9740</td>
|
|
<td>0.9758</td>
|
|
<td>0.9756</td>
|
|
<td>0.9746</td>
|
|
<td>0.9777</td>
|
|
<td>0.9794</td>
|
|
<td>0.9777</td>
|
|
<td>0.9778</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69</th>
|
|
<td>0.9636</td>
|
|
<td>0.9637</td>
|
|
<td>0.9613</td>
|
|
<td>0.9712</td>
|
|
<td>0.9762</td>
|
|
<td>0.9777</td>
|
|
<td>0.9752</td>
|
|
<td>0.9753</td>
|
|
<td>0.9761</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68</th>
|
|
<td>0.9574</td>
|
|
<td>0.9520</td>
|
|
<td>0.9526</td>
|
|
<td>0.9727</td>
|
|
<td>0.9745</td>
|
|
<td>0.9734</td>
|
|
<td>0.9738</td>
|
|
<td>0.9741</td>
|
|
<td>0.9721</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67</th>
|
|
<td>0.9446</td>
|
|
<td>0.9417</td>
|
|
<td>0.9493</td>
|
|
<td>0.9702</td>
|
|
<td>0.9714</td>
|
|
<td>0.9721</td>
|
|
<td>0.9718</td>
|
|
<td>0.9698</td>
|
|
<td>0.9669</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66</th>
|
|
<td>0.9301</td>
|
|
<td>0.9354</td>
|
|
<td>0.9313</td>
|
|
<td>0.9659</td>
|
|
<td>0.9698</td>
|
|
<td>0.9674</td>
|
|
<td>0.9648</td>
|
|
<td>0.9624</td>
|
|
<td>0.9575</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65</th>
|
|
<td>0.9138</td>
|
|
<td>0.8999</td>
|
|
<td>0.9032</td>
|
|
<td>0.9616</td>
|
|
<td>0.9583</td>
|
|
<td>0.9553</td>
|
|
<td>0.9114</td>
|
|
<td>0.8539</td>
|
|
<td>0.7899</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64</th>
|
|
<td>0.6503</td>
|
|
<td>0.6464</td>
|
|
<td>0.6377</td>
|
|
<td>0.6381</td>
|
|
<td>0.6347</td>
|
|
<td>0.6178</td>
|
|
<td>0.6017</td>
|
|
<td>0.5851</td>
|
|
<td>0.5770</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63</th>
|
|
<td>0.5805</td>
|
|
<td>0.5727</td>
|
|
<td>0.5697</td>
|
|
<td>0.5724</td>
|
|
<td>0.5546</td>
|
|
<td>0.5433</td>
|
|
<td>0.5222</td>
|
|
<td>0.5148</td>
|
|
<td>0.4910</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62</th>
|
|
<td>0.4346</td>
|
|
<td>0.4284</td>
|
|
<td>0.4392</td>
|
|
<td>0.4202</td>
|
|
<td>0.4094</td>
|
|
<td>0.3938</td>
|
|
<td>0.3816</td>
|
|
<td>0.3640</td>
|
|
<td>0.3542</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="9" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Women</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">70</th>
|
|
<td>0.8680</td>
|
|
<td>0.8628</td>
|
|
<td>0.8715</td>
|
|
<td>0.8652</td>
|
|
<td>0.8891</td>
|
|
<td>0.8774</td>
|
|
<td>0.8909</td>
|
|
<td>0.8883</td>
|
|
<td>0.9050</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69</th>
|
|
<td>0.8405</td>
|
|
<td>0.8514</td>
|
|
<td>0.8427</td>
|
|
<td>0.8679</td>
|
|
<td>0.8592</td>
|
|
<td>0.8670</td>
|
|
<td>0.8724</td>
|
|
<td>0.8822</td>
|
|
<td>0.8829</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68</th>
|
|
<td>0.8444</td>
|
|
<td>0.8360</td>
|
|
<td>0.8545</td>
|
|
<td>0.8527</td>
|
|
<td>0.8606</td>
|
|
<td>0.8644</td>
|
|
<td>0.8742</td>
|
|
<td>0.8757</td>
|
|
<td>0.8825</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67</th>
|
|
<td>0.8297</td>
|
|
<td>0.8438</td>
|
|
<td>0.8355</td>
|
|
<td>0.8550</td>
|
|
<td>0.8615</td>
|
|
<td>0.8689</td>
|
|
<td>0.8684</td>
|
|
<td>0.8754</td>
|
|
<td>0.8853</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66</th>
|
|
<td>0.8334</td>
|
|
<td>0.8244</td>
|
|
<td>0.8336</td>
|
|
<td>0.8556</td>
|
|
<td>0.8635</td>
|
|
<td>0.8614</td>
|
|
<td>0.8678</td>
|
|
<td>0.8771</td>
|
|
<td>0.8657</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65</th>
|
|
<td>0.8071</td>
|
|
<td>0.8128</td>
|
|
<td>0.8246</td>
|
|
<td>0.8570</td>
|
|
<td>0.8536</td>
|
|
<td>0.8592</td>
|
|
<td>0.8376</td>
|
|
<td>0.7909</td>
|
|
<td>0.7620</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64</th>
|
|
<td>0.6181</td>
|
|
<td>0.6326</td>
|
|
<td>0.6317</td>
|
|
<td>0.6248</td>
|
|
<td>0.6297</td>
|
|
<td>0.6214</td>
|
|
<td>0.6005</td>
|
|
<td>0.5944</td>
|
|
<td>0.5861</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63</th>
|
|
<td>0.5775</td>
|
|
<td>0.5728</td>
|
|
<td>0.5690</td>
|
|
<td>0.5716</td>
|
|
<td>0.5686</td>
|
|
<td>0.5429</td>
|
|
<td>0.5368</td>
|
|
<td>0.5258</td>
|
|
<td>0.5272</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62</th>
|
|
<td>0.4490</td>
|
|
<td>0.4406</td>
|
|
<td>0.4429</td>
|
|
<td>0.4484</td>
|
|
<td>0.4199</td>
|
|
<td>0.4195</td>
|
|
<td>0.4089</td>
|
|
<td>0.4013</td>
|
|
<td>0.3749</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="10"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCE: Authors' tabulations using active and inactive files of the Continuous Work History Sample, 2004; 1 percent Master Beneficiary Record extract based on Claim Account Number; and 1 percent Master Beneficiary Record extract based on Beneficiary Own Account Number for December <span class="nobr">1999–2005</span> and June 2006.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote">NOTE: Data represent primary beneficiaries who were fully insured at age 60.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p class="noindent"><span class="h4">Entitlement Probability.</span> For both men and women, the percentage aged <span class="nobr">65–69</span> who are entitled as primary beneficiaries increases between 1999 and 2000. Over the same period, the percentage aged 62 decreases slightly. Such results show that after the earnings test change in 2000, benefit claiming among those who had already attained the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> accelerated at the same time that it slowed down a bit among those younger than the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>. The slowdown is particularly apparent among those turning age 62. In 2003, when the first birth cohort that faces an increased <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> begins to reach their <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (age 65 and 2 months), the overall percentage entitled begins to decrease, particularly among those aged 65. The decline continues in 2004 and 2005. For those who are younger than age 65, the percentage entitled decreases slightly over the period <span class="nobr">2003–2005</span>, suggesting that a small fraction of those younger than the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> responded to the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> rule change as well.</p>
|
|
<p>Responses to the rule changes discussed above more than likely understate the effect on persons who can choose whether to become entitled to benefits. The reason for the understatement is that the number of people who have not yet claimed benefits in each age/year group is fairly small. Nearly 90 percent of fully insured people become entitled by age 65 (Table 2).</p>
|
|
<p class="noindent"><span class="h4">Entitlement Hazard.</span> We next focus on the percentage of those who are "newly" entitled in a given year, among those who are fully insured but not previously entitled (Table 3 and Chart 4). That measure is known as the entitlement hazard. For example, 19.7 percent of men aged 69 who were not yet entitled became entitled in 1999, whereas 41.8 percent of men aged 69 became entitled in 2000. Further, 32.3 percent of men aged 66 who were not yet entitled became entitled in 1999, whereas 65.9 percent of men aged 66 became entitled in 2000. For men and women aged 65, the entitlement hazards decline noticeably starting from 2003, when the first birth cohorts are affected by the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> increase. The entitlement hazards for those aged 66 increase nearly 40 percentage points for both men and women in 2004, when those born in November or December 1938 reach their <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>. Results here also show that men are more responsive to the rule changes than women.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table3">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 3. </span>Number and percentage of persons who become entitled in each year, <span class="nobr">1998–2005</span>, by birth year and sex</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="16" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" id="c1">Birth year</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c2">1998</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c3">1999</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c4">2000</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c5">2001</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c6">2002</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c7">2003</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c8">2004</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" id="c9">2005</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th id="c10" headers="c2">Men</th>
|
|
<th id="c11" headers="c2">Women</th>
|
|
<th id="c12" headers="c3">Men</th>
|
|
<th id="c13" headers="c3">Women</th>
|
|
<th id="c14" headers="c4">Men</th>
|
|
<th id="c15" headers="c4">Women</th>
|
|
<th id="c16" headers="c5">Men</th>
|
|
<th id="c17" headers="c5">Women</th>
|
|
<th id="c18" headers="c6">Men</th>
|
|
<th id="c19" headers="c6">Women</th>
|
|
<th id="c20" headers="c7">Men</th>
|
|
<th id="c21" headers="c7">Women</th>
|
|
<th id="c22" headers="c8">Men</th>
|
|
<th id="c23" headers="c8">Women</th>
|
|
<th id="c24" headers="c9">Men</th>
|
|
<th id="c25" headers="c9">Women</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="16" id="r1">Number newly entitled</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r2" headers="r1 c1">1928</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c10">75</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c11">47</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c4 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c5 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c6 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c7 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c8 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c9 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r3" headers="r1 c1">1929</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c2 c10">47</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c2 c11">20</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c3 c12">81</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c3 c13">54</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c4 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c5 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c6 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c7 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c8 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c9 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r4" headers="r1 c1">1930</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c2 c10">56</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c2 c11">23</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c3 c12">67</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c3 c13">25</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c4 c14">103</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c4 c15">54</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c5 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c6 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c7 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c8 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c9 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r4 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r5" headers="r1 c1">1931</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c2 c10">83</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c2 c11">47</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c3 c12">79</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c3 c13">43</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c4 c14">132</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c4 c15">51</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c5 c16">23</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c5 c17">39</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c6 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c7 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c8 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c9 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r5 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r6" headers="r1 c1">1932</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c2 c10">158</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c2 c11">99</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c3 c12">100</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c3 c13">46</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c4 c14">165</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c4 c15">81</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c5 c16">24</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c5 c17">16</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c6 c18">9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c6 c19">34</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c7 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c8 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c9 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r7" headers="r1 c1">1933</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c2 c10">1,806</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c2 c11">1,083</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c3 c12">230</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c3 c13">107</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c4 c14">276</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c4 c15">116</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c5 c16">29</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c5 c17">12</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c6 c18">21</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c6 c19">11</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c7 c20">13</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c7 c21">27</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c8 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c9 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r7 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r8" headers="r1 c1">1934</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c2 c10">498</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c2 c11">357</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c3 c12">1,894</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c3 c13">1,108</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c4 c14">459</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c4 c15">181</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c5 c16">37</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c5 c17">17</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c6 c18">16</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c6 c19">9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c7 c20">14</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c7 c21">14</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c8 c22">15</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c8 c23">24</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c9 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r8 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r9" headers="r1 c1">1935</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c2 c10">1,097</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c2 c11">813</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c3 c12">523</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c3 c13">381</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c4 c14">2,515</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c4 c15">1,345</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c5 c16">58</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c5 c17">28</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c6 c18">17</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c6 c19">19</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c7 c20">11</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c7 c21">2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c8 c22">11</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c8 c23">15</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c9 c24">12</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r9 c9 c25">32</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r10" headers="r1 c1">1936</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c2 c10">3,456</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c2 c11">3,008</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c3 c12">1,138</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c3 c13">863</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c4 c14">550</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c4 c15">370</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c5 c16">2,491</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c5 c17">1,416</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c6 c18">68</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c6 c19">30</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c7 c20">34</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c7 c21">24</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c8 c22">18</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c8 c23">10</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c9 c24">15</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r10 c9 c25">12</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r11" headers="r1 c1">1937</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c2 c10"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c3 c12">3,546</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c3 c13">3,152</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c4 c14">1,073</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c4 c15">912</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c5 c16">511</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c5 c17">401</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c6 c18">2,509</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c6 c19">1,478</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c7 c20">69</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c7 c21">39</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c8 c22">41</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c8 c23">17</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c9 c24">17</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r11 c9 c25">9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r12" headers="r1 c1">1938</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c2 c10"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c3 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c4 c14">3,566</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c4 c15">3,377</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c5 c16">1,137</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c5 c17">899</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c6 c18">541</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c6 c19">390</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c7 c20">2,430</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c7 c21">1,487</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c8 c22">419</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c8 c23">239</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c9 c24">38</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r12 c9 c25">30</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r13" headers="r1 c1">1939</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c2 c10"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c3 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c4 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c5 c16">3,507</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c5 c17">3,105</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c6 c18">1,155</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c6 c19">910</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c7 c20">507</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c7 c21">418</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c8 c22">2,111</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c8 c23">1,309</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c9 c24">853</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 c9 c25">479</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r14" headers="r1 c1">1940</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c2 c10"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c3 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c4 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c5 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c6 c18">3,536</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c6 c19">3,308</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c7 c20">1,151</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c7 c21">931</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c8 c22">559</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c8 c23">450</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c9 c24">1,795</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r14 c9 c25">1,233</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r15" headers="r1 c1">1941</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c2 c10"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c3 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c4 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c5 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c6 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c7 c20">3,530</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c7 c21">3,436</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c8 c22">1,232</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c8 c23">978</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c9 c24">577</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r15 c9 c25">498</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r16" headers="r1 c1">1942</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c2 c10"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c3 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c4 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c5 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c6 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c7 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c8 c22">3,882</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c8 c23">3,862</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c9 c24">1,347</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r16 c9 c25">1,213</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r17" headers="r1 c1">1943</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c2 c10"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c3 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c4 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c5 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c6 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c7 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c8 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c9 c24">3,982</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r17 c9 c25">3,732</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="16" id="r18">Percentage fully insured but not entitled at the beginning of each year</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r19" headers="r18 c1">1928</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c2 c10">0.3012</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c2 c11">0.1492</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c3 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c4 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c5 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c6 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c7 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c8 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c9 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r19 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r20" headers="r18 c1">1929</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c2 c10">0.1604</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c2 c11">0.0683</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c3 c12">0.3361</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c3 c13">0.2022</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c4 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c5 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c6 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c7 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c8 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c9 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r20 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r21" headers="r18 c1">1930</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c2 c10">0.1393</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c2 c11">0.0599</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c3 c12">0.1971</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c3 c13">0.0702</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c4 c14">0.3829</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c4 c15">0.1688</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c5 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c6 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c7 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c8 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c9 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r21 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r22" headers="r18 c1">1931</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c2 c10">0.1711</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c2 c11">0.1199</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c3 c12">0.1990</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c3 c13">0.1280</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c4 c14">0.4177</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c4 c15">0.1783</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c5 c16">0.1278</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c5 c17">0.1696</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c6 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c7 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c8 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c9 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r22 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r23" headers="r18 c1">1932</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c2 c10">0.2577</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c2 c11">0.2041</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c3 c12">0.2217</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c3 c13">0.1217</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c4 c14">0.4783</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c4 c15">0.2477</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c5 c16">0.1348</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c5 c17">0.0664</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c6 c18">0.0596</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c6 c19">0.1532</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c7 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c8 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c9 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r23 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r24" headers="r18 c1">1933</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c2 c10">0.7152</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c2 c11">0.6760</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c3 c12">0.3226</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c3 c13">0.2432</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c4 c14">0.5823</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c4 c15">0.3580</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c5 c16">0.1472</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c5 c17">0.0594</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c6 c18">0.1273</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c6 c19">0.0595</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c7 c20">0.0909</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c7 c21">0.1570</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c8 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c9 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r24 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r25" headers="r18 c1">1934</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r25 c2 c10">0.1591</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r25 c2 c11">0.1747</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r25 c3 c12">0.7273</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r25 c3 c13">0.6798</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r25 c4 c14">0.6585</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r25 c4 c15">0.4151</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r25 c5 c16">0.1581</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r25 c5 c17">0.0680</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r25 c6 c18">0.0821</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r25 c6 c19">0.0388</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r25 c7 c20">0.0791</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r25 c7 c21">0.0639</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r25 c8 c22">0.0932</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r25 c8 c23">0.1176</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r25 c9 c24"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r25 c9 c25"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r26" headers="r18 c1">1935</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r26 c2 c10">0.2450</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r26 c2 c11">0.2705</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r26 c3 c12">0.1561</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r26 c3 c13">0.1807</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r26 c4 c14">0.8976</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r26 c4 c15">0.8059</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r26 c5 c16">0.2094</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r26 c5 c17">0.1134</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r26 c6 c18">0.0787</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r26 c6 c19">0.0880</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r26 c7 c20">0.0564</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r26 c7 c21">0.0103</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r26 c8 c22">0.0608</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r26 c8 c23">0.0785</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r26 c9 c24">0.0723</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r26 c9 c25">0.1850</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r27" headers="r18 c1">1936</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r27 c2 c10">0.4277</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r27 c2 c11">0.4794</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r27 c3 c12">0.2491</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r27 c3 c13">0.2808</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r27 c4 c14">0.1623</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r27 c4 c15">0.1732</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r27 c5 c16">0.8874</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r27 c5 c17">0.8237</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r27 c6 c18">0.2194</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r27 c6 c19">0.1310</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r27 c7 c20">0.1429</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r27 c7 c21">0.1212</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r27 c8 c22">0.0891</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r27 c8 c23">0.0585</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r27 c9 c24">0.0820</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r27 c9 c25">0.0750</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r28" headers="r18 c1">1937</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r28 c2 c10"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r28 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r28 c3 c12">0.4389</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r28 c3 c13">0.4775</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r28 c4 c14">0.2395</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r28 c4 c15">0.2807</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r28 c5 c16">0.1513</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r28 c5 c17">0.1782</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r28 c6 c18">0.8825</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r28 c6 c19">0.8257</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r28 c7 c20">0.2136</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r28 c7 c21">0.1660</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r28 c8 c22">0.1621</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r28 c8 c23">0.0890</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r28 c9 c24">0.0806</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r28 c9 c25">0.0523</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r29" headers="r18 c1">1938</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r29 c2 c10"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r29 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r29 c3 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r29 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r29 c4 c14">0.4196</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r29 c4 c15">0.4795</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r29 c5 c16">0.2326</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r29 c5 c17">0.2589</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r29 c6 c18">0.1457</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r29 c6 c19">0.1563</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r29 c7 c20">0.7712</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r29 c7 c21">0.7243</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r29 c8 c22">0.5877</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r29 c8 c23">0.5000</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r29 c9 c24">0.1297</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r29 c9 c25">0.1266</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r30" headers="r18 c1">1939</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r30 c2 c10"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r30 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r30 c3 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r30 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r30 c4 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r30 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r30 c5 c16">0.4086</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r30 c5 c17">0.4509</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r30 c6 c18">0.2298</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r30 c6 c19">0.2536</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r30 c7 c20">0.1318</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r30 c7 c21">0.1603</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r30 c8 c22">0.6378</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r30 c8 c23">0.6114</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r30 c9 c24">0.7174</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r30 c9 c25">0.6311</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r31" headers="r18 c1">1940</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r31 c2 c10"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r31 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r31 c3 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r31 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r31 c4 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r31 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r31 c5 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r31 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r31 c6 c18">0.3932</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r31 c6 c19">0.4462</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r31 c7 c20">0.2133</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r31 c7 c21">0.2359</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r31 c8 c22">0.1332</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r31 c8 c23">0.1535</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r31 c9 c24">0.4963</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r31 c9 c25">0.5080</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r32" headers="r18 c1">1941</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r32 c2 c10"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r32 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r32 c3 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r32 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r32 c4 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r32 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r32 c5 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r32 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r32 c6 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r32 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r32 c7 c20">0.3813</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r32 c7 c21">0.4358</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r32 c8 c22">0.2180</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r32 c8 c23">0.2290</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r32 c9 c24">0.1311</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r32 c9 c25">0.1554</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r33" headers="r18 c1">1942</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r33 c2 c10"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r33 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r33 c3 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r33 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r33 c4 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r33 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r33 c5 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r33 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r33 c6 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r33 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r33 c7 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r33 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r33 c8 c22">0.3631</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r33 c8 c23">0.4224</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r33 c9 c24">0.1996</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r33 c9 c25">0.2370</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r34" headers="r18 c1">1943</th>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r34 c2 c10"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r34 c2 c11"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r34 c3 c12"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r34 c3 c13"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r34 c4 c14"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r34 c4 c15"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r34 c5 c16"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r34 c5 c17"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r34 c6 c18"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r34 c6 c19"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r34 c7 c20"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r34 c7 c21"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r34 c8 c22"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r34 c8 c23"></td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r34 c9 c24">0.3536</td>
|
|
<td headers="r18 r34 c9 c25">0.3976</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="onlyNote" colspan="17">SOURCE: Authors' tabulations using active and inactive files of the Continuous Work History Sample, 2004; 1 percent Master Beneficiary Record extract based on Claim Account Number, and 1 percent Master Beneficiary Record extract based on Beneficiary Own Account Number for December <span class="nobr">1999–2005</span> and June 2006.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart4">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 4.<br>Entitlement hazard: Percentage newly entitled, 1998–2005, by sex and age</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart">
|
|
<div class="panel">Men</div>
|
|
<img src="v67n2p1_chart4a.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="621" height="277" />
|
|
<div class="panel">Women</div>
|
|
<img src="v67n2p1_chart4b.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="624" height="276" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 4. </span>Entitlement hazard: Percentage newly entitled, <span class="nobr">1998–2005</span>, by sex and age</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="8" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Age</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1998</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1999</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2000</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2001</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2002</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2003</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2004</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2005</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="8" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Men</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">70</th>
|
|
<td>0.3012</td>
|
|
<td>0.3361</td>
|
|
<td>0.3829</td>
|
|
<td>0.1278</td>
|
|
<td>0.0596</td>
|
|
<td>0.0909</td>
|
|
<td>0.0932</td>
|
|
<td>0.0723</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69</th>
|
|
<td>0.1604</td>
|
|
<td>0.1971</td>
|
|
<td>0.4177</td>
|
|
<td>0.1348</td>
|
|
<td>0.1273</td>
|
|
<td>0.0791</td>
|
|
<td>0.0608</td>
|
|
<td>0.0820</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68</th>
|
|
<td>0.1393</td>
|
|
<td>0.1990</td>
|
|
<td>0.4783</td>
|
|
<td>0.1472</td>
|
|
<td>0.0821</td>
|
|
<td>0.0564</td>
|
|
<td>0.0891</td>
|
|
<td>0.0806</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67</th>
|
|
<td>0.1711</td>
|
|
<td>0.2217</td>
|
|
<td>0.5823</td>
|
|
<td>0.1581</td>
|
|
<td>0.0787</td>
|
|
<td>0.1429</td>
|
|
<td>0.1621</td>
|
|
<td>0.1297</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66</th>
|
|
<td>0.2577</td>
|
|
<td>0.3226</td>
|
|
<td>0.6585</td>
|
|
<td>0.2094</td>
|
|
<td>0.2194</td>
|
|
<td>0.2136</td>
|
|
<td>0.5877</td>
|
|
<td>0.7174</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65</th>
|
|
<td>0.7152</td>
|
|
<td>0.7273</td>
|
|
<td>0.8976</td>
|
|
<td>0.8874</td>
|
|
<td>0.8825</td>
|
|
<td>0.7712</td>
|
|
<td>0.6378</td>
|
|
<td>0.4963</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64</th>
|
|
<td>0.1591</td>
|
|
<td>0.1561</td>
|
|
<td>0.1623</td>
|
|
<td>0.1513</td>
|
|
<td>0.1457</td>
|
|
<td>0.1318</td>
|
|
<td>0.1332</td>
|
|
<td>0.1311</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63</th>
|
|
<td>0.2450</td>
|
|
<td>0.2491</td>
|
|
<td>0.2395</td>
|
|
<td>0.2326</td>
|
|
<td>0.2298</td>
|
|
<td>0.2133</td>
|
|
<td>0.2180</td>
|
|
<td>0.1996</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62</th>
|
|
<td>0.4277</td>
|
|
<td>0.4389</td>
|
|
<td>0.4196</td>
|
|
<td>0.4086</td>
|
|
<td>0.3932</td>
|
|
<td>0.3813</td>
|
|
<td>0.3631</td>
|
|
<td>0.3536</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="8" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Women</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">70</th>
|
|
<td>0.1492</td>
|
|
<td>0.2022</td>
|
|
<td>0.1688</td>
|
|
<td>0.1696</td>
|
|
<td>0.1532</td>
|
|
<td>0.1570</td>
|
|
<td>0.1176</td>
|
|
<td>0.1850</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69</th>
|
|
<td>0.0683</td>
|
|
<td>0.0702</td>
|
|
<td>0.1783</td>
|
|
<td>0.0664</td>
|
|
<td>0.0595</td>
|
|
<td>0.0639</td>
|
|
<td>0.0785</td>
|
|
<td>0.0750</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68</th>
|
|
<td>0.0599</td>
|
|
<td>0.1280</td>
|
|
<td>0.2477</td>
|
|
<td>0.0594</td>
|
|
<td>0.0388</td>
|
|
<td>0.0103</td>
|
|
<td>0.0585</td>
|
|
<td>0.0523</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67</th>
|
|
<td>0.1199</td>
|
|
<td>0.1217</td>
|
|
<td>0.3580</td>
|
|
<td>0.0680</td>
|
|
<td>0.0880</td>
|
|
<td>0.1212</td>
|
|
<td>0.0890</td>
|
|
<td>0.1266</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66</th>
|
|
<td>0.2041</td>
|
|
<td>0.2432</td>
|
|
<td>0.4151</td>
|
|
<td>0.1134</td>
|
|
<td>0.1310</td>
|
|
<td>0.1660</td>
|
|
<td>0.5000</td>
|
|
<td>0.6311</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65</th>
|
|
<td>0.6760</td>
|
|
<td>0.6798</td>
|
|
<td>0.8059</td>
|
|
<td>0.8237</td>
|
|
<td>0.8257</td>
|
|
<td>0.7243</td>
|
|
<td>0.6114</td>
|
|
<td>0.5080</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64</th>
|
|
<td>0.1747</td>
|
|
<td>0.1807</td>
|
|
<td>0.1732</td>
|
|
<td>0.1782</td>
|
|
<td>0.1563</td>
|
|
<td>0.1603</td>
|
|
<td>0.1535</td>
|
|
<td>0.1554</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63</th>
|
|
<td>0.2705</td>
|
|
<td>0.2808</td>
|
|
<td>0.2807</td>
|
|
<td>0.2589</td>
|
|
<td>0.2536</td>
|
|
<td>0.2359</td>
|
|
<td>0.2290</td>
|
|
<td>0.2370</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62</th>
|
|
<td>0.4794</td>
|
|
<td>0.4775</td>
|
|
<td>0.4795</td>
|
|
<td>0.4509</td>
|
|
<td>0.4462</td>
|
|
<td>0.4358</td>
|
|
<td>0.4224</td>
|
|
<td>0.3976</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="9"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="onlyNote">SOURCE: Authors' tabulations using active and inactive files of the Continuous Work History Sample, 2004; 1 percent Master Beneficiary Record extract based on Claim Account Number; and 1 percent Master Beneficiary Record extract based on Beneficiary Own Account Number for December <span class="nobr">1999–2005</span> and June 2006.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h3>Entitlement Age Distribution by Entitlement Year and Birth Year</h3>
|
|
<p>We next present the distribution of benefit entitlement ages by entitlement year and birth cohort. Comparing the distribution across different entitlement years and different birth cohorts provides data on the changes in claiming behavior as both rule changes become effective.</p>
|
|
<p>Cumulative distributions by year of entitlement in Chart 5 show the percentage of fully insured people who have claimed benefits as of a specific age in each year <span class="nobr">1997–2005</span>. Here we choose the age range from 62 to 70 because the percentage of those who become entitled by age 70 tends to be stable before and after the rule changes (Table 2). Several interesting aspects are evident. First, the distribution of males shifts more than that of females, suggesting again that males are more responsive to the rule changes than females. Second, in the years following the earnings test removal, the curves shift downward for ages <span class="nobr">62–65</span>. They jump up at age 65 and then exhibit a stair-step incline as the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> rises, indicating that the removal of the earnings test somewhat affects the benefit entitlement age for those who are younger than the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>. Third, gradual downward shifts in the curves in the segment for those at entitlement age 65 or older appear to be a result of the gradual increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> for those who are born in 1938 or later. Fourth, the curves of 2000 through 2005, particularly for those at the segment younger than the entitlement age 65, are tightly packed, perhaps reflecting both the additional benefit reduction as the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> increases and the absence of an earnings test starting at the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart5">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 5.<br>Cumulative percentage distribution of entitlement age, by sex and entitlement year</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart">
|
|
<div class="panel">Men</div>
|
|
<img src="v67n2p1_chart5a.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="666" height="263" />
|
|
<div class="panel">Women</div>
|
|
<img src="v67n2p1_chart5b.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="635" height="255" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 5. </span>Cumulative percentage distribution of entitlement age, by sex and entitlement year</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="4" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Entitlement age <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1998</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2000</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2003</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2005</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="4" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Men</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62</th>
|
|
<td>3.6083</td>
|
|
<td>3.5533</td>
|
|
<td>3.4188</td>
|
|
<td>3.4032</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.083</th>
|
|
<td>52.3853</td>
|
|
<td>51.8633</td>
|
|
<td>51.2403</td>
|
|
<td>51.0947</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.167</th>
|
|
<td>54.9316</td>
|
|
<td>54.2734</td>
|
|
<td>53.6001</td>
|
|
<td>53.5135</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.25</th>
|
|
<td>56.944</td>
|
|
<td>56.2354</td>
|
|
<td>55.5052</td>
|
|
<td>55.3254</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.333</th>
|
|
<td>58.5702</td>
|
|
<td>57.7788</td>
|
|
<td>57.0549</td>
|
|
<td>56.846</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.417</th>
|
|
<td>60.0885</td>
|
|
<td>59.2355</td>
|
|
<td>58.3737</td>
|
|
<td>58.1718</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.5</th>
|
|
<td>61.2963</td>
|
|
<td>60.3714</td>
|
|
<td>59.5626</td>
|
|
<td>59.3562</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.583</th>
|
|
<td>62.3129</td>
|
|
<td>61.3505</td>
|
|
<td>60.5025</td>
|
|
<td>60.3889</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.667</th>
|
|
<td>63.3144</td>
|
|
<td>62.3094</td>
|
|
<td>61.4352</td>
|
|
<td>61.3216</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.75</th>
|
|
<td>64.278</td>
|
|
<td>63.2056</td>
|
|
<td>62.3228</td>
|
|
<td>62.2284</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.833</th>
|
|
<td>65.2321</td>
|
|
<td>64.1018</td>
|
|
<td>63.2014</td>
|
|
<td>63.1559</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.917</th>
|
|
<td>66.067</td>
|
|
<td>64.8947</td>
|
|
<td>63.9591</td>
|
|
<td>63.9662</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63</th>
|
|
<td>67.112</td>
|
|
<td>65.8683</td>
|
|
<td>64.9117</td>
|
|
<td>64.9661</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.083</th>
|
|
<td>68.1835</td>
|
|
<td>66.8327</td>
|
|
<td>65.8859</td>
|
|
<td>65.9695</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.167</th>
|
|
<td>68.9086</td>
|
|
<td>67.5334</td>
|
|
<td>66.5228</td>
|
|
<td>66.6091</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.25</th>
|
|
<td>69.6488</td>
|
|
<td>68.2433</td>
|
|
<td>67.2517</td>
|
|
<td>67.3401</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.333</th>
|
|
<td>70.2432</td>
|
|
<td>68.8149</td>
|
|
<td>67.8182</td>
|
|
<td>67.8987</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.417</th>
|
|
<td>70.8944</td>
|
|
<td>69.4031</td>
|
|
<td>68.3901</td>
|
|
<td>68.4694</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.5</th>
|
|
<td>71.4207</td>
|
|
<td>69.901</td>
|
|
<td>68.9133</td>
|
|
<td>68.9883</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.583</th>
|
|
<td>71.9224</td>
|
|
<td>70.4099</td>
|
|
<td>69.4148</td>
|
|
<td>69.5141</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.667</th>
|
|
<td>72.4638</td>
|
|
<td>70.9299</td>
|
|
<td>69.8947</td>
|
|
<td>69.9813</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.75</th>
|
|
<td>72.9466</td>
|
|
<td>71.389</td>
|
|
<td>70.362</td>
|
|
<td>70.4537</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.833</th>
|
|
<td>73.4729</td>
|
|
<td>71.8721</td>
|
|
<td>70.8329</td>
|
|
<td>70.9347</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.917</th>
|
|
<td>73.9575</td>
|
|
<td>72.3478</td>
|
|
<td>71.3272</td>
|
|
<td>71.4174</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64</th>
|
|
<td>74.6864</td>
|
|
<td>72.9932</td>
|
|
<td>71.937</td>
|
|
<td>72.0363</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.083</th>
|
|
<td>75.3452</td>
|
|
<td>73.587</td>
|
|
<td>72.5143</td>
|
|
<td>72.6328</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.167</th>
|
|
<td>75.845</td>
|
|
<td>74.0498</td>
|
|
<td>72.9888</td>
|
|
<td>73.1121</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.25</th>
|
|
<td>76.3088</td>
|
|
<td>74.4868</td>
|
|
<td>73.42</td>
|
|
<td>73.5414</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.333</th>
|
|
<td>76.7385</td>
|
|
<td>74.9349</td>
|
|
<td>73.9594</td>
|
|
<td>74.0379</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.417</th>
|
|
<td>77.1929</td>
|
|
<td>75.3775</td>
|
|
<td>74.4447</td>
|
|
<td>74.5568</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.5</th>
|
|
<td>77.7116</td>
|
|
<td>75.9344</td>
|
|
<td>75.031</td>
|
|
<td>75.105</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.583</th>
|
|
<td>78.3098</td>
|
|
<td>76.4821</td>
|
|
<td>75.5686</td>
|
|
<td>75.5998</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.667</th>
|
|
<td>79.3719</td>
|
|
<td>77.4317</td>
|
|
<td>76.5825</td>
|
|
<td>76.5187</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.75</th>
|
|
<td>81.5869</td>
|
|
<td>79.473</td>
|
|
<td>78.9621</td>
|
|
<td>78.7582</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.833</th>
|
|
<td>83.8681</td>
|
|
<td>81.5677</td>
|
|
<td>81.2768</td>
|
|
<td>81.0253</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.917</th>
|
|
<td>86.1607</td>
|
|
<td>83.6071</td>
|
|
<td>83.3479</td>
|
|
<td>83.0062</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65</th>
|
|
<td>96.5806</td>
|
|
<td>95.0194</td>
|
|
<td>95.0151</td>
|
|
<td>91.6884</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.083</th>
|
|
<td>96.8835</td>
|
|
<td>95.3882</td>
|
|
<td>95.4445</td>
|
|
<td>92.497</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.167</th>
|
|
<td>97.1183</td>
|
|
<td>95.6242</td>
|
|
<td>97.4507</td>
|
|
<td>95.0261</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.25</th>
|
|
<td>97.3417</td>
|
|
<td>95.9008</td>
|
|
<td>97.6419</td>
|
|
<td>95.4709</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.333</th>
|
|
<td>97.5178</td>
|
|
<td>96.1516</td>
|
|
<td>97.8367</td>
|
|
<td>97.7466</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.417</th>
|
|
<td>97.6882</td>
|
|
<td>96.371</td>
|
|
<td>97.9937</td>
|
|
<td>97.8966</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.5</th>
|
|
<td>97.8359</td>
|
|
<td>96.5757</td>
|
|
<td>98.1579</td>
|
|
<td>99.1034</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.583</th>
|
|
<td>97.9855</td>
|
|
<td>96.7748</td>
|
|
<td>98.3022</td>
|
|
<td>99.1844</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.667</th>
|
|
<td>98.0877</td>
|
|
<td>96.9555</td>
|
|
<td>98.4664</td>
|
|
<td>99.2534</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.75</th>
|
|
<td>98.188</td>
|
|
<td>97.1141</td>
|
|
<td>98.5999</td>
|
|
<td>99.3137</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.833</th>
|
|
<td>98.3054</td>
|
|
<td>97.2764</td>
|
|
<td>98.7172</td>
|
|
<td>99.3671</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.917</th>
|
|
<td>98.4114</td>
|
|
<td>97.4294</td>
|
|
<td>98.8254</td>
|
|
<td>99.4154</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66</th>
|
|
<td>98.5117</td>
|
|
<td>97.5566</td>
|
|
<td>98.9192</td>
|
|
<td>99.4602</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66.083</th>
|
|
<td>98.595</td>
|
|
<td>97.6672</td>
|
|
<td>98.9968</td>
|
|
<td>99.4895</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66.167</th>
|
|
<td>98.6707</td>
|
|
<td>97.776</td>
|
|
<td>99.069</td>
|
|
<td>99.5274</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66.25</th>
|
|
<td>98.718</td>
|
|
<td>97.9051</td>
|
|
<td>99.1827</td>
|
|
<td>99.555</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66.333</th>
|
|
<td>98.7937</td>
|
|
<td>98.0305</td>
|
|
<td>99.2621</td>
|
|
<td>99.5981</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66.417</th>
|
|
<td>98.8694</td>
|
|
<td>98.1448</td>
|
|
<td>99.3415</td>
|
|
<td>99.6395</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66.5</th>
|
|
<td>98.9489</td>
|
|
<td>98.2186</td>
|
|
<td>99.4046</td>
|
|
<td>99.674</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66.583</th>
|
|
<td>99.0208</td>
|
|
<td>98.3182</td>
|
|
<td>99.4677</td>
|
|
<td>99.6964</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66.667</th>
|
|
<td>99.0738</td>
|
|
<td>98.3864</td>
|
|
<td>99.5092</td>
|
|
<td>99.7102</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66.75</th>
|
|
<td>99.123</td>
|
|
<td>98.4657</td>
|
|
<td>99.576</td>
|
|
<td>99.7378</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66.833</th>
|
|
<td>99.1874</td>
|
|
<td>98.5487</td>
|
|
<td>99.6337</td>
|
|
<td>99.7568</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66.917</th>
|
|
<td>99.2366</td>
|
|
<td>98.6261</td>
|
|
<td>99.6698</td>
|
|
<td>99.774</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67</th>
|
|
<td>99.2858</td>
|
|
<td>98.7146</td>
|
|
<td>99.7257</td>
|
|
<td>99.793</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67.083</th>
|
|
<td>99.3161</td>
|
|
<td>98.7755</td>
|
|
<td>99.7473</td>
|
|
<td>99.8051</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67.167</th>
|
|
<td>99.354</td>
|
|
<td>98.8456</td>
|
|
<td>99.7635</td>
|
|
<td>99.8223</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67.25</th>
|
|
<td>99.3843</td>
|
|
<td>98.9101</td>
|
|
<td>99.7761</td>
|
|
<td>99.8344</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67.333</th>
|
|
<td>99.4108</td>
|
|
<td>98.9691</td>
|
|
<td>99.7851</td>
|
|
<td>99.8482</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67.417</th>
|
|
<td>99.4354</td>
|
|
<td>99.006</td>
|
|
<td>99.814</td>
|
|
<td>99.8551</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67.5</th>
|
|
<td>99.4581</td>
|
|
<td>99.0687</td>
|
|
<td>99.8356</td>
|
|
<td>99.8672</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67.583</th>
|
|
<td>99.4827</td>
|
|
<td>99.1148</td>
|
|
<td>99.8518</td>
|
|
<td>99.8793</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67.667</th>
|
|
<td>99.5111</td>
|
|
<td>99.1664</td>
|
|
<td>99.8608</td>
|
|
<td>99.8845</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67.75</th>
|
|
<td>99.53</td>
|
|
<td>99.2088</td>
|
|
<td>99.8716</td>
|
|
<td>99.8897</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67.833</th>
|
|
<td>99.5546</td>
|
|
<td>99.2586</td>
|
|
<td>99.877</td>
|
|
<td>99.8914</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67.917</th>
|
|
<td>99.5811</td>
|
|
<td>99.3121</td>
|
|
<td>99.8824</td>
|
|
<td>99.8914</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68</th>
|
|
<td>99.6114</td>
|
|
<td>99.36</td>
|
|
<td>99.8914</td>
|
|
<td>99.8948</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68.083</th>
|
|
<td>99.6436</td>
|
|
<td>99.4079</td>
|
|
<td>99.895</td>
|
|
<td>99.9034</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68.167</th>
|
|
<td>99.6512</td>
|
|
<td>99.4669</td>
|
|
<td>99.8986</td>
|
|
<td>99.912</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68.25</th>
|
|
<td>99.6834</td>
|
|
<td>99.513</td>
|
|
<td>99.9076</td>
|
|
<td>99.9189</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68.333</th>
|
|
<td>99.6891</td>
|
|
<td>99.5499</td>
|
|
<td>99.9148</td>
|
|
<td>99.9223</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68.417</th>
|
|
<td>99.7061</td>
|
|
<td>99.5794</td>
|
|
<td>99.9166</td>
|
|
<td>99.9292</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68.5</th>
|
|
<td>99.725</td>
|
|
<td>99.6015</td>
|
|
<td>99.931</td>
|
|
<td>99.9378</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68.583</th>
|
|
<td>99.7401</td>
|
|
<td>99.6236</td>
|
|
<td>99.9418</td>
|
|
<td>99.9464</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68.667</th>
|
|
<td>99.7496</td>
|
|
<td>99.6531</td>
|
|
<td>99.9436</td>
|
|
<td>99.9481</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68.75</th>
|
|
<td>99.7553</td>
|
|
<td>99.6808</td>
|
|
<td>99.9454</td>
|
|
<td>99.9533</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68.833</th>
|
|
<td>99.7667</td>
|
|
<td>99.6919</td>
|
|
<td>99.9526</td>
|
|
<td>99.9567</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68.917</th>
|
|
<td>99.7762</td>
|
|
<td>99.7085</td>
|
|
<td>99.9562</td>
|
|
<td>99.9567</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69</th>
|
|
<td>99.8046</td>
|
|
<td>99.7417</td>
|
|
<td>99.958</td>
|
|
<td>99.9636</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69.083</th>
|
|
<td>99.816</td>
|
|
<td>99.773</td>
|
|
<td>99.9616</td>
|
|
<td>99.967</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69.167</th>
|
|
<td>99.8293</td>
|
|
<td>99.8043</td>
|
|
<td>99.967</td>
|
|
<td>99.9687</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69.25</th>
|
|
<td>99.8501</td>
|
|
<td>99.8301</td>
|
|
<td>99.9688</td>
|
|
<td>99.9721</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69.333</th>
|
|
<td>99.8709</td>
|
|
<td>99.8578</td>
|
|
<td>99.9706</td>
|
|
<td>99.9755</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69.417</th>
|
|
<td>99.8823</td>
|
|
<td>99.8891</td>
|
|
<td>99.9706</td>
|
|
<td>99.9841</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69.5</th>
|
|
<td>99.8956</td>
|
|
<td>99.9131</td>
|
|
<td>99.976</td>
|
|
<td>99.9875</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69.583</th>
|
|
<td>99.9051</td>
|
|
<td>99.9279</td>
|
|
<td>99.9778</td>
|
|
<td>99.9892</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69.667</th>
|
|
<td>99.9108</td>
|
|
<td>99.9427</td>
|
|
<td>99.9814</td>
|
|
<td>99.9892</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69.75</th>
|
|
<td>99.9127</td>
|
|
<td>99.9556</td>
|
|
<td>99.9832</td>
|
|
<td>99.9909</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69.833</th>
|
|
<td>99.9203</td>
|
|
<td>99.9648</td>
|
|
<td>99.9868</td>
|
|
<td>99.9909</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69.917</th>
|
|
<td>99.926</td>
|
|
<td>99.9703</td>
|
|
<td>99.9868</td>
|
|
<td>99.9926</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">70</th>
|
|
<td>99.9998</td>
|
|
<td>99.9998</td>
|
|
<td>99.9994</td>
|
|
<td>99.9995</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="4" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Women</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62</th>
|
|
<td>3.6561</td>
|
|
<td>3.7071</td>
|
|
<td>3.6268</td>
|
|
<td>3.5341</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.083</th>
|
|
<td>56.1375</td>
|
|
<td>56.0614</td>
|
|
<td>55.1698</td>
|
|
<td>54.8216</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.167</th>
|
|
<td>58.5432</td>
|
|
<td>58.4344</td>
|
|
<td>57.5002</td>
|
|
<td>57.1225</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.25</th>
|
|
<td>60.3889</td>
|
|
<td>60.2268</td>
|
|
<td>59.2456</td>
|
|
<td>58.8039</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.333</th>
|
|
<td>61.8999</td>
|
|
<td>61.8257</td>
|
|
<td>60.7855</td>
|
|
<td>60.3169</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.417</th>
|
|
<td>63.2137</td>
|
|
<td>63.075</td>
|
|
<td>62.0471</td>
|
|
<td>61.6301</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.5</th>
|
|
<td>64.3126</td>
|
|
<td>64.1104</td>
|
|
<td>63.0747</td>
|
|
<td>62.7577</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.583</th>
|
|
<td>65.2671</td>
|
|
<td>65.0134</td>
|
|
<td>64.0676</td>
|
|
<td>63.7654</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.667</th>
|
|
<td>66.1617</td>
|
|
<td>65.9504</td>
|
|
<td>64.9877</td>
|
|
<td>64.7132</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.75</th>
|
|
<td>67.0352</td>
|
|
<td>66.8127</td>
|
|
<td>65.7782</td>
|
|
<td>65.5782</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.833</th>
|
|
<td>67.9334</td>
|
|
<td>67.6512</td>
|
|
<td>66.6794</td>
|
|
<td>66.5317</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.917</th>
|
|
<td>68.7787</td>
|
|
<td>68.4659</td>
|
|
<td>67.4857</td>
|
|
<td>67.3738</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63</th>
|
|
<td>69.7297</td>
|
|
<td>69.4063</td>
|
|
<td>68.4501</td>
|
|
<td>68.4072</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.083</th>
|
|
<td>70.6525</td>
|
|
<td>70.3297</td>
|
|
<td>69.5347</td>
|
|
<td>69.4891</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.167</th>
|
|
<td>71.3499</td>
|
|
<td>71.0392</td>
|
|
<td>70.2461</td>
|
|
<td>70.217</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.25</th>
|
|
<td>72.0156</td>
|
|
<td>71.7046</td>
|
|
<td>70.8817</td>
|
|
<td>70.8393</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.333</th>
|
|
<td>72.558</td>
|
|
<td>72.2512</td>
|
|
<td>71.4635</td>
|
|
<td>71.4873</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.417</th>
|
|
<td>73.1638</td>
|
|
<td>72.8012</td>
|
|
<td>72.0896</td>
|
|
<td>72.0697</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.5</th>
|
|
<td>73.6921</td>
|
|
<td>73.2968</td>
|
|
<td>72.6271</td>
|
|
<td>72.6264</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.583</th>
|
|
<td>74.2099</td>
|
|
<td>73.8332</td>
|
|
<td>73.1836</td>
|
|
<td>73.1774</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.667</th>
|
|
<td>74.6819</td>
|
|
<td>74.2881</td>
|
|
<td>73.6389</td>
|
|
<td>73.6056</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.75</th>
|
|
<td>75.2525</td>
|
|
<td>74.8109</td>
|
|
<td>74.1227</td>
|
|
<td>74.0709</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.833</th>
|
|
<td>75.7914</td>
|
|
<td>75.2997</td>
|
|
<td>74.6571</td>
|
|
<td>74.6361</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.917</th>
|
|
<td>76.2141</td>
|
|
<td>75.7207</td>
|
|
<td>75.0808</td>
|
|
<td>75.0843</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64</th>
|
|
<td>76.834</td>
|
|
<td>76.2435</td>
|
|
<td>75.6057</td>
|
|
<td>75.6552</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.083</th>
|
|
<td>77.3236</td>
|
|
<td>76.7867</td>
|
|
<td>76.2191</td>
|
|
<td>76.2747</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.167</th>
|
|
<td>77.8484</td>
|
|
<td>77.2722</td>
|
|
<td>76.6871</td>
|
|
<td>76.7943</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.25</th>
|
|
<td>78.2887</td>
|
|
<td>77.7339</td>
|
|
<td>77.1962</td>
|
|
<td>77.2653</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.333</th>
|
|
<td>78.7219</td>
|
|
<td>78.1243</td>
|
|
<td>77.6673</td>
|
|
<td>77.7192</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.417</th>
|
|
<td>79.1939</td>
|
|
<td>78.5894</td>
|
|
<td>78.1542</td>
|
|
<td>78.2216</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.5</th>
|
|
<td>79.7117</td>
|
|
<td>79.0681</td>
|
|
<td>78.6791</td>
|
|
<td>78.6955</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.583</th>
|
|
<td>80.2999</td>
|
|
<td>79.6384</td>
|
|
<td>79.2672</td>
|
|
<td>79.2436</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.667</th>
|
|
<td>81.4376</td>
|
|
<td>80.572</td>
|
|
<td>80.2601</td>
|
|
<td>80.2028</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.75</th>
|
|
<td>83.8926</td>
|
|
<td>82.8906</td>
|
|
<td>82.992</td>
|
|
<td>82.7834</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.833</th>
|
|
<td>86.2102</td>
|
|
<td>85.0361</td>
|
|
<td>85.4109</td>
|
|
<td>85.2242</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.917</th>
|
|
<td>88.3482</td>
|
|
<td>86.9066</td>
|
|
<td>87.4187</td>
|
|
<td>87.1368</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65</th>
|
|
<td>96.8333</td>
|
|
<td>95.9129</td>
|
|
<td>96.1109</td>
|
|
<td>93.3343</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.083</th>
|
|
<td>97.1186</td>
|
|
<td>96.2422</td>
|
|
<td>96.4492</td>
|
|
<td>94.0308</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.167</th>
|
|
<td>97.3088</td>
|
|
<td>96.4459</td>
|
|
<td>98.027</td>
|
|
<td>96.012</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.25</th>
|
|
<td>97.499</td>
|
|
<td>96.6869</td>
|
|
<td>98.1756</td>
|
|
<td>96.3974</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.333</th>
|
|
<td>97.6822</td>
|
|
<td>96.9008</td>
|
|
<td>98.3179</td>
|
|
<td>98.0474</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.417</th>
|
|
<td>97.9041</td>
|
|
<td>97.0909</td>
|
|
<td>98.4191</td>
|
|
<td>98.1816</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.5</th>
|
|
<td>98.0485</td>
|
|
<td>97.2912</td>
|
|
<td>98.5424</td>
|
|
<td>99.0666</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.583</th>
|
|
<td>98.1894</td>
|
|
<td>97.4609</td>
|
|
<td>98.6531</td>
|
|
<td>99.1437</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.667</th>
|
|
<td>98.3268</td>
|
|
<td>97.6035</td>
|
|
<td>98.7574</td>
|
|
<td>99.2036</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.75</th>
|
|
<td>98.4219</td>
|
|
<td>97.7053</td>
|
|
<td>98.827</td>
|
|
<td>99.2521</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.833</th>
|
|
<td>98.5205</td>
|
|
<td>97.8513</td>
|
|
<td>98.9219</td>
|
|
<td>99.2892</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.917</th>
|
|
<td>98.5804</td>
|
|
<td>97.9531</td>
|
|
<td>99.0104</td>
|
|
<td>99.332</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66</th>
|
|
<td>98.679</td>
|
|
<td>98.0957</td>
|
|
<td>99.1084</td>
|
|
<td>99.3663</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66.083</th>
|
|
<td>98.7459</td>
|
|
<td>98.2111</td>
|
|
<td>99.1811</td>
|
|
<td>99.4034</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66.167</th>
|
|
<td>98.8093</td>
|
|
<td>98.2858</td>
|
|
<td>99.2285</td>
|
|
<td>99.4234</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66.25</th>
|
|
<td>98.8762</td>
|
|
<td>98.3809</td>
|
|
<td>99.2854</td>
|
|
<td>99.4491</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66.333</th>
|
|
<td>98.9502</td>
|
|
<td>98.4827</td>
|
|
<td>99.3581</td>
|
|
<td>99.4948</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66.417</th>
|
|
<td>99.003</td>
|
|
<td>98.5574</td>
|
|
<td>99.415</td>
|
|
<td>99.5205</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66.5</th>
|
|
<td>99.0734</td>
|
|
<td>98.6423</td>
|
|
<td>99.4782</td>
|
|
<td>99.5519</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66.583</th>
|
|
<td>99.1333</td>
|
|
<td>98.7136</td>
|
|
<td>99.5351</td>
|
|
<td>99.6033</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66.667</th>
|
|
<td>99.1615</td>
|
|
<td>98.7577</td>
|
|
<td>99.573</td>
|
|
<td>99.6347</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66.75</th>
|
|
<td>99.2038</td>
|
|
<td>98.812</td>
|
|
<td>99.6078</td>
|
|
<td>99.6518</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66.833</th>
|
|
<td>99.2496</td>
|
|
<td>98.8595</td>
|
|
<td>99.6489</td>
|
|
<td>99.6775</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">66.917</th>
|
|
<td>99.2778</td>
|
|
<td>98.8968</td>
|
|
<td>99.6647</td>
|
|
<td>99.6946</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67</th>
|
|
<td>99.3271</td>
|
|
<td>98.9579</td>
|
|
<td>99.69</td>
|
|
<td>99.7146</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67.083</th>
|
|
<td>99.3835</td>
|
|
<td>99.036</td>
|
|
<td>99.7058</td>
|
|
<td>99.7203</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67.167</th>
|
|
<td>99.4152</td>
|
|
<td>99.0767</td>
|
|
<td>99.7279</td>
|
|
<td>99.7431</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67.25</th>
|
|
<td>99.4434</td>
|
|
<td>99.1276</td>
|
|
<td>99.7342</td>
|
|
<td>99.7517</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67.333</th>
|
|
<td>99.461</td>
|
|
<td>99.1785</td>
|
|
<td>99.75</td>
|
|
<td>99.7717</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67.417</th>
|
|
<td>99.4892</td>
|
|
<td>99.2158</td>
|
|
<td>99.769</td>
|
|
<td>99.786</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67.5</th>
|
|
<td>99.5315</td>
|
|
<td>99.2633</td>
|
|
<td>99.7943</td>
|
|
<td>99.7917</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67.583</th>
|
|
<td>99.5562</td>
|
|
<td>99.3074</td>
|
|
<td>99.8006</td>
|
|
<td>99.7974</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67.667</th>
|
|
<td>99.5809</td>
|
|
<td>99.3583</td>
|
|
<td>99.8101</td>
|
|
<td>99.8003</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67.75</th>
|
|
<td>99.6126</td>
|
|
<td>99.3956</td>
|
|
<td>99.8164</td>
|
|
<td>99.8089</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67.833</th>
|
|
<td>99.6302</td>
|
|
<td>99.4431</td>
|
|
<td>99.8227</td>
|
|
<td>99.8118</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">67.917</th>
|
|
<td>99.6513</td>
|
|
<td>99.4872</td>
|
|
<td>99.8259</td>
|
|
<td>99.8175</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68</th>
|
|
<td>99.6689</td>
|
|
<td>99.5211</td>
|
|
<td>99.8322</td>
|
|
<td>99.8204</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68.083</th>
|
|
<td>99.6936</td>
|
|
<td>99.5449</td>
|
|
<td>99.8385</td>
|
|
<td>99.8347</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68.167</th>
|
|
<td>99.7006</td>
|
|
<td>99.5687</td>
|
|
<td>99.8385</td>
|
|
<td>99.8433</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68.25</th>
|
|
<td>99.7147</td>
|
|
<td>99.5959</td>
|
|
<td>99.8448</td>
|
|
<td>99.8462</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68.333</th>
|
|
<td>99.7323</td>
|
|
<td>99.6265</td>
|
|
<td>99.8638</td>
|
|
<td>99.8491</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68.417</th>
|
|
<td>99.7429</td>
|
|
<td>99.6503</td>
|
|
<td>99.8701</td>
|
|
<td>99.8548</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68.5</th>
|
|
<td>99.7605</td>
|
|
<td>99.6639</td>
|
|
<td>99.8827</td>
|
|
<td>99.8691</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68.583</th>
|
|
<td>99.7711</td>
|
|
<td>99.6945</td>
|
|
<td>99.8827</td>
|
|
<td>99.872</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68.667</th>
|
|
<td>99.7852</td>
|
|
<td>99.7149</td>
|
|
<td>99.889</td>
|
|
<td>99.8749</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68.75</th>
|
|
<td>99.7958</td>
|
|
<td>99.7285</td>
|
|
<td>99.8985</td>
|
|
<td>99.8835</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68.833</th>
|
|
<td>99.8169</td>
|
|
<td>99.7591</td>
|
|
<td>99.9017</td>
|
|
<td>99.8864</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">68.917</th>
|
|
<td>99.831</td>
|
|
<td>99.7693</td>
|
|
<td>99.9049</td>
|
|
<td>99.8864</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69</th>
|
|
<td>99.838</td>
|
|
<td>99.7863</td>
|
|
<td>99.9081</td>
|
|
<td>99.8864</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69.083</th>
|
|
<td>99.845</td>
|
|
<td>99.8067</td>
|
|
<td>99.9113</td>
|
|
<td>99.895</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69.167</th>
|
|
<td>99.845</td>
|
|
<td>99.8237</td>
|
|
<td>99.9113</td>
|
|
<td>99.8979</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69.25</th>
|
|
<td>99.8626</td>
|
|
<td>99.8305</td>
|
|
<td>99.9208</td>
|
|
<td>99.9065</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69.333</th>
|
|
<td>99.8661</td>
|
|
<td>99.8441</td>
|
|
<td>99.9271</td>
|
|
<td>99.9151</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69.417</th>
|
|
<td>99.8802</td>
|
|
<td>99.8611</td>
|
|
<td>99.9271</td>
|
|
<td>99.918</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69.5</th>
|
|
<td>99.8837</td>
|
|
<td>99.8883</td>
|
|
<td>99.9303</td>
|
|
<td>99.9209</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69.583</th>
|
|
<td>99.8872</td>
|
|
<td>99.8985</td>
|
|
<td>99.9303</td>
|
|
<td>99.9295</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69.667</th>
|
|
<td>99.8907</td>
|
|
<td>99.9223</td>
|
|
<td>99.9303</td>
|
|
<td>99.9324</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69.75</th>
|
|
<td>99.8942</td>
|
|
<td>99.9257</td>
|
|
<td>99.9335</td>
|
|
<td>99.9353</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69.833</th>
|
|
<td>99.8942</td>
|
|
<td>99.9291</td>
|
|
<td>99.943</td>
|
|
<td>99.9353</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">69.917</th>
|
|
<td>99.9048</td>
|
|
<td>99.9427</td>
|
|
<td>99.9462</td>
|
|
<td>99.9382</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">70</th>
|
|
<td>99.9999</td>
|
|
<td>100.0004</td>
|
|
<td>100</td>
|
|
<td>100.001</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="5"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCE: Authors' tabulations using active and inactive files of the Continuous Work History Sample, 2004; 1 percent Master Beneficiary Record extract based on Claim Account Number; and 1 percent Master Beneficiary Record extract based on Beneficiary Own Account Number for December <span class="nobr">1999–2005</span> and June 2006.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote">a. Entitlement age is measured in 2-month increments; the notation "62.5" = 62 years and 6 months.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Sorting out the economic effects of the benefit reductions from the signaling or institutional role of the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> is a difficult task, but Chart 6 may offer some clues. The chart shows the proportion of men and women among the cohorts born in 1930, 1937, and 1940 who become entitled to retirement benefits at <span class="nobr">2-month</span> intervals between ages 62 and 65 and 6 months. The 1937 birth cohort was not affected by the change in the full retirement age. About 42 percent of men in that cohort and 59 percent of women claimed benefits at age 62, the early retirement age. That percentage dropped slightly following the increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>, to about 40 percent of men and 45 percent of women in the 1940 cohort. The percentage of people who claim benefits after age 62 and a few months before the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> stays relatively stable at about 1 percent at each age. Benefit reductions alone affect people who retire before age 65, so the drop in the percentage who claim before age 65 largely reflects that benefit reduction.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart6">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 6.<br>Percentage distribution of fully insured men and women, by entitlement age, sex, and birth year</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart">
|
|
<div class="panel">Men</div>
|
|
<img src="v67n2p1_chart6a.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="627" height="281" />
|
|
<div class="panel">Women</div>
|
|
<img src="v67n2p1_chart6b.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="627" height="279" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 6. </span>Percentage distribution of fully insured men and women, by entitlement age, sex, and birth year</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Entitlement age <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1930</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1937</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1940</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="3" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Men</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62</th>
|
|
<td>3.3508</td>
|
|
<td>2.9412</td>
|
|
<td>2.5749</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.083</th>
|
|
<td>46.925</td>
|
|
<td>45.2271</td>
|
|
<td>42.3054</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.167</th>
|
|
<td>49.3338</td>
|
|
<td>47.4717</td>
|
|
<td>44.1704</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.25</th>
|
|
<td>51.1909</td>
|
|
<td>49.0971</td>
|
|
<td>45.5902</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.333</th>
|
|
<td>52.7385</td>
|
|
<td>50.3355</td>
|
|
<td>46.8897</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.417</th>
|
|
<td>54.5418</td>
|
|
<td>51.5481</td>
|
|
<td>48.0809</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.5</th>
|
|
<td>55.7529</td>
|
|
<td>52.593</td>
|
|
<td>49.2962</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.583</th>
|
|
<td>56.8026</td>
|
|
<td>53.5089</td>
|
|
<td>50.1986</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.667</th>
|
|
<td>57.8253</td>
|
|
<td>54.3474</td>
|
|
<td>51.0168</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.75</th>
|
|
<td>58.7942</td>
|
|
<td>55.2246</td>
|
|
<td>51.8952</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.833</th>
|
|
<td>59.7362</td>
|
|
<td>56.2566</td>
|
|
<td>52.8337</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.917</th>
|
|
<td>60.7051</td>
|
|
<td>57.0048</td>
|
|
<td>53.6399</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63</th>
|
|
<td>61.849</td>
|
|
<td>57.9852</td>
|
|
<td>54.6025</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.083</th>
|
|
<td>62.9929</td>
|
|
<td>58.9914</td>
|
|
<td>55.529</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.167</th>
|
|
<td>63.733</td>
|
|
<td>59.5332</td>
|
|
<td>56.0584</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.25</th>
|
|
<td>64.5135</td>
|
|
<td>60.1137</td>
|
|
<td>56.8405</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.333</th>
|
|
<td>65.1325</td>
|
|
<td>60.6168</td>
|
|
<td>57.394</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.417</th>
|
|
<td>65.8726</td>
|
|
<td>61.0683</td>
|
|
<td>57.9956</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.5</th>
|
|
<td>66.4513</td>
|
|
<td>61.6359</td>
|
|
<td>58.6574</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.583</th>
|
|
<td>66.9492</td>
|
|
<td>62.1261</td>
|
|
<td>59.2229</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.667</th>
|
|
<td>67.5144</td>
|
|
<td>62.6163</td>
|
|
<td>59.7162</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.75</th>
|
|
<td>68.12</td>
|
|
<td>63.2226</td>
|
|
<td>60.1855</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.833</th>
|
|
<td>68.6987</td>
|
|
<td>63.7902</td>
|
|
<td>60.6427</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.917</th>
|
|
<td>69.3312</td>
|
|
<td>64.2675</td>
|
|
<td>61.112</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64</th>
|
|
<td>70.0444</td>
|
|
<td>64.9641</td>
|
|
<td>61.8339</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.083</th>
|
|
<td>70.7845</td>
|
|
<td>65.5446</td>
|
|
<td>62.6521</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.167</th>
|
|
<td>71.3362</td>
|
|
<td>66.2154</td>
|
|
<td>63.0371</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.25</th>
|
|
<td>71.9283</td>
|
|
<td>66.783</td>
|
|
<td>63.5665</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.333</th>
|
|
<td>72.3858</td>
|
|
<td>67.5312</td>
|
|
<td>64.0478</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.417</th>
|
|
<td>73.0721</td>
|
|
<td>68.1633</td>
|
|
<td>64.505</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.5</th>
|
|
<td>73.8122</td>
|
|
<td>68.8728</td>
|
|
<td>65.0104</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.583</th>
|
|
<td>74.5658</td>
|
|
<td>69.5694</td>
|
|
<td>65.3954</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.667</th>
|
|
<td>76.0192</td>
|
|
<td>71.0142</td>
|
|
<td>66.1534</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.75</th>
|
|
<td>78.7241</td>
|
|
<td>75.039</td>
|
|
<td>68.1628</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.833</th>
|
|
<td>81.8058</td>
|
|
<td>78.522</td>
|
|
<td>70.3888</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.917</th>
|
|
<td>84.6991</td>
|
|
<td>81.0762</td>
|
|
<td>72.326</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65</th>
|
|
<td>98.4388</td>
|
|
<td>99.3812</td>
|
|
<td>74.9972</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.083</th>
|
|
<td>98.8156</td>
|
|
<td>99.536</td>
|
|
<td>77.151</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.167</th>
|
|
<td>99.0444</td>
|
|
<td>99.6134</td>
|
|
<td>78.7633</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.25</th>
|
|
<td>99.327</td>
|
|
<td>99.6779</td>
|
|
<td>80.7486</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.333</th>
|
|
<td>99.5692</td>
|
|
<td>99.7682</td>
|
|
<td>82.4692</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.417</th>
|
|
<td>99.7441</td>
|
|
<td>99.8585</td>
|
|
<td>84.4184</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.5</th>
|
|
<td>99.9998</td>
|
|
<td>100.0004</td>
|
|
<td>100.0002</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="3" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Women</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62</th>
|
|
<td>3.936</td>
|
|
<td>3.6617</td>
|
|
<td>3.1868</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.083</th>
|
|
<td>56.2724</td>
|
|
<td>52.5904</td>
|
|
<td>48.3993</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.167</th>
|
|
<td>58.2674</td>
|
|
<td>54.4292</td>
|
|
<td>50.4366</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.25</th>
|
|
<td>59.8131</td>
|
|
<td>55.7564</td>
|
|
<td>51.9791</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.333</th>
|
|
<td>61.1071</td>
|
|
<td>57.2754</td>
|
|
<td>53.3324</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.417</th>
|
|
<td>62.3113</td>
|
|
<td>58.2828</td>
|
|
<td>54.4674</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.5</th>
|
|
<td>63.156</td>
|
|
<td>59.3861</td>
|
|
<td>55.4424</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.583</th>
|
|
<td>64.0726</td>
|
|
<td>60.0737</td>
|
|
<td>56.5774</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.667</th>
|
|
<td>65.0072</td>
|
|
<td>61.0331</td>
|
|
<td>57.4942</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.75</th>
|
|
<td>65.798</td>
|
|
<td>61.9125</td>
|
|
<td>58.1781</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.833</th>
|
|
<td>66.6787</td>
|
|
<td>62.8879</td>
|
|
<td>59.1676</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.917</th>
|
|
<td>67.3796</td>
|
|
<td>63.6554</td>
|
|
<td>59.9388</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63</th>
|
|
<td>68.2962</td>
|
|
<td>64.343</td>
|
|
<td>60.8556</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.083</th>
|
|
<td>69.1229</td>
|
|
<td>65.1585</td>
|
|
<td>61.8742</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.167</th>
|
|
<td>69.7879</td>
|
|
<td>65.7022</td>
|
|
<td>62.529</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.25</th>
|
|
<td>70.5607</td>
|
|
<td>66.3898</td>
|
|
<td>63.1402</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.333</th>
|
|
<td>70.992</td>
|
|
<td>66.9654</td>
|
|
<td>63.8096</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.417</th>
|
|
<td>71.3694</td>
|
|
<td>67.3651</td>
|
|
<td>64.3335</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.5</th>
|
|
<td>71.7648</td>
|
|
<td>67.9407</td>
|
|
<td>64.7992</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.583</th>
|
|
<td>72.2141</td>
|
|
<td>68.4844</td>
|
|
<td>65.3376</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.667</th>
|
|
<td>72.5915</td>
|
|
<td>69.0121</td>
|
|
<td>65.7014</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.75</th>
|
|
<td>73.1846</td>
|
|
<td>69.6517</td>
|
|
<td>66.1525</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.833</th>
|
|
<td>73.6339</td>
|
|
<td>70.3233</td>
|
|
<td>66.7346</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.917</th>
|
|
<td>74.1551</td>
|
|
<td>70.755</td>
|
|
<td>67.1712</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64</th>
|
|
<td>74.6583</td>
|
|
<td>71.3626</td>
|
|
<td>67.8697</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.083</th>
|
|
<td>75.2334</td>
|
|
<td>72.0182</td>
|
|
<td>68.5391</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.167</th>
|
|
<td>75.7546</td>
|
|
<td>72.6098</td>
|
|
<td>69.1648</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.25</th>
|
|
<td>76.3657</td>
|
|
<td>73.1535</td>
|
|
<td>69.5286</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.333</th>
|
|
<td>77.0307</td>
|
|
<td>73.7771</td>
|
|
<td>69.9361</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.417</th>
|
|
<td>77.5339</td>
|
|
<td>74.4647</td>
|
|
<td>70.3872</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.5</th>
|
|
<td>78.1809</td>
|
|
<td>75.1363</td>
|
|
<td>70.6637</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.583</th>
|
|
<td>78.8459</td>
|
|
<td>75.8398</td>
|
|
<td>71.2167</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.667</th>
|
|
<td>80.1759</td>
|
|
<td>77.4867</td>
|
|
<td>71.9588</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.75</th>
|
|
<td>82.9617</td>
|
|
<td>81.724</td>
|
|
<td>74.4617</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.833</th>
|
|
<td>85.6756</td>
|
|
<td>84.6181</td>
|
|
<td>76.9355</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.917</th>
|
|
<td>87.8862</td>
|
|
<td>86.7607</td>
|
|
<td>78.9728</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65</th>
|
|
<td>98.6878</td>
|
|
<td>99.2327</td>
|
|
<td>81.3884</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.083</th>
|
|
<td>98.9933</td>
|
|
<td>99.3606</td>
|
|
<td>83.091</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.167</th>
|
|
<td>99.0832</td>
|
|
<td>99.5365</td>
|
|
<td>84.5025</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.25</th>
|
|
<td>99.4427</td>
|
|
<td>99.6324</td>
|
|
<td>86.467</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.333</th>
|
|
<td>99.6943</td>
|
|
<td>99.7283</td>
|
|
<td>87.8349</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.417</th>
|
|
<td>99.892</td>
|
|
<td>99.8882</td>
|
|
<td>89.5666</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.5</th>
|
|
<td>99.9998</td>
|
|
<td>100.0001</td>
|
|
<td>100.0002</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="4"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCE: Authors' tabulations using active and inactive files of the Continuous Work History Sample, 2004; 1 percent Master Beneficiary Record extract based on Claim Account Number; and 1 percent Master Beneficiary Record extract based on Beneficiary Own Account Number for December <span class="nobr">1999–2005</span> and June 2006.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote">a. Entitlement age is measured in <span class="nobr">2-month</span> increments; the notation "62.5" = 62 years and 6 months.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>As shown in Chart 7, more dramatic changes are evident in the entitlement age distribution. In the 1937 cohort, about 18 percent of men and 12 percent of women claimed benefits at age 65, the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> for that cohort. As the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> moved out by 2 months per year for the 1938, 1939, and 1940 cohorts, the spike at the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> moved out as well. About 16 percent of men and 10 percent of women became entitled to benefits at 65 and 6 months, the relevant <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> for the 1940 cohort. People who previously would have claimed benefits at age 65 but waited until their new, higher <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> were probably responding to a combination of the benefit reduction and the signaling aspect of the Social Security retirement age. It is also possible that the "full" retirement age in integrated private pension plans influenced the age at claiming Social Security benefits. Further investigation will help identify those two effects more clearly.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart7">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 7.<br>Entitlement age distribution, by sex and birth year</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart">
|
|
<div class="panel">Men</div>
|
|
<img src="v67n2p1_chart7a.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="628" height="277" />
|
|
<div class="panel">Women</div>
|
|
<img src="v67n2p1_chart7b.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="629" height="274" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 7. </span>Entitlement age distribution, by sex and birth year</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="4" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Entitlement age <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1937</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1938</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1939</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">1940</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="4" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Men</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62</th>
|
|
<td>2.9412</td>
|
|
<td>2.909</td>
|
|
<td>2.7401</td>
|
|
<td>2.5749</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.083</th>
|
|
<td>42.2859</td>
|
|
<td>40.9108</td>
|
|
<td>39.156</td>
|
|
<td>39.7305</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.167</th>
|
|
<td>2.2446</td>
|
|
<td>2.1849</td>
|
|
<td>2.2752</td>
|
|
<td>1.865</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.25</th>
|
|
<td>1.6254</td>
|
|
<td>1.8043</td>
|
|
<td>1.8226</td>
|
|
<td>1.4198</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.333</th>
|
|
<td>1.2384</td>
|
|
<td>1.2152</td>
|
|
<td>1.5535</td>
|
|
<td>1.2995</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.417</th>
|
|
<td>1.2126</td>
|
|
<td>1.1538</td>
|
|
<td>1.1254</td>
|
|
<td>1.1912</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.5</th>
|
|
<td>1.0449</td>
|
|
<td>1.0311</td>
|
|
<td>1.0642</td>
|
|
<td>1.2153</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.583</th>
|
|
<td>0.9159</td>
|
|
<td>0.6628</td>
|
|
<td>1.0398</td>
|
|
<td>0.9024</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.667</th>
|
|
<td>0.8385</td>
|
|
<td>0.8592</td>
|
|
<td>0.893</td>
|
|
<td>0.8182</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.75</th>
|
|
<td>0.8772</td>
|
|
<td>0.6874</td>
|
|
<td>0.893</td>
|
|
<td>0.8784</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.833</th>
|
|
<td>1.032</td>
|
|
<td>0.8592</td>
|
|
<td>0.9297</td>
|
|
<td>0.9385</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.917</th>
|
|
<td>0.7482</td>
|
|
<td>0.7733</td>
|
|
<td>0.7706</td>
|
|
<td>0.8062</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63</th>
|
|
<td>0.9804</td>
|
|
<td>0.7856</td>
|
|
<td>1.0153</td>
|
|
<td>0.9626</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.083</th>
|
|
<td>1.0062</td>
|
|
<td>1.0433</td>
|
|
<td>0.844</td>
|
|
<td>0.9265</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.167</th>
|
|
<td>0.5418</td>
|
|
<td>0.5524</td>
|
|
<td>0.6116</td>
|
|
<td>0.5294</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.25</th>
|
|
<td>0.5805</td>
|
|
<td>0.8224</td>
|
|
<td>0.6728</td>
|
|
<td>0.7821</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.333</th>
|
|
<td>0.5031</td>
|
|
<td>0.5401</td>
|
|
<td>0.6606</td>
|
|
<td>0.5535</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.417</th>
|
|
<td>0.4515</td>
|
|
<td>0.5892</td>
|
|
<td>0.6116</td>
|
|
<td>0.6016</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.5</th>
|
|
<td>0.5676</td>
|
|
<td>0.491</td>
|
|
<td>0.526</td>
|
|
<td>0.6618</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.583</th>
|
|
<td>0.4902</td>
|
|
<td>0.5033</td>
|
|
<td>0.5749</td>
|
|
<td>0.5655</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.667</th>
|
|
<td>0.4902</td>
|
|
<td>0.5155</td>
|
|
<td>0.3547</td>
|
|
<td>0.4933</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.75</th>
|
|
<td>0.6063</td>
|
|
<td>0.5033</td>
|
|
<td>0.5382</td>
|
|
<td>0.4693</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.833</th>
|
|
<td>0.5676</td>
|
|
<td>0.4787</td>
|
|
<td>0.4893</td>
|
|
<td>0.4572</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.917</th>
|
|
<td>0.4773</td>
|
|
<td>0.7487</td>
|
|
<td>0.4281</td>
|
|
<td>0.4693</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64</th>
|
|
<td>0.6966</td>
|
|
<td>0.6628</td>
|
|
<td>0.685</td>
|
|
<td>0.7219</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.083</th>
|
|
<td>0.5805</td>
|
|
<td>0.6383</td>
|
|
<td>0.5994</td>
|
|
<td>0.8182</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.167</th>
|
|
<td>0.6708</td>
|
|
<td>0.4787</td>
|
|
<td>0.5749</td>
|
|
<td>0.385</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.25</th>
|
|
<td>0.5676</td>
|
|
<td>0.491</td>
|
|
<td>0.4526</td>
|
|
<td>0.5294</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.333</th>
|
|
<td>0.7482</td>
|
|
<td>0.7119</td>
|
|
<td>0.4404</td>
|
|
<td>0.4813</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.417</th>
|
|
<td>0.6321</td>
|
|
<td>0.6874</td>
|
|
<td>0.6728</td>
|
|
<td>0.4572</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.5</th>
|
|
<td>0.7095</td>
|
|
<td>0.6874</td>
|
|
<td>0.5015</td>
|
|
<td>0.5054</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.583</th>
|
|
<td>0.6966</td>
|
|
<td>0.6383</td>
|
|
<td>0.6728</td>
|
|
<td>0.385</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.667</th>
|
|
<td>1.4448</td>
|
|
<td>1.0433</td>
|
|
<td>0.9419</td>
|
|
<td>0.758</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.75</th>
|
|
<td>4.0248</td>
|
|
<td>2.8231</td>
|
|
<td>2.1407</td>
|
|
<td>2.0094</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.833</th>
|
|
<td>3.483</td>
|
|
<td>3.0563</td>
|
|
<td>2.8502</td>
|
|
<td>2.226</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.917</th>
|
|
<td>2.5542</td>
|
|
<td>3.1668</td>
|
|
<td>2.5199</td>
|
|
<td>1.9372</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65</th>
|
|
<td>18.305</td>
|
|
<td>3.5473</td>
|
|
<td>3.156</td>
|
|
<td>2.6712</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.083</th>
|
|
<td>0.1548</td>
|
|
<td>2.1971</td>
|
|
<td>2.1407</td>
|
|
<td>2.1538</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.167</th>
|
|
<td>0.0774</td>
|
|
<td>15.834</td>
|
|
<td>1.8593</td>
|
|
<td>1.6123</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.25</th>
|
|
<td>0.0645</td>
|
|
<td>0.356</td>
|
|
<td>2.0917</td>
|
|
<td>1.9853</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.333</th>
|
|
<td>0.0903</td>
|
|
<td>0.1964</td>
|
|
<td>15.5719</td>
|
|
<td>1.7206</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.417</th>
|
|
<td>0.0903</td>
|
|
<td>0.0859</td>
|
|
<td>0.2936</td>
|
|
<td>1.9492</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.5</th>
|
|
<td>0.1419</td>
|
|
<td>0.0736</td>
|
|
<td>0.2446</td>
|
|
<td>15.5818</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="4" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Women</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62</th>
|
|
<td>3.6617</td>
|
|
<td>3.4933</td>
|
|
<td>2.9975</td>
|
|
<td>3.1868</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.083</th>
|
|
<td>48.9287</td>
|
|
<td>48.5607</td>
|
|
<td>46.2608</td>
|
|
<td>45.2125</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.167</th>
|
|
<td>1.8388</td>
|
|
<td>2.2939</td>
|
|
<td>1.8387</td>
|
|
<td>2.0373</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.25</th>
|
|
<td>1.3272</td>
|
|
<td>1.5292</td>
|
|
<td>1.3752</td>
|
|
<td>1.5425</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.333</th>
|
|
<td>1.519</td>
|
|
<td>0.9895</td>
|
|
<td>1.2515</td>
|
|
<td>1.3533</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.417</th>
|
|
<td>1.0074</td>
|
|
<td>0.8696</td>
|
|
<td>1.2052</td>
|
|
<td>1.135</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.5</th>
|
|
<td>1.1033</td>
|
|
<td>0.6897</td>
|
|
<td>0.9734</td>
|
|
<td>0.975</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.583</th>
|
|
<td>0.6876</td>
|
|
<td>0.8846</td>
|
|
<td>1.097</td>
|
|
<td>1.135</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.667</th>
|
|
<td>0.9594</td>
|
|
<td>0.5997</td>
|
|
<td>0.8344</td>
|
|
<td>0.9168</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.75</th>
|
|
<td>0.8794</td>
|
|
<td>0.7496</td>
|
|
<td>0.788</td>
|
|
<td>0.6839</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.833</th>
|
|
<td>0.9754</td>
|
|
<td>0.9295</td>
|
|
<td>0.7726</td>
|
|
<td>0.9895</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">62.917</th>
|
|
<td>0.7675</td>
|
|
<td>0.7346</td>
|
|
<td>0.6644</td>
|
|
<td>0.7712</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63</th>
|
|
<td>0.6876</td>
|
|
<td>0.9595</td>
|
|
<td>0.8653</td>
|
|
<td>0.9168</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.083</th>
|
|
<td>0.8155</td>
|
|
<td>0.9445</td>
|
|
<td>1.0816</td>
|
|
<td>1.0186</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.167</th>
|
|
<td>0.5437</td>
|
|
<td>0.7196</td>
|
|
<td>0.6799</td>
|
|
<td>0.6548</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.25</th>
|
|
<td>0.6876</td>
|
|
<td>0.4648</td>
|
|
<td>0.6953</td>
|
|
<td>0.6112</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.333</th>
|
|
<td>0.5756</td>
|
|
<td>0.6447</td>
|
|
<td>0.5871</td>
|
|
<td>0.6694</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.417</th>
|
|
<td>0.3997</td>
|
|
<td>0.5847</td>
|
|
<td>0.6799</td>
|
|
<td>0.5239</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.5</th>
|
|
<td>0.5756</td>
|
|
<td>0.5097</td>
|
|
<td>0.7726</td>
|
|
<td>0.4657</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.583</th>
|
|
<td>0.5437</td>
|
|
<td>0.5397</td>
|
|
<td>0.5408</td>
|
|
<td>0.5384</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.667</th>
|
|
<td>0.5277</td>
|
|
<td>0.3898</td>
|
|
<td>0.3245</td>
|
|
<td>0.3638</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.75</th>
|
|
<td>0.6396</td>
|
|
<td>0.5697</td>
|
|
<td>0.4944</td>
|
|
<td>0.4511</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.833</th>
|
|
<td>0.6716</td>
|
|
<td>0.5097</td>
|
|
<td>0.6026</td>
|
|
<td>0.5821</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">63.917</th>
|
|
<td>0.4317</td>
|
|
<td>0.3598</td>
|
|
<td>0.4635</td>
|
|
<td>0.4366</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64</th>
|
|
<td>0.6076</td>
|
|
<td>0.5397</td>
|
|
<td>0.618</td>
|
|
<td>0.6985</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.083</th>
|
|
<td>0.6556</td>
|
|
<td>0.6147</td>
|
|
<td>0.5717</td>
|
|
<td>0.6694</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.167</th>
|
|
<td>0.5916</td>
|
|
<td>0.2999</td>
|
|
<td>0.4172</td>
|
|
<td>0.6257</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.25</th>
|
|
<td>0.5437</td>
|
|
<td>0.5697</td>
|
|
<td>0.3554</td>
|
|
<td>0.3638</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.333</th>
|
|
<td>0.6236</td>
|
|
<td>0.5247</td>
|
|
<td>0.3708</td>
|
|
<td>0.4075</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.417</th>
|
|
<td>0.6876</td>
|
|
<td>0.4348</td>
|
|
<td>0.7417</td>
|
|
<td>0.4511</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.5</th>
|
|
<td>0.6716</td>
|
|
<td>0.6747</td>
|
|
<td>0.4944</td>
|
|
<td>0.2765</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.583</th>
|
|
<td>0.7035</td>
|
|
<td>0.7196</td>
|
|
<td>0.4944</td>
|
|
<td>0.553</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.667</th>
|
|
<td>1.6469</td>
|
|
<td>0.9445</td>
|
|
<td>1.0043</td>
|
|
<td>0.7421</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.75</th>
|
|
<td>4.2373</td>
|
|
<td>2.8186</td>
|
|
<td>2.7194</td>
|
|
<td>2.5029</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.833</th>
|
|
<td>2.8941</td>
|
|
<td>2.8186</td>
|
|
<td>2.6576</td>
|
|
<td>2.4738</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">64.917</th>
|
|
<td>2.1426</td>
|
|
<td>2.8336</td>
|
|
<td>2.4567</td>
|
|
<td>2.0373</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65</th>
|
|
<td>12.472</td>
|
|
<td>2.6837</td>
|
|
<td>2.9512</td>
|
|
<td>2.4156</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.083</th>
|
|
<td>0.1279</td>
|
|
<td>1.8291</td>
|
|
<td>1.8232</td>
|
|
<td>1.7026</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.167</th>
|
|
<td>0.1759</td>
|
|
<td>11.5292</td>
|
|
<td>1.5451</td>
|
|
<td>1.4115</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.25</th>
|
|
<td>0.0959</td>
|
|
<td>0.1799</td>
|
|
<td>1.3752</td>
|
|
<td>1.9645</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.333</th>
|
|
<td>0.0959</td>
|
|
<td>0.2399</td>
|
|
<td>11.063</td>
|
|
<td>1.3679</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.417</th>
|
|
<td>0.1599</td>
|
|
<td>0.1349</td>
|
|
<td>0.2627</td>
|
|
<td>1.7317</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">65.5</th>
|
|
<td>0.1119</td>
|
|
<td>0.09</td>
|
|
<td>0.2318</td>
|
|
<td>10.4336</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="5"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCE: Authors' tabulations using active and inactive files of the Continuous Work History Sample, 2004; 1 percent Master Beneficiary Record extract based on Claim Account Number; and 1 percent Master Beneficiary Record extract based on Beneficiary Own Account Number for December <span class="nobr">1999–2005</span> and June 2006.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote">a. Entitlement age is measured in <span class="nobr">2-month</span> increments; the notation "62.5" = 62 years and 6 months.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>The changing distribution of entitlement ages also affects the average age at entitlement, a simple summary measure that may be useful to both researchers and policymakers. Chart 8 shows the average entitlement age for men and women by birth year, <span class="nobr">1928–1940</span>. For comparison purposes, we calculate the average only for those who have become entitled at ages 62 through 65 and 6 months. The average entitlement age for both men and women increased as the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> rose, starting with those born in 1938 or later. Also suggested is that for every <span class="nobr">2-month</span> increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>, the average entitlement age has increased by approximately 0.65 to 1 month for men and 0.5 to 1 month for women. Increases in the average age at entitlement for those born in 1935 or later were probably caused by the influx of benefit claiming at the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> following the removal of the earnings test.</p>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart8">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 8.<br>Average age <sup>a</sup> at entitlement, by sex and birth year</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v67n2p1_chart8.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="637" height="285" /></div>
|
|
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart 8. </span>Average age <sup>a</sup> at entitlement, by sex and birth year</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Birth year</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Men</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Women</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1928</th>
|
|
<td>63.1404</td>
|
|
<td>62.9834</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1929</th>
|
|
<td>63.1252</td>
|
|
<td>62.9349</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1930</th>
|
|
<td>63.0892</td>
|
|
<td>62.9187</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1931</th>
|
|
<td>63.0373</td>
|
|
<td>62.9110</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1932</th>
|
|
<td>63.0618</td>
|
|
<td>62.9000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1933</th>
|
|
<td>63.0793</td>
|
|
<td>62.9451</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1934</th>
|
|
<td>63.1492</td>
|
|
<td>62.9594</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1935</th>
|
|
<td>63.2183</td>
|
|
<td>63.0080</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1936</th>
|
|
<td>63.2221</td>
|
|
<td>63.0213</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1937</th>
|
|
<td>63.2061</td>
|
|
<td>63.0172</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1938</th>
|
|
<td>63.2910</td>
|
|
<td>63.0775</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1939</th>
|
|
<td>63.3602</td>
|
|
<td>63.1639</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1940</th>
|
|
<td>63.4149</td>
|
|
<td>63.2054</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="noNotes" colspan="3"> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCE: Authors' tabulations using active and inactive files of the Continuous Work History Sample, 2004; 1 percent Master Beneficiary Record extract based on Claim Account Number; and 1 percent Master Beneficiary Record extract based on Beneficiary Own Account Number for December <span class="nobr">1999–2005</span> and June 2006.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote">a. Average age at entitlement shown in years and months and measured in <span class="nobr">1-month</span> increments.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2>Regression Analysis of Benefit Entitlement Status at Specific Ages</h2>
|
|
<p>In this study, the range of age groups affected by the law changes differs over the study period. For example, those affected only by the earnings test removal in 2000 reach ages <span class="nobr">65–70</span> in 2000, but the group affected only by the earnings test removal in 2005 reaches ages <span class="nobr">68–70</span> in 2005. Persons reaching age 65 and 6 months through age 67 in 2005 are affected by both the earnings test removal and the gradual increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>. Further, those affected by the gradual increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> in 2000 turn age 62 in 2000, but the affected group in 2002 reaches ages <span class="nobr">62–64</span> in that year. Therefore, estimating a single regression equation based on stacked (repeated) cross-sectional data cannot clearly identify the effects of the rule changes.</p>
|
|
<p>Instead, we estimate the effect of rule changes on the probability of benefit entitlement at specific ages using a probit regression method. The dependent variable is binary: 1 if the person is entitled to Old-Age benefits in the reference year; and 0 if the person is not entitled to benefits in that year. The regression equation takes a standard difference-in-difference form:</p>
|
|
<math display='block'> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>y</mi> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> <mi>j</mi> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>g</mi> <msub> <mi>Δ</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>h</mi> <msup> <mi>Δ</mi> <mi>j</mi> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>β</mi> <msubsup> <mi>Δ</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>j</mi> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> <mi>j</mi> </msubsup> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </math>
|
|
<p class="noindent">where <i>y</i> is the dependent variable that equals 1 when the person is entitled in year <i>t</i> and 0 when the person is not entitled in year <i>t</i>; <math display="inline"> <mrow> <mi>Δ</mi> <mtext>s</mtext> </mrow> </math> are dummy variables indicating the type of rule change affecting different age groups in different years; index <i>j</i> takes the value 0 or <i>J</i>, where <i>J</i> indicates the <i>j</i>th treatment group and 0 indicates the control group; time index <i>t</i> equals entitled year (2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005); and <i>X</i> is a vector of the individual's characteristics, such as race and sex. Effects of the earnings test removal and the increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> are identified by the <math display="inline"> <mrow> <mi>β</mi> <mtext>s</mtext> </mrow> </math>
|
|
that are the coefficients on the year- and age-specific treatment dummies. Because the probability of benefit entitlement monotonically increases as age rises, one cannot estimate all <math> <mrow> <mi>β</mi> <mtext>s</mtext> </mrow> </math>
|
|
with one regression. Thus, we further subdivide the affected group into 7 subgroups according to their ages (Chart 2). We then estimate the effect of the rule changes in the 7 separate regressions, using the age <span class="nobr">71–72</span> group as the control group. For example, the first regression includes those who reach ages <span class="nobr">68–70</span> in each reference year as treatment group 1 and those who reach ages <abbr class="spell">71–72</abbr> as the control group. Similarly, the seventh regression includes those who reach age 62 as the treatment group and those who reach ages <span class="nobr">71–72</span> as the control group.</p>
|
|
<p>Persons aged <span class="nobr">71–72</span> appear to be an excellent control group for the analysis. As previously seen in Table 2 and Chart 3, observed (cumulative) benefit entitlement rates at ages 70 or older are largely independent of the two rule changes. The rule changes affect the shape of the age distribution at entitlement between ages 62 and the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (or age 70), but probably not the cumulative probability of entitlement at ages 71 and 72.<sup><a href="#mn12" id="mt12">12</a></sup></p>
|
|
<p>In Table 4, we report estimates of the marginal effects on the probability of entitlement of year- and age-specific treatment dummies for men and women separately. Including year- and age-specific treatment dummies rather than only age-specific treatment dummies allows us to investigate the dynamics of benefit claiming at specific ages over the <span class="nobr">2000–2005</span> period.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table4">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 4. </span>Marginal effects on benefit entitlement, by age and sex</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Year</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Policy effect</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" scope="colgroup">Men</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" scope="colgroup">Women</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Marginal<br>effect</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Standard<br>error</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Marginal<br>effect</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Standard<br>error</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="5" scope="rowgroup">Age 68–70</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>0.0112</td>
|
|
<td>0.0019</td>
|
|
<td>0.0063</td>
|
|
<td>0.0032</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>0.0137</td>
|
|
<td>0.0020</td>
|
|
<td>0.0117</td>
|
|
<td>0.0035</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>0.0138</td>
|
|
<td>0.0021</td>
|
|
<td>0.0083</td>
|
|
<td>0.0035</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>0.0112</td>
|
|
<td>0.0022</td>
|
|
<td>0.0106</td>
|
|
<td>0.0032</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>0.0093</td>
|
|
<td>0.0022</td>
|
|
<td>0.0097</td>
|
|
<td>0.0032</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>0.0066</td>
|
|
<td>0.0023</td>
|
|
<td>0.0120</td>
|
|
<td>0.0031</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="5" scope="rowgroup">Age 67</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>0.0275</td>
|
|
<td>0.0027</td>
|
|
<td>0.0109</td>
|
|
<td>0.0035</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>0.0290</td>
|
|
<td>0.0027</td>
|
|
<td>0.0147</td>
|
|
<td>0.0037</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>0.0280</td>
|
|
<td>0.0028</td>
|
|
<td>0.0161</td>
|
|
<td>0.0038</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>0.0259</td>
|
|
<td>0.0029</td>
|
|
<td>0.0115</td>
|
|
<td>0.0040</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>0.0211</td>
|
|
<td>0.0031</td>
|
|
<td>0.0132</td>
|
|
<td>0.0038</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr> & <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (2 months)</td>
|
|
<td>0.0148</td>
|
|
<td>0.0033</td>
|
|
<td>0.0165</td>
|
|
<td>0.0035</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="5" scope="rowgroup">Age 66</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>0.0320</td>
|
|
<td>0.0024</td>
|
|
<td>0.0144</td>
|
|
<td>0.0034</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>0.0358</td>
|
|
<td>0.0023</td>
|
|
<td>0.0191</td>
|
|
<td>0.0034</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>0.0322</td>
|
|
<td>0.0025</td>
|
|
<td>0.0145</td>
|
|
<td>0.0037</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>0.0268</td>
|
|
<td>0.0028</td>
|
|
<td>0.0143</td>
|
|
<td>0.0039</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr> & <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (2 months)</td>
|
|
<td>0.0221</td>
|
|
<td>0.0030</td>
|
|
<td>0.0175</td>
|
|
<td>0.0038</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr> & <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (4 months)</td>
|
|
<td>0.0145</td>
|
|
<td>0.0033</td>
|
|
<td>0.0070</td>
|
|
<td>0.0039</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="5" scope="rowgroup">Age 65</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>0.0460</td>
|
|
<td>0.0022</td>
|
|
<td>0.0239</td>
|
|
<td>0.0032</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>0.0436</td>
|
|
<td>0.0023</td>
|
|
<td>0.0216</td>
|
|
<td>0.0034</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>0.0391</td>
|
|
<td>0.0025</td>
|
|
<td>0.0218</td>
|
|
<td>0.0034</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr> & <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (2 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0032</td>
|
|
<td>0.0040</td>
|
|
<td>0.0045</td>
|
|
<td>0.0041</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr> & <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (4 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0593</td>
|
|
<td>0.0055</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0291</td>
|
|
<td>0.0053</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr> & <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (6 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.1251</td>
|
|
<td>0.0069</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0544</td>
|
|
<td>0.0059</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="5" scope="rowgroup">Age 64</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>None</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0039</td>
|
|
<td>0.0043</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0023</td>
|
|
<td>0.0043</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>None</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0060</td>
|
|
<td>0.0045</td>
|
|
<td>0.0001</td>
|
|
<td>0.0044</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (2 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0207</td>
|
|
<td>0.0048</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0089</td>
|
|
<td>0.0046</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (4 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0372</td>
|
|
<td>0.0052</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0265</td>
|
|
<td>0.0050</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (6 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0524</td>
|
|
<td>0.0055</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0346</td>
|
|
<td>0.0054</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (8 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0636</td>
|
|
<td>0.0058</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0458</td>
|
|
<td>0.0057</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="5" scope="rowgroup">Age 63</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>None</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0017</td>
|
|
<td>0.0045</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0017</td>
|
|
<td>0.0044</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (2 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0120</td>
|
|
<td>0.0049</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0033</td>
|
|
<td>0.0046</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (4 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0239</td>
|
|
<td>0.0051</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0222</td>
|
|
<td>0.0051</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (6 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0443</td>
|
|
<td>0.0055</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0328</td>
|
|
<td>0.0053</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (8 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0540</td>
|
|
<td>0.0057</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0449</td>
|
|
<td>0.0055</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (10 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0771</td>
|
|
<td>0.0060</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0503</td>
|
|
<td>0.0057</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th class="panel" colspan="5" scope="rowgroup">Age 62</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td> (2 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0098</td>
|
|
<td>0.0051</td>
|
|
<td>0.0016</td>
|
|
<td>0.0048</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (4 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0168</td>
|
|
<td>0.0055</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0149</td>
|
|
<td>0.0054</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (6 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0334</td>
|
|
<td>0.0058</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0209</td>
|
|
<td>0.0055</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (8 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0502</td>
|
|
<td>0.0061</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0360</td>
|
|
<td>0.0058</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (10 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0697</td>
|
|
<td>0.0063</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0466</td>
|
|
<td>0.0058</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (12 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0850</td>
|
|
<td>0.0065</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0726</td>
|
|
<td>0.0063</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="6">SOURCE: Authors' tabulations using active and inactive files of the Continuous Work History Sample, 2004; 1 percent Master Beneficiary Record extract based on Claim Account Number; and 1 percent Master Beneficiary Record extract based on Beneficiary Own Account Number for December <span class="nobr">1999–2005</span> and June 2006.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="6">NOTES: The dependent variable is binary: 1 if entitled by the end of each year; 0 if not entitled by the end of each year. The sample includes those who are fully insured at age 60.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="6"><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr> = retirement earnings test; <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> = full retirement age.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Both the direction and the magnitude of the estimated effects accord with our expectations. For men aged 68 to 70, we estimate that benefit entitlement in <span class="nobr">2000–2005</span> rises approximately 1 percentage point as a result of the earnings test removal in 2000. The effects are a bit larger for those who are aged 66, but they are still less than 3 percentage points for men and less than 2 percentage points for women. In 2005, estimated effects are smaller for men and women aged 66 and 67, suggesting that the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> rule change offsets the effect from the earnings test rule change. For those age 65 in <span class="nobr">2000–2002</span>, the change in the earnings test rule increases benefit entitlement by slightly more than 3 percentage points for men and by slightly more than 2 percentage points for women. The <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> becomes the dominant rule change in 2004 and 2005, however, as the estimated marginal effect for those aged 65 turns negative and as large as 12.5 percentage points for men and 5.4 percentage points for women in 2005.</p>
|
|
<p>Estimated policy effects for persons aged 64 in <span class="nobr">2000–2001</span> and those aged 63 in 2000 are small and, for the most part, statistically insignificant. Such results are plausible because those age groups are not affected directly by the two rule changes (see Chart 2). Yet estimated effects are all negative and quite large for persons aged <span class="nobr">62–64</span> in other years. A <span class="nobr">4-month</span> increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> results in declines in benefit entitlement rates for men of 1.7, 2.4, and 3.7 percentage points at ages 62, 63, and 64, respectively. For women the declines are 1.5, 2.2, and 2.7 percentage points at ages 62, 63, and 64, respectively. Following the <span class="nobr">6-month</span> increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>, rates for men decline by 3.3, 4.4, and 5.2 percentage points at ages 62, 63, and 64, respectively, and 2.1, 3.3, and 3.5 percentage points for women at those same ages. Those estimates suggest that a relatively large response occurs at age 62 and relatively small but incremental responses at ages 63 and 64.</p>
|
|
<p>Following the gradual increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>, policymakers have asked whether people who are younger than the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> would change their behavior. Our results show that the largest response occurs among those who are at the early retirement age of 62. Additional small but statistically significant responses are detected at ages 63 and 64 as well.</p>
|
|
<p>Estimates reported in Table 5 show how the two rule changes have affected the benefit entitlement hazard. As seen in Chart 4, among those who have reached the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> a dramatic increase in the entitlement hazard occurs right after the earnings test rule change. The estimated marginal effects in 2000 for those aged 66 or older range from 18 (ages <span class="nobr">68–70</span>) to 29 (age 65) percentage points for men and 10 (ages <span class="nobr">68–70</span>) to 22 (age 65) percentage points for women. In the succeeding years the marginal effects are small and insignificant except for those at age 65. As expected, the entitlement hazard also increases significantly for those aged 66, rising 19 and 33 percentage points for men in 2004 and 2005, respectively, and 14 and 26 percentage points for women. Persons born in November–December 1938 reach the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (65 years and 2 months) in 2004, and those born in September–December 1939 reach the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (65 and 4 months) in 2005.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table5">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 5. </span>Marginal effects on benefit entitlement hazard, by age and sex</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:12em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:6em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Year</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Policy effect</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" scope="colgroup">Men</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" scope="colgroup">Women</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Marginal<br>effect</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Standard<br>error</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Marginal<br>effect</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Standard<br>error</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Age 68–70</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>0.1791</td>
|
|
<td>0.0393</td>
|
|
<td>0.0985</td>
|
|
<td>0.0301</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>-0.0262</td>
|
|
<td>0.0146</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0008</td>
|
|
<td>0.0160</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>-0.0409</td>
|
|
<td>0.0126</td>
|
|
<td>0.0000</td>
|
|
<td>0.0171</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>-0.0592</td>
|
|
<td>0.0082</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0235</td>
|
|
<td>0.0120</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>-0.0627</td>
|
|
<td>0.0072</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0262</td>
|
|
<td>0.0112</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>-0.0622</td>
|
|
<td>0.0075</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0137</td>
|
|
<td>0.0140</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Age 67</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>0.2987</td>
|
|
<td>0.0506</td>
|
|
<td>0.1893</td>
|
|
<td>0.0448</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>-0.0082</td>
|
|
<td>0.0173</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0203</td>
|
|
<td>0.0113</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>-0.0366</td>
|
|
<td>0.0114</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0055</td>
|
|
<td>0.0160</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>-0.0229</td>
|
|
<td>0.0138</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0021</td>
|
|
<td>0.0163</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>-0.0253</td>
|
|
<td>0.0128</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0235</td>
|
|
<td>0.0104</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr> & <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (2 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0339</td>
|
|
<td>0.0108</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0055</td>
|
|
<td>0.0148</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Age 66</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>0.3715</td>
|
|
<td>0.0524</td>
|
|
<td>0.1708</td>
|
|
<td>0.0446</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>-0.0357</td>
|
|
<td>0.0282</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0486</td>
|
|
<td>0.0152</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>-0.0159</td>
|
|
<td>0.0318</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0326</td>
|
|
<td>0.0195</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>-0.0494</td>
|
|
<td>0.0254</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0328</td>
|
|
<td>0.0186</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr> & <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (2 months)</td>
|
|
<td>0.1897</td>
|
|
<td>0.0450</td>
|
|
<td>0.1428</td>
|
|
<td>0.0400</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr> & <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (4 months)</td>
|
|
<td>0.3254</td>
|
|
<td>0.0478</td>
|
|
<td>0.2605</td>
|
|
<td>0.0465</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Age 65</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>0.2871</td>
|
|
<td>0.0331</td>
|
|
<td>0.2248</td>
|
|
<td>0.0474</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>0.2455</td>
|
|
<td>0.0346</td>
|
|
<td>0.2112</td>
|
|
<td>0.0453</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr></td>
|
|
<td>0.2577</td>
|
|
<td>0.0354</td>
|
|
<td>0.2381</td>
|
|
<td>0.0464</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr> & <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (2 months)</td>
|
|
<td>0.0560</td>
|
|
<td>0.0453</td>
|
|
<td>0.0460</td>
|
|
<td>0.0482</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr> & <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (4 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.1415</td>
|
|
<td>0.0464</td>
|
|
<td>-0.1178</td>
|
|
<td>0.0441</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr> & <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (6 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.2676</td>
|
|
<td>0.0446</td>
|
|
<td>-0.1981</td>
|
|
<td>0.0413</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Age 64</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>None</td>
|
|
<td>0.0421</td>
|
|
<td>0.0292</td>
|
|
<td>0.0339</td>
|
|
<td>0.0293</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td>None</td>
|
|
<td>0.0086</td>
|
|
<td>0.0240</td>
|
|
<td>0.0144</td>
|
|
<td>0.0254</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (2 months)</td>
|
|
<td>0.0169</td>
|
|
<td>0.0260</td>
|
|
<td>0.0095</td>
|
|
<td>0.0260</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (4 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0242</td>
|
|
<td>0.0205</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0168</td>
|
|
<td>0.0221</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (6 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0412</td>
|
|
<td>0.0183</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0406</td>
|
|
<td>0.0190</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (8 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0359</td>
|
|
<td>0.0194</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0323</td>
|
|
<td>0.0205</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Age 63</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td>None</td>
|
|
<td>0.0431</td>
|
|
<td>0.0366</td>
|
|
<td>0.0559</td>
|
|
<td>0.0386</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (2 months)</td>
|
|
<td>0.0058</td>
|
|
<td>0.0315</td>
|
|
<td>0.0046</td>
|
|
<td>0.0325</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (4 months)</td>
|
|
<td>0.0211</td>
|
|
<td>0.0344</td>
|
|
<td>0.0181</td>
|
|
<td>0.0352</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (6 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0337</td>
|
|
<td>0.0287</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0377</td>
|
|
<td>0.0294</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (8 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0558</td>
|
|
<td>0.0262</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0690</td>
|
|
<td>0.0261</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (10 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0607</td>
|
|
<td>0.0267</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0531</td>
|
|
<td>0.0284</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Age 62</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2000</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (2 months)</td>
|
|
<td>0.0522</td>
|
|
<td>0.0468</td>
|
|
<td>0.0692</td>
|
|
<td>0.0481</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2001</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (4 months)</td>
|
|
<td>0.0020</td>
|
|
<td>0.0425</td>
|
|
<td>0.0009</td>
|
|
<td>0.0439</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2002</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (6 months)</td>
|
|
<td>0.0116</td>
|
|
<td>0.0451</td>
|
|
<td>0.0214</td>
|
|
<td>0.0468</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2003</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (8 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0545</td>
|
|
<td>0.0409</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0462</td>
|
|
<td>0.0431</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2004</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (10 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.1087</td>
|
|
<td>0.0377</td>
|
|
<td>-0.0986</td>
|
|
<td>0.0405</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2005</th>
|
|
<td><abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> (12 months)</td>
|
|
<td>-0.1033</td>
|
|
<td>0.0389</td>
|
|
<td>-0.1066</td>
|
|
<td>0.0411</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="6">SOURCE: Authors' tabulations using active and inactive files of the Continuous Work History Sample, 2004; 1 percent Master Beneficiary Record extract based on Claim Account Number' and 1 percent Master Beneficiary Record extract based on Beneficiary Own Account Number for December <span class="nobr">1999–2005</span> and June 2006.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="6">NOTES: The dependent variable is binary: 1 if entitled by the end of each year; 0 if not entitled by the end of each year. The sample includes those who are fully insured at age 60.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="6"><abbr class="spell">RET</abbr> = retirement earnings test; <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> = full retirement age.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Effects of the earnings test removal in 2000 are reflected in estimates of the entitlement hazard for those aged 65 in <span class="nobr">2000–2002</span>. Estimated marginal effects in <span class="nobr">2000–2002</span> are approximately 26 percent to 29 percent for men and 21 percent to 24 percent for women. Starting in 2003, that age group is affected not only by the earnings test removal but also by the gradual increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>. The estimated marginal effect at age 65 is small and statistically insignificant in 2003 but negative and statistically significant in both 2004 and 2005, indicating that the effects of the gradual increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> dominate in those years. Estimated marginal effects in <span class="nobr">2000–2003</span> are relatively small for those younger than age 65. However, the marginal effects for those aged <span class="nobr">62–64</span> in 2004 and 2005 are negative, relatively large, and statistically significant.</p>
|
|
<p>We can easily derive elasticity estimates of interest from the estimates reported in Table 4. If all else remains constant, we know the percentage change in benefit amounts for all age/year groups affected by the gradual increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>. We can calculate the elasticity of benefit entitlement probability with respect to benefit amounts using our estimates on percentage changes in benefit entitlement probability by age/year group. The derived elasticity at age 64 ranges from 1.3 to 1.7 for men and from 0.7 to 1.1 for women. At age 62 it ranges from 0.8 to 1.3 for men and 0.7 to 1.2 for women. The larger elasticity at age 64 than at age 62 is plausible because the estimated effects at age 64 cumulate the effects at ages 62, 63, and 64.</p>
|
|
<h2>Concluding Remarks</h2>
|
|
<p>This article investigates benefit-claiming behavior among fully insured males and females following the removal of the retirement earnings test in 2000 and the gradual increase in the full retirement age for persons who turn age 65 starting in 2003. Although results presented in this article are based on fairly rudimentary before-and-after analysis and reduced form difference-in-difference analysis, we find that significant responses occur in the age at entitlement around the time that those rule changes come into effect. Several key findings stand out.</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>First, the largest effect of the earnings test rule change in 2000 occurs at age 65. At that age, the rate of benefit entitlement increases by more than 5 percentage points among men and 3 percentage points among women.</li>
|
|
<li>Second, the removal of the earnings test significantly increases the benefit entitlement hazard by more than 20 percent for those turning the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>.</li>
|
|
<li>Finally, the response to the gradual increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> occurs not only among those who are close to the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> but also among those who are close to their early retirement age.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<div id="notes">
|
|
<h2>Notes</h2>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt1" id="mn1">1</a>. See Vroman (1985), Packard (1990), and Gruber and Orszag (2003).</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt2" id="mn2">2</a>. A number of studies have analyzed how incentives generated by Social Security program rules have affected labor supply and earnings by exploring the earnings test rule changes. Friedberg investigated three changes in earnings test rules in 1978, 1983, and 1990. Results reported in Gruber and Orszag (2003) for <span class="nobr">1973–1998</span> and in Haider and Loughran (2006) for <span class="nobr">1975–2003</span> are identified by all changes, including gradual increases in the test threshold in each year. Baker and Benjamin (1999) and Disney and Tanner (2002) examined the elimination of a similar earnings test in Canada and the United Kingdom. Song and Manchester (2007) examined the 2000 earnings test change using Social Security administrative data. See Krueger and Meyer (2002) for reviews of and references to other related studies.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt3" id="mn3">3</a>. Examples of past studies on the removal of the earnings test in 2000 include Song (2006), Song and Manchester (2007), Haider and Loughran (2006), and Tran (2004). Duggan, Singleton, and Song (2005) studied the effects of the gradual increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> using the 1 percent Social Security administrative data, but that study focused on the effect on the rolls of the Social Security Disability Insurance program. Mastrobuoni (<span class="nobr">2006b</span>) examines the labor supply effects of the 1983 Social Security Amendments. The budgetary impact of the earnings test removal in 2000 has been examined in Mastrobuoni (<span class="nobr">2006a</span>).</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt4" id="mn4">4</a>. See Social Security Administration (2005, Table 2.A29) for a brief history of changes in the retirement earnings test.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt5" id="mn5">5</a>. Note that the more moderate version of the test applied in the year a person turned age 65 even before the 2000 legislation. However, the 2000 legislation completely eliminated the test beginning with the month in which a person turns age 65 (or <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>).</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt6" id="mn6">6</a>. The <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> remains at 66 for those who were born from 1942 to 1954; it then gradually increases by 2 months per year starting with those who were born in 1955 until it reaches 67.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt7" id="mn7">7</a>. For example, a person born in 1937 (or earlier) who claims benefits at age 62 receives 80 percent of the <abbr class="spell">PIA</abbr>, but a person born in 1943 who claims benefits at age 62 receives 75 percent of the <abbr class="spell">PIA</abbr> (see Chart 1). Thus, the increase in the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> can be seen as reductions in benefit amounts (given all else constant) that depend on the year of birth.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt8" id="mn8">8</a>. See Social Security Administration (2005, Table 2.A20) for historical <abbr class="spell">DRC</abbr> values.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt9" id="mn9">9</a>. For further discussion of <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> administrative files, see Panis and others (2000).</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt10" id="mn10">10</a>. We note, however, they may be indirectly affected (for example, if the repeal of the earnings test at the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr> affected their benefit-claiming decisions before the <abbr class="spell">FRA</abbr>).</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt11" id="mn11">11</a>. Throughout the rest of this article, we define age to be reference year minus year of birth. Persons who are fully insured have enough quarters of coverage to be eligible for old-age benefits as primary beneficiaries.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt12" id="mn12">12</a>. We have tried two alternative control groups: those who are not fully insured and auxiliary beneficiaries. Those results tend to overestimate effects for older age groups and underestimate effects for younger age groups.</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="references">
|
|
<h2>References</h2>
|
|
<p>Baker, Michael, and Dwayne Benjamin. 1999. How do retirement tests affect the labour supply of older men? <i>Journal of Public Economics</i> <span class="nobr">71(1)</span>: <span class="nobr">27–52</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>Disney, Richard, and Sarah Tanner. 2002. The labour supply effect of the abolition of the earnings rule for older workers in the United Kingdom. <i>Economic Journal</i> <span class="nobr">112(478)</span>: <span class="nobr">c136–c152</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>Duggan, Mark, Perry Singleton, and Jae G. Song. 2007. Aching to retire? The rise in the full retirement age and its impact on the Social Security disability rolls. <i>Journal of Public Economics</i> <span class="nobr">91(7–8</span>): <span class="nobr">1327-1350</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>Friedberg, Leora. 2000. The labor supply effects of the Social Security earnings test. <i>Review of Economics and Statistics</i> <span class="nobr">82(1)</span>: <span class="nobr">48–63</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>Gruber, J., and P. Orszag. 2003. Does the earnings test affect labor supply and benefit receipt? <i>National Tax Journal</i> 56: <span class="nobr">755–773</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>Haider, S.J., and D.S. Loughran, 2006. Do the elderly respond to taxes on earnings? Evidence from the Social Security retirement earnings test. Working Paper. Available at http://www.msu.edu/~haider/Research/haiderloughran-july06.pdf.</p>
|
|
<p>Krueger, A.B., and B.D. Meyer. 2002. Labor supply effects of social insurance. In <i>Handbook of public economics</i>, <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> 4., <abbr title="editors">ed.</abbr> A. Auerbach and M. Feldstein, <span class="nobr">1–34</span>. Amsterdam: North-Holland.</p>
|
|
<p>Mastrobuoni, Giovanni. <span class="nobr">2006a</span>. The Social Security earnings test removal: Money saved or money spent by the trust fund? Collegio Carlo Alberto Working Paper <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 25. Available at <a href="https://www.carloalberto.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/no.25.pdf">http://www.carloalberto.org/files/no.25.pdf</a>.</p>
|
|
<p>———. 2006b. Labor supply effects of the recent Social Security benefit cuts: Empirical estimates using cohort discontinuities. Collegio Carlo Alberto Working Paper <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 33. Available at <a href="https://www.carloalberto.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/no.33.pdf">http://www.carloalberto.org/files/no.33.pdf</a>.</p>
|
|
<p>Packard, Michael D. 1990. The earnings test and the short-run work response to its elimination. <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> <span class="nobr">53(9)</span>: <span class="nobr">2–16</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>Panis, Constantijn, Ronald Euller, Cynthia Grant, Melissa Bradley, Christine E. Peterson, Randall Hirscher, and Paul Stinberg. 2000. <i><abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> Program Data User's Manual</i>, Baltimore, <abbr title="Maryland">MD</abbr>: Social Security Administration.</p>
|
|
<p>Social Security Administration. 2005. <i>Annual Statistical Supplement to the Social Security Bulletin, 2004</i>. Washington, <abbr class="spell">DC</abbr>: Office of Policy.</p>
|
|
<p>———. 2004. <i>Annual Statistical Supplement to the Social Security Bulletin, 2003</i>. Washington, <abbr class="spell">DC</abbr>: Office of Policy.</p>
|
|
<p>Song, Jae G. 2006. Evaluating the initial impact of the elimination of the retirement earnings test. <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> <span class="nobr">65(1)</span>: <span class="nobr">1–15</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>Song, Jae G., and Joyce Manchester. 2007. New evidence on earnings and benefit claims following changes in the retirement earnings test in 2000. <i>Journal of Public Economics</i> <span class="nobr">91(3–4</span>): <span class="nobr">669–700</span>.</p>
|
|
<p>Tran, Bac V. 2004. The impact of the repeal of the retirement earnings test on the labor supply of older workers. Unpublished manuscript, College Park, <abbr title="Maryland">MD</abbr>: Department of Economics, University of Maryland. Available at http://www.glue.umd.edu/~btran/paper.pdf.</p>
|
|
<p>Vroman, Wayne. 1985. Some economic effects of the Social Security retirement earnings test. In <i>Research in labor economics</i>, <abbr title="editor">ed.</abbr> Ronald Ehrenberg, <span class="nobr">31–89</span>. Greenwich, <abbr title="Connecticut">CT</abbr>: <abbr class="spell">JAI</abbr> Press.</p>
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</div>
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