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<h1>Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Asia and the Pacific, 2018</h1>
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<h1>Turkmenistan</h1>
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<div class="exchangeRate">Exchange rate: <abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$1.00 = 3.49 manat.</div>
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<h2>Old Age, Disability, and Survivors</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1956.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 2012 (pension insurance), implemented in 2013; 2012 (social protection), implemented in 2013.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Notional defined contribution (<abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>) and social assistance system.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p><span class="h4"><abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>:</span> Employed and self-employed persons.</p>
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<p>Voluntary coverage is possible.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social assistance:</span> Needy persons.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5"><abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>:</span> None; 2% of gross monthly earnings for the voluntarily insured.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Social assistance:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5"><abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>:</span> 10% of the legal monthly minimum wage with gross monthly earnings below 30 times the legal monthly minimum wage; 2% of gross monthly earnings with gross monthly earnings of at least 30 times the legal monthly minimum wage.</p>
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<p>The legal monthly minimum wage is 715 manat (790 manat as of January 2019).</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Social assistance:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5"><abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>:</span> 20% of monthly payroll plus 3.5% for hazardous occupations. For certain employers, the contribution varies by sector.</p>
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<p>The employer's contributions also finance sickness, maternity, and work injury benefits.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Social assistance:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5"><abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>:</span> Provides subsidies as needed; contributes as an employer.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Social assistance:</span> The total cost.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension (<abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>):</span> Age 62 (men) or age 57 (women) with at least five years of contributions.</p>
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<p>The age requirement is reduced for mothers with three or more children, persons disabled before age 16, military personnel, pilots and flight crew, and persons working in hazardous occupations.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age social pension (social assistance):</span> Age 62 (men) or age 57 (women) with less than five years of contributions.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability pension (<abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>):</span> Must have at least five years of contributions and be assessed with a Group <abbr title="one">I</abbr> (total incapacity for any work and requires constant care), Group <abbr title="two">II</abbr> (reduced work capacity and occasionally requires care), or Group <abbr title="three">III</abbr> (reduced work capacity) disability.</p>
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<p>Constant-attendance allowance: Paid to persons with Group <abbr title="one">I</abbr> and <abbr title="two">II</abbr> visual impairments.</p>
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<p>Dependent supplement: Paid to persons with Group <abbr title="one">I</abbr> and <abbr title="two">II</abbr> disabilities for nonworking dependents.</p>
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<p>A territorial or state medical commission under the Ministry of Health and Medical Industry assesses the degree of disability.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability social pension (social assistance):</span> Paid to children younger than age 18 who are assessed with a Group <abbr title="one">I</abbr> or <abbr title="two">II</abbr> disability, or to persons of any age who are assessed with a Group <abbr title="one">I</abbr>, <abbr title="two">II</abbr>, or <abbr title="three">III</abbr> disability and have less than five years of contributions.</p>
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<p>Constant-attendance allowance: Paid to persons with Group <abbr title="one">I</abbr> and <abbr title="two">II</abbr> visual impairments.</p>
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<p>Dependent supplement: Paid to persons with Group <abbr title="one">I</abbr> and <abbr title="two">II</abbr> disabilities for nonworking dependents.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor social pension (social assistance):</span> Paid to dependent family members when the insured dies.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Orphan social pension (social assistance):</span> Paid to a full orphan.</p>
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<h3>Old-Age Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension (<abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>):</span> The monthly pension is a ratio of the insured's accumulated notional pension capital to the average life expectancy after retirement.</p>
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<p>Pension rights earned before 2013 are converted into an initial amount of notional pension capital based on years of work, earnings, and average life expectancy after retirement.</p>
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<p>Average life expectancy after retirement is 174 months.</p>
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<p>The minimum monthly <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension is 254 manat (January 2017).</p>
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<p>There is no maximum monthly <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically based on changes in the national average wage.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age social pension (social assistance):</span> The monthly pension is 70% of the base amount for calculating state benefits.</p>
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<p>The base amount for calculating state benefits is 266 manat a month (293 manat a month as of January 2019).</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically based on changes in the national average wage.</p>
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<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability pension (<abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>):</span> The monthly pension is a ratio of the insured's accumulated notional pension capital to average life expectancy.</p>
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<p>Pension rights earned before 2013 are converted into an initial amount of notional pension capital based on years of work, earnings, and average life expectancy.</p>
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<p>The minimum monthly disability pension is 155% of the base amount for calculating the minimum pension for a Group <abbr title="one">I</abbr> disability, 135% for a Group <abbr title="two">II</abbr> disability, or 115% for a Group <abbr title="three">III</abbr> disability; 190% for any group of disability if the disability began in childhood.</p>
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<p>The base amount for calculating the minimum pension is 279 manat a month (307 manat a month as of January 2019).</p>
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<p>There is no maximum monthly disability pension.</p>
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<p>Persons eligible for more than one benefit (sickness, maternity, child care allowance, survivor, or social pension) must choose only one benefit.</p>
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<p>Constant-attendance allowance: 20% of the base amount for calculating the minimum pension is paid monthly.</p>
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<p>Dependent's supplement: 20% of the base amount for calculating the minimum pension is paid monthly for each eligible dependent.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically based on changes in the national average wage.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability social pension (social assistance):</span> The monthly pension is 160% of the base amount for calculating state benefits for a Group <abbr title="one">I</abbr> disability, 140% for a Group <abbr title="two">II</abbr> disability, or 120% for a Group <abbr title="three">III</abbr> disability; 160% for a child younger than age 18 with any group of disability; 200% to a person aged 18 or older with any group of disability if the disability began in childhood.</p>
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<p>The base amount for calculating state benefits 266 manat a month (293 manat a month as of January 2019).</p>
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<p>Persons eligible for more than one benefit (sickness, maternity, child care allowance, survivor, or social pension) must choose only one benefit.</p>
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<p>Constant-attendance allowance: 20% of the base amount for calculating state benefits is paid monthly.</p>
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<p>Dependent supplement: 20% of the base amount for calculating state benefits is paid monthly for each eligible dependent.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically based on changes in the national average wage.</p>
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<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor social pension (social assistance):</span> The monthly pension is 65% of the base amount for calculating the minimum pension for one eligible survivor; 125% for two; 145% for three; 170% for four; 185% for five; and 200% for six or more eligible survivors. The monthly pension is split equally among all eligible survivors.</p>
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<p>The base amount for calculating the minimum pension is 279 manat a month (307 manat a month as of January 2019).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Orphan social pension (social assistance):</span> The monthly pension is 145% of base amount for calculating the minimum pension for one full orphan; 230% for two; and 285% for three or more full orphans.</p>
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<p>The base amount for calculating the minimum pension is 279 manat a month (307 manat a month as of January 2019).</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically based on changes in the national average wage.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population of Turkmenistan (<a href="https://mlsp.gov.tm/">http://mlsp.gov.tm/</a>) provides general coordination and supervision.</p>
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<p>Pension Fund of Turkmenistan and its regional and local offices administer the program and collect contributions.</p>
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<h2>Sickness and Maternity</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First and current laws:</span> 1994 (presidential decree); and 2012 (social protection code), implemented in 2013.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Universal (medical benefits) and social insurance (cash benefits) system.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Universal (medical benefits):</span> Residents of Turkmenistan.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social insurance (cash benefits):</span> Employed citizens of Turkmenistan.</p>
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<p>Exclusions: Self-employed persons.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Universal (medical benefits):</span> Voluntary supplemental contributions.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Social insurance (cash benefits):</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Universal (medical benefits):</span> Voluntary supplemental contributions.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Social insurance (cash benefits):</span> Not applicable.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Universal (medical benefits):</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Social insurance (cash benefits):</span> See source of funds under Old Age, Disability, and Survivors.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Universal (medical benefits):</span> The total cost.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Social insurance (cash benefits):</span> Provides subsidies as needed.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Cash and medical benefits:</span> There is no minimum qualifying period.</p>
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<h3>Sickness and Maternity Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Sickness benefit (wagtlaýyn zähmete ukypsyzlyk boýunça döwlet kömek puly, social insurance):</span> 60% of the insured's average daily earnings in the last two months is paid with less than five years of uninterrupted work; 80% with five to eight years; 100% with more than eight years, to a mother caring for three or more children younger than age 16 or for a child with a disability younger than 18, or to an orphan younger than age 21.</p>
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<p>The insured may receive up to seven days of paid leave to care for a sick family member; 14 days if caring for a child younger than age 14; 122 days if caring for a child younger than age 7 who is hospitalized or for a child younger than age 14 who is seriously ill, undergoes major surgery, or suffers a severe injury.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Maternity benefit (göwrelilik we çaga dogurmak boýunça döwlet kömek puly, social insurance):</span> 100% of the insured's earnings is paid for 56 days before and 56 days after the expected date of childbirth (72 days after for a difficult childbirth; 96 days after for multiple births). In the case of adoption of a child, the benefit is paid from the day of adoption for up to 56 days.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Birth grant (çaga doglandaberilýän döwlet kömek puly, social insurance):</span> A lump sum of 130% of the base amount for calculating state benefits is paid for each of the first two children; 250% for the third child; and 500% for the fourth and subsequent children.</p>
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<p>The base amount for calculating state benefits is 266 manat a month (293 manat a month as of January 2019).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Child care allowance (çaga seretmek boýunça döwlet kömek puly, social insurance):</span> 65% of the base amount for calculating state benefits is paid monthly for children up to age 3.</p>
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<p>The base amount for calculating state benefits is 266 manat a month (293 manat a month as of January 2019).</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically by law.</p>
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<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>Public health providers provide medical benefits directly to patients. Benefits include general and specialized care, hospitalization, laboratory services, dental care, maternity care, vaccinations, and transportation. Medicine is free if hospitalized.</p>
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<h3>Dependents' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>Medical benefits for dependents are the same as those for the insured.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population of Turkmenistan (<a href="https://mlsp.gov.tm/">http://mlsp.gov.tm/</a>) and regional and local offices of the Pension Fund of Turkmenistan administer the social insurance program. The Pension Fund of Turkmenistan also collects contributions for the program (see Old Age, Disability, and Survivors).</p>
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<p>Ministry of Health and Medical Industry (http://www.saglykhm.gov.tm/) and regional health departments are responsible for implementing state health care policy, developing health care programs, and providing medical services through clinics, hospitals, maternity homes, and other medical facilities, including private health providers.</p>
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<h2>Work Injury</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1995.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 2009 (Labor Code of Turkmenistan); and 2012 (Code on Social Protection), implemented in 2013.</p>
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<p>Local authorities and employers can provide supplemental pension benefits out of their own budgets.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Universal:</span> Residents of Turkmenistan.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social insurance:</span> Employed persons.</p>
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<p>Exclusions: Self-employed persons.</p>
|
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
|
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person</span></p>
|
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<p><span class="h5">Universal:</span> None.</p>
|
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<p><span class="h5">Social insurance:</span> None.</p>
|
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<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person</span></p>
|
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<p><span class="h5">Universal:</span> None.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h5">Social insurance:</span> Not applicable.</p>
|
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<p><span class="h4">Employer</span></p>
|
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<p><span class="h5">Universal:</span> None.</p>
|
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<p><span class="h5">Social insurance:</span> See source of funds under Old Age, Disability, and Survivors.</p>
|
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<p><span class="h4">Government</span></p>
|
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<p><span class="h5">Universal:</span> The total cost.</p>
|
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<p><span class="h5">Social insurance:</span> Provides subsidies as needed.</p>
|
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
|
|
<p>Must be assessed with a work injury or occupational disease.</p>
|
|
<h3>Temporary Disability Benefits</h3>
|
|
<p>100% of the insured's average daily earnings in the last two months is paid from the first day of disability until recovery or the award of a permanent disability pension.</p>
|
|
<p>Work injuries must be assessed by the relevant authority.</p>
|
|
<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
|
|
<p>A disability pension (<abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>) is paid under Old Age, Disability, and Survivors.</p>
|
|
<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
|
|
<p>Patients receive medical services directly from public health providers. Benefits include general and specialized care, hospitalization, laboratory services, transportation, and appliances and medicine.</p>
|
|
<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
|
|
<p>Survivor pensions are paid under Old Age, Disability, and Survivors.</p>
|
|
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
|
|
<p>The Social Insurance Fund provides funding to enterprises and employers to pay temporary disability benefits to their own employees.</p>
|
|
<p>Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population of Turkmenistan (<a href="https://mlsp.gov.tm/">http://mlsp.gov.tm/</a>) provides general coordination and supervision of permanent disability benefits.</p>
|
|
<p>Pension Fund of Turkmenistan and its regional and local offices administer the program.</p>
|
|
<p>Ministry of Health and Medical Industry (http://www.saglykhm.gov.tm/) and regional health departments are responsible for implementing state health care policy, developing health care programs, and providing medical services through clinics, hospitals, maternity homes, and other medical facilities, including private health suppliers.</p>
|
|
<h2>Unemployment</h2>
|
|
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">First and current laws:</span> 1991 and 2016 (employment).</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance system.</p>
|
|
<h3>Coverage</h3>
|
|
<p>Permanent residents of Turkmenistan.</p>
|
|
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> None.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> 2% of monthly payroll.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> Provides subsidies as needed.</p>
|
|
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
|
|
<p>Must be registered at an employment office, able and willing to work, and receiving no income from employment. The benefit may be reduced, suspended, or terminated if the insured is discharged for violating work discipline, leaving employment without good cause, violating the conditions for job placement or vocational training, or filing fraudulent claims.</p>
|
|
<h3>Unemployment Benefits</h3>
|
|
<p>The monthly benefit is a percentage of the base value for calculating state benefits.</p>
|
|
<p>The base value for calculating state benefits is 266 manat a month (293 manat a month as of January 2019).</p>
|
|
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically based on changes in the national average wage.</p>
|
|
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
|
|
<p>State Employment Service and local employment offices regulate and administer the program.</p>
|
|
<p>Employers pay cash benefits.</p>
|
|
<h2>Family Allowances</h2>
|
|
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
|
|
<p>A child care allowance is provided under Sickness and Maternity.</p>
|
|
</div>
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</article>
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</article>
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