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<h1>Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Africa, 2019</h1>
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<h1>Kenya</h1>
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<div class="exchangeRate">Exchange rate: US$1.00 = 101.80 shillings.</div>
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<h2>Old Age, Disability, and Survivors</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First laws:</span> 1965 (social security) and 2010 (constitution).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 2010 (constitution); and 2013 (mandatory individual account and provident fund), implemented in 2014.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Universal, mandatory individual account, and provident fund system.</p>
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<p>Note: The 2013 National Social Security Fund Act replaced the old provident fund program with individual accounts (collectively called the pension fund) that are mandatory for all employed persons aged 18 to 60 and a new provident fund program. Members of the old provident fund program were automatically enrolled in the mandatory individual account program but may receive benefits from both the old and new programs.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Universal:</span> Citizens of Kenya.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Mandatory individual account:</span> Public- and private-sector employees working in firms with at least one employee.</p>
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<p>Voluntary coverage for self-employed persons.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Provident fund:</span> Self-employed persons, retired persons older than age 60, and persons who do not qualify for the mandatory individual account.</p>
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<p>Voluntary coverage for employed persons.</p>
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<p>Special system for public-sector employees.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p>Note: The 2013 law introducing the mandatory individual account and new provident fund system increased contribution rates and diverted contributions into two tiers: Tier 1 contributions to the National Social Security Fund (<abbr class="spell">NSSF</abbr>) and Tier 2 contributions to either the <abbr class="spell">NSSF</abbr> or a registered private pension plan. However, a 2014 court ruling delayed the implementation of this increase. The rates below are for both tiers combined.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Universal:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Mandatory individual account and provident fund:</span> 5% of monthly covered earnings. The voluntarily insured pay at least 100 shillings a month. Additional voluntary contributions are possible.</p>
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<p>The maximum monthly earnings used to calculate mandatory contributions are 4,000 shillings.</p>
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<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate voluntary contributions.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Universal:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Mandatory individual account and provident fund:</span> 5% of monthly covered earnings. The voluntarily insured pay at least 100 shillings a month. Additional voluntary contributions are possible.</p>
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<p>The maximum monthly earnings used to calculate mandatory contributions are 4,000 shillings.</p>
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<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate voluntary contributions.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Universal:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Mandatory individual account and provident fund:</span> 5% of monthly covered payroll.</p>
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<p>The maximum monthly earnings used to calculate mandatory contributions are 4,000 shillings.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Universal:</span> The total cost.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Mandatory individual account and provident fund:</span> None; contributes as an employer.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension (Inua Jamii 70+ programme, universal):</span> Age 70 and not receiving any other pension.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age benefit (Retirement Pension, mandatory individual account):</span> Age 60.</p>
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<p>Early old-age benefit: Age 50.</p>
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<p>Employment must cease.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age benefit (Age Benefit, provident fund):</span> Age 50.</p>
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<p>Employment must cease.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Emigration benefit (mandatory individual account and provident fund):</span> Paid if a member emigrates to a country that does not have a reciprocal agreement with Kenya.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability pension (Invalidity Pension, mandatory individual account):</span> Must be assessed with a total permanent physical or mental incapacity and have at least 36 months of contributions before the disability began.</p>
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<p>A medical board appointed by the National Social Security Board assesses the disability.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability settlement (mandatory individual account):</span> Must be assessed with a total permanent physical or mental incapacity and not meet the contribution requirements for the disability pension.</p>
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<p>A medical board appointed by the National Social Security Board assesses the disability.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability benefit (Invalidity Benefit, provident fund):</span> Must be assessed with a total permanent physical or mental incapacity, or be unable to work as the result of a partial disability.</p>
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<p>A medical board appointed by the National Social Security Board assesses the disability.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension (Survivor’s Pension, mandatory individual account):</span> Paid if the deceased had at least 36 months of contributions and was contributing at the time of death.</p>
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<p>Eligible survivors include persons named by the deceased. If there are no named survivors, survivors include (in order of priority) a dependent widow(er), orphans, parents, and siblings.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor settlement (mandatory individual account):</span> The deceased had less than 36 months of contributions.</p>
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<p>Eligible survivors include persons named by the deceased. If there are no named survivors, survivors include (in order of priority) a dependent widow(er), orphans, parents, and siblings.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor benefit (provident fund):</span> Paid to named beneficiaries or dependent family members if a fund member dies before withdrawing his or her full account balance.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Funeral grant (mandatory individual account):</span> Must have at least six months of contributions.</p>
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<p>Eligible survivors include a widow(er) or, in the absence of a widow(er), the father, mother, brother, sister, or the person who paid for the funeral.</p>
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<h3>Old-Age Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension (Inua Jamii 70+ programme, universal):</span> 2,000 shillings a month is paid.</p>
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<p>Schedule of payments: The pension is paid every two months.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age benefit (Retirement Pension, mandatory individual account):</span> The insured has three payment options: purchase a life annuity from a registered insurer, take a partial lump sum (all of Tier 1 and a maximum of one third of Tier 2) and purchase an annuity with the remaining balance, or take a partial lump sum (all of Tier 1 and a maximum of one third of Tier 2) and receive the remaining balance as periodic payments.</p>
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<p>Early old-age benefit: A benefit is paid.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age benefit (Age Benefit, provident fund):</span> A lump sum of total employee and employer contributions plus accrued interest is paid.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Emigration benefit (mandatory individual account and provident fund):</span> A lump sum of total employee and employer contributions without accrued interest is paid.</p>
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<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability pension (Invalidity Pension, mandatory individual account):</span> The monthly pension is based on the combined value of the insured’s Tier 1 and Tier 2 accounts plus the insured’s last monthly contributions to Tier 1 multiplied by the number of months of potential employment between the date the disability began and the normal retirement age, or 90 months, whichever is lower.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability settlement (mandatory individual account):</span> A lump sum of total employee and employer contributions plus accrued interest is paid.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability benefit (Invalidity Benefit, provident fund):</span> A lump sum of total employee and employer contributions plus accrued interest is paid.</p>
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<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension (Survivor’s Pension, mandatory individual account):</span> The monthly pension is based on the combined value of the deceased’s Tier 1 and Tier 2 accounts plus the deceased’s last contributions to Tier 1 multiplied by the number of months of potential employment between the date of death and the retirement age, or 90 months, whichever is lower.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor settlement (mandatory individual account):</span> A lump sum of total employee and employer contributions plus accrued interest is paid.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor benefit (provident fund):</span> A lump sum of total employee and employer contributions plus accrued interest is paid.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Funeral grant (mandatory individual account):</span> A lump sum of 2,500 shillings is paid.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>National Social Security Fund Board of Trustees directs and manages the National Social Security Fund.</p>
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<p>Ministry of Labour and Social Protection (<a href="https://www.socialprotection.go.ke/">http://www.socialprotection.go.ke/</a>) administers the universal program.</p>
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<p>National Social Security Fund (<a href="https://www.nssf.or.ke/">http://www.nssf.or.ke/</a>) administers the mandatory individual account and provident fund programs.</p>
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<h2>Sickness and Maternity</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First laws:</span> 1966 (hospital insurance) and 1976 (employment act).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 1998 (hospital insurance) and 2007 (employment act).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance (medical benefits) and employer-liability (cash benefits) system.</p>
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<p>Note: Under the Linda Mama Boresha Jamii program, pregnant women may receive a limited package of health care services free of charge.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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||
<p><span class="h4">Social insurance:</span> Employed and self-employed persons, including public-sector employees, with monthly earnings of at least 1,000 shillings.</p>
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||
<p>Voluntary coverage for employed persons in the formal sector with monthly earnings of less than 1,000 shillings, pensioners, unemployed persons, and informal-sector workers.</p>
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||
<p><span class="h4">Employer liability:</span> Employed persons.</p>
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||
<p>Exclusions: Self-employed persons, National Youth Service employees, family labor, and police and armed forces personnel.</p>
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||
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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||
<p><span class="h4">Insured person</span></p>
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||
<p><span class="h5">Social insurance (medical benefits):</span> A flat-rate contribution of 150 shillings to 1,700 shillings, depending on the insured’s gross monthly income. The voluntarily insured pay a flat-rate contribution of 500 shillings a month.</p>
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||
<p><span class="h5">Employer liability (cash benefits):</span> None.</p>
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||
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person</span></p>
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||
<p><span class="h5">Social insurance (medical benefits):</span> At least 30 shillings a month.</p>
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||
<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
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||
<p>The voluntarily insured pay a flat-rate contribution of 500 shillings a month.</p>
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||
<p><span class="h5">Employer liability (cash benefits):</span> Not applicable.</p>
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||
<p><span class="h4">Employer</span></p>
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||
<p><span class="h5">Social insurance (medical benefits):</span> None.</p>
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||
<p><span class="h5">Employer liability (cash benefits):</span> The total cost.</p>
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||
<p><span class="h4">Government</span></p>
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||
<p><span class="h5">Social insurance (medical benefits):</span> None; the total cost of certain sponsored health programs.</p>
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||
<p><span class="h5">Employer liability (cash benefits):</span> None.</p>
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||
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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||
<p><span class="h4">Cash sickness benefit (employer liability):</span> Must have at least two months of continuous employment with the same employer and provide a medical certificate issued by a registered medical practitioner.</p>
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||
<p><span class="h4">Cash maternity and paternity benefits (employer liability):</span> There is no minimum qualifying period. Must give at least seven days written notice of intention to take leave on a specific date and to return to work thereafter. A medical certificate may be required.</p>
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||
<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits (social insurance):</span> There is no minimum qualifying period; the voluntarily insured must have at least 60 days of contributions.</p>
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<h3>Sickness and Maternity Benefits</h3>
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||
<p><span class="h4">Sickness benefit (employer liability):</span> 100% of the employee’s daily earnings is paid for the first seven days; thereafter, 50% of the employee’s daily earnings is paid for seven days for every 12 consecutive months of employment.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Maternity benefit (employer liability):</span> 100% of the employee’s daily earnings is paid for three months.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Paternity benefit (employer liability):</span> 100% of the employee’s daily earnings is paid for two weeks.</p>
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<h3>Workers’ Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>Benefits are provided for up to 180 days a year; may be extended for extreme hardship.</p>
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<p>Cost sharing: Inpatient hospital and medical treatment for insured persons and their dependents is reimbursed up to 720,000 shillings a year, according to a schedule in law. The amount varies based on three categories of hospitals accredited by the <abbr class="spell">NHIF</abbr>: free care at government hospitals; copayments of up to 130,000 shillings at certain private and faith-based hospitals for treatment requiring surgery; and unlimited copayments at all other private hospitals.</p>
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<p>Accredited government and certain private and faith-based hospitals provide comprehensive maternity care to members of the National Hospital Insurance Fund (<abbr class="spell">NHIF</abbr>) and their dependents.</p>
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<p>Medical services provided abroad are reimbursed at 1,750 shillings a day.</p>
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<p>Government hospitals provide free care for certain illnesses, including tuberculosis, <abbr class="spell">HIV</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">AIDS</abbr>, and other sexually transmitted diseases.</p>
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<h3>Dependents’ Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>Benefits for dependents are the same as those for the insured.</p>
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||
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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||
<p>Ministry of Labour and Social Protection (<a href="https://www.socialprotection.go.ke/">http://www.socialprotection.go.ke/</a>) provides general supervision of the employer-liability program.</p>
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<p>Ministry of Health (http://www.health.go.ke/), through a board of directors, provides general supervision of medical benefits.</p>
|
||
<p>National Hospital Insurance Fund (<a href="http://www.nhif.or.ke/healthinsurance/">http://www.nhif.or.ke/healthinsurance/</a>) administers medical benefits.</p>
|
||
<h2>Work Injury</h2>
|
||
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
|
||
<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1946.</p>
|
||
<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 2007 (work injury) and 2007 (employment).</p>
|
||
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Employer-liability system through private carriers.</p>
|
||
<h3>Coverage</h3>
|
||
<p>Private-sector employees and public-sector employees not covered by a special system.</p>
|
||
<p>Exclusions: Self-employed persons, casual workers, and family labor.</p>
|
||
<p>Special system for civil servants, military, police, and correctional personnel.</p>
|
||
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
|
||
<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
|
||
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> Not applicable.</p>
|
||
<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> The total cost (provides benefits directly to employees or pays insurance premiums).</p>
|
||
<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> None; contributes as an employer.</p>
|
||
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
|
||
<p>Must be assessed with a work injury or occupational disease. Occupational diseases are specified by law.</p>
|
||
<h3>Temporary Disability Benefits</h3>
|
||
<p>100% of the insured’s daily earnings is paid after a three-day waiting period; if the incapacity lasts for more than three days, the benefit is paid retroactively for up to 12 months.</p>
|
||
<p>The insured’s doctor, a National Social Security Fund doctor, and the Director of Medical Services in the Ministry of Health assess the disability.</p>
|
||
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically by the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection.</p>
|
||
<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
|
||
<p>For a total disability, a lump sum of 96 times the employee’s last monthly earnings is paid, up to a maximum.</p>
|
||
<p>Partial disability: For a partial disability, a percentage of the full permanent disability benefit is paid based on the assessed degree of disability.</p>
|
||
<p>The insured’s doctor, a National Social Security Fund doctor, and the Director of Medical Services in the Ministry of Health assess the disability.</p>
|
||
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically by the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection.</p>
|
||
<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
|
||
<p><span class="h4">Survivor benefit:</span> A benefit is paid.</p>
|
||
<p>Eligible survivors include a widow(er), unmarried orphans younger than age 18, parents, siblings, and certain other dependents. The survivors must have been fully dependent on the deceased.</p>
|
||
<p><span class="h4">Funeral grant:</span> A lump sum is paid to cover the cost of the funeral, up to a maximum.</p>
|
||
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically by the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection.</p>
|
||
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
|
||
<p>Ministry of Labour and Social Protection (<a href="https://www.socialprotection.go.ke/">http://www.socialprotection.go.ke/</a>) enforces the law and approves the benefit amounts.</p>
|
||
<p>Employers insure work injury liability through private carriers or provide benefits directly to employees or dependent survivors.</p>
|
||
<h2>Unemployment</h2>
|
||
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
|
||
<p>The 2007 Employment Act requires employers to provide severance pay in case of redundancy to dismissed employees with at least one year of service. The payment amount is at least 15 days of the employee’s earnings for each year of service.</p>
|
||
</div>
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</article>
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