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<h1>Social Security Programs Throughout the World: The Americas, 2017</h1>
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<h1>Ecuador</h1>
<div class="exchangeRate">Exchange rate: Currency is the <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> dollar (<abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$).</div>
<h2>Old Age, Disability, and Survivors</h2>
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1928.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 2001 (social security), 2006 (social pensions), 2010 (disability attendance grant), 2012 (general law on disabilities), and 2013 (social pensions increment).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance and social assistance system.</p>
<p>Note: The provision under the 2001 law to create a system of individual accounts to complement the social insurance <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension program has not been implemented.</p>
<h3>Coverage</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Social insurance:</span> Employed and self-employed persons.</p>
<p>Voluntary coverage for persons without mandatory coverage, including Ecuadorian citizens living abroad.</p>
<p>Special systems for agricultural workers and small-scale fishermen and for unpaid home-based workers.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Social assistance:</span> Needy citizens of Ecuador.</p>
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Insured person</span></p>
<p><span class="h5">Social insurance:</span> 6.64% (most public- and private-sector employees) or 8.64% (employees of subnational public institutions and bank employees) of gross earnings, plus 0.1% (special disability pension). The voluntarily insured pay 6.8% of gross earnings, plus 0.1% (special disability pension).</p>
<p>The minimum monthly earnings used to calculate contributions are $375.</p>
<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Social assistance:</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person</span></p>
<p><span class="h5">Social insurance:</span> 6.8% of gross declared earnings, plus 0.1% (special disability pension).</p>
<p>The minimum monthly earnings used to calculate contributions are $375.</p>
<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Social assistance:</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Employer</span></p>
<p><span class="h5">Social insurance:</span> 0.16% of gross payroll.</p>
<p>The minimum monthly earnings used to calculate contributions are $375.</p>
<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Social assistance:</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Government</span></p>
<p><span class="h5">Social insurance:</span> 40% of the cost of <span class="nobr">old-age,</span> disability, and survivor pensions; contributes as an employer.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Social assistance:</span> The total cost.</p>
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension (social insurance):</span> At any age with at least 480&nbsp;months of contributions; age&nbsp;60 with at least 360&nbsp;months of contributions; age&nbsp;65 with at least 180&nbsp;months of contributions; or age&nbsp;70 with at least 120&nbsp;months of contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension (social assistance, income tested):</span> Age&nbsp;65 and not receiving or entitled to receive any social insurance benefit.</p>
<p>Income test: Families must have income in the bottom 40% of all household incomes according to the SIIRS.</p>
<p>The SIIRS is a national registry used to target needy families.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Disability pension (social insurance):</span> Must have at least a 50% assessed loss of earning capacity and at least 60&nbsp;months of contributions, including in the six months before the disability began; at least 120&nbsp;months of contributions and not receiving an <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension if the disability began within two years after the termination of employment.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Special disability pension (social insurance):</span> Must have at least a 40% (physical disability) or 20% (mental disability) assessed loss of earning capacity and at least 300 (physical disability) or 240 (mental disability) months of contributions; no contribution requirements for a total (100%) or absolute disability.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Disability pension (social assistance, income tested):</span> Must have at least a 40% assessed loss of earning capacity and not be receiving or entitled to receive any social insurance benefit.</p>
<p>Income test: Families must have income in the bottom 40% of all household incomes according to the SIIRS.</p>
<p>The SIIRS is a national registry used to target needy families.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Caregiver allowance (Bono Joaquín Gallegos Lara, social assistance, income tested):</span> Paid to the primary caregiver of a person with at least a 75% (physical disability) or 65% (mental disability) assessed degree of disability, suffering from a rare or catastrophic disease, or diagnosed with <abbr class="spell">HIV</abbr>/<abbr>AIDS</abbr> and younger than age&nbsp;14.</p>
<p>Income test: Families must have no more than 50&nbsp;points in the SIIRS; no income test if diagnosed with <abbr class="spell">HIV</abbr>/<abbr>AIDS</abbr> and younger than age&nbsp;14.</p>
<p>The SIIRS is a national registry used to target needy families.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension (social insurance):</span> The deceased received or was entitled to receive a social insurance <span class="nobr">old-age</span> or disability pension or had at least 60&nbsp;months of contributions at the time of death.</p>
<p>Eligible survivors include a widow or a dependent, disabled widower; a female or dependent, disabled male partner who cohabitated with the deceased for at least two years before the death or had children with the deceased; dependent children younger than age&nbsp;18 (no limit if disabled); and, if there are no other survivors, a dependent mother and a dependent, disabled father.</p>
<p>The <span class="nobr">widow(er)'s</span> pension ceases upon remarriage or cohabitation.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Funeral grant (social insurance):</span> The deceased received or was entitled to receive a social insurance <span class="nobr">old-age</span> or disability pension or had at least six months of contributions in the last 12&nbsp;months at the time of death.</p>
<h3>Old-Age Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension (social insurance):</span> A percentage of the insured's average monthly earnings in the five best years of earnings is paid, according to the total number of years of contributions (50% for 10&nbsp;years, 75% for 30&nbsp;years, 81.25% for 35&nbsp;years, and 100% for 40&nbsp;years). The pension is increased by 1.25% for each year of contributions exceeding 40&nbsp;years.</p>
<p>The minimum monthly <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension is $187.50.</p>
<p>The maximum monthly <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension is $2,062.50.</p>
<p>Old-age pensioners may return to work and receive a pension. During the first year of receiving the pension, the pensioner must work for a different employer than the employer who certified the pension claim.</p>
<p>Schedule of payments: 12&nbsp;monthly payments plus two bonus payments a year.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted annually. Adjustments range from 4.31% to 16.16% and are inversely proportional to the amount of benefit.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension (social assistance, income tested):</span> $50 a month is paid.</p>
<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Disability pension (social insurance):</span> A percentage of the insured's average monthly earnings in the five best years of earnings is paid, according to the total number of years of contributions (43.75% for five years, 50% for 10&nbsp;years, 62.5% for 20&nbsp;years, 68.75% for 25&nbsp;years, and 75% for 30&nbsp;years).</p>
<p>The minimum monthly disability pension is $187.50.</p>
<p>The maximum monthly disability pension is $2,062.50.</p>
<p>Schedule of payments: 12&nbsp;monthly payments plus two bonus payments a year.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Special disability pension (social insurance):</span> 66.25% of the insured's average monthly earnings in the best five years of earnings is paid.</p>
<p>The minimum monthly special disability pension is $187.50.</p>
<p>The maximum monthly special disability pension is $2,062.50.</p>
<p>Schedule of payments: 12&nbsp;monthly payments plus two bonus payments a year.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted annually. Adjustments range from 4.31% to 16.16% and are inversely proportional to the amount of benefit.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Disability pension (social assistance, income tested):</span> $50 a month is paid.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Caregiver allowance (Bono Joaquín Gallegos Lara, social assistance, income tested):</span> $240 a month is paid.</p>
<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension (social insurance)</span></p>
<p><span class="h5">Spouse's pension:</span> 60% of the social insurance <span class="nobr">old-age</span> or disability pension the deceased received or was entitled to receive is paid to an eligible <span class="nobr">widow(er)</span> or partner (September&nbsp;2017).</p>
<p><span class="h5">Orphan's pension:</span> 40% of the social insurance <span class="nobr">old-age</span> or disability pension the deceased received or was entitled to receive is split equally among eligible children (September&nbsp;2017).</p>
<p><span class="h5">Other dependent's pension:</span> In the absence of an eligible <span class="nobr">widow(er)</span> or partner, 40% of the social insurance <span class="nobr">old-age</span> or disability pension the deceased received or was entitled to receive is split equally among eligible dependent parents (September&nbsp;2017).</p>
<p>The minimum monthly combined survivor pension is $187.50.</p>
<p>The maximum monthly combined survivor pension is $1,687.50.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted annually by 1.12%.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Funeral grant (social insurance):</span> A lump sum of up to $1,354.07 is paid.</p>
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
<p>Social Security Institute (<a href="https://www.iess.gob.ec/">https://www.iess.gob.ec/</a>), through its Directive Council, regulates, administers, and collects contributions to the social insurance program.</p>
<p>Ministry of Social and Economic Inclusion (<a href="https://www.inclusion.gob.ec/">http://www.inclusion.gob.ec/</a>) administers the <span class="nobr">old-age</span> and disability social assistance pensions as part of the Bono de Desarrollo Humano program (see Family Allowances) and pays the Joaquin Gallegos Lara attendance grant.</p>
<h2>Sickness and Maternity</h2>
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1935.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Current law:</span> 2001 (social security).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance and employer-liability system.</p>
<h3>Coverage</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Social insurance:</span> Persons receiving income for work and beneficiaries of <span class="nobr">old-age,</span> disability, work injury, or survivor benefits.</p>
<p>Voluntary coverage for persons not subject to mandatory coverage.</p>
<p>Special systems for agricultural workers and small-scale fishermen.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Employer liability:</span> Employed persons.</p>
<p>Exclusions: Self-employed persons.</p>
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Insured person</span></p>
<p><span class="h5">Social insurance:</span> None for private-sector employees, employees of subnational public institutions, and social security beneficiaries; 2% of gross earnings for other public-sector employees; 9% of gross earnings for the voluntarily insured.</p>
<p>Insured persons may insure their spouse with an additional contribution of 3.41% of gross earnings.</p>
<p>The minimum monthly earnings used to calculate contributions are $375.</p>
<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Employer liability:</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person</span></p>
<p><span class="h5">Social insurance:</span> 9% of gross declared earnings.</p>
<p>The minimum monthly earnings used to calculate contributions are $375.</p>
<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Employer liability:</span> Not applicable.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Employer</span></p>
<p><span class="h5">Social insurance:</span> 9% of payroll for private-sector employees and employees of subnational public institutions; 7% for other public-sector employees.</p>
<p>The minimum monthly earnings used to calculate contributions are $375.</p>
<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Employer liability:</span> The total cost.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Government</span></p>
<p><span class="h5">Social insurance:</span> The total cost for <span class="nobr">old-age,</span> disability, and work injury beneficiaries.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Employer liability:</span> None.</p>
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Cash sickness benefit (social insurance):</span> Must have at least six months of contributions before the incapacity began or at least 189&nbsp;days of contributions in the eight months before the incapacity began. Coverage continues for 60&nbsp;days after the insured ceases to pay contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Cash maternity benefit (social insurance and employer liability):</span> Must have at least 12&nbsp;months of contributions before giving birth. Prenatal care is provided with at least three months of contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits (social insurance):</span> Must have at least three months of continuous contributions. Coverage continues for 60&nbsp;days after the insured ceases to pay contributions.</p>
<h3>Sickness and Maternity Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Sickness benefit (social insurance):</span> 75% of the insured's earnings used to calculate contributions in the three months before the incapacity began is paid for up to 70&nbsp;days after a three-day waiting period (the employer pays 50% of the insured's earnings during the first three days of incapacity); thereafter, 66% is paid for up to 112&nbsp;days.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Maternity benefit (social insurance and employer liability):</span> 100% of the insured's last earnings used to calculate contributions is paid for two weeks before and 10&nbsp;weeks after the expected date of childbirth; 75% of the benefit is paid by the Social Security Institute and 25% by the employer. The benefit is paid for an additional 10&nbsp;days for multiple births.</p>
<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
<p>Medical facilities of the Social Security Institute provide medical services directly to patients. Benefits include general and specialist care, surgery, hospitalization, medicine, laboratory services, and dental care. A refund for the cost of medical care provided through external health service providers is available.</p>
<h3>Dependents' Medical Benefits</h3>
<p>Full medical care is provided for the insured's children up to age&nbsp;18 and beneficiaries of the orphan's pension.</p>
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
<p>Social Security Institute (<a href="https://www.iess.gob.ec/">https://www.iess.gob.ec/</a>), through its Directive Council, regulates, administers, and collects contributions to the program and operates its own clinics, dispensaries, and hospitals.</p>
<h2>Work Injury</h2>
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1964.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Current law:</span> 2001 (social security).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance system.</p>
<h3>Coverage</h3>
<p>Persons&nbsp;receiving income for work.</p>
<p>Voluntary coverage for persons without mandatory coverage.</p>
<p>Exclusions: Ecuadorians citizens residing&nbsp;abroad.</p>
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None; 0.2% of gross earnings for the voluntarily insured.</p>
<p>The minimum monthly earnings used to calculate contributions are $375.</p>
<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> 0.2% of gross declared earnings.</p>
<p>The minimum monthly earnings used to calculate contributions are $375.</p>
<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> 0.2% of payroll.</p>
<p>The minimum monthly earnings used to calculate contributions are $375.</p>
<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> 40% of the cost of work injury pensions.</p>
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
<p>Must be assessed with a work injury or occupational disease. Must have at least six months of contributions for a disability resulting from an occupational disease.</p>
<h3>Temporary Disability Benefits</h3>
<p>75% of the insured's average earnings in the three months before the disability began is paid after a <span class="nobr">two-day</span> waiting period for up to 70&nbsp;days; thereafter, 66% until the end of the 12th month. If the disability lasts more than one year, 80% is paid for up to one additional year.</p>
<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Permanent disability pension:</span> 80% of the insured's average earnings (100% if the insured requires the constant attendance of others to perform daily functions) in the last year or in the previous five years, whichever is greater, is paid.</p>
<p>Partial disability: A percentage of the full pension is paid according to the assessed degree of disability.</p>
<p>Schedule of payments: 12&nbsp;monthly payments plus two bonus payments a year.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted annually. Adjustments range from 4.31% to 16.16% and are inversely proportional to the amount of benefit.</p>
<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
<p>Benefits include medical and surgical care, hospitalization, appliances, and rehabilitation.</p>
<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension</span></p>
<p><span class="h5">Spouse's pension:</span> 60% of the permanent disability pension the deceased received or was entitled to receive is paid to a widow or a dependent, disabled widower, or to a female or dependent, disabled male partner who cohabitated with the deceased.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Orphan's pension:</span> 40% of the permanent disability pension the deceased received or was entitled to receive is split equally among dependent children younger than age&nbsp;18 (no limit if disabled).</p>
<p><span class="h5">Other dependent's pension:</span> If there is no eligible <span class="nobr">widow(er)</span> or partner, 40% of the permanent disability pension the deceased received or was entitled to receive is split equally among eligible dependent parents.</p>
<p>The minimum monthly combined survivor pension is $187.50.</p>
<p>The maximum monthly combined survivor pension is $1,687.50.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Funeral grant:</span> A lump sum of up to $1,354.07 is paid.</p>
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
<p>Social Security Institute (<a href="https://www.iess.gob.ec/">https://www.iess.gov.ec/</a>), through its Directive Council, regulates, administers, and collects contributions to the program.</p>
<h2>Unemployment</h2>
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1951.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 2001 (social security) and 2016 (unemployment benefit).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance and mandatory individual account system.</p>
<p>Note: In 2016, a new unemployment benefit was introduced that is partially financed through funds that were previously accumulated in the individual account.</p>
<h3>Coverage</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Social insurance:</span> Employed persons.</p>
<p>Exclusions: Self-employed persons.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Mandatory individual account:</span> Employed persons.</p>
<p>Exclusions: Self-employed persons.</p>
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Insured person</span></p>
<p><span class="h5">Social insurance:</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Mandatory individual account:</span> 2% of gross earnings.</p>
<p>The minimum monthly earnings used to calculate contributions are $375.</p>
<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person</span></p>
<p><span class="h5">Social insurance:</span> Not applicable.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Mandatory individual account:</span> Not applicable.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Employer</span></p>
<p><span class="h5">Social insurance:</span> 1% of gross payroll.</p>
<p>The minimum monthly earnings used to calculate contributions are $375.</p>
<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Mandatory individual account:</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Government</span></p>
<p><span class="h5">Social insurance:</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Mandatory individual account:</span> Provides subsidies in special cases.</p>
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Unemployment benefit (social insurance and mandatory individual account):</span> Must have at least 24&nbsp;months of contributions, including six continuous months of contributions immediately before unemployment began, and two months of involuntary unemployment.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Severance benefit (mandatory individual account):</span> Must have at least 24&nbsp;months of contributions. The benefit is paid after two months of unemployment.</p>
<h3>Unemployment Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Unemployment benefit (social insurance and mandatory individual account):</span> Up to 70% of the insured's average monthly earnings in the 12&nbsp;months before unemployment is paid in the first month; 65% in the second month; 60% in the third month; 55% in the fourth month; and 50% in the fifth month. The benefit is paid for a maximum of five months.</p>
<p>After the fifth month, the insured may withdraw the total account balance in the individual account.</p>
<p>A solidarity fund pays part of the monthly benefit, and the individual account funds the remainder.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Severance benefit (mandatory individual account):</span> A lump sum of the account balance is paid if the insured becomes unemployed or starts receiving an <span class="nobr">old-age,</span> permanent disability, or permanent work injury pension; if the insured person dies, the benefit is paid to a widow, a disabled widower, children younger than age&nbsp;18, or, if there is no surviving spouse or child, certain other surviving relatives.</p>
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
<p>Social Security Institute (<a href="https://www.iess.gob.ec/">https://www.iess.gov.ec/</a>) collects contributions and administers the programs.</p>
<h2>Family Allowances</h2>
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1998 (Bono Solidario).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 2003 (conditional cash transfer) and 2013 (conditional cash transfer increment).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social assistance system.</p>
<h3>Coverage</h3>
<p>Needy citizens of Ecuador.</p>
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> The total cost.</p>
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Family cash transfer (Bono de Desarrollo Humano, social assistance, income tested):</span> Paid for children younger than age&nbsp;5 and pregnant women who attend regular medical visits; children aged&nbsp;5 to 18 must be enrolled in and regularly attend school. Parents must receive training in early childhood development.</p>
<p>Income test: Families must have income in the bottom 40% of all household incomes according to the SIIRS.</p>
<p>The SIIRS is a national registry used to target needy families.</p>
<h3>Family Allowance Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Family cash transfer (Bono de Desarrollo Humano, social assistance, income tested):</span> $50 a month is paid to the mother.</p>
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
<p>Ministry of Social and Economic Inclusion (<a href="https://www.inclusion.gob.ec/">http://www.inclusion.gob.ec/</a>) administers the program.</p>
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