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<h1>Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Asia and the Pacific, 2014</h1>
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<h1>Turkmenistan</h1>
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<div class="exchangeRate">Exchange rate: <abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$1.00 = 2.84 manat</div>
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<h2>Old Age, Disability, and Survivors</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1956.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current law:</span> 2007 (social security); 2012 (pension insurance), implemented in 2013; 2012 (social protection), implemented in 2013.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Notional defined contribution (<abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>) and social assistance system.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Social insurance:</span> All employed and self-employed persons.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social assistance:</span> Needy persons.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> 10% of the monthly minimum wage; entrepreneurs and the liberal professions pay 15% to 80% of the monthly minimum wage, depending on monthly income; farmers pay 10% to 20% of net income or 15% of the monthly minimum wage whichever is greater.</p>
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<p>The monthly minimum wage is 440 manat.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> 20% of payroll, plus 3.5% for hazardous occupations. For certain employers, the contribution varies according to sector.</p>
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<p>The employer's contributions also finance sickness, maternity, and work injury benefits.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> Subsidies as needed; the total cost of social assistance.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension (<abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>):</span> Age 62 (men) or age 57 (women) with at least five years of contributions. </p>
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<p>Reduced age conditions apply for mothers with three or more children, persons disabled before age 16, military personnel, pilots and flight crew, and persons working in hazardous occupations.</p>
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<p>Early retirement: Age 52 (men) with 25 years of contributions or age 48 (women) with 20 years of contributions. </p>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension (social assistance):</span> Age 62 (men) or age 57 (women) and ineligible for the <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension (<abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability pension (<abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>):</span> At least five years of contributions; must be assessed with a Group <abbr title="one">I</abbr> disability (total disability, incapacity for any work, and requires constant care), Group <abbr title="two">II</abbr> (disability, reduced working capacity, and occasionally requires care), or Group <abbr title="three">III</abbr> (disability and reduced working capacity) disability.</p>
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<p>Constant-attendance allowance: Paid to persons with Group <abbr title="one">I</abbr> and <abbr title="two">II</abbr> visual impairments.</p>
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<p>Dependent's supplement: Paid to persons with Group <abbr title="one">I</abbr> and <abbr title="two">II</abbr> disabilities for nonworking dependents.</p>
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<p>A territorial or state medical commission under the Ministry of Health and Medical Industry assesses the degree of disability.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability pension (social assistance):</span> Must be younger than age 16 with a Group <abbr title="one">I</abbr> or <abbr title="two">II</abbr> disability or assessed with a Group <abbr title="one">I</abbr>, <abbr title="two">II</abbr> or <abbr title="three">III</abbr> disability with less than five years of contributions.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension (social assistance):</span> Paid to surviving dependent family members regardless of whether the deceased was insured.</p>
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<h3>Old-Age Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension (<abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>):</span> The monthly pension is a ratio of an individual's accumulated notional pension capital to the average life expectancy after retirement. </p>
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<p>Pension rights earned before 2013 are converted into an initial pension capital based on years of work, earnings, and average life expectancy after retirement.</p>
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<p>Average life expectancy after retirement is 174 months.</p>
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<p>The minimum pension is 182 manat a month.</p>
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<p>There is no maximum pension.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the national average wage.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension (social assistance):</span> 70% of the basic amount is paid monthly.</p>
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<p>The basic amount is 182 manat a month.</p>
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<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability pension (<abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>):</span> The monthly pension is a ratio of an individual's accumulated notional pension capital to average life expectancy. </p>
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<p>The minimum pensions are 155% of the basic amount for Group <abbr title="one">I</abbr>, 135% for Group <abbr title="two">II</abbr>, 115% for Group <abbr title="three">III</abbr>; and 190% of the basic amount for all groups if the disability began before age 16.</p>
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<p>The basic amount is 182 manat a month.</p>
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<p>There is no maximum pension.</p>
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<p>Persons eligible for more than one benefit (sickness, maternity, child care allowance, survivor, or social pension) must choose only one benefit.</p>
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<p>Constant-attendance allowance (Groups <abbr title="one">I</abbr> and <abbr title="two">II</abbr>): 20% of the basic amount a month is paid.</p>
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<p>Dependent's supplement (Groups <abbr title="one">I</abbr> and <abbr title="two">II</abbr>): 20% of the basic amount a month is paid for each eligible dependent.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the national average wage.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability pension (social assistance):</span> 160% of the basic amount is paid monthly for Group <abbr title="one">I</abbr>, 140% for Group <abbr title="two">II</abbr>, or 120% for Group <abbr title="three">III</abbr>. 160% is paid monthly to disabled children younger than age 16.</p>
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<p>The basic amount is 182 manat a month.</p>
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<p>Persons eligible for more than one benefit (sickness, maternity, child care allowance, survivor, or social pension) must choose only one benefit.</p>
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<p>Constant-attendance allowance (Groups <abbr title="one">I</abbr> and <abbr title="two">II</abbr>): 20% of the basic amount is paid monthly.</p>
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<p>Dependent's supplement (Groups <abbr title="one">I</abbr> and <abbr title="two">II</abbr>): 20% of the basic amount is paid monthly for each eligible dependent.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the national average wage.</p>
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<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension (social assistance):</span> 65% of the basic amount is paid monthly for one eligible survivor; 125% for two eligible survivors; 145% for three; and 170% for four or more.</p>
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<p>The basic amount is 182 manat a month.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Orphan's pension (social assistance):</span> 145% of the basic amount is paid monthly for one full orphan; 230% for two; and 285% for three or more.</p>
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<p>The basic amount is 182 manat a month.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the national average wage.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population of Turkmenistan provides general coordination and supervision.</p>
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<p>Pension Fund of Turkmenistan and its regional and local offices administer the program.</p>
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<h2>Sickness and Maternity</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First law and current laws:</span> 1994, and 2007 (social security); 2012 (social protection). </p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance (cash benefits) and universal (medical care) system.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Cash benefits:</span> Employed citizens.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits:</span> All persons residing in Turkmenistan.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> Voluntary supplementary contributions for medical benefits.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> Not applicable.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> Voluntary supplementary contributions.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> See source of funds under Old Age, Disability, and Survivors.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> Subsidies as needed. The total cost for nonworking citizens.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> The total cost.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Cash and medical benefits:</span> There is no minimum qualifying period.</p>
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<h3>Sickness and Maternity Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Sickness benefit:</span> 60% of earnings is paid with less than five years of uninterrupted work; 80% with five to eight years; 100% with more than eight years (or with three or more children younger than age 16; age 18 if a student).</p>
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<p>Insured persons may receive five days of paid leave to care for a sick family member; seven days in certain cases or 14 days if caring for a child younger than age 14 (or for the duration of the illness if the child is hospitalized).</p>
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<p>Fourteen days of unpaid leave is provided to women caring for children younger than age 3, a woman or a single parent raising two or more children younger than age 14, or a man whose wife is on maternity leave. Workers with disabilities are entitled to 30 days of unpaid leave.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Maternity benefit:</span> 100% of earnings is paid for 56 days before and 56 days after the expected date of childbirth (72 days after for a difficult childbirth; 96 days after for multiple births).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Birth grant:</span> A lump sum of 130% of the basic amount is paid for the first two children; 250% for the third child; and 500% for the fourth and subsequent children.</p>
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<p>The basic amount is 182 manat a month.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Child care allowance:</span> 65% of the basic amount is paid monthly for children up to age 3.</p>
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<p>The basic amount is 182 manat a month.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically by law.</p>
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<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits:</span> Patients receive medical services directly from public health providers. Benefits include general and specialized care, hospitalization, laboratory services, dental care, maternity care, vaccinations, and transportation. Medicine is free if hospitalized.</p>
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<h3>Dependents' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits for dependents:</span> Medical benefits for dependents are the same as those for the insured.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Cash benefits:</span> Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population of Turkmenistan and regional and local offices of the Pension Fund administer the program.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits:</span> Ministry of Health and Medical Industry and regional health departments are responsible for implementing state health care policy, developing health care programs, and providing medical services through clinics, hospitals, maternity homes, and other medical facilities, including private health providers.</p>
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<h2>Work Injury</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1995.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 2007 (social security); 2009 (labor code) and 2012 (social protection). </p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance (cash benefits) and universal (medical benefits) system.</p>
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<p>Local governments and employers can provide supplementary pension benefits out of their own budgets.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p>All employed persons.</p>
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<p>Exclusions: Self-employed persons (cash benefits).</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> Not applicable.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> See source of funds under Old Age, Disability, and Survivors.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> Subsidies as needed.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> The total cost.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Work injury benefits:</span> There is no minimum qualifying period.</p>
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<h3>Temporary Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p>100% of the insured's earnings is paid from the first day of disability until recovery or the award of a permanent disability pension.</p>
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<p>Work injuries must be assessed by the relevant authority.</p>
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<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Permanent disability pension:</span> The monthly pension is the ratio of an individual's accumulated notional pension capital to average life expectancy. </p>
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<p>The minimum pensions are 155% of the basic amount for Group <abbr title="one">I</abbr>, 135% for Group <abbr title="two">II</abbr>, or 115% for Group <abbr title="three">III</abbr>.</p>
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<p>The basic amount is 182 manat a month.</p>
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<p>There is no maximum pension.</p>
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<p>Persons eligible for more than one benefit (sickness, maternity, child care allowance, survivor, or social pension) must choose only one benefit.</p>
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<p>Constant-attendance allowance (Groups <abbr title="one">I</abbr> and <abbr title="two">II</abbr>): 20% of the basic amount is paid monthly.</p>
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<p>Dependent's supplement (Groups <abbr title="one">I</abbr> and <abbr title="two">II</abbr>): 20% of the basic amount is paid monthly for each eligible dependent.</p>
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<p>The basic amount is 182 manat a month.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the national average wage.</p>
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<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>Patients receive medical services directly from public health providers. Benefits include general and specialized care, hospitalization, laboratory services, transportation, and appliances and medicine.</p>
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<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension (social assistance):</span> 65% of the basic amount is paid monthly for one eligible survivor; 125% for two eligible survivors; 145% for three; and 170% for four or more.</p>
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<p>The basic amount is 182 manat a month.</p>
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<p>Orphan's pension: 145% of the basic amount is paid monthly for one full orphan; 230% for two; and 285% for three or more.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the national average wage.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Temporary disability benefits:</span> The Social Insurance Fund provides funding to enterprises and employers to pay benefits to their own employees.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Pensions:</span> Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population of Turkmenistan provides general coordination and supervision.</p>
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<p>Regional and local social security departments administer pensions.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits:</span> Ministry of Health and Medical Industry and regional health departments are responsible for implementing state health care policy, developing health care programs, and providing medical services through clinics, hospitals, maternity homes, and other medical facilities, including private health suppliers.</p>
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<h2>Unemployment</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First and current law:</span> 1991 (employment).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance system.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p>All persons residing permanently in Turkmenistan.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> 2% of payroll.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> Subsidies as needed.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Unemployment benefits:</span> Registered at an employment office, able and willing to work, and receiving no income from employment. The benefit may be reduced, suspended, or terminated if the insured is discharged for violating work discipline, leaving employment without good cause, violating the conditions for job placement or vocational training, or filing fraudulent claims.</p>
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<h3>Unemployment Benefits</h3>
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<p>A lump sum of three times the worker's gross average monthly earnings is paid.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the national average wage.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>State Employment Service and local employment offices regulate and administer the program.</p>
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<p>Employers pay cash benefits.</p>
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<h2>Family Allowances</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p>A child care allowance is provided under Sickness and Maternity.</p>
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</div>
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