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<h1>Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Europe, 2012</h1>
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<h1>Turkey</h1>
<div class="exchangeRate">Exchange rate: <abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$1.00 = 1.78&nbsp;liras.</div>
<h2>Old Age, Disability, and Survivors</h2>
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
<p><span class="h4">First laws:</span> 1949 (old age) and 1957 (old age, disability, and survivors).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 1964 (social insurance), implemented in 1965; 1983 (agricultural employee social insurance), implemented in 1984; 2006 (social security institution); 2006 (social security and general health insurance), implemented in 2007 and 2008; and 2008 (social security).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance system.</p>
<p>Note: In May&nbsp;2006, the separate systems for public and private-sector employees and the self-employed were merged into one under the newly created Social Security Institution.</p>
<h3>Coverage</h3>
<p>Employees (including foreign nationals) aged&nbsp;18 or older working under a service contract in the public or private sector, including civil servants and self-employed persons.</p>
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> 9% of monthly earnings, up to a maximum.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> 20% of monthly declared earnings, up to a maximum.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> 11% of employees' monthly earnings, up to a maximum.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> 25% of total contributions collected by the Social Security Institution.</p>
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension:</span> Age&nbsp;60 (men) or age&nbsp;58 (women) with at least 7,200&nbsp;days of contributions (9,000&nbsp;days for civil servants and self-employed persons). The retirement age will rise gradually to age&nbsp;65 (men and women) by 2046 (men) and 2048 (women).</p>
<p>Special conditions if first insured before October&nbsp;1, 2008; if aged&nbsp;50 or older and prematurely aged (and therefore unable to work until the full pensionable age); and for miners.</p>
<p>At any age with a disability that began before starting insured employment and at least 15&nbsp;years of coverage including at least 3,600&nbsp;days of paid contributions, according to the assessed degree of disability.</p>
<p>Mothers with special needs children are eligible to retire five years before the normal retirement age.</p>
<p>Gainful employment must cease on retirement. In certain cases, employment may be permitted while receiving an <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension, provided the pensioner pays a support contribution of 30% of earnings.</p>
<p>The pension may be deferred. There is no age limit.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Old-age settlement:</span> Age&nbsp;60 (men) or age&nbsp;58 (women); age&nbsp;50 (men and women) if prematurely aged and not eligible for an <span class="nobr">old-age</span> or disability pension. The retirement age will rise gradually to age&nbsp;65 (men and women) by 2046 (men) and 2048 (women).</p>
<p>The <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension and the <span class="nobr">old-age</span> settlement may be partially payable abroad under reciprocal agreement.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Disability pension:</span> Must have a loss of at least 60% of working capacity with at least 1,800&nbsp;days of contributions and at least 10&nbsp;years of coverage. The requirement for the years of coverage is waived for insured persons requiring constant attendance.</p>
<p>The disability pension may be partially payable abroad under reciprocal agreement.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension:</span>&nbsp;The deceased met the contribution requirements for a disability pension or an <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension, was a pensioner at the time of death, or was insured for at least five years and had paid contributions for a total of 900&nbsp;days (1,800&nbsp;days for civil servants and self-employed persons).</p>
<p>Eligible dependents include a spouse; children younger than age&nbsp;18 (age&nbsp;20 if a pre-university student, age&nbsp;25 if a university student); a son aged&nbsp;18 or older who is disabled and unemployed; an unmarried, widowed, or divorced daughter of any age who is not in insured employment or receiving any social security benefits in her own right; and dependent parents.</p>
<p>The spouse's survivor&nbsp;pension ceases on remarriage.</p>
<p>Survivors are eligible to receive only one survivor pension.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Survivor settlement:</span> Paid if the deceased was not eligible for an <span class="nobr">old-age</span> or disability pension and was insured for less than five years with 900&nbsp;days of contributions (1,800&nbsp;days for civil servants and self-employed persons).</p>
<p>The survivor pension and survivor settlement may be partially payable abroad under bilateral agreement.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Funeral grant:</span> Paid to the family on the death of an <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pensioner or disability pensioner.</p>
<h3>Old-Age Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension:</span> A pension is paid based on 2% of the insured's last salary and the coverage period, up to a maximum.</p>
<p>A special calculation applies if first insured before October&nbsp;1, 2008.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted in January and July of each year according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Old-age settlement:</span> A lump sum is paid.</p>
<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Disability pension:</span> A pension is paid based on 2% of the insured's last salary and the coverage period, up to a maximum.</p>
<p>A special calculation applies if first insured before October&nbsp;1, 2008.</p>
<p>Constant-attendance allowance: 100% of the pension is paid.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted in January and July of each year according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension:</span> 50% of the pension the deceased received or was eligible to receive is paid to a <span class="nobr">widow(er)</span>; 75% to a <span class="nobr">widow(er)</span> who does not have children and is not working or receiving a pension.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Orphan's pension:</span> 25% of the pension the deceased received or was eligible to receive is paid to each eligible orphan (50% for a full orphan).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Other eligible survivors:</span> 25% of the pension the deceased received or was eligible to receive is paid to dependent parents.</p>
<p>All survivor benefits combined must not exceed 100% of the pension the deceased received or was eligible to receive.</p>
<p>Dependent parents older than age&nbsp;65 may receive 25% of the deceased's pension even if all survivor benefits combined exceed 100% of the deceased's pension.</p>
<p>A special calculation applies if first insured before October&nbsp;1, 2008.</p>
<p>A minimum pension is paid.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Survivor settlement:</span> A lump sum is split among survivors according to a schedule.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Funeral grant:</span> A lump sum is paid.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted in January and July of each year according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
<p>Ministry of Labor and Social Security (<a href="https://www.csgb.gov.tr">http://www.csgb.gov.tr</a>) provides general supervision.</p>
<p>Social Security Institution (<a href="http://www.sgk.gov.tr">http://www.sgk.gov.tr</a>) managed by a general assembly, board of directors, and president, administers the program.</p>
<h2>Sickness and Maternity</h2>
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
<p><span class="h4">First laws:</span> 1945 (maternity) and 1950 (sickness).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 1964 (social insurance), implemented in 1965; 1983 (agricultural employee social insurance), implemented in 1984; 2006 (social security institution); 2006 (social security and general health insurance), implemented in 2007 and 2008; and 2008 (social security).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance (cash benefits) and universal (medical benefits) system.</p>
<p>Note: In 2007, a new universal sickness insurance program was established to provide a safety net.</p>
<h3>Coverage</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Cash and medical benefits:</span> Employees working under a service contract in the public or private sectors and their dependent family members, including self-employed persons. The spouse of an insured man is eligible for the nursing benefit.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits only:</span> All citizens of Turkey; homeless people and refugees; foreigners with a residence permit of at least one year; and foreign students.</p>
<p>Voluntary coverage is available.</p>
<p>Special systems for civil servants.</p>
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Insured person</span></p>
<p><span class="h4">Cash sickness and maternity benefits:</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> 5% of declared monthly earnings, up to a maximum.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person</span></p>
<p><span class="h4">Cash sickness and maternity benefits:</span> 1% to 6.5% of declared monthly earnings, up to a maximum.</p>
<p>The self-employed person's contributions also finance work injury, according to the degree of risk.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> 12.5% of declared monthly earnings, up to a maximum.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Employer</span></p>
<p><span class="h4">Cash sickness and maternity benefits:</span> 1% to 6.5% of monthly payroll, up to a maximum.</p>
<p>The employer's contributions also finance work injury, according to the degree of risk.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> 7.5% of monthly payroll, up to a maximum.</p>
<p><span class="h4"></span></p>
<p><span class="h4">Government</span></p>
<p><span class="h4">Cash sickness and maternity benefits:</span> Contributes as an employer.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> 25% of total contributions collected by the Social Security Institution; the cost of contributions for vulnerable groups.</p>
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Cash sickness benefits:</span> Must have at least 90&nbsp;days of contributions in the year before the diagnosis of illness.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Cash maternity benefits</span></p>
<p><span class="h5">Incapacity for work benefit:</span> Must have at least 90&nbsp;days of contributions in the year before&nbsp;childbirth.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Nursing benefit:</span> Must have at least 120&nbsp;days of contributions in the year before childbirth.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits:</span> Must have at least 30&nbsp;days of contributions (60&nbsp;days for the self-employed) in the year before the illness or accident. Coverage continues for 10&nbsp;days following termination of employment; for 90&nbsp;days if at least 90&nbsp;days of contributions in the year before the illness or accident.</p>
<h3>Sickness and Maternity Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Sickness benefit:</span> 50% of daily earnings is paid for inpatient treatment; 66% of daily earnings for outpatient treatment. The benefit is paid after a <span class="nobr">two-day</span> waiting period.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: The minimum and maximum daily covered earnings used to calculate sickness benefits are adjusted according to changes in the minimum wage.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Maternity benefits</span></p>
<p><span class="h5">Incapacity for work:</span> 66% of earnings is paid for up to eight weeks before and eight weeks after the expected date of childbirth; extended for two weeks for multiple births.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Nursing grant:</span> A lump sum is paid for a live birth.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: The minimum and maximum daily covered earnings used to calculate maternity benefits are adjusted according to changes in the minimum wage.</p>
<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
<p>Health care facilities under an agreement with the Social Security Institution provide medical services to patients.</p>
<p>Cost sharing: A copayment may be required for prescription drugs.</p>
<h3>Dependents' Medical Benefits</h3>
<p>Medical benefits for dependents are the same as those for the insured.</p>
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
<p>Ministry of Labor and Social Security (<a href="https://www.csgb.gov.tr">http://www.csgb.gov.tr</a>) provides general supervision.</p>
<p>Social Security Institution (<a href="http://www.sgk.gov.tr">http://www.sgk.gov.tr</a>) administers cash benefits through its branch offices. Medical care and medicine are provided through agreements with hospitals and pharmacies.</p>
<h2>Work Injury</h2>
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1945 (industrial accidents).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 1964 (social insurance), implemented in 1965; 1983 (agricultural employee social insurance), implemented in 1984; 2006 (social security institution); 2006 (social security and general health insurance), implemented in 2007 and 2008; and 2008 (social security).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance system.</p>
<h3>Coverage</h3>
<p>Employees working under a service contract in the public or private sector; applicants for apprenticeships, apprentices, and students; and prisoners working in prison workshops.</p>
<p>Exclusions: <span class="nobr">Part-time</span> household workers.</p>
<p>Special systems for civil servants.</p>
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> See source of funds under Sickness and Maternity.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> See source of funds under Sickness and Maternity.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> See source of funds under Sickness and Maternity.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> See source of funds under Sickness and Maternity; the cost of contributions for apprentices and students in technical schools.</p>
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Work injury benefits:</span> There is no minimum qualifying period.</p>
<h3>Temporary Disability Benefits</h3>
<p>66% of daily earnings is paid from the first day of incapacity; 50% of daily earnings if hospitalized.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: The minimum and maximum daily covered earnings used to calculate benefits are adjusted according to changes in the minimum wage.</p>
<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Permanent disability pension:</span> A pension based on the insured's annual covered earnings is paid for a total disability (100% loss of earning capacity as a result of a work accident or an occupational disease).</p>
<p>Partial disability: For an assessed degree of disability of at least 10%, a percentage of the full pension is paid according to the assessed degree of disability. Persons with an assessed degree of disability of 10% to 24% may choose a lump sum instead of a pension.</p>
<p>For an assessed degree of disability of at least 25%, the minimum pension must be at least 70% of the minimum earnings used to calculate contributions and benefits.</p>
<p>There is no maximum pension.</p>
<p>Constant-attendance allowance: 100% of the pension is paid.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted in&nbsp;January and July&nbsp;of each year according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
<p>Benefits include medical treatment, including preventive care; laboratory services, surgery, and hospitalization; vision, hearing, and dental care; assisted reproductive services; transplants; transportation; and a daily allowance and expenses for an&nbsp;accompanying person when seeking care abroad.</p>
<p>There is no limit to duration.</p>
<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension:</span> The minimum monthly pension for one survivor is 80% (90% for two survivors) of 35% of the minimum earnings used to calculate contributions and benefits.</p>
<p>There is no maximum pension.</p>
<p>Eligible dependents include a spouse (the spouse's survivor pension ceases on remarriage); children younger than age&nbsp;18 (age&nbsp;20 if a pre-university student, age&nbsp;25 if a university student); a son aged&nbsp;18 or older who is disabled and unemployed; an unmarried, widowed, or divorced daughter of any age who is without insured employment and is not receiving any social security benefits in her own right; and dependent parents.</p>
<p>If the total survivor pension awarded to the spouse and children is less than 70% of the insured's annual earnings, the difference is paid to a dependent father and mother; if the total survivor pension awarded to the spouse and children is 70% or more of the insured's annual earnings, no pension is paid to a dependent father and mother.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Funeral grant:</span> A lump sum is paid to the family on the death of the insured worker.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Survivor benefits are adjusted in January and July of each year according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
<p>Ministry of Labor and Social Security (<a href="https://www.csgb.gov.tr">http://www.csgb.gov.tr</a>) provides general supervision.</p>
<p>Social Security Institution (<a href="http://www.sgk.gov.tr">http://www.sgk.gov.tr</a>) administers the program through its branch offices and health facilities.</p>
<h2>Unemployment</h2>
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
<p><span class="h4">First and current laws:</span> 1999 (unemployment insurance), implemented in 2000; 2006 (social security institution); 2006 (social security and general health insurance), implemented in 2007 and 2008; and 2008 (social security).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance system.</p>
<h3>Coverage</h3>
<p>Employees (including foreign nationals) aged&nbsp;18 or older working under a service contract in the public or private sector and certain other specified groups.</p>
<p>Exclusions: Civil servants, workers in agriculture and forestry, household workers, military personnel, students, and self-employed persons.</p>
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> 1% of monthly earnings, up to a maximum.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> Not applicable.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> 2% of monthly payroll.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> 1% of monthly earnings, up to a maximum.</p>
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Unemployment benefit:</span> Must have at least 600&nbsp;days of contributions in the three years before unemployment, including the last 120&nbsp;days of employment.</p>
<h3>Unemployment Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Unemployment benefits:</span> The minimum daily benefit is 50% of average daily earnings, based on the last four months of earnings. The benefit is paid for 180&nbsp;days to an insured worker with at least 600&nbsp;days of contributions; for 240&nbsp;days with at least 900&nbsp;days of contributions; and 300&nbsp;days with at least 1,080&nbsp;days of contributions.</p>
<p>The monthly benefit must not be higher than the minimum wage for the industry in which the insured worked.</p>
<p>A worker may receive unemployment benefits at the same time as sickness and maternity benefits.</p>
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
<p>Ministry of Labor and Social Security (<a href="https://www.csgb.gov.tr">http://www.csgb.gov.tr</a>) provides general supervision.</p>
<p>Social Security Institution (<a href="http://www.sgk.gov.tr">http://www.sgk.gov.tr</a>) collects contributions.</p>
<p>Employment Agency (<a href="http://www.iskur.gov.tr">http://www.iskur.gov.tr</a>) administers the program.</p>
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