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<h1>Social Security Programs Throughout the World: The Americas, 2013</h1>
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<h1>Ecuador</h1>
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<div class="exchangeRate">Exchange rate: Currency is the <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> dollar (<abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$).</div>
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<h2>Old Age, Disability, and Survivors</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1928.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current law:</span> 2001 (social security).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance and social assistance system.</p>
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<p>Note: The provision under the 2001 law to create a system of individual accounts to complement the social insurance <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension program and a social assistance program for needy elderly and persons with disabilities was not implemented.</p>
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<p>The social insurance system also includes a special program to provide <span class="nobr">old-age,</span> disability, and survivor benefits for families of rural workers and fishermen. The program is financed by a nominal contribution from the head of the family and contributions from workers, employers, and the government.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p>All persons who receive income for work.</p>
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<p>Voluntary coverage for persons without mandatory coverage, including Ecuadorian citizens living abroad.</p>
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<p>Special system for agricultural workers and <span class="nobr">small-scale</span> fishermen.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> 6.64% and 8.64% of gross earnings for public- and <span class="nobr">private-sector</span> employees, respectively; 9.74% of gross earnings for the voluntarily insured.</p>
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<p>The minimum earnings used to calculate contributions are $318.</p>
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<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> 9.74% of gross declared earnings.</p>
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<p>The minimum earnings used to calculate contributions are $318.</p>
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<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> 3.10% and 1.10% of gross payroll for public- and <span class="nobr">private-sector</span> employees, respectively.</p>
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<p>The minimum earnings used to calculate contributions are $318.</p>
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<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> 40% of the cost of <span class="nobr">old-age,</span> disability, and survivor pensions; contributes as an employer.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension:</span> At any age with at least 480 months of contributions; age 60 with at least 360 months of contributions; age 65 with at least 180 months of contributions; or age 70 with at least 120 months of contributions.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability pension:</span> Must have at least 60 months of contributions including the six months before the disability began and an assessed loss of more than 50% of earning capacity; 120 months of contributions and not receiving an <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension if the disability began within two years after the termination of employment.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension:</span> The deceased had at least 60 months of contributions or was an <span class="nobr">old-age</span> or disability pensioner at the time of death.</p>
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<p>Eligible survivors include a widow, dependent disabled widower, or partner who cohabitated with the deceased; dependent children younger than age 18 (no limit if disabled); and, if there are no other survivors, a dependent mother and a dependent, disabled father.</p>
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<p>The <span class="nobr">widow(er)'s</span> pension ceases on remarriage or cohabitation.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Funeral grant:</span> The deceased had at least six months of contributions in the last 12 months or was an <span class="nobr">old-age</span> or disability pensioner.</p>
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<h3>Old-Age Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension:</span> A percentage of the insured's average monthly earnings in the five best years of earnings is paid, according to the total number of years of contributions (50% for 10 years, 75% for 30 years, 81.25% for 35 years, 100% for 40 years, and 125% for more than 40 years).</p>
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<p>The minimum monthly pension is $159.</p>
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<p>The maximum monthly pension is $1,749.</p>
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<p><span class="nobr">Old-age</span> pensioners may continue to work and receive a pension, except if the employer in the first year the pension is received was the pensioner's last employer.</p>
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<p>Schedule of payment: 12 monthly payments plus two bonus payments a year.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted annually. Adjustments range from 4.31% to 16.16% and are inversely proportional to the amount of benefit.</p>
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<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability pension:</span> A percentage of the insured's average monthly earnings in the five best years of earnings is paid, according to the total number of years of contributions (43.75% for five years, 50% for 10 years, 62.5% for 20 years, 68.75% for 25 years, and 75% for 30 years).</p>
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<p>The minimum monthly pension is $159.</p>
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<p>The maximum monthly pension is $1,431.</p>
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<p>Schedule of payment: 12 monthly payments plus two bonus payments a year.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted annually. Adjustments range from 4.31% to 16.16% and are inversely proportional to the amount of benefit.</p>
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<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Spouse's pension:</span> 40% of the <span class="nobr">old-age</span> or disability pension the deceased received or was entitled to receive is paid to an eligible <span class="nobr">widow(er)</span> or partner.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Orphan's pension:</span> 20% of the <span class="nobr">old-age</span> or disability pension the deceased received or was entitled to receive is paid to each orphan younger than age 18 (no limit if disabled); 40% for a full orphan.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Other eligible survivors:</span> 20% of the <span class="nobr">old-age</span> or disability pension the deceased received or was entitled to receive is paid to a mother or father.</p>
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<p>The minimum monthly pension is $159.</p>
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<p>The maximum monthly pension is $1,431.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted annually by 8.4%.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Funeral grant:</span> Up to $1,272 is paid.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>Social Security Institute (http://www.iess.gov.ec), through its Directive Council, regulates and administers the program.</p>
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<h2>Sickness and Maternity</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1935.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current law:</span> 2001 (social security).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance system.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p>All persons who receive income for work and beneficiaries of <span class="nobr">old-age,</span> disability, work injury, or survivor benefits.</p>
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<p>Voluntary coverage for persons not subject to mandatory coverage</p>
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<p>Special systems for agricultural workers and <span class="nobr">small-scale</span> fishermen.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None for employees; beneficiaries of survivor pensions contribute 4.15% of the pension; 5.71% of gross earnings for the voluntarily insured.</p>
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<p>Insured persons may insure their spouse with an additional contribution of 3.41%.</p>
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<p>The minimum earnings used to calculate contributions are $318.</p>
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<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> 5.71% of gross declared earnings.</p>
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<p>The minimum earnings used to calculate contributions are $318.</p>
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<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> 5.71% of payroll.</p>
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<p>The minimum earnings used to calculate contributions are $318.</p>
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<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> The total cost for <span class="nobr">old-age,</span> disability, and work injury beneficiaries.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Cash sickness benefits:</span> Must have at least six months of contributions before the incapacity began or at least 189 days of contributions in the eight months before the incapacity began. Coverage continues for 60 days after the insured ceases to pay contributions.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Cash maternity benefits:</span> Must have at least 12 months of contributions before giving birth. Prenatal care is provided with at least three months of contributions.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits:</span> Must have at least three months of continuous contributions. Coverage continues for 60 days after the insured ceases to pay contributions.</p>
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<h3>Sickness and Maternity Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Sickness benefit:</span> Paid from the fourth day of sickness for the first 10 weeks, 75% of the insured's earnings used to calculate contributions in the three months before the incapacity began is paid for up to 70 days; thereafter, 66% for up to 182 days.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Maternity benefit:</span> 75% of the insured's last earnings used to calculate contributions is paid for two weeks before and 10 weeks after the expected date of childbirth. (The employer pays 25% of the insured's last earnings for the same period of time.)</p>
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<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>Medical facilities of the Social Security Institute provide medical services directly to patients. Benefits include general and specialist care, surgery, hospitalization, medicine, laboratory services, and dental care. A refund for the cost of medical care provided through medical facilities not part of the Social Security Institute is possible in case of emergency.</p>
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<h3>Dependents' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>Full medical care is provided for children of insured persons up to age 18 and beneficiaries of the orphan's pension.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>Social Security Institute (<a href="https://www.iess.gob.ec/">http://www.iess.gob.ec</a>), through its Directive Council, regulates and administers the program and operates its own clinics, dispensaries, and hospitals.</p>
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<h2>Work Injury</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1964.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current law:</span> 2001 (social security).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance system.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p>All persons who receive income for work.</p>
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<p>Voluntary coverage for persons without mandatory coverage.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Exclusions:</span> Ecuadorians residing abroad.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None; 0.55% of gross earnings for the voluntarily insured.</p>
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<p>The minimum earnings used to calculate contributions are $318.</p>
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<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> 0.55% of gross declared earnings.</p>
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<p>The minimum earnings used to calculate contributions are $318.</p>
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<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> 0.55% of payroll.</p>
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<p>The minimum earnings used to calculate contributions are $318.</p>
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<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> 40% of the cost of work injury pensions.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Work injury benefits:</span> There is no minimum qualifying period.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Occupational disease benefits:</span> Must have at least six months of contributions.</p>
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<h3>Temporary Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p>For the first 10 weeks, 75% of the insured's average earnings in the three months before the disability began is paid after a <span class="nobr">two-day</span> waiting period for up to 70 days; after 70 days, 66% until the end of the 12th month. If the disability lasts more than one year, 80% is paid for up to two additional years.</p>
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<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Permanent disability pension:</span> 80% of the insured's average earnings (100% if constant attendance is required) in the last year or in the previous five years (whichever is greater) is paid.</p>
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<p>Partial disability: A percentage of the full pension is paid according to the assessed degree of disability.</p>
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<p>Schedule of payments: 12 monthly payments plus two bonus payments a year.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted annually. Adjustments range from 4.31% to 16.16% and are inversely proportional to the amount of benefit.</p>
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<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>Benefits include medical and surgical care, hospitalization, appliances, and rehabilitation.</p>
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<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Spouse's pension:</span> 40% of the permanent disability pension the deceased received or was entitled to receive is paid to a widow, a dependent disabled widower, or partner who cohabitated with the deceased.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Orphan's pension:</span> 20% of the permanent disability pension the deceased received or was entitled to receive is paid to each dependent orphan younger than age 18 (no limit if disabled); 40% for a full orphan.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Other eligible survivors:</span> If there is no eligible spouse, partner, or child, 20% of the permanent disability pension the deceased received or was entitled to receive is paid to a dependent mother or a dependent, disabled father.</p>
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<p>The minimum monthly pension is $159.</p>
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<p>The maximum monthly pension is $1,431.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Funeral grant:</span> Up to $1,272 is paid.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>Social Security Institute (http://www.iess.gov.ec), through its Directive Council, regulates and administers the program.</p>
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<h2>Unemployment</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1951.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 2001 (social security).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Mandatory individual account.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p>All employed persons.</p>
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<p>Exclusions: <span class="nobr">Self-employed</span> persons.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> 2% of gross earnings.</p>
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<p>The minimum earnings used to calculate contributions are $318.</p>
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<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> Not applicable.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> 1% of gross payroll.</p>
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<p>The minimum earnings used to calculate contributions are $318.</p>
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<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> Provides subsidies in special cases; contributes as an employer.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p>Must have at least 24 months of contributions. The benefit is paid after two months of unemployment.</p>
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<h3>Unemployment Benefits</h3>
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<p>A lump sum of the accumulated capital plus accrued interest is paid to the insured person if unemployed or when the insured person begins to receive an <span class="nobr">old-age,</span> permanent disability or permanent work injury pension; if the insured person dies, the benefit is paid to a widow, a disabled widower, children younger than age 18, or, if there is no surviving spouse or child, certain other surviving relatives.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>Social Security Institute (http://www.iess.gov.ec) administers the program.</p>
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<h2>Family Allowances</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p>No statutory benefits are provided.</p>
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<p>Mothers in families assessed as needy with at least one child (younger than age 18) and <span class="nobr">low-income</span> families receive a monthly allowance under the Bono de Desarrollo Humano program.</p>
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