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<h1>Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Asia and the Pacific, 2010</h1>
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<h1>Kazakhstan</h1>
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<div class="exchangeRate">Exchange rate: <abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$1.00 = 147.50 tenge.</div>
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<h2>Old Age, Disability, and Survivors</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1991.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 1997 (pensions), implemented in 1997 and 1998; 1997 (social allowances), implemented in 1997; 2003 (compulsory social insurance), implemented in 2005; and 2007 (social security).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Mandatory individual accounts, social insurance, and social assistance system.</p>
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<p>Note: In 1998, the old social insurance system was replaced by mandatory individual accounts. Benefits continue to be paid for rights earned under the old system (solidarity system). In 2005, a new complementary social insurance program (disability and survivor benefits) was implemented.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Mandatory individual account:</span> All employed persons residing in Kazakhstan.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Solidarity pension:</span> All employed Kazakh citizens with at least 6 months of contributions before January 1, 1998.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social insurance:</span> Employed and self-employed persons, including foreign citizens and persons without citizenship who work and reside permanently in Kazakhstan.</p>
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<p>Exclusions: Employed pensioners.</p>
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<p>Special systems for government employees, teachers, professional athletes, specific categories of performing artists, truck drivers, machine operators, railway employees, and test pilots.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">State social benefit:</span> Pensioners with pension income less than a government-set minimum level and persons who are not entitled to contributory benefits.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<h4>Insured person</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Mandatory individual account:</span> 10% of monthly earnings.</p>
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<p>In addition, pension fund administrators charge an average of 15% of annual investment returns for administrative costs.</p>
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<p><span class="h5"><span class="nobr">Old-age</span> solidarity pension:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Social insurance:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">State social benefit:</span> None.</p>
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<h4>Self-employed person</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Mandatory individual account:</span> 10% of monthly income.</p>
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<p>Minimum earnings used to calculate contributions are 10% of the minimum wage.</p>
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<p>Maximum earnings used to calculate contributions are 10% of 70 times the minimum wage.</p>
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<p>The minimum wage is 14,952 tenge.</p>
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<p>In addition, pension fund administrators charge an average of 15% of annual investment returns for administrative costs.</p>
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<p><span class="h5"><span class="nobr">Old-age</span> solidarity pension:</span> 18% of monthly income.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Social insurance:</span> 5% of income monthly income.</p>
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<p>Minimum earnings used to calculate contributions are 5% of the minimum wage.</p>
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<p>The minimum wage is 14,952 tenge.</p>
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<p>The social insurance contributions finance disability, survivor, and unemployment benefits.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">State social benefit:</span> None.</p>
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<h4>Employer</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Mandatory individual account:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5"><span class="nobr">Old-age</span> solidarity pension:</span> 18% of monthly payroll.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Social insurance:</span> 5% of monthly payroll.</p>
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<p>The social insurance contributions finance disability, survivor, and unemployment benefits.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">State social benefit:</span> None.</p>
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<h4>Government</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Mandatory individual account:</span> The cost of the guaranteed minimum pension.</p>
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<p><span class="h5"><span class="nobr">Old-age</span> solidarity pension:</span> Subsidies as needed.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Social insurance:</span> None; contributes as an employer.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">State social benefit:</span> The total cost.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<h4><span class="nobr">Old-age</span> pension</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Mandatory individual account:</span> Age 63 (men) or age 58 (women) with at least 35 years of contributions. Age 50 (men) or age 45 (women) and lived in certain ecologically damaged zones for at least 10 years from 1949 to 1963. Age 53 for mothers living in rural areas with five or more children older than age 8.</p>
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<p>Age 55 (men and women) if the accumulated capital is sufficient to finance a benefit at least equal to the minimum pension. Also paid if unemployed, aged 55 or older, and with at least 35 years of contributions.</p>
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<p><span class="h5"><span class="nobr">Old-age</span> solidarity pension:</span> The insured had at least 6 months of contributions before January 1, 1998. Age 63 with at least 25 years of contributions (men) or age 58 with at least 20 years of contributions (women). Age 50 with at least 25 years of contributions (men) or age 45 with at least 20 years of contributions (women) and lived in certain ecologically damaged zones for at least 10 years from 1949 to 1963. Age 53 for mothers living in rural areas with five or more children older than age 8.</p>
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<p>Partial pension: Paid if the insured has insufficient years of covered employment for the full pension at the normal retirement age.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">State basic pension (<span class="nobr">old-age</span>):</span> Paid to supplement benefits from the mandatory individual account or the <span class="nobr">old-age</span> solidarity pension at the retirement age regardless of the insurance period and income.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social insurance (disability):</span> Paid to persons covered by social insurance and assessed with a loss of working capacity of at least 30%.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">State social benefit (disability):</span> Paid to persons assessed with a disability.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social insurance (survivors):</span> Paid to survivors on the death of the insured family breadwinner.</p>
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<p>Eligible survivors are dependents unable to work, including children younger than age 18 (age 23 if a <span class="nobr">full-time</span> student; no limit if disabled before age 18); a <span class="nobr">widow(er)</span> of retirement age, disabled, or taking care of children, brothers, or grandchildren younger than age 18; any relative taking care of children, brothers, or grandchildren younger than age 18.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">State social benefit (survivors):</span> Paid to survivors on the death of the family breadwinner.</p>
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<p>Eligible survivors are dependents who are not able to work, including children younger than age 18 (age 23 if a <span class="nobr">full-time</span> student; no limit if disabled before age 18); a <span class="nobr">widow(er)</span> of retirement age or disabled or taking care of children, brothers, or grandchildren younger than age 18; grandparents or any other relative taking care of children, brothers, or grandchildren younger than age 18.</p>
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<h3><span class="nobr">Old-Age</span> Benefits</h3>
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<h4><span class="nobr">Old-age</span> pension</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Mandatory individual account:</span> The benefit is based on the insured's contributions plus accrued interest and may be paid monthly, quarterly, or annually.</p>
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<p>If the value of the insured's contributions plus accrued interest is less than 100,000 tenge or less than 12 times the minimum pension, a lump sum is paid.</p>
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<p><span class="h5"><span class="nobr">Old-age</span> solidarity pension:</span> The monthly pension is 60% of earnings in the best 3 consecutive years after 1995, plus 1% of earnings for each year in excess of 25 years (men) or 20 years (women) of work, but not more than 75% of the earnings used for pension calculation.</p>
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<p>Partial pension: A percentage of the full pension is paid according to the number of years below the required number of years of coverage.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">State basic pension (<span class="nobr">old-age</span>):</span> 40% of the monthly minimum wage is paid.</p>
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<p>The monthly minimum wage is 14,952 tenge.</p>
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<p>The monthly minimum pension is 12,344 tenge.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: The benefit is set annually in the national budget.</p>
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<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">State social benefit (disability):</span> A <span class="nobr">flat-rate</span> monthly benefit is paid according to the assessed degree of disability and the prescribed category of disability.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social insurance (disability):</span> The amount of the monthly benefit is based on the difference between average monthly insured earnings in the last 24 months and 80% of the minimum wage, multiplied by the income replacement rate, the loss of working capacity rate, and the covered period rate.</p>
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<p>The minimum wage is 14,952 tenge.</p>
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<p>The income replacement rate is 0.6.</p>
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<p>The loss of working capacity rate is 0.7 for a loss of working capacity of 80% to 100%; 0.5 for a loss of 60% to 79%; 0.3 for a loss of 30% to 59%.</p>
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<p>The covered period rate is 0.1 with less than 6 months of coverage; 0.7 with 6 to 11 months; 0.75 with 12 to 23 months; 0.85 with 24 to 35 months; 0.9 with 36 to 47 months; 0.95 with 48 to 59 months; and 1.0 with 60 or more months.</p>
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<p>The disability pension ceases at the retirement age and is replaced by the <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
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<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">State social benefit (survivors):</span> A <span class="nobr">flat-rate</span> monthly benefit is paid according to family size and whether any family members have disabilities.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social insurance (survivors):</span> The amount of the monthly benefit is based on the difference between the insured's average monthly earnings in the last 24 months and 80% of the minimum wage, multiplied by the income replacement rate, the number of survivors rate, and the covered period rate.</p>
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<p>The minimum wage is 14,952 tenge.</p>
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<p>The income replacement rate is 0.6.</p>
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<p>The number of survivors rate is 0.4 for one dependent survivor; 0.5 for two; 0.6 for three; and 0.8 for four or more.</p>
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<p>The covered period rate is 0.1 with less than 6 months of coverage; 0.7 with 6 to 11 months; 0.75 with 12 to 23 months; 0.85 with 24 to 35 months; 0.9 with 36 to 47 months; 0.95 with 48 to 59 months; and 1.0 with 60 or more months.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Mandatory individual account:</span> Kazakhstan Agency for Financial Market and Financial Organizations supervises pension funds and insurance companies.</p>
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<p><span class="h4"><span class="nobr">Old-age</span> solidarity pension:</span> Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population provides general coordination and supervision. Regional departments administer the program.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social insurance:</span> Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population provides general coordination and supervision.</p>
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<p>State Fund of Social Insurance (http://www.gfss.kz) manages the program finances.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">State social benefit:</span> Regional departments of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population administer the program.</p>
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<h2>Sickness and Maternity</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First and current laws:</span> 1999 (employer-financed benefits); 2003 (compulsory social insurance), implemented in 2005; 2007 (labor code); and 2007 (social security), implemented in 2008.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Employer-liability (cash sickness), social insurance (maternity), and universal (medical care) system.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Cash benefits:</span> Employed citizens.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits:</span> All persons residing permanently in Kazakhstan.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<h4>Insured person</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> None.</p>
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<h4>Self-employed person</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> Not applicable.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> None.</p>
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<h4>Employer</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> The total cost of sickness benefits.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> None.</p>
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<h4>Government</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> The total cost of maternity benefits.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> The total cost.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Cash sickness and maternity benefits:</span> There is no minimum qualifying period.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits:</span> There is no minimum qualifying period.</p>
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<h3>Sickness and Maternity Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Sickness benefit:</span> The daily benefit is calculated based on average earnings, according to a schedule in law.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Periodic benefit adjustment according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Maternity benefit:</span> The benefit is based on the mother's average monthly earnings for the last twelve months, up to a maximum, and is paid for children younger than age 1.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
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<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>Medical services are provided directly to patients by government or private health providers. Benefits include general and specialist care, hospitalization, laboratory services, dental care, maternity care, and transportation.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Cash benefits:</span> Employers pay benefits directly to employees.</p>
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<p>Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population provides general coordination and supervision.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits:</span> Ministry of Health (http://www.dari.kz) and health departments of local governments provide general supervision and coordination.</p>
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<p>Medical services are provided by clinics, hospitals, and other facilities administered by the Ministry of Health and local health departments.</p>
|
|
<h2>Work Injury</h2>
|
|
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1955 (<span class="nobr">short-term</span> benefits).</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 1993 (work injury) and 2005 (employer-liability).</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Employer-liability and social assistance system.</p>
|
|
<h3>Coverage</h3>
|
|
<p>Employed persons.</p>
|
|
<p>Exclusions: Self-employed persons.</p>
|
|
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> Not applicable.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> The cost of certain benefit payments.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> The cost of disability and survivor benefits.</p>
|
|
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Work injury benefits:</span> There is no minimum qualifying period.</p>
|
|
<h3>Temporary Disability Benefits</h3>
|
|
<p>The monthly benefit is 100% of earnings and is paid from the first day of incapacity until recovery or award of a permanent disability pension.</p>
|
|
<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
|
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<p><span class="h4">State social benefit (permanent disability):</span> A <span class="nobr">flat-rate</span> monthly benefit is paid according to the assessed degree of disability and the prescribed category of disability.</p>
|
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4"><span class="nobr">Lump-sum</span> grant:</span> Depending on the nature of the disability and according to collective agreements, employers provide at least 5 times annual earnings for a Group <abbr title="one">I</abbr> disability (incapacity for any work) or Group <abbr title="two">II</abbr> disability (incapacity for usual work); twice annual earnings for a Group <abbr title="three">III</abbr> disability (capacity for work); or 100% of annual earnings for the permanent loss of working capacity but no disability group determined.</p>
|
|
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
|
|
<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
|
|
<p>The employer pays for all medical benefits, including appliances and rehabilitation.</p>
|
|
<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">State social benefit (survivors):</span> A <span class="nobr">flat-rate</span> monthly allowance according to family size and whether any family members have disabilities.</p>
|
|
<p>Paid on the death of the family breadwinner to dependents who are not able to work, including children younger than age 18 (age 23 if a <span class="nobr">full-time</span> student; no limit if disabled before age 18); a <span class="nobr">widow(er)</span> of retirement age, disabled, or taking care of children, brothers, or grandchildren younger than age 18; grandparents or any other relative taking care of children, brothers, or grandchildren younger than age 18.</p>
|
|
<p>Benefit adjustment: Periodic benefit adjustment according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Funeral benefit:</span> The employer pays the cost of the funeral if the death was the result of a work injury or an occupational disease.</p>
|
|
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Temporary disability benefits:</span> Employers pay benefits to employees.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Pensions:</span> Regional departments of Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population administer the program.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits:</span> Ministry of Health (http://www.dari.kz) and health departments of local governments provide general supervision and coordination.</p>
|
|
<p>Medical services are provided by clinics, hospitals, and other facilities administered by the Ministry of Health and local health departments.</p>
|
|
<p>Medical Insurance Fund finances approved medical treatments.</p>
|
|
<h2>Unemployment</h2>
|
|
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">First and current law:</span> 2003 (compulsory social insurance), implemented in 2005.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance system.</p>
|
|
<h3>Coverage</h3>
|
|
<p>Employed (excluding working pensioners) and self-employed persons, including foreign citizens and persons without citizenship who work and reside permanently in Kazakhstan.</p>
|
|
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> See source of funds under Old Age, Disability, and Survivors.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> See source of funds under Old Age, Disability, and Survivors.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> See source of funds under Old Age, Disability, and Survivors.</p>
|
|
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Unemployment benefit:</span> Must have at least 6 months of coverage.</p>
|
|
<h3>Unemployment Benefits</h3>
|
|
<p>The monthly benefit is based on average monthly insured earnings in the last 24 months multiplied by the income replacement rate and the covered period rate.</p>
|
|
<p>The income replacement rate is 0.3.</p>
|
|
<p>The covered period rate is 0.7 with 6 to 11 months of coverage; 0.75 with 12 to 23 months; 0.85 with 24 to 35 months; 0.9 with 36 to 47 months; 0.95 with 48 to 59 months; and 1.0 with 60 or more months.</p>
|
|
<p>The duration of the benefit depends on the period for which the insured was covered.</p>
|
|
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
|
|
<p>Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population provides general coordination and supervision.</p>
|
|
<p>State Fund of Social Insurance (http://www.gfss.kz) manages the program finances.</p>
|
|
<h2>Family Allowances</h2>
|
|
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">First and current law:</span> 2001 (social assistance), implemented in 2002.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social assistance system.</p>
|
|
<h3>Coverage</h3>
|
|
<p>Citizens, refugees, noncitizens, and stateless persons residing in Kazakhstan who satisfy a needs test and an income test; persons with disabilities; <span class="nobr">full-time</span> students and persons in training; persons aged 80 or older; and children younger than age 7.</p>
|
|
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> None.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> None.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> The total cost.</p>
|
|
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Family allowances:</span> Must reside in Kazakhstan and satisfy needs and income tests.</p>
|
|
<h3>Family Allowance Benefits</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Family allowance:</span> Cash benefits are based on individual or family income, subject to need and income tests. (Income from state social benefits is not included.)</p>
|
|
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
|
|
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
|
|
<p>Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population provides general coordination and supervision. Regional departments of labor and social protection administer the program.</p>
|
|
</div>
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</article>
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