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<h1>Social Security Programs Throughout the World: The Americas, 2005</h1>
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<h1>Dominican Republic</h1>
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<div class="exchangeRate">Exchange rate: US$1.00 equals 28.60 pesos.</div>
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<h2>Old Age, Disability, and Survivors</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1947.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 2001 (social security), implemented in 2003; and 2002 (pensions regulation).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Mandatory individual account and social assistance system.</p>
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<p>Note: The 2001 law created a three-part system that will be implemented in stages. A system of individual accounts for public- and private-sector workers began in June 2003. The scheduled introduction in August 2004 of a social assistance program for those with very low income has been delayed. Subsidized individual accounts for the self-employed are scheduled to begin in August 2006. The old social insurance system, which covers current pensioners and public-sector employees who opt not to join the new system, is being phased out.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Mandatory individual account:</span> All public- and private-sector workers, employers, and Dominican citizens living abroad. During the transition, mandatory coverage for all private-sector workers younger than age 45 in 2003 and voluntary coverage for workers aged 45 or older in 2003 and current public-sector employees.</p>
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<p>Exclusions: The self-employed.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Mandatory individual account (subsidized):</span> Self-employed persons with income above the minimum wage.</p>
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<p>Exclusions: Self-employed persons with income below the minimum wage.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social assistance:</span> Severely disabled, indigent, unemployed, or self-employed persons with income below the minimum wage.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<h4>Mandatory individual account</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Insured person:</span> 2.28% of gross earnings (to be raised gradually to 2.88% of gross earnings by 2008), plus a fixed 1% of gross earnings for disability and survivor insurance and up to a maximum of 0.6% of gross earnings for administrative fees.</p>
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<p>The minimum earnings for contribution purposes are equal to the minimum wage.</p>
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<p>The maximum earnings for contribution purposes are equal to 20 times the minimum wage.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Self-employed person:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Employer:</span> 5.72% of payroll; includes 0.4% of payroll to finance minimum pensions (Social Solidarity Fund). (To be raised gradually to 7.12% of payroll by 2008.)</p>
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<p>The minimum earnings for contribution purposes are equal to the minimum wage.</p>
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<p>The maximum earnings for contribution purposes are equal to 20 times the minimum wage.</p>
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<p>Contributions include administrative fees for the pension fund and management companies (<abbr>AFP</abbr>s) and the operating costs of the Superintendent of Pensions, the supervisory organization.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Government:</span> Finances the subsidized mandatory individual account and guarantees the minimum pension.</p>
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<p>Contributions include administrative fees for the pension fund and management companies (<abbr>AFP</abbr>s) and the operating costs of the Superintendent of Pensions, the supervisory organization.</p>
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<h4>Social assistance</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Self-employed person:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Employer:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Government:</span> Total cost.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension (mandatory individual account):</span> Age 60 with at least 30 years of contributions; age 55 if the individual account balance is sufficient to finance a pension equal to the minimum pension.</p>
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<p>Pensioners are not required to cease gainful activity.</p>
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<p>Early pension: Aged 57 or older, unemployed, and with at least 300 months of contributions; with less than 300 months, the insured can receive a pension based on the accumulated funds or continue contributing until reaching 300 months.</p>
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<p>The pension is not payable abroad.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension (subsidized mandatory individual account):</span> Age 65 with at least 25 years of contributions.</p>
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<p>The pension is not payable abroad.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social assistance old-age pension (income-tested):</span> Age 60 and indigent.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability pension (mandatory individual account):</span> The insured has a chronic illness or injury (nonwork- or work-related) and has exhausted entitlement to sickness benefits or work injury benefits. A total disability is defined as a loss of at least 2/3 of earning capacity; partial disability, between 1/2 and 2/3 loss of earning capacity.</p>
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<p>The insured's degree of disability is assessed by a regional medical committee. The national medical committee may revise, validate, or reject the decision of a regional medical committee.</p>
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<p>The pension is not payable abroad.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social assistance disability pension (income-tested):</span> Payable at any age if severely disabled and indigent.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension (mandatory individual account):</span> The deceased was insured or a pensioner at the time of death.</p>
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<p>Eligible survivors are a <span class="nobr">widow(er)</span> or partner and unmarried children younger than age 18 (up to age 21 if a full-time student, no limit if disabled).</p>
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<p>The pension is not payable abroad.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social assistance survivor pension (income-tested):</span> Payable to indigent survivors.</p>
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<p>Eligible survivors are a widow(er) or partner and unmarried children younger than age 18 (age 21 if a full-time student, no limit if disabled).</p>
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<h3>Old-Age Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension (mandatory individual account):</span> The pension is based on the value of the accumulated capital plus accrued interest. The accumulated capital can be used to purchase a price-indexed annuity or to make programmed withdrawals. (The value of accrued rights under the old system is combined with the individual account balance.)</p>
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<p>Early pension: The minimum old-age pension is paid until age 60. The maximum early pension is equal to the insured's final salary.</p>
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<p>The minimum old-age pension is equal to the lowest legal minimum wage.</p>
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<p>There is no maximum old-age pension.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Pensions are adjusted according to changes in the minimum public-sector wage.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension (subsidized mandatory individual account):</span> The pension is based on the value of the accumulated capital plus accrued interest. The accumulated capital can be used to purchase a price-indexed annuity or to make programmed withdrawals.</p>
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<p>The minimum old-age pension (subsidized) is equal to 70% of the private-sector minimum wage.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Pensions are adjusted according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social assistance old-age pension:</span> The pension is equal to 60% of the minimum public-sector wage (plus a Christmas bonus).</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Pensions are adjusted according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
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<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability pension (mandatory individual account):</span> For a total disability, the pension is equal to 60% of the insured's indexed average earnings in the 3 years immediately before the onset of disability. The disability pension ceases at the normal pensionable age and the old-age pension is payable. (Disability insurance tops up the accumulated capital in the individual account if the balance is less than the required minimum to finance the permanent disability pension.)</p>
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<p>Partial disability: The pension is equal to 30% of the insured's indexed average earnings in the 3 years immediately before the onset of disability.</p>
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<p>There is no minimum disability pension.</p>
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<p>There is no maximum disability pension.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Pensions are adjusted according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social assistance disability pension:</span> The pension is equal to 60% of the minimum public-sector wage (plus a Christmas bonus).</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Pensions are adjusted according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
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<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension (mandatory individual account):</span> The pension is equal to 60% of the deceased's indexed average earnings in the previous 3 years. (Life insurance tops up the accumulated capital in the deceased's individual account if the balance is less than the required minimum to finance the survivor pension.)</p>
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<p>A spouse older than age 50 receives the pension for life; a spouse between ages 50 and 55 receives a pension for 6 years only (5 years if younger than age 50).</p>
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<p>If there are orphans younger than age 18 (up to age 21 if a full-time student, no limit if disabled), the pension is split between the spouse and the orphans.</p>
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<p>There is no minimum survivor pension.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Pensions are adjusted according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social assistance survivor pension:</span> The pension is equal to 60% of the minimum public-sector wage (plus a Christmas bonus).</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Pensions are adjusted according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>National Social Security Board (<abbr class="spell">CNSS</abbr>) (http://www.cnss.gov.do) provides overall governance of the social security system.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Mandatory individual account:</span> Superintendent of Pensions (<abbr>SIPEN</abbr>) (http://www.sipen.gov.do) provides general supervision.</p>
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<p>Individual pension fund management companies (<abbr>AFP</abbr>s) administer the individual accounts.</p>
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<p>Authorized insurance companies sell annuity products.</p>
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<h2>Sickness and Maternity</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1947.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 1948 (social insurance), implemented in 1949, with 1966 and 1988 amendments; and 2001 (social security), implemented in 2003.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance system. Cash and universal medical benefits.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Cash and medical benefits (nonsubsidized):</span> Employed persons and their spouses or partners, the insured's children up to age 21 if a full-time student (no limit if disabled), and pensioners.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Cash and medical benefits (subsidized):</span> Pensioners receiving subsidized benefits and the self-employed and home workers and their dependents.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> 2.7% of gross earnings (2003). (To be raised gradually to 3% of gross earnings by 2008.)</p>
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<p>There are no minimum earnings for contribution purposes.</p>
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<p>The maximum earnings for contribution purposes are equal to 10 times the minimum wage.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> Part of the cost for the subsidized program.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> 6.3% of payroll (2003). (To be raised gradually to 7% of payroll by 2008.)</p>
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<p>There are no minimum earnings for contribution purposes.</p>
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<p>The maximum earnings for contribution purposes are equal to 10 times the minimum wage.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> Total cost of social assistance and part of the cost for the subsidized program and the pediatric health care program.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Cash sickness benefits (nonsubsidized):</span> Must have 12 months of contributions or be a pensioner.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Cash maternity benefits (nonsubsidized):</span> Must have 8 months of contributions in the 12 months before childbirth or have been without paid work in the 12 months before childbirth.</p>
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<h4>Medical benefits</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Basic health plan:</span> Universal coverage.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Pediatric health care:</span> Universal coverage.</p>
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<h3>Sickness and Maternity Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Sickness benefit (nonsubsidized):</span> The benefit is equal to 60% of earnings in the last 6 months (40% if hospitalized) and is payable after a 3-day waiting period, for up to 26 weeks.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Maternity benefit (nonsubsidized):</span> The total benefit is equal to 3 months' insured earnings and is payable for 6 weeks before and 6 weeks after the expected date of childbirth.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Nursing allowance:</span> If the insured's salary is less than three times the minimum national wage, an allowance is paid for up to 12 months after the child's birth.</p>
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<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>Benefits under the basic health plan include preventive, inpatient and outpatient, pediatric, and specialist care; medicines; and prosthesis for disabled persons, according to the schedule in law.</p>
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<p>Cost sharing: The insured is reimbursed for 70% of the cost of some medicines.</p>
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<p>Social assistance beneficiaries receive basic medicines free of charge.</p>
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<h3>Dependents' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>Benefits under the basic health plan include preventive, inpatient and outpatient, pediatric, and specialist care; medicines; dental treatment for children; and prosthesis for disabled persons, according to the schedule in law.</p>
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<p>Pediatric health care: Provided from the 45th day after birth until age 5. Benefits include nutrition, pediatric care, and child development programs.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>National Health Insurance (http://www.senasa.gov.do) and Health Risk Management Companies administer the basic health plan.</p>
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<p>Health Risk Management Companies may be private, public, or mixed entities.</p>
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<p>Superintendent of Health and Labor Risks (http://www.sisalril.gov.do) supervises the National Health Insurance and Health Risk Management Companies.</p>
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<p>Superintendent of Health and Labor Risks supervises the pediatric health care program.</p>
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<p>Social Insurance Institute (<abbr>IDSS</abbr>) (http://www.idss.org.do) administers pediatric health care.</p>
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<h2>Work Injury</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1932.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current law:</span> 2001 (social security).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance system.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p>All insured workers.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> Not applicable.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> Total cost, met through contributions that vary according to the assessed degree of risk. The average contribution is 1.2% of payroll.</p>
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<p>There are no minimum earnings for contribution purposes.</p>
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<p>The maximum earnings for contribution purposes are equal to 10 times the minimum average national wage.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> None.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Work injury benefits:</span> There is no minimum qualifying period.</p>
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<h3>Temporary Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p>The labor law requires that cash benefits are provided for temporary disability.</p>
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<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Permanent disability pension:</span> Benefits are provided according to four degrees of assessed disability.</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Severe total disability (totally disabled and in need of constant attendance),</li>
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<li>Permanent total disability (unable to perform any occupation),</li>
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<li>Permanent total disability for usual occupation (unable to perform usual occupation), and</li>
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<li>Permanent partial disability for current occupation (the loss of at least 50% of earning capacity).</li>
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</ul>
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<p>All benefits are calculated using the base salary. The base salary is equal to the insured's average covered earnings in the 6 months before the onset of injury or occupational disease. For insured workers with less than 6 months of covered earnings, the base salary is 50% of total covered earnings.</p>
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<p>For a severe total disability, a monthly pension is paid equal to 100% of the base salary. For an assessed degree of disability of at least 67%, a monthly pension is paid equal to 70% of the base salary. For an assessed degree of disability of more than 50% and up to 67%, a monthly pension is paid equal to 50% of the base salary. For an assessed degree of disability of more than 15% and up to 50%, a lump sum is paid equal to between 5 and 10 times the base salary.</p>
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<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>Medical benefits are the same as provided under the basic health plan. Benefits include general, specialist, and surgical care; hospitalization; medicines; and prostheses.</p>
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<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension:</span> 50% of the deceased's pension is payable to a <span class="nobr">widow(er)</span> aged 45 or older or disabled.</p>
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<p>The pension ceases on remarriage, and a lump sum equal to 2 years' pension is paid.</p>
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<p>A <span class="nobr">widow(er)</span> younger than age 45 receives a lump sum equal to 2 years' pension.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Orphan's pension:</span> 20% of the deceased's pension is payable to each orphan younger than age 18 (age 21 if a full-time student, no limit if disabled).</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>Superintendent of Health and Labor Risks (http://www.sisalril.gov.do) supervises, monitors, and controls the program.</p>
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<h2>Family Allowances</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p>Benefits are payable to unemployed single mothers with unmarried children younger than age 18 (age 21 if a full-time student, no limit if disabled) who are without sufficient resources to meet basic needs. (The social assistance benefits are provided under the Old Age, Disability, and Survivors program, above).</p>
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