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<h1>Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Asia and the Pacific, 2002</h1>
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<div class="innards">
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<h1>New Zealand</h1>
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<div class="exchangeRate">Exchange rate: U.S.$1.00 equals 2.08 New Zealand dollars (NZ$).</div>
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<h2>Old Age, Disability, and Survivors</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First laws:</span> 1898 (old-age pension), 1911 (widow's pension), 1924 (blind person's pension), and 1936 (disability pension).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current law:</span> 2001 (superannuation).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Dual universal and social assistance system.</p>
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<p>Note: Amounts reflect benefit rates as of April 1, 2002. All net benefits reflect the primary tax rate applied.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p>All residents.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> Total cost is financed from general revenues.</p>
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<p>General revenues also finance sickness, maternity, and unemployment benefits and family allowances.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension (superannuation):</span> Age 65 with 10 years' residence after age 20 (including 5 years since age 50); no income or retirement test (except for a married pensioner with an unqualified spouse).</p>
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<p>A reciprocity agreement is required for the full payment of the pension if going abroad for a period longer than a temporary absence. There is partial portability (up to 50%) in other instances.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability pension (invalid's benefit):</span> Permanent and severe restriction in capacity for work, or total blindness and at least 10 years' residence. The benefit is income-tested. If totally blind, personal earnings are exempt. The insured must be over age 16.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension:</span> A widow of a specified category or an orphan. The survivor must be ordinarily resident. The pension is income-tested.</p>
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<h3>Old-Age Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension (superannuation):</span> NZ$288.31 (gross) or NZ$238.80 (net) a week for a single person living alone; NZ$264.90 (gross) or NZ$220.43 (net) if sharing accommodation; NZ$437.00 (gross) or NZ$367.38 (net) a week for an aged married couple.</p>
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<p>The pension is not income-tested.</p>
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<p>A married pensioner with an unqualified spouse may receive half the married rate (NZ$218.50 gross or NZ$183.69 net) with no income test or the full married rate (NZ$415.28 gross or NZ$350.28 net) with an income test.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Annual review of income-tested benefits.</p>
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<p>Other assistance is available (some needs-tested), such as an accommodation supplement, a disability allowance, and special needs grants.</p>
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<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability pension (invalid's benefit):</span> Up to NZ$196.70 (net) a week for a single person or NZ$327.84 (net) a week for a couple.</p>
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<p>Youth rate: If aged 16 or 17, NZ$159.18.</p>
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<p>Income test: The benefit is reduced for income exceeding NZ$4,160 a year. The personal earnings of totally blind persons are exempt.</p>
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<p>Dependent supplement: Additional payments are provided for dependent children.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Annual review of benefits.</p>
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<p>Other assistance available (some needs-tested) includes an accommodation supplement, advances for maintenance and repairs to the home, a training incentive allowance, a transition-to-work allowance, a disability allowance, and special needs grants.</p>
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<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
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<h4>Survivor pension</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Widow's pension:</span> Up to NZ$163.92 (net) a week. The pension is reduced for income exceeding NZ$4,160 a year and is subject to taxation.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Orphan's pension:</span> Up to NZ$109.26 (net) a week for each full orphan under age 18 (not taxable). The pension is not income-tested.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Annual review of benefits.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Funeral grant:</span> Up to NZ$1,203.52 for funeral costs (income-tested).</p>
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<p>Other assistance available (some needs-tested) includes an accommodation supplement, advances for maintenance and repairs to the home, a training incentive allowance, a transition-to-work allowance, a disability allowance, and special needs grants.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>Ministry of Social Development (Work and Income) administers pensions through its local offices.</p>
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<h2>Sickness and Maternity</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1938.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current law:</span> 1964.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Dual universal and social assistance system.</p>
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<p>Note: Amounts reflect benefit rates as of April 1, 2002.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Cash sickness benefits:</span> Temporarily incapacitated for full-time work.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Maternity benefits:</span> Single women.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits:</span> All residents.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> Total cost is financed from general revenues.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Cash sickness and maternity benefits:</span> Aged 18 or older (age 16 if married with a dependent child) with 24 months of continuous residence and ordinarily resident. Benefits are income-tested.</p>
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<p>For persons with less than 24 months of residence, an income- and asset-tested benefit is possible in cases of hardship.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits:</span> Resident or a stated intent to remain in the country for 2 years; no income test.</p>
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<h3>Sickness and Maternity Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Sickness benefit:</span> Up to NZ$157.37 a week if age 25, single, and with no children (NZ$131.13 if between ages 20 and 24 or if aged 18 or 19 and living away from home; NZ$104.91 if aged 18 or 19 and living with a parent).</p>
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<p>Up to NZ$225.40 for a single beneficiary with one child; NZ$245.91 if single with two or more children. Up to NZ$262.26 for a married couple without children; NZ$278.70 for a married couple with one or more children.</p>
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<p>The benefit is payable after a waiting period of between 1 and 10 weeks, determined by previous income and family circumstances.</p>
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<p>All benefits are weekly rates, net of tax.</p>
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<p>Income test: The benefit is reduced for income exceeding NZ$80 a week.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Maternity benefit:</span> The benefit is normally payable to a single pregnant woman at the sickness benefit rate after the 27th week of pregnancy. Payment can continue for up to 13 weeks after childbirth. The benefit is income-tested.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Paid parental leave:</span> The paid leave is payable to one parent or shared between both parents. The paid leave replaces 100% of previous earnings, up to NZ$325 gross a week. The recipient must have been employed by the same employer for more than 12 months and have worked a minimum of 10 hours a week.</p>
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<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>Subsidies for those using health care. Free services include inpatient care in public hospitals, general practitioner care for children up to age 6, maternity services, and most laboratory services. Costs for care in a private hospital are not subsidized. Approved prescribed medicines are subsidized at various levels, depending on income.</p>
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<p>Families with low income have access to a Community Services Card (CSC) that reduces their prescription charges from a maximum of NZ$15 per item to NZ$3 per item. If a family has paid for 20 items in a year, the charge falls to zero for CSC holders and NZ$2 per item for non-CSC holders.</p>
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<h3>Dependents' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>Same as for the family head, with special subsidies for low-income families or those who need intensive medical care.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>Ministry of Social Development (Work and Income) administers cash benefits through its branch and district offices.</p>
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<p>Ministry of Social Development (Community Services Card Service Center) administers Community Services Cards.</p>
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<p>Ministry of Health (HealthPac) administers medical benefits.</p>
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<h2>Work Injury</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1908.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current law:</span> 2001 (injury, prevention, rehabilitation, and compensation), implemented in 2002.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Dual universal and compulsory insurance (with a public carrier) system. Employers may self-manage claims.</p>
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<p>Note: Benefit amounts reflect rates as of July 1, 2002.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p>All injured persons, including children and nonworking adults, visitors to New Zealand, and New Zealanders traveling abroad.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<h4>Insured person</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Work injury:</span> None; insurance premiums are paid by the self-employed.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Nonwork injury:</span> Insurance premiums for non-work-related injuries.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> Insurance premiums for employee work injuries.</p>
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<h4>Government</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Work injury:</span> Special earmarked taxes, including gas and motor vehicle licensing fees.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Nonwork injury:</span> General revenues to fund the program for nonearners.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Work injury benefits:</span> There is no minimum qualifying period.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Non-work-related injury benefits:</span> The insured must be incapacitated for one week.</p>
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<h3>Temporary Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p>80% of gross earnings (subject to taxation) until able to return to work.</p>
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<p>The minimum benefit for totally disabled full-time earners is NZ$256.00 a week if aged 18 or older; NZ$204.80 if under age 18.</p>
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<p>The maximum benefit is NZ$1,365.05 a week.</p>
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<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Permanent disability pension:</span> A lump sum if 10% or more impaired. The lump-sum compensation ranges from NZ$2,500 to NZ$100,000.</p>
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<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>A minimum payment for medical care and physical rehabilitation as specified in legislation. In some cases, the minimum payment may be the full cost. The cost of benefits that are not specified is paid in full. The full cost of elective surgery is paid if the medical care is provided by a public hospital or a designated medical provider.</p>
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<p>Social rehabilitation is provided without limit and includes attendant care, household help, child care, aids and appliances, modification of motor vehicles or residential premises, and travel-related costs.</p>
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<p>Vocational rehabilitation is provided for up to 3 years to those entitled to compensation for loss of earnings and potential earnings or to those who could be entitled if they did not receive vocational rehabilitation.</p>
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<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension:</span> All survivor pensions are calculated on the basis of 80% of the insured's weekly compensation.</p>
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<p><span class="h5"><span class="nobr">Widow(er)'s</span> pension:</span> 60% of the amount.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Orphan's pension:</span> 30% of the amount for each child under age 18; 40% if a full orphan.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Other dependents:</span> 20% of the amount.</p>
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<p>Survivor's grant: NZ$4,824.59 to a spouse; NZ$2,412.30 to each child under age 18 or other dependent.</p>
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<p>Child care: NZ$102.59 a week for one child; a total of NZ$143.63 a week for three or more children.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Funeral grant:</span> A grant of up to NZ$4,500 is payable to the deceased's personal representative.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>Department of Labor provides direct supervision and enforces the law.</p>
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<h2>Unemployment</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1930.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current law:</span> 1964.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Unemployment assistance system.</p>
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<p>Note: Amounts reflect benefit rates as of April 1, 2002.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p>All persons under the qualifying age for superannuation who are unemployed and actively seeking employment.</p>
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<p>Independent youth benefit is paid to single persons aged 16 and 17 who are not living with their parents and who cannot be supported by their parents.</p>
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<p>Exclusions: Pensioners, full-time students, and striking workers.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> Total cost is financed from general revenues.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Unemployment benefit:</span> Aged 18 or older (age 16 if married with a dependent child) with 24 months of residence. The benefit is income-tested. If resident for less than 24 months, an income- and asset-tested benefit is possible in cases of hardship. The person must be registered at a labor office and actively seeking work.</p>
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<p>Unemployment is not due to voluntarily leaving employment, misconduct, dismissal for involvement in an industrial dispute, or the refusal of a suitable job offer. The benefit may be withheld for up to 13 weeks in cases of voluntary unemployment or the failure to meet employment-related obligations.</p>
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<h3>Unemployment Benefits</h3>
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<p>Up to NZ$157.37 a week if age 25, single, and with no children (NZ$131.13 if between ages 20 and 24 or if aged 18 or 19 and living away from home; NZ$104.91 if aged 18 or 19 and living with a parent).</p>
|
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<p>Up to NZ$225.40 for a single beneficiary with one child; NZ$245.91 if single with two or more children. Up to NZ$262.26 for a married couple without children; NZ$278.70 for a married couple with one or more children.</p>
|
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<p>All benefits are weekly rates, net of tax.</p>
|
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<p>Income test: The benefit is reduced for income exceeding NZ$80 a week.</p>
|
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<p>The benefit is payable after a waiting period of between 1 and 10 weeks, determined by previous income and family circumstances.</p>
|
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Annual review of benefits.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>Ministry of Social Development (Work and Income) administers benefits through its branch and district offices.</p>
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<h2>Family Allowances</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1926.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 1973 (domestic purposes benefits), 1978 (disabled child's allowance), and 1999 (family support, child tax credit, family tax credit, and parental tax credit).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Dual universal and social assistance system.</p>
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<p>Note: Amounts reflect benefit rates as of April 1, 2002.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Domestic purposes benefit:</span> Single parents caring for dependent child under age 18, or person caring for someone (other than spouse or own child) who would otherwise be hospitalized.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Child disability allowance:</span> Persons caring for physically or mentally disabled children at home.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Family support:</span> Low-income working and nonworking families with dependent children.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Child tax credit:</span> Low-income working families with dependent children.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Family tax credit:</span> Low-income nonbeneficiary working families with dependent children.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Parental tax credit:</span> Low-income working families.</p>
|
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> Total cost is financed from general revenues.</p>
|
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
|
|
<h4>Family allowances</h4>
|
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<p><span class="h5">Domestic purpose benefit:</span> The benefit is payable to unsupported single parents aged 18 or older who have resided in New Zealand during the last 10 years; no residence requirement if the child is born in New Zealand.</p>
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<p>Child disability allowance: The allowance is payable if the child was born in New Zealand or has resided there during the last 12 months, or if there is a stated intent to reside in the country permanently. The allowance is paid to a parent or guardian of a seriously disabled child living at home.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Family support:</span> Payable to families with low or moderate income.</p>
|
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<h3>Family Allowance Benefits</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Domestic purpose benefit and emergency maintenance allowance:</span> NZ$225.40 a week if a single parent with one child; NZ$245.91 if single with two or more children. The benefit is payable after a waiting period of between 1 and 10 weeks, determined by previous income and family circumstances.</p>
|
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<p>Income test: The benefit is reduced for income exceeding NZ$80 a week; it may be reduced, suspended, or canceled if the recipient fails to meet employment-related obligations.</p>
|
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<p><span class="h4">Child disability allowance:</span> NZ$34.80 a week; no income test.</p>
|
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<p><span class="h4">Family support:</span> Up to NZ$47 a week for the first child; NZ$40 for subsequent child over age 12; NZ$32 for subsequent children between ages 0 and 12; and NZ$60 for all children aged 16 to 18.</p>
|
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<p>Income test: The benefit is reduced for income exceeding NZ$20,000 (gross) a year and reduced at a higher rate for income over NZ$27,000 (gross) a year.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Child tax credit:</span> Up to NZ$15 per child a week.</p>
|
|
<p>Income test: The benefit is reduced for income exceeding NZ$20,000 (gross) a year and reduced at a higher rate for income over NZ$27,000 (gross) a year.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Family tax credit:</span> A guaranteed net income for working families of NZ$290 a week (NZ$15,080 a year).</p>
|
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<p><span class="h4">Parental tax credit:</span> The credit is paid to working families for the first 8 weeks after the birth or adoption of a child.</p>
|
|
<p>The minimum parental tax credit is NZ$150 a week.</p>
|
|
<p>The maximum parental tax credit is NZ$1,200 a week.</p>
|
|
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
|
|
<p>Ministry of Social Development (Work and Income) administers allowances through its branch and district offices.</p>
|
|
<p>Department of Inland Revenue administers family support, child tax credit, family tax credit, and parental tax credit for families with annual income over NZ$20,000.</p>
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