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<h1>Social Security Programs Throughout the World: The Americas, 2003</h1>
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<h1>Brazil</h1>
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<div class="exchangeRate">Exchange rate: U.S.$1.00 equals 2.96 reais.</div>
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<h2>Old Age, Disability, and Survivors</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First laws:</span> 1923 (railroads), 1934 (commerce), and 1936 (industry).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 1991 and 1999.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Dual social insurance and social assistance system.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Social insurance:</span> Employed persons in industry, commerce, and agriculture; domestic servants; some categories of casual worker; and the self-employed.</p>
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<p>Voluntary insurance is possible for students, housewives, the unemployed, and other categories.</p>
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<p>Special systems for public-sector employees and military personnel.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social assistance:</span> Needy elderly or disabled persons. Separate schemes for rural and urban citizens.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<h4>Social insurance</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Insured person:</span> 7.65%, 8.65%, 9%, or 11% of earnings according to four earnings categories, up to a maximum. The self-employed contribute 20% of earnings, up to a maximum.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Employer:</span> 20% of payroll.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Government:</span> Earmarked taxes are used to finance administrative costs and defray deficits.</p>
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<p>The minimum earnings for contribution purposes are equal to the minimum monthly wage (240 reais in June 2003).</p>
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<p>The maximum earnings for contribution purposes are 7.79 times the minimum salary for each earnings category.</p>
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<p>All of the above contributions also finance sickness and maternity benefits and family allowances.</p>
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<h4>Social assistance</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Employer:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Government:</span> Total cost, including revenue from earmarked taxes.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<h4>Old-age pension</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Age pension (social insurance):</span> Age 65 (men) or age 60 (women) for employees and the urban self-employed; age 60 (men) or age 55 (women) for the rural self-employed.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Contributory pension (social insurance):</span> At least 35 years of contributions (men) or 30 years of contributions (women). For arduous employment, the coverage period is between 15 years and 25 years with at least 180 months of contributions.</p>
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<p>Insured persons who entered the system up until 1988 are subject to transition rules.</p>
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<p>The pension is payable abroad if there is a reciprocal agreement.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age assistance (means-tested):</span> Age 67 (age 65 beginning in 2004) with family earnings less than 25% of the minimum wage for each person.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability pension (social insurance):</span> Twelve months of contributions and permanent incapacity for work. The contribution period is waived if the disability results from an accident or a disease specified by law.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability assistance (means-tested):</span> Assessed as disabled with family earnings less than 25% of the minimum wage for each person.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension (social insurance):</span> The insured was a pensioner or had paid contributions in the 12 months before death.</p>
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<h3>Old-Age Benefits</h3>
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<h4>Old-age pension</h4>
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<p><span class="h5">Age pension (social insurance):</span> 70% of average indexed earnings, plus 1% of average earnings for each year of contributions.</p>
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<p>The maximum pension is 100% of average income.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Contributory pension (social insurance):</span> Average earnings with between 30 years and 35 years of contributions.</p>
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<p>The minimum pension is 100% of the minimum wage (240 reais in June 2003).</p>
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<p>The maximum pension is 1,869.34 reais (June 2003).</p>
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<p>Schedule of payments: Thirteen payments a year.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Age and contributory pensions are adjusted annually according to changes in retail prices.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age assistance (means-tested):</span> The average allowance is equal to the minimum wage.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Pensions are indexed to changes in the minimum salary for the following month.</p>
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<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability pension (social insurance):</span> 100% of indexed earnings in the last 36 months before the onset of disability.</p>
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<p>The minimum benefit is 100% of the minimum wage (240 reais in June 2003).</p>
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<p>Constant-attendance allowance: 25% of the disability pension.</p>
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<p>Schedule of payments: Thirteen payments a year.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted annually according to changes in retail prices.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability assistance (means-tested):</span> The average pension is equal to the minimum wage.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Pensions are indexed to changes in the minimum salary for the following month.</p>
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<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension (social insurance):</span> 100% of the pension paid or payable to the insured or 100% of average indexed earnings during the 36 months prior to the insured's death, regardless of the number of eligible survivors. The pension is divided equally among eligible survivors.</p>
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<p>Eligible survivors (in order of priority): <span class="nobr">Widow(er)</span>, companion, children under age 21 or disabled, stepchildren and dependent minors, parents, and unmarried brothers and sisters under age 21 or disabled.</p>
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<p>The minimum pension is 100% of the minimum wage (240 reais in June 2003).</p>
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<p>The maximum pension is 1,869.34 reais (June 2003).</p>
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<p>Schedule of payments: Thirteen payments a year.</p>
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<p>Benefit adjustment: Pensions are adjusted annually according to changes in retail prices.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>Ministry of Social Insurance provides general supervision.</p>
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<p>National Social Security Institute administers benefits.</p>
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<h2>Sickness and Maternity</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First laws:</span> 1923 (railroads), 1934 (commerce), and 1936 (industry).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 1990 (medical benefits), 1991 (sickness and medical benefits), and 1991 and 1999 (maternity benefits).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance (cash benefits) and basic universal system (medical benefits).</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p>Employed persons in industry, commerce, and agriculture; domestic servants; the self-employed; and certain categories of casual worker.</p>
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<p>Voluntary coverage is possible for students, housewives, the unemployed, and other groups.</p>
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<p>Special systems for public-sector employees.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> See source of funds under Old Age, Disability, and Survivors, above.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> See source of funds under Old Age, Disability, and Survivors, above.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> The cost of medical benefits.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p>The insured contributed during the last 12 months. There is no minimum qualifying period for cash maternity benefits.</p>
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<h3>Sickness and Maternity Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Sickness benefit:</span> 91% of average earnings. The benefit is payable after a <span class="nobr">15-day</span> waiting period (during which the employer is required to pay 100% of the wage).</p>
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<p>Schedule of payments: Thirteen payments a year if the insured is entitled to a sickness benefit for more than 15 days.</p>
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<p>The minimum benefit is 100% of the minimum wage (240 reais in June 2003).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Maternity benefit:</span> 100% of the wage for 120 days, payable 28 days before and 91 days after the expected date of childbirth; benefit is paid for 2 weeks in the case of a miscarriage.</p>
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<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>Medical services are provided directly to patients in rural and urban areas. Benefits include general, specialist, maternity, and dental care; hospitalization; medicines (some cost sharing is required); and necessary transportation. There is no limit to duration.</p>
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<h3>Dependents' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>Medical services are provided directly to patients in rural and urban areas. Benefits include general, specialist, maternity, and dental care; hospitalization; medicines (some cost sharing is required); and necessary transportation. There is no limit to duration.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>Ministry of Health provides general supervision of the Unified System of Health.</p>
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<p>Unified System of Health administers medical benefits.</p>
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<p>Ministry of Social Insurance provides general supervision of the National Social Security Institute.</p>
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<p>National Social Security Institute administers cash benefits.</p>
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<h2>Work Injury</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First laws:</span> 1919, 1944, and 1967.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current law:</span> 1991.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance system.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p>Employed persons.</p>
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<p>Special systems for public-sector employees and the military.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> Total cost, met through premiums of 1% to 3% of payroll according to the assessed degree of risk.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> None.</p>
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<p>The maximum earnings for contribution purposes is the sum of all earnings of all employees for each particular employer.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Work injury benefits:</span> There is no minimum qualifying period.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Permanent disability:</span> Total loss of capacity to work.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Accident benefit (partial disability):</span> Incapable of usual work but capable of doing some other kinds of work.</p>
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<h3>Temporary Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p>91% of average earnings. The benefit is payable after a <span class="nobr">15-day</span> waiting period (during which the labor law requires the employer to pay 100% of the wage).</p>
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<p>Schedule of payments: Thirteen payments a year.</p>
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<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Permanent disability pension:</span> 100% of insured earnings.</p>
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<p>The maximum pension is 1,869.34 reais.</p>
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<p>Constant-attendance supplement: 25% of the pension (no maximum if self-employed).</p>
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<p>Schedule of payments: Thirteen payments a year.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Accident benefit (partial disability):</span> 50% of the full pension.</p>
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<p>Schedule of payments: Thirteen payments a year.</p>
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<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>Medical and dental treatment, hospital treatment, medicines, rehabilitation, and transportation.</p>
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<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension:</span> 100% of the insured's covered earnings on the day of the accident. The pension is divided equally among eligible survivors.</p>
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<p>The maximum pension is 1,869.34 reais.</p>
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<p>Eligible survivors (in order of priority): <span class="nobr">Widow(er)</span>, companion, children under age 21 or disabled, stepchildren and dependent minors, parents, and unmarried brothers and sisters under age 21 or disabled.</p>
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<p>Schedule of payments: Thirteen payments a year.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>Ministry of Health provides general supervision of the Unified System of Health.</p>
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<p>Unified System of Health administers medical benefits.</p>
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<p>Ministry of Social Insurance provides general supervision of the National Social Security Institute.</p>
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<p>National Social Security Institute administers cash benefits.</p>
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<h2>Unemployment</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First laws:</span> 1965 (compulsory savings program from the length-of-service guarantee fund or FGTS) and 1986 (unemployment insurance).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 1990 and 1994.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance system.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p>Employed persons.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> None. (Employers contribute 8% of earnings to individual FGTS savings accounts to which the insured has access in the event of unemployment, marriage, retirement, and other contingencies.)</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> Total cost is financed by earmarked taxes.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Unemployment benefit:</span> The benefit varies according to whether the insured has 6 months to 11 months of coverage, 12 months to 23 months of coverage, or 24 or more months of coverage. Unemployment must not be due to misconduct. The insured must lack other resources to support self or family.</p>
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<h3>Unemployment Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Unemployment benefit (means-tested):</span> 50% of average earnings in the last 3 months of employment, up to three times the minimum wage. The benefit is payable after a <span class="nobr">60-day</span> waiting period for 4 months in any <span class="nobr">16-month</span> period.</p>
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<p>The minimum benefit is 100% of the minimum wage.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>Ministry of Labor and Employment provides general supervision.</p>
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<p>Worker Assistance Fund Advisory Council administers the program.</p>
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<h2>Family Allowances</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1941 (large families).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current law:</span> 1999.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Employment-related system.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p>Low-income employees with one or more children (excludes domestic employees).</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> None. (Benefits are paid directly by the employer.)</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> Total cost. (Reimburses employers for the total cost of benefits paid to employees.)</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Family allowances:</span> Employees with income up to 560.81 reais (June 2003). The child must be under age 14 or disabled and attending school. The parent must be currently in insured employment, a pensioner, or receiving sickness benefit. The allowance is payable to both parents if both are insured.</p>
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<h3>Family Allowance Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Family allowances:</span> 13.48 reais a month for each child.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>Ministry of Social Insurance provides general supervision.</p>
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<p>National Social Security Institute administers benefits for old-age or disability pension recipients.</p>
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<p>Employers pay benefits to their own employees.</p>
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</div>
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</article>
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