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<h1 itemprop="headline">Social Security Benefit Reporting in the Survey of Income and Program Participation and in Social Security Administrative Records</h1>
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<div id="hByline">by <span itemprop="author">Janice A. Olsen</span><br><abbr class="spell" title="Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics">ORES</abbr> Working Paper <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 96 (released June 2002)</div>
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<p id="synopsis" itemprop="description">The quality of Social Security benefit reporting in household surveys is important for policy research on the Social Security program and, more generally, for research on the economic well-being of the aged and disabled populations. This is particularly true for the aged among whom receipt of Social Security benefits is nearly universal and reliance on such benefits is considerable. This paper examines the consistency between Social Security benefit amounts for May 1990 as reported in the Survey of Income and Program Participation and given in the Social Security Administration's administrative records for the respondent.</p>
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<hr />
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<div class="eightypercent">
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<p>The author is with the Division of Economic Research; Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics; Office of Policy; Social Security Administration.</p>
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<p><i>Acknowledgments</i>: The Author would like to thank Barry Bye, Susan Grad, Bert Kestenbaum, Barbara Lingg, Joyce Manchester, Kalman Rupp, and Denton Vaughan for their helpful comments.</p>
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<p>Working papers in this series are preliminary materials circulated for review and comment. The findings and conclusions expressed in them are the authors' and do not necessarily represent the views of the Social Security Administration.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<h2>Summary</h2>
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<p>The quality of Social Security benefit reporting in household surveys is important for policy research on the Social Security program and, more generally, for research on the economic well-being of the aged and disabled populations. This is particularly true for the aged among whom receipt of Social Security benefits is nearly universal and reliance on such benefits is considerable. This paper examines the consistency between Social Security benefit amounts for May 1990 as reported in the Survey of Income and Program Participation (<abbr>SIPP</abbr>) and given in the Social Security Administration's (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s) administrative records for the respondent.</p>
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<p>Results show that only 25 percent of the aged and 42 percent of the nonaged reported consistent amounts, as seen in the summary tabulation below. The tabulation presents <abbr>SIPP</abbr>- and <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>-reported Social Security benefit amount comparisons, by subgroup. About three-quarters of both groups reported an amount within 10 percent of that in the records. The analysis suggests that beneficiaries under age 65 who were retired workers, aged spouses, and aged <span class="nobr">widow(er)s</span> are the more accurate reporters. The result is consistent with the idea that newer beneficiaries are more likely to remember the amount of their benefits. In contrast, only about a quarter of disabled workers and of beneficiaries aged 65 or older (regardless of type) reported consistent amounts. Somewhat more than one-third of those who were concurrent <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> beneficiaries reported Social Security benefits that matched those in <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> records, a rate that fell between the most and the least consistent reporters.</p>
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<div class="table">
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<table>
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<colgroup span="1" style="width:22em"></colgroup>
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<colgroup span="2" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Subgroup</th>
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<th scope="col">Percentage reporting<br>consistent amounts</th>
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<th scope="col">Percentage reporting<br>amounts net of<br>Part B premium</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">Aged spouse (62–64) or widow(er) (60–64)</th>
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<td>52</td>
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<td>a</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">Retired workers, aged 62–64</th>
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<td>50</td>
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<td>a</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">All beneficiaries, aged 62–64</th>
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<td>49</td>
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<td>a</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">All beneficiaries, aged 18–64</th>
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<td>42</td>
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<td>a</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">Concurrent <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> beneficiaries, aged 18–64</th>
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<td>39</td>
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<td>1</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">Concurrent <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> beneficiaries, aged 65 or older</th>
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<td>34</td>
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<td>2</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">Disabled workers, aged 18–64</th>
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<td>28</td>
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<td>13</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub0" scope="row">All beneficiaries, aged 65 or older</th>
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<td>25</td>
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<td>12</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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<tfoot>
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<tr>
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<td class="onlyNote" colspan="3">a. The subgroup is not covered or not generally covered by Medicare.</td>
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</tr>
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</tfoot>
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</table>
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</div>
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<p>Underreporting of Social Security benefit amounts by the amount of the Medicare premium does not appear to be a major problem among aged or disabled beneficiaries in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr>, although disproportionate shares of both groups make such reports. However, possible measurement error, particularly substantial underreporting by those at the low end of reported benefit amounts (and, to a lesser degree, overreporting at the high end), may be a nontrivial problem, especially among the aged. Potential causes of the apparent misreporting are discussed, as are limitations in the <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> administrative record measure used in the analysis. The paper also describes directions for further research.</p>
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<h2>Introduction</h2>
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<p>The quality of Social Security benefit reporting is important to policy research on the Social Security program and, more generally, to research on the economic well-being of the aged and disabled populations. This is particularly true for the aged among whom receipt of Social Security benefits is nearly universal and reliance on such benefits is considerable. This paper examines the consistency between Social Security benefit amounts as reported in the Survey of Income and Program Participation (<abbr>SIPP</abbr>) and those shown in the Social Security Administration's (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s) administrative records. Results provide insights into the quality of data in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr>, point to some areas of concern, and lead to suggestions for further research.</p>
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<p>A particular interest, especially for the aged, is whether or not the amounts reported in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> include the amount of the Supplementary Medical Insurance (<abbr class="spell">SMI</abbr>), or Medicare Part B, premium. (For persons electing Part B coverage, except those with a Medicaid buy-in, the premium amount is withheld from the monthly benefit payment.) An earlier study, based on data from the Current Population Survey (<abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr>), showed that 40 percent of the aged in 1973 reported benefits net of the Medicare premium amount (Poehls 1979).<sup><a href="#mn1" id="mt1">1</a></sup></p>
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<p>The question of whether reported <abbr>SIPP</abbr> amounts include <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> premiums takes on increased importance in light of current discussions surrounding recommended revisions in the official poverty measure that were made by a National Academy of Sciences panel (Citro and Michael 1995). One recommendation is to estimate poverty using the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> rather than the <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr>, which is currently the official data source. Another recommendation would adjust available resources for medical out-of-pocket expenditures (<abbr>MOOP</abbr>), including Medicare premiums. As noted in Vaughan (2000a), insofar as the Medicare premium is erroneously excluded from respondents' benefit income reports but deducted from income as part of <abbr>MOOP</abbr> expenses under proposed new poverty measures, the Medicare premium would be effectively double-counted. Misclassifications of poverty status could result, and because Medicare coverage is so widespread among the aged, there could be many such misclassifications.<sup><a href="#mn2" id="mt2">2</a></sup></p>
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<h2>Data and Limitations</h2>
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<p>The data used are from a Master Beneficiary Record (<abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>) extract file that is exactly matched to a 1990 <abbr>SIPP</abbr> extract file.<sup><a href="#mn3" id="mt3">3</a></sup> The resulting file was chosen for this analysis to yield some results relatively quickly. Although it is valuable for showing differences between <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported benefits and those given in <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> administrative records, the extract contains very little ancillary information and is not useful for investigating reasons for some differences in benefits that are found.</p>
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<p>Comparisons in this paper focus on Social Security benefits for May 1990. June <abbr>SIPP</abbr> reports, using three rotations of a linked wave 2 file, are used from the larger <abbr>SIPP</abbr> extract file. <abbr>SIPP</abbr> reports for June (rather than May) are used because Social Security benefits for May would be received in June. Following Vaughan (2000b), only <abbr>SIPP</abbr> cases with a positive person weight for June 1990 are included. Tabulations are limited to respondents whose <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> record showed them to be in current pay status with at least $1 in benefits paid for May and whose <abbr>SIPP</abbr> record showed that at least $1 in benefits was reported.<sup><a href="#mn4" id="mt4">4</a></sup> Patterns of reporting differences among aged beneficiaries and among beneficiaries under age 65 are separately examined.<sup><a href="#mn5" id="mt5">5</a></sup> Of the 4,168 <abbr>SIPP</abbr> respondents aged 65 or older reporting a positive benefit and with a linked <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> record, 4,084 (or 98 percent) also showed a benefit in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> and are used in this analysis.<sup><a href="#mn6" id="mt6">6</a></sup> Among younger respondents aged <span class="nobr">18–64</span>, 1,116 reported a benefit in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> file and had a linked <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>. Of them, 1,047 cases (or 94 percent) also showed a May 1990 benefit in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> and are used in the second part of the analysis.</p>
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<p>The <abbr>SIPP</abbr> asks respondents for the total benefit amount before deductions, including any deductions for Medicare. Therefore, the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> benefit used is the monthly benefit credited (<abbr class="spell">MBC</abbr>), which reflects the amount payable before withholdings, if any, for the Medicare Part B premium.<sup><a href="#mn7" id="mt7">7</a></sup> Like several other payment amounts on the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>, the <abbr class="spell">MBC</abbr> shows the amount the beneficiary is <i>credited</i> with getting for a given month. It is not necessarily the amount <i>received</i> by the respondent for that month, even after correcting for the monthly lag. (As noted, the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amount "for" a given month is received the following month.) The amount received in June for May may reflect various temporary reductions or adjustments for overpayments or underpayments. Examples of such adjustments are given in <a href="#apnb">Appendix B</a>. Thus, sources of disagreement between <abbr>SIPP</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amounts may lie with either data source. This issue is discussed further in the concluding section.</p>
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<p><abbr>SIPP</abbr> amounts may not exactly match <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amounts for several survey-related reasons, and benefit imputations are most likely the main cause of differences. While imputation flags were not available on the extract file used for these tabulations, published estimates suggest that, very roughly, about 15 percent may have imputed Social Security benefit amounts (Jabine 1990, Tables 5.9 and 5.10). For respondents who rounded their benefit amount, for example, to the nearest $10, discrepancies would also result. Data processing errors—for example, in recording survey responses, in developing the data file, or incorrect linkages of the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> data—would result in some discrepancies as well.</p>
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<p>The increased use of direct deposit for Social Security benefit payments may play a role in misreporting. In 1992, 58 percent of retired workers and their dependents used direct deposit, up from 16 percent in the <span class="nobr">mid-1970s</span> (Bondar 1994). Like other beneficiaries, those using direct deposit are informed annually of the monthly amount they will receive, but they do not see the payments and may be only generally aware of the amount. The <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> field indicating the use of direct deposit is not on the extract file used for the tables in this paper, nor is a field from the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> that indicates whether the respondent's check was directly deposited in the bank.<sup><a href="#mn8" id="mt8">8</a></sup></p>
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<h2>Results for Aged Beneficiaries</h2>
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<p>Only a small percentage of respondents aged 65 or older report a Social Security benefit amount in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> that is relatively close to the <abbr class="spell">MBC</abbr> amount. The distribution of the difference between the Social Security benefit amount as reported in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> and the <abbr class="spell">MBC</abbr> amount is shown in Table 1. For only 16 percent of aged respondents did the amounts match exactly, and 9 percent were within $1 (plus or minus) of the exact amount.<sup><a href="#mn9" id="mt9">9</a></sup> The 1973 <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> column in Table 1 shows that the low, general level of agreement is quite close to that achieved in a special June 1973 <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> supplement.<sup><a href="#mn10" id="mt10">10</a></sup></p>
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<div class="table" id="table1">
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<table>
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<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 1. </span>Number and percentage distribution of the difference between Social Security benefit amounts reported in two surveys and in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> for respondents aged 65 or older</caption>
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<colgroup span="1" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
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<colgroup span="3" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
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<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Survey amount<br>minus <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr><br>amount (dollars)</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">1990 <abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">1973 CPS<br>(percent)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Number</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percent</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percent<br>(weighted)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Total</th>
|
|
<td>4,084</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">-100 or less</th>
|
|
<td>437</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">-50 to -99</th>
|
|
<td>290</td>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
<td>6.8</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">-11 to -49</th>
|
|
<td>1,114</td>
|
|
<td>27.3</td>
|
|
<td>26.7</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">-2 to -10</th>
|
|
<td>460</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>47.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">-1</th>
|
|
<td>264</td>
|
|
<td>6.5</td>
|
|
<td>6.8</td>
|
|
<td>3.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">0</th>
|
|
<td>617</td>
|
|
<td>15.1</td>
|
|
<td>15.6</td>
|
|
<td>15.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1</th>
|
|
<td>87</td>
|
|
<td>2.1</td>
|
|
<td>2.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2 to 10</th>
|
|
<td>299</td>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>5.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">11 to 49</th>
|
|
<td>215</td>
|
|
<td>5.3</td>
|
|
<td>5.0</td>
|
|
<td>b</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">50 or more</th>
|
|
<td>301</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>b</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="5">NOTES: <abbr>SIPP</abbr> estimates are for respondents with a <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported benefit of $1 or more in June 1990 and an <abbr>MBR</abbr> amount in current pay status for June 1990. June 1973 <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> estimates are from Poehls (1979).</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">a. Detail shown for the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> was not available for the <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> data. Poehls (1979) reported that 16.6 percent reported an amount $11 or more too low; that compares with 44.8 percent (11.3 + 6.8 + 26.7) in the 1990 <abbr>SIPP</abbr> data.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="5">b. Detail shown for the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> was not available for the <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> data. Poehls (1979) reported that 4.3 percent reported an amount $11 or more too high; that compares with 11.9 percent (5.0 + 6.9) in the 1990 <abbr>SIPP</abbr> data.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>As noted, nonmatches may occur with respondents who round monthly benefit amounts in their reporting. In an exploration of potential rounding effects, we found that the end digit for the reported benefit amount was zero in 22 percent of the cases. When all cases with <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported amounts ending in zero are removed, the proportion in the remaining subsample with agreement within $1 rises from 25 percent to 28 percent.</p>
|
|
<p>Could it be that respondents forgot their latest cost-of-living increase? Effective December 1989, a 4.7 percent benefit increase had been put into effect. For a crude look at the possibility of such forgetfulness, we removed that increase from the <abbr class="spell">MBC</abbr> amounts of the 2,301 respondents whose <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported benefits were lower than their <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> amounts. Comparisons of the result with the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> amount showed that only 51 of the 2,301 respondents under review reported an amount equal to their previous year's benefit. This finding suggests that forgotten cost-of-living adjustments (<abbr>COLA</abbr>s) may not play a major role in discrepant reporting, but further examination is warranted.</p>
|
|
<p>Aged respondents are more likely to underreport, rather than overreport, benefit amounts. In the 1990 <abbr>SIPP</abbr>, the majority (56 percent) reported an amount that was $2 or more too low compared with 19 percent who reported an amount $2 or more too high. Nominally comparable figures from the 1973 <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> are 64 percent and 10 percent, respectively.</p>
|
|
<p>The size of apparent underreporting in the recent data is also striking. Although 38 percent reported an amount less than $50 below the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amount, 11 percent reported a benefit amount at least $100 less than the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amount, and 18 percent reported an amount at least $50 less. In contrast, only 7 percent reported an amount at least $50 more than the amount shown for them in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>.</p>
|
|
<p>We also looked at apparent misreporting in percentage terms (not shown). Overall, almost 60 percent reported amounts in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> that were within 5 percent of the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amount (including those within $1). About 18 percent reported amounts that were more than 10 percent too low, and for 7 percent, amounts were more than 50 percent too low. At the other end of the distribution, 7 percent reported amounts more than 10 percent higher than the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amount, and only 3 percent reported amounts more than 50 percent higher.</p>
|
|
<p>Table 2 summarizes the results with a focus on the probable role of the Medicare premium amount in reporting patterns.<sup><a href="#mn11" id="mt11">11</a></sup> In 1990, 12 percent reported a benefit amount equal to the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> benefit amount minus the Medicare premium as shown on the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>. That result is considerably lower than the 1973 result where 40 percent underreported by an amount equal to the Medicare premium. Some part of this decline may be due to the new role of Medicaid in paying the Medicare premiums for poor beneficiaries.<sup><a href="#mn12" id="mt12">12</a></sup> However, the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> field that might have helped in sorting this out was not on the file used for the tables presented here.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table2">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 2. </span>Apparent role of <abbr class="spell">SMI</abbr> premium amount in the difference between Social Security benefit amounts reported in two surveys and in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> for respondents aged 65 or older</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:20em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Survey amount minus <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amount (dollars)</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">1990 <abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">1973 <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr><br>(percent)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Number</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percent</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percent<br>(weighted)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Total</th>
|
|
<td>4,084</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Equals zero or is within $1</th>
|
|
<td>968</td>
|
|
<td>23.7</td>
|
|
<td>24.6</td>
|
|
<td>26.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Equals <abbr class="spell">SMI</abbr> premium or is within $1</th>
|
|
<td>475</td>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>39.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">All other</th>
|
|
<td>2,641</td>
|
|
<td>64.7</td>
|
|
<td>63.6</td>
|
|
<td>33.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="onlyNote" colspan="5">NOTES: <abbr>SIPP</abbr> estimates are for respondents with a <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported benefit of $1 or more in June 1990 and an <abbr>MBR</abbr> amount in current pay status for June 1990. June 1973 <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> estimates are from Poehls (1979).</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>The distribution of the difference between <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported benefit amounts and amounts shown in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> for all respondents aged 65 or older and for subgroups is shown in Table 3. Survey data, rather than administrative data, were used to describe subgroup characteristics to assist researchers without access to the latter. Sex and marital status, age, race and ethnicity, schooling, type of Social Security benefit, <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported Social Security benefit amounts, and <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported receipt of at least $1 in Supplemental Security Income (<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>) benefits define the subgroups shown.<sup><a href="#mn13" id="mt13">13</a></sup> The $1 or more in reported <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits is used as a proxy for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipiency. For additional perspective on the size of the differences between <abbr>SIPP</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amounts, mean monthly benefit comparisons using the two sources are also shown in Table 3.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table3">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 3. </span>Percentage distribution of the difference between the <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported Social Security benefit amount and the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amount and mean benefit amounts for respondents aged 65 or older, by subgroup, June 1990</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:15em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup>
|
|
<col span="6" style="width:3em">
|
|
<col span="1" style="width:3em" class="shaded" >
|
|
<col span="4" style="width:3em">
|
|
</colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Subgroup</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="11" scope="colgroup"><abbr>SIPP</abbr> minus <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> benefit amount</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">Mean benefit</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">-100<br>or<br>less</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">-99<br>to<br>-50</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">-49<br>to<br>-31</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Equals<br>Medicare<br>premium</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">-27<br>to<br>-11</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">-10<br>to<br>-2</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Zero</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2<br>to<br>10</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">11<br>to<br>49</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">50<br>or<br>more</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Total</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr>SIPP</abbr><br>(dollars)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr><br>(dollars)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr>SIPP</abbr> as<br>percentage<br>of <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" scope="row">Total aged 65 or older</th>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>6.5</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>25.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>536</td>
|
|
<td>563</td>
|
|
<td>95.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Sex</th>
|
|
<td colspan="14"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Men</th>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.6</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>6.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>24.1</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>3.6</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>637</td>
|
|
<td>671</td>
|
|
<td>94.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Women</th>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>5.8</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>26.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.1</td>
|
|
<td>6.6</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>462</td>
|
|
<td>484</td>
|
|
<td>95.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Marital status <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="14"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Married</th>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>6.3</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>24.7</td>
|
|
<td>6.8</td>
|
|
<td>4.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>527</td>
|
|
<td>553</td>
|
|
<td>95.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Widowed</th>
|
|
<td>12.5</td>
|
|
<td>5.9</td>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>5.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>26.3</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>5.8</td>
|
|
<td>5.7</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>552</td>
|
|
<td>586</td>
|
|
<td>94.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Divorced</th>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
<td>5.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>24.5</td>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
<td>3.4</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>517</td>
|
|
<td>548</td>
|
|
<td>94.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Never married</th>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
<td>4.6</td>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>16.9</td>
|
|
<td>5.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>24.3</td>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
<td>4.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>541</td>
|
|
<td>543</td>
|
|
<td>99.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Age</th>
|
|
<td colspan="14"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">65–69</th>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>5.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>25.6</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>4.9</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>511</td>
|
|
<td>532</td>
|
|
<td>96.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">70–74</th>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>6.6</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>5.3</td>
|
|
<td>12.5</td>
|
|
<td>24.1</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>4.0</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>545</td>
|
|
<td>579</td>
|
|
<td>94.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">75–79</th>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>6.1</td>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
<td>12.2</td>
|
|
<td>5.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>26.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>563</td>
|
|
<td>591</td>
|
|
<td>95.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">80–84</th>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>5.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>24.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>6.5</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>535</td>
|
|
<td>562</td>
|
|
<td>95.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Race and ethnicity <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="14"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">White</th>
|
|
<td>11.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
<td>11.8</td>
|
|
<td>5.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.4</td>
|
|
<td>25.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
<td>6.8</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>545</td>
|
|
<td>573</td>
|
|
<td>95.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Black</th>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>18.4</td>
|
|
<td>4.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>428</td>
|
|
<td>456</td>
|
|
<td>93.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Hispanic, of any race</th>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>13.5</td>
|
|
<td>16.5</td>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>24.2</td>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
<td>5.0</td>
|
|
<td>6.7</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>410</td>
|
|
<td>430</td>
|
|
<td>95.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Years of school <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="14"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">8 or less</th>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>12.2</td>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>25.9</td>
|
|
<td>6.5</td>
|
|
<td>8.3</td>
|
|
<td>5.9</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>477</td>
|
|
<td>506</td>
|
|
<td>94.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">> 8 < 12</th>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>6.3</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>25.3</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
<td>4.8</td>
|
|
<td>6.3</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>516</td>
|
|
<td>542</td>
|
|
<td>95.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">12</th>
|
|
<td>10.5</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>24.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>3.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>540</td>
|
|
<td>561</td>
|
|
<td>96.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Some college</th>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>6.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>26.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
<td>4.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>596</td>
|
|
<td>619</td>
|
|
<td>96.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">College graduate</th>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>5.7</td>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>6.3</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>24.6</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>3.3</td>
|
|
<td>6.7</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>606</td>
|
|
<td>655</td>
|
|
<td>92.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Type of benefit <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="14"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Retired worker</th>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.8</td>
|
|
<td>5.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.4</td>
|
|
<td>24.9</td>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
<td>4.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.7</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>566</td>
|
|
<td>597</td>
|
|
<td>94.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Aged spouse</th>
|
|
<td>6.6</td>
|
|
<td>4.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
<td>26.1</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>322</td>
|
|
<td>314</td>
|
|
<td>102.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">Aged widow(er)</th>
|
|
<td>12.5</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
<td>4.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>26.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>516</td>
|
|
<td>548</td>
|
|
<td>94.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup"><abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported Social Security benefit (dollars) <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="14"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">1–199</th>
|
|
<td>20.9</td>
|
|
<td>5.3</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.3</td>
|
|
<td>26.1</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.7</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>147</td>
|
|
<td>231</td>
|
|
<td>63.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">200–299</th>
|
|
<td>15.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>12.2</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>24.6</td>
|
|
<td>6.8</td>
|
|
<td>5.2</td>
|
|
<td>1.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>252</td>
|
|
<td>310</td>
|
|
<td>81.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">300–399</th>
|
|
<td>16.4</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>6.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>6.8</td>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>24.9</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>3.1</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>345</td>
|
|
<td>401</td>
|
|
<td>86.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">400–499</th>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>5.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>21.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>445</td>
|
|
<td>479</td>
|
|
<td>92.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">500–599</th>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>24.7</td>
|
|
<td>6.7</td>
|
|
<td>3.7</td>
|
|
<td>5.6</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>547</td>
|
|
<td>578</td>
|
|
<td>94.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">600–699</th>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
<td>4.8</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>26.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>3.6</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>647</td>
|
|
<td>671</td>
|
|
<td>96.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">700–799</th>
|
|
<td>5.8</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>11.0</td>
|
|
<td>4.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>30.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>3.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>742</td>
|
|
<td>743</td>
|
|
<td>99.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">800–899</th>
|
|
<td>5.6</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>6.3</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>6.8</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>29.6</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>3.1</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>842</td>
|
|
<td>830</td>
|
|
<td>101.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">900–999</th>
|
|
<td>3.1</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>15.5</td>
|
|
<td>19.6</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>4.4</td>
|
|
<td>20.8</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>940</td>
|
|
<td>892</td>
|
|
<td>105.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">1,000 or more</th>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>5.2</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>6.1</td>
|
|
<td>16.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>1.7</td>
|
|
<td>28.2</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>1,170</td>
|
|
<td>1,065</td>
|
|
<td>109.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup"><abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="14"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Yes</th>
|
|
<td>3.9</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>1.8</td>
|
|
<td>4.1</td>
|
|
<td>2.3</td>
|
|
<td>34.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
<td>31.3</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>334</td>
|
|
<td>319</td>
|
|
<td>104.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="15">NOTES: Based on weighted data. Estimates are for respondents with a <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported benefit, <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amount in current pay status, and a Medicare premium equaling $28.60. The latter constraint excludes 118 of the 4,084 cases. Rows based on fewer than 200 unweighted cases include: Never married <span class="nobr">(N = 191)</span>, Hispanic <span class="nobr">(N = 176)</span>, and <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported benefit groups <span class="nobr">$1–199</span> (N = 167), <span class="nobr">$900–999</span> <span class="nobr">(N = 132)</span>, and $1,000 or more <span class="nobr">(N = 109)</span>. Not shown separately because of their small numbers are 45 cases reporting a race other than black or white and 14 cases with benefit types other than those shown. Also not shown separately are 3,790 cases reporting they were not Hispanic and 3,744 cases reporting they did not receive <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits. Distributions for those two large groups are virtually the same as the total distributions.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="15">a. Chi square tests using unweighted data showed p < .01 for marital status (.0014); race, white or black (.0002); schooling (.0089); type of benefit (< .0001); Social Security benefit (< .0001); and SIPP-reported SSI (< .0001).</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>As seen in the column headed "Zero" in Table 3, the percentage reporting amounts consistent with <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amounts hovers around 25 percent in most of the subgroups shown. The exceptions are the low of 18 percent among black respondents, the high of 34 percent among concurrent <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> beneficiaries, and the relatively wide range—from 16 percent to 31 percent—across subgroups reporting the highest Social Security benefit amounts.<sup><a href="#mn14" id="mt14">14</a>,<a href="#mn15" id="mt15">15</a></sup></p>
|
|
<p>The percentage underreporting by the amount of the Medicare premium generally falls in the range of 10 percent to 13 percent, although it rises to 17 percent among persons who never married and Hispanics and falls as low as 2 percent among concurrent <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> beneficiaries. To the extent that the Medicaid program is paying Medicare premiums for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> beneficiaries, we would expect fewer <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> beneficiaries to underreport by the amount of the premium. This low underreporting level among <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> beneficiaries is not evident among all those reporting low Social Security benefits, however, despite some overlap between the two groups.<sup><a href="#mn16" id="mt16">16</a></sup></p>
|
|
<p>If underreporting by the amount of the Medicare premium no longer appears to be a major problem, reporting patterns across subgroups defined by their <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported benefit amount may be one. Those reporting the lowest benefits show the most apparent underreporting, and the size of the differences can be striking. More than 20 percent of the lowest benefit group reported amounts that were $100 or more below the amount given for them on the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>, and 44 percent to 47 percent of those in the two groups with the lowest benefit amounts underreported by at least the Medicare premium amount ($28.60). In general, these apparent underreporting levels are inversely related to <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported benefits (except among those in the highest benefit group), and overreporting is generally positively related to benefit level. Among those with reported benefits of $900 or more, more respondents overreported their benefit by $50 or more than underreported by that amount.</p>
|
|
<p>As noted above, aged <abbr>SIPP</abbr> respondents who reported both <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and Social Security benefits are most likely (34 percent) among the subgroups in Table 3 to report a Social Security amount that matches the amount shown for them in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>. While the amounts they report are generally low (not shown), <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> beneficiaries in the sample are more likely to overreport than underreport the Social Security benefit amount. That result is in strong contrast to the patterns discussed earlier among all those with low benefits.</p>
|
|
<p>We looked further at the 66 percent (150 cases) of concurrent <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> cases with under- or overreports relative to the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>. Do they appear to be confusing the programs and reporting their Social Security benefit when asked for their <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit? A comparison of the <abbr class="spell">SIPP</abbr>-reported <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> amount with the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> Social Security amount showed no such tendency.<sup><a href="#mn17" id="mt17">17</a></sup></p>
|
|
<p>We might expect larger differences between the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> Social Security amounts among those aged <span class="nobr">65–69</span> than among other age groups because of the retirement earnings test. In 1990, only those under age 70 were subject to the test,<sup><a href="#mn18" id="mt18">18</a></sup> and benefit adjustments for them might result in apparently inaccurate <abbr>SIPP</abbr> reports. As seen in Table 3, however, no particular reporting differences appear by age.<sup><a href="#mn19" id="mt19">19</a></sup></p>
|
|
<p>The three right-most columns labeled "Mean benefit" in Table 3 show average benefit levels in the two sources and the ratio of the <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported benefit to that in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>. Overall, the average monthly benefit amount in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> ($536) is 95 percent of the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amount ($563) for the aged, and relationships between <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported and <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> mean amounts among aged subgroups echo the distributional results previously discussed. Most show <abbr>SIPP</abbr> amounts to be 94 percent to 96 percent of the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amount, but the ratio increases consistently across subgroups defined by <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported benefit amounts. At the extremes, the mean monthly benefit amount for the lowest <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported benefit group ($147) is only 64 percent of the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> mean amount ($231) for that group, and the ratio is 110 percent ($1,170 compared with $1,065) for the highest <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported benefit group.</p>
|
|
<p>Again, the result for Social Security beneficiaries concurrently receiving <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits does not resemble results for other low-benefit groups. Reported benefits among concurrents are almost 105 percent of the level given in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>, rather than the fractions under 90 percent that are seen among those reporting low-benefits.</p>
|
|
<h2>Results for Beneficiaries Under Age 65</h2>
|
|
<p>This section looks at reporting patterns among the 1,047 beneficiaries aged <span class="nobr">18–64</span> with a May 1990 benefit shown in both sources. Somewhat more than half (54 percent) are aged <span class="nobr">62–64</span>, and the majority of these near-aged persons (64 percent) are receiving retired-worker benefits. Most of those under age 62 are receiving disability benefits (59 percent). Results for all beneficiaries under age 65 are shown in Tables 4 and 5 and are summarized here with some comparisons with patterns among the aged.</p>
|
|
<p>Beneficiaries under 65 are much more likely than aged beneficiaries to report amounts consistent with those on the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>, and that general difference by broad age group was similar in the 1973 data. However, the 42 percent of the younger beneficiaries in 1990 who reported amounts consistent with the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> represent a decline from the 1973 figure of 59 percent, as seen in Table 4. Underreporting occurred more often than overreporting among those under 65, a pattern similar to that among the aged and roughly similar to that in 1973.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table4">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 4. </span>Number and percentage distribution of the difference between Social Security benefit amounts reported in two surveys and the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> for respondents under age 65</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Survey amount minus <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amount (dollars)</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">1990 <abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">1973 <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr><br>(percent)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Number</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percent</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percent<br>(weighted)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Total under age 65</th>
|
|
<td>1,047</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">-100 or less</th>
|
|
<td>78</td>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>6.7</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">-50 to -99</th>
|
|
<td>55</td>
|
|
<td>5.3</td>
|
|
<td>5.5</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">-11 to -49</th>
|
|
<td>191</td>
|
|
<td>18.2</td>
|
|
<td>18.6</td>
|
|
<td>a</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">-2 to -10</th>
|
|
<td>104</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
<td>15.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">-1</th>
|
|
<td>37</td>
|
|
<td>3.5</td>
|
|
<td>3.6</td>
|
|
<td>2.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">0</th>
|
|
<td>377</td>
|
|
<td>36.0</td>
|
|
<td>36.4</td>
|
|
<td>44.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1</th>
|
|
<td>13</td>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>1.5</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2 to 10</th>
|
|
<td>37</td>
|
|
<td>3.5</td>
|
|
<td>3.7</td>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">11 to 49</th>
|
|
<td>57</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>5.5</td>
|
|
<td>b</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">50 or more</th>
|
|
<td>98</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
<td>b</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="5">NOTES: <abbr>SIPP</abbr> respondents are aged <span class="nobr">18–64</span>. The <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> estimates are from Poehls (1979), who does not give a minimum age, noting only that the respondents are under 65. <abbr>SIPP</abbr> estimates are for respondents with a <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported benefit of $1 or more in June 1990 and an <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amount of $1 or more and in current pay status for June 1990.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="5">a. Detail shown for the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> was not available for the <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> data. Poehls (1979) reported that 8.4 percent reported an amount $11 or more too low; that compares with 30.8 percent (6.7 + 5.5 + 18.6) in the 1990 <abbr>SIPP</abbr> data.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="5">b. Detail shown for the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> was not available for the <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> data. Poehls (1979) reported that 12.9 percent reported an amount $11 or more too high; that compares with 14.8 percent (5.5 + 9.3) in the 1990 <abbr>SIPP</abbr> data.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Examined in percentage terms, 67 percent of beneficiaries under age 65 reported amounts in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> within 5 percent (including differences of $1) of the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amount (data not shown). That result is somewhat higher than that found for the aged. About 9 percent of the nonaged reported amounts more than 10 percent lower than the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amount, and almost 13 percent reported amounts more than 10 percent higher. The proportion of nonaged persons reporting amounts within 10 percent of the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amount was quite similar to that for the aged (78 percent and 75 percent, respectively).</p>
|
|
<p>Reporting patterns, including mean benefits, for beneficiaries in 1990 under age 65 and by subgroup are shown in Table 5. The average amount of $483 reported in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> is nearly identical to the $481 average benefit from the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>, a result consistent with the higher concurrence rates seen in Table 4.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table5">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 5. </span>Percentage distribution of the difference between <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported Social Security benefit amount and the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amount and mean benefit amounts for respondents aged <span class="nobr">18–64</span>, by subgroup, June 1990 </caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:15em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup>
|
|
<col span="6" style="width:3em">
|
|
<col span="1" style="width:3em" class="shaded" >
|
|
<col span="4" style="width:3em">
|
|
</colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Subgroup</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="11" scope="colgroup"><abbr>SIPP</abbr> minus <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> benefit amount</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup">Mean benefit</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">-100<br>or<br>less</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">-99<br>to<br> -50</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">-49<br>to<br> -31</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Equals<br>Medicare<br>premium</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">-27<br>to<br> -11</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">-10<br>to<br> -2</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Zero</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">2<br>to<br> 10</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">11<br>to<br> 49</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">50<br>or<br> more</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Total</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr>SIPP</abbr><br>(dollars)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr><br>(dollars)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr>SIPP</abbr> as<br>percentage<br>of <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2 nobr" scope="row">Total aged 18–64</th>
|
|
<td>6.7</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>5.6</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>6.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>41.8</td>
|
|
<td>3.7</td>
|
|
<td>5.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>483</td>
|
|
<td>481</td>
|
|
<td>100.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Sex</th>
|
|
<td colspan="14"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Men</th>
|
|
<td>6.1</td>
|
|
<td>5.6</td>
|
|
<td>5.5</td>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>5.3</td>
|
|
<td>10.0</td>
|
|
<td>40.6</td>
|
|
<td>2.8</td>
|
|
<td>6.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>596</td>
|
|
<td>599</td>
|
|
<td>99.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Women</th>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
<td>5.6</td>
|
|
<td>4.6</td>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>42.8</td>
|
|
<td>4.5</td>
|
|
<td>4.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>391</td>
|
|
<td>386</td>
|
|
<td>101.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Marital status</th>
|
|
<td colspan="14"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Married</th>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>5.5</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
<td>40.7</td>
|
|
<td>4.1</td>
|
|
<td>6.3</td>
|
|
<td>8.3</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>499</td>
|
|
<td>495</td>
|
|
<td>100.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Widowed</th>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>4.8</td>
|
|
<td>1.0</td>
|
|
<td>1.7</td>
|
|
<td>4.0</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>53.8</td>
|
|
<td>4.1</td>
|
|
<td>4.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>471</td>
|
|
<td>470</td>
|
|
<td>100.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Divorced</th>
|
|
<td>5.8</td>
|
|
<td>5.7</td>
|
|
<td>4.1</td>
|
|
<td>5.8</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>37.2</td>
|
|
<td>3.7</td>
|
|
<td>4.3</td>
|
|
<td>17.4</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>527</td>
|
|
<td>515</td>
|
|
<td>102.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Never married</th>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>35.6</td>
|
|
<td>1.5</td>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>388</td>
|
|
<td>404</td>
|
|
<td>96.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Age <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="14"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">18–40</th>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>4.1</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>5.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
<td>28.2</td>
|
|
<td>2.7</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>403</td>
|
|
<td>381</td>
|
|
<td>105.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">41–50</th>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.3</td>
|
|
<td>12.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.0</td>
|
|
<td>6.5</td>
|
|
<td>34.7</td>
|
|
<td>3.0</td>
|
|
<td>3.6</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>504</td>
|
|
<td>500</td>
|
|
<td>100.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">50–61</th>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>3.9</td>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>35.5</td>
|
|
<td>2.8</td>
|
|
<td>6.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.4</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>537</td>
|
|
<td>530</td>
|
|
<td>101.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">62–64</th>
|
|
<td>5.9</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>3.1</td>
|
|
<td>3.8</td>
|
|
<td>6.8</td>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>48.7</td>
|
|
<td>4.4</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>478</td>
|
|
<td>484</td>
|
|
<td>98.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Race and ethnicity</th>
|
|
<td colspan="14"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">White</th>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.6</td>
|
|
<td>5.9</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
<td>42.6</td>
|
|
<td>3.9</td>
|
|
<td>5.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>489</td>
|
|
<td>488</td>
|
|
<td>100.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Black</th>
|
|
<td>6.1</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.0</td>
|
|
<td>36.5</td>
|
|
<td>2.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>451</td>
|
|
<td>444</td>
|
|
<td>101.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Hispanic, of any race</th>
|
|
<td>6.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>26.9</td>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
<td>2.1</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>452</td>
|
|
<td>410</td>
|
|
<td>110.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Years of school</th>
|
|
<td colspan="14"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">8 or less</th>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>5.8</td>
|
|
<td>5.3</td>
|
|
<td>5.8</td>
|
|
<td>4.9</td>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>44.6</td>
|
|
<td>1.3</td>
|
|
<td>6.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>435</td>
|
|
<td>441</td>
|
|
<td>98.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">> 8 < 12</th>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>5.9</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
<td>5.3</td>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
<td>38.4</td>
|
|
<td>3.6</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.5</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>459</td>
|
|
<td>455</td>
|
|
<td>100.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">12</th>
|
|
<td>5.0</td>
|
|
<td>4.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>4.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>40.8</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>5.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>501</td>
|
|
<td>489</td>
|
|
<td>102.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Some college</th>
|
|
<td>6.3</td>
|
|
<td>4.8</td>
|
|
<td>2.8</td>
|
|
<td>5.6</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>47.4</td>
|
|
<td>2.1</td>
|
|
<td>3.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>494</td>
|
|
<td>494</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">College graduate</th>
|
|
<td>9.3</td>
|
|
<td>4.0</td>
|
|
<td>2.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.6</td>
|
|
<td>16.2</td>
|
|
<td>39.3</td>
|
|
<td>0.9</td>
|
|
<td>5.5</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>548</td>
|
|
<td>580</td>
|
|
<td>94.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Type of benefit <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="14"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Retired worker</th>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>4.5</td>
|
|
<td>3.2</td>
|
|
<td>2.3</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>50.3</td>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
<td>4.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>505</td>
|
|
<td>510</td>
|
|
<td>99.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Disabled worker</th>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>12.5</td>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
<td>10.5</td>
|
|
<td>27.7</td>
|
|
<td>3.6</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>538</td>
|
|
<td>543</td>
|
|
<td>99.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">Aged spouse/widow(er)</th>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>5.5</td>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>1.8</td>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>52.4</td>
|
|
<td>2.2</td>
|
|
<td>6.6</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>406</td>
|
|
<td>415</td>
|
|
<td>97.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Other</th>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>3.5</td>
|
|
<td>8.6</td>
|
|
<td>4.2</td>
|
|
<td>5.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>42.2</td>
|
|
<td>2.3</td>
|
|
<td>4.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>353</td>
|
|
<td>303</td>
|
|
<td>116.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup"><abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported Social Security benefit (dollars) <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="14"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">1–199</th>
|
|
<td>16.7</td>
|
|
<td>2.7</td>
|
|
<td>15.6</td>
|
|
<td>5.2</td>
|
|
<td>3.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>38.5</td>
|
|
<td>3.3</td>
|
|
<td>3.0</td>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>123</td>
|
|
<td>184</td>
|
|
<td>66.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">200–299</th>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
<td>4.1</td>
|
|
<td>3.5</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>46.5</td>
|
|
<td>2.9</td>
|
|
<td>3.9</td>
|
|
<td>4.1</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>257</td>
|
|
<td>285</td>
|
|
<td>90.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">300–399</th>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>3.5</td>
|
|
<td>5.8</td>
|
|
<td>5.2</td>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>41.9</td>
|
|
<td>4.9</td>
|
|
<td>5.9</td>
|
|
<td>5.0</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>344</td>
|
|
<td>361</td>
|
|
<td>95.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">400–499</th>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>3.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
<td>4.2</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>33.1</td>
|
|
<td>1.3</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>14.6</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>446</td>
|
|
<td>444</td>
|
|
<td>100.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">500–599</th>
|
|
<td>4.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
<td>2.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>2.7</td>
|
|
<td>4.8</td>
|
|
<td>46.5</td>
|
|
<td>4.2</td>
|
|
<td>2.2</td>
|
|
<td>15.5</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>540</td>
|
|
<td>531</td>
|
|
<td>101.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">600–699</th>
|
|
<td>2.8</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>3.8</td>
|
|
<td>5.7</td>
|
|
<td>5.3</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
<td>44.4</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>1.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>648</td>
|
|
<td>645</td>
|
|
<td>100.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1 nobr" scope="row">700–799</th>
|
|
<td>3.1</td>
|
|
<td>4.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.7</td>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
<td>6.7</td>
|
|
<td>53.8</td>
|
|
<td>1.5</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>7.4</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>738</td>
|
|
<td>733</td>
|
|
<td>100.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">800 or more</th>
|
|
<td>0.0</td>
|
|
<td>3.7</td>
|
|
<td>5.8</td>
|
|
<td>4.9</td>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>19.6</td>
|
|
<td>23.3</td>
|
|
<td>4.8</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>25.5</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>930</td>
|
|
<td>782</td>
|
|
<td>118.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup"><abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr></th>
|
|
<td colspan="14"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Yes</th>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>2.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>4.8</td>
|
|
<td>39.2</td>
|
|
<td>2.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
|
|
<td>279</td>
|
|
<td>276</td>
|
|
<td>101.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="15">NOTES: Based on weighted data. Estimates are for respondents with a <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported benefit, an <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amount in current pay status, and a Medicare premium equaling $26.80. The latter constraint excludes 2 of the 1,047 cases seen in Table 5. Rows based on fewer than 200 unweighted cases include aged <span class="nobr">18–40</span> (136), aged <span class="nobr">41–50</span> (102); widowed (182), divorced (107), never married (136); black (158), Hispanic (82); education 8 years or less (183), some college (141), college graduate (96); aged <span class="nobr">spouse/widow(er)</span> benefit (149), other benefit types (139); <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported benefit groups <span class="nobr">$1–199</span> (74), <span class="nobr">$200–299</span> (132), <span class="nobr">$400–499</span> (147), <span class="nobr">$500–599</span> (124), <span class="nobr">$600–699</span> (135), <span class="nobr">$700–799</span> (119), $800 or more (83); and <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported <abbr class="title">SSI</abbr> income (84). Not shown separately because of their small numbers are 17 cases reporting a race other than black or white. Also not shown separately are 963 cases reporting they were not Hispanic and 961 cases reporting they did not receive <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits. </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="15">a. Chi square tests using unweighted data showed p < .01 for age groups (< .006), type of benefit (< .0001), and Social Security benefit amount (< .0001).</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Almost 13 percent of disabled-worker beneficiaries reported an amount net of the Medicare Part B premium (see Table 5).<sup><a href="#mn20" id="mt20">20</a></sup> The figure is quite similar to the almost 12 percent of the aged with that reporting pattern. Concurrent <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> beneficiaries under 65, all of whom qualify for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> on the basis of blindness or disability, do not exhibit that pattern. Fewer than 2 percent of them reported amounts net of the Medicare premium amount. That could indicate that the Medicaid program is paying the premium, that they did not elect Part B coverage, or that they are following <abbr>SIPP</abbr> instructions and reporting their benefits prior to Medicare withholdings. (Most beneficiaries under age 65 in Table 5 would not have been eligible for Medicare. Therefore, the "Equals Medicare premium" percentages in Table 5 have little meaning.)</p>
|
|
<p>Among subgroups for beneficiaries under age 65, consistent reporting was positively related to age as shown in Table 5.<sup><a href="#mn21" id="mt21">21</a></sup> Almost one-half (48.7 percent) of beneficiaries aged <span class="nobr">62–64</span> reported amounts consistent with the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>; the figure dropped to 35 percent among the middle-aged and to only 28 percent among those aged <span class="nobr">18–40</span>. Because most 62- to <span class="nobr">64-year-old</span> beneficiaries would have recently retired, their recall of the exact benefit amount may be better than that of longer-term beneficiaries, and we might expect better reporting.<sup><a href="#mn22" id="mt22">22</a></sup> Indeed, 50 percent of retired workers aged <span class="nobr">62–64</span> reported benefit amounts matching the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amount compared with 30 percent of their disabled counterparts in that age group (data not shown). The comparison of mean benefits showing <abbr>SIPP</abbr> as a percentage of <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> in Table 5 indicates that inconsistent reporting occurs primarily among the youngest beneficiary group. Their mean reported amount is 106 percent of the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amount for the group.</p>
|
|
<p>Reporting patterns vary considerably across some beneficiary types. More than half of the retired workers and aged spouse and <span class="nobr">widow(er)</span> beneficiaries reported amounts consistent with the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>, compared with only 28 percent of disabled workers. Average benefit comparisons present a somewhat different picture, however. Retired and disabled workers reported <abbr>SIPP</abbr> amounts that, on average, were very similar to <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amounts. By contrast, the "other" beneficiary group reported an average benefit that was 117 percent higher than the amount given in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>. That group primarily included those receiving benefits because they were adults disabled in childhood or spouses or <span class="nobr">widow(er)s</span> caring for minor children. Some of the latter groups may be including their <span class="nobr">child(ren)'s</span> benefits, for which they are representative payees, in their benefit reports.</p>
|
|
<p>Patterns by Social Security benefit level are similar to those seen earlier for the aged, although they are less consistent and far less pronounced. Persons reporting very low benefit amounts are more likely to underreport (relative to <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amounts), and those reporting the highest amounts are more likely to overreport. The <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-to-<abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> mean benefit ratios increase consistently with the <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported Social Security benefit amount, rising from 67 percent among those reporting the lowest benefits to 119 percent among those reporting the highest. However, the percentage reporting amounts consistent with the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> varies considerably—from 23 percent to 54 percent—and shows no particular pattern.</p>
|
|
<p>Reporting among concurrent <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> beneficiaries reflects the general pattern for all aged <span class="nobr">18–64</span>, and consistent reporting is only 5 percentage points higher than it is among concurrent beneficiaries aged 65 or older.</p>
|
|
<h2>Size Distributions</h2>
|
|
<p>This analysis, thus far, has compared the exact amount of benefits (plus or minus $1) reported for the same individual as it appeared in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> and the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> using the linked data. A final set of comparisons looks at distributions of Social Security benefit amounts grouped into categories of benefit amounts according to their size. In effect, <abbr>SIPP</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> results developed for this final set of comparisons were obtained as if the files were not linked. (Mean benefits shown in Tables 3 and 5 were similarly developed.) The picture, based on benefit categories, is both more reassuring than results from the linked data and generally consistent with them.</p>
|
|
<p>To gauge the similarity of the distributions from the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> and the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>, measures of the index of dissimilarity are included for each set of comparisons. The index indicates the percentage of beneficiaries in either the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> or the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> distribution who would have to change benefit categories to obtain equivalent distributions from the two sources. Among the aged, 5 percent would have to make such a change (Table 6), and roughly the same proportion would have to do so among subgroups defined by sex and age. Results by marital status subgroups show a slightly wider range—from 4 percent to 8 percent (Table 7).</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table6">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 6. </span>Percentage distribution and measures of the index of dissimilarity for beneficiaries aged 65 or older, by monthly benefit amount, sex, and age group, 1990</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:15em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="14" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup" id="c1">Monthly benefit amount (dollars)</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" scope="colgroup" id="c2">Total</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" scope="colgroup" id="c3">Men</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" scope="colgroup" id="c4">Women</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner nobr" colspan="2" scope="colgroup" id="c5">Aged 65–69</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner nobr" colspan="2" scope="colgroup" id="c6">Aged 70–74</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner nobr" colspan="2" scope="colgroup" id="c7">Aged 75–79</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner nobr" colspan="2" scope="colgroup" id="c8">Aged 80–84</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">1–199</th>
|
|
<td>3.8</td>
|
|
<td>3.1</td>
|
|
<td>1.7</td>
|
|
<td>1.2</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>4.5</td>
|
|
<td>4.8</td>
|
|
<td>4.3</td>
|
|
<td>4.4</td>
|
|
<td>3.7</td>
|
|
<td>3.6</td>
|
|
<td>2.5</td>
|
|
<td>1.8</td>
|
|
<td>1.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">200–299</th>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>5.0</td>
|
|
<td>4.3</td>
|
|
<td>15.9</td>
|
|
<td>13.9</td>
|
|
<td>12.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>10.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>9.8</td>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">300–399</th>
|
|
<td>16.0</td>
|
|
<td>15.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
<td>6.6</td>
|
|
<td>21.9</td>
|
|
<td>22.3</td>
|
|
<td>19.0</td>
|
|
<td>19.3</td>
|
|
<td>15.1</td>
|
|
<td>14.0</td>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>15.3</td>
|
|
<td>14.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">400–499</th>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>8.3</td>
|
|
<td>17.1</td>
|
|
<td>15.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>11.4</td>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>16.3</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">500–599</th>
|
|
<td>16.9</td>
|
|
<td>15.6</td>
|
|
<td>16.7</td>
|
|
<td>14.0</td>
|
|
<td>17.1</td>
|
|
<td>16.7</td>
|
|
<td>15.0</td>
|
|
<td>13.8</td>
|
|
<td>15.0</td>
|
|
<td>14.3</td>
|
|
<td>17.2</td>
|
|
<td>15.2</td>
|
|
<td>22.4</td>
|
|
<td>20.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">600–699</th>
|
|
<td>15.4</td>
|
|
<td>16.6</td>
|
|
<td>22.5</td>
|
|
<td>22.7</td>
|
|
<td>10.3</td>
|
|
<td>12.2</td>
|
|
<td>17.2</td>
|
|
<td>17.4</td>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>14.4</td>
|
|
<td>16.0</td>
|
|
<td>20.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">700–799</th>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>14.5</td>
|
|
<td>17.6</td>
|
|
<td>6.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.8</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">800–899</th>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
<td>2.8</td>
|
|
<td>2.9</td>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
<td>8.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
<td>4.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">900–999</th>
|
|
<td>3.1</td>
|
|
<td>4.2</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>6.8</td>
|
|
<td>1.6</td>
|
|
<td>2.2</td>
|
|
<td>1.5</td>
|
|
<td>2.4</td>
|
|
<td>4.9</td>
|
|
<td>5.9</td>
|
|
<td>4.1</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
<td>2.0</td>
|
|
<td>2.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1,000 or more</th>
|
|
<td>2.7</td>
|
|
<td>3.3</td>
|
|
<td>4.5</td>
|
|
<td>5.7</td>
|
|
<td>1.3</td>
|
|
<td>1.6</td>
|
|
<td>0.6</td>
|
|
<td>0.4</td>
|
|
<td>3.1</td>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
<td>4.6</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>3.5</td>
|
|
<td>4.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r1" headers="c1">Index of dissimilarity <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="2" headers="r1 c2" class="center">5.1</td>
|
|
<td colspan="2" headers="r1 c3" class="center">6.2</td>
|
|
<td colspan="2" headers="r1 c4" class="center">4.8</td>
|
|
<td colspan="2" headers="r1 c5" class="center">4.8</td>
|
|
<td colspan="2" headers="r1 c6" class="center">5.7</td>
|
|
<td colspan="2" headers="r1 c7" class="center">5.0</td>
|
|
<td colspan="2" headers="r1 c8" class="center">6.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="onlyNote" colspan="15">a. The index of dissimilarity indicates the percentage of beneficiaries in either the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> or the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> distribution who would have to change their monthly benefit amount category to obtain equivalent distributions. The index is constructed by taking the absolute difference between the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> percentage for each amount category, summing across all the benefit amount categories for the total or the given subgroup, and dividing by 2.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table7">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 7. </span>Percentage distribution and measures of the index of dissimilarity for beneficiaries aged 65 or older, by monthly benefit amount and marital status, 1990</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Monthly benefit<br>amount (dollars)</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" scope="colgroup">Married</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" scope="colgroup">Widowed</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" scope="colgroup">Divorced</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" scope="colgroup">Never married</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">1–199</th>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
<td>4.0</td>
|
|
<td>2.2</td>
|
|
<td>1.6</td>
|
|
<td>3.0</td>
|
|
<td>3.3</td>
|
|
<td>4.5</td>
|
|
<td>3.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">200–299</th>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">300–399</th>
|
|
<td>17.7</td>
|
|
<td>18.7</td>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>19.8</td>
|
|
<td>19.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">400–499</th>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
<td>16.7</td>
|
|
<td>13.8</td>
|
|
<td>19.8</td>
|
|
<td>13.9</td>
|
|
<td>17.2</td>
|
|
<td>16.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">500–599</th>
|
|
<td>12.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>23.7</td>
|
|
<td>22.4</td>
|
|
<td>15.6</td>
|
|
<td>16.2</td>
|
|
<td>26.2</td>
|
|
<td>24.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">600–699</th>
|
|
<td>15.0</td>
|
|
<td>14.7</td>
|
|
<td>16.7</td>
|
|
<td>20.1</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>18.0</td>
|
|
<td>14.0</td>
|
|
<td>14.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">700–799</th>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.1</td>
|
|
<td>12.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">800–899</th>
|
|
<td>8.5</td>
|
|
<td>8.4</td>
|
|
<td>4.8</td>
|
|
<td>5.0</td>
|
|
<td>5.6</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>5.6</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">900–999</th>
|
|
<td>3.4</td>
|
|
<td>4.3</td>
|
|
<td>3.0</td>
|
|
<td>4.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.7</td>
|
|
<td>2.9</td>
|
|
<td>2.4</td>
|
|
<td>3.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1,000 or more</th>
|
|
<td>2.8</td>
|
|
<td>3.6</td>
|
|
<td>2.5</td>
|
|
<td>3.2</td>
|
|
<td>2.4</td>
|
|
<td>2.0</td>
|
|
<td>3.2</td>
|
|
<td>2.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Index of dissimilarity <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="2" class="center">4.9</td>
|
|
<td colspan="2" class="center">8.2</td>
|
|
<td colspan="2" class="center">8.3</td>
|
|
<td colspan="2" class="center">3.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="onlyNote" colspan="9">a. The index of dissimilarity indicates the percentage of beneficiaries in either the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> or the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> distribution who would have to change their monthly benefit amount category to obtain equivalent distributions. The index is constructed by taking the absolute difference between the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> percentage for each amount category, summing across all the benefit amount categories for the total or the given subgroup, and dividing by 2.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Less than 3 percent of the nonaged would have to change benefit categories (Table 8), reflecting the greater concurrence among the nonaged seen in the earlier comparisons. Nonaged subgroup results show the lowest proportion needing to change occurs among retired workers and the highest proportion (almost 7 percent), among those receiving "other" benefit types.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table8">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 8. </span>Percentage distribution and measures of the index of dissimilarity for beneficiaries aged <span class="nobr">18–64</span>, by monthly benefit amount, sex, and type of benefit, 1990</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:12em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:4em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Monthly benefit<br>amount (dollars)</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" scope="colgroup">Total</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" scope="colgroup">Men</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" scope="colgroup">Women</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" scope="colgroup">Retired<br>worker</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" scope="colgroup">Disabled<br>worker</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner nobr" colspan="2" scope="colgroup">Aged<br>spouse/aged<br>widow(er)</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="2" scope="colgroup">Other type<br>of benefit</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th scope="col"><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">1–199</th>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
<td>4.0</td>
|
|
<td>4.1</td>
|
|
<td>10.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>3.1</td>
|
|
<td>3.1</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>4.2</td>
|
|
<td>4.9</td>
|
|
<td>5.7</td>
|
|
<td>30.5</td>
|
|
<td>29.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">200–299</th>
|
|
<td>12.8</td>
|
|
<td>12.5</td>
|
|
<td>4.6</td>
|
|
<td>4.5</td>
|
|
<td>19.5</td>
|
|
<td>19.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.7</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.7</td>
|
|
<td>17.3</td>
|
|
<td>16.0</td>
|
|
<td>24.2</td>
|
|
<td>24.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">300–399</th>
|
|
<td>21.2</td>
|
|
<td>22.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>10.4</td>
|
|
<td>31.0</td>
|
|
<td>32.7</td>
|
|
<td>21.3</td>
|
|
<td>22.0</td>
|
|
<td>17.7</td>
|
|
<td>20.3</td>
|
|
<td>33.2</td>
|
|
<td>31.4</td>
|
|
<td>17.8</td>
|
|
<td>22.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">400–499</th>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>10.2</td>
|
|
<td>17.0</td>
|
|
<td>15.7</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.2</td>
|
|
<td>15.4</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
<td>18.8</td>
|
|
<td>16.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">500–599</th>
|
|
<td>12.2</td>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
<td>16.2</td>
|
|
<td>15.2</td>
|
|
<td>8.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.2</td>
|
|
<td>14.0</td>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
<td>13.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>11.2</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>3.6</td>
|
|
<td>5.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">600–699</th>
|
|
<td>13.8</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
<td>20.6</td>
|
|
<td>17.4</td>
|
|
<td>8.3</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
<td>16.7</td>
|
|
<td>15.6</td>
|
|
<td>14.4</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>15.6</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>5.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0 nobr" scope="row">700–799</th>
|
|
<td>11.1</td>
|
|
<td>12.1</td>
|
|
<td>22.6</td>
|
|
<td>24.2</td>
|
|
<td>1.7</td>
|
|
<td>2.2</td>
|
|
<td>19.6</td>
|
|
<td>20.4</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
<td>2.6</td>
|
|
<td>2.6</td>
|
|
<td>0</td>
|
|
<td>0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">800 or more</th>
|
|
<td>7.7</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>14.0</td>
|
|
<td>3.2</td>
|
|
<td>1.7</td>
|
|
<td>2.3</td>
|
|
<td>2.5</td>
|
|
<td>16.5</td>
|
|
<td>17.2</td>
|
|
<td>0</td>
|
|
<td>0</td>
|
|
<td>8.0</td>
|
|
<td>2.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Index of dissimilarity <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="2" class="center">2.5</td>
|
|
<td colspan="2" class="center">4.3</td>
|
|
<td colspan="2" class="center">3.8</td>
|
|
<td colspan="2" class="center">2.5</td>
|
|
<td colspan="2" class="center">5.7</td>
|
|
<td colspan="2" class="center">5.5</td>
|
|
<td colspan="2" class="center">6.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="onlyNote" colspan="15">a. The index of dissimilarity indicates the percentage of beneficiaries in either the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> or the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> distribution who would have to change their monthly benefit amount category to obtain equivalent distributions. The index is constructed by taking the absolute difference between the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> percentage for each amount category, summing across all the benefit amount categories for the total or the given subgroup, and dividing by 2.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2>Concluding Remarks</h2>
|
|
<p>We cannot say with certainty which—the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> report or the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amount—is the more accurate record of the amount <i>received</i> in a given month, and more could be done to understand the causes of the discrepancies. Two different, but complementary, areas for further work are suggested here. One would use a richer set of linked <span class="nobr"><abbr>SIPP</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></span> data to examine potential causes of the discrepancies. With such data, the role of imputations, particularly in large discrepancies, should be explored. Depending on the results, ways to improve the quality of Social Security benefit imputations in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> might be developed. The role of rounding in benefit reporting could also be more systematically assessed. With more <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> ancillary data, the role of adjustments for the retirement earnings test, payment changes following <span class="nobr">widow(er)hood</span>, or other adjustments could be explored. <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> entitlement dates would allow a systematic look at the effect of the recency of entitlement on reporting quality for all beneficiaries, not just those aged 60 or <span class="nobr">62–64</span>. <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> indicators would also allow investigation of the degree to which the direct deposit of Social Security benefits may result in less accurate reporting. The study could provide a more careful look at the role of forgotten <abbr>COLA</abbr>s in underreports, limiting such an analysis to sufficiently long-term beneficiaries and accounting for recomputations that may also have occurred. It would also be useful to repeat the comparisons made in this study with more recent survey data because the data used here were more than a decade old.</p>
|
|
<p>A second and complementary area for further investigation would be aimed at providing a better understanding of <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s payment system and the frequency of payment adjustments for over- or underpayments.<sup><a href="#mn23" id="mt23">23</a></sup> For example, a series of <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> extracts showing benefit status, payment amount, and other indicators for a common <span class="nobr">month(s)</span> could be pulled at <span class="nobr">6-month</span> intervals for a sample of respondents. Because retroactive payment adjustments may occur with greater frequency in the early calendar months, January might be one useful common month to include. The resulting data set could provide a better understanding of the size, frequency, and timing of benefit adjustments and the subgroups most likely to experience them. That would inform research using <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> administrative data linked to the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> or any other surveys, because <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> data have often been extracted for linkage a few years after the focus of the survey (and, hence, after record adjustments may have been made).</p>
|
|
<p>If possible, additional work would incorporate data from <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s Payment History Update System (<abbr class="spell">PHUS</abbr>)—a portion of the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> that has not traditionally been available for <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> research but may become available. The <abbr class="spell">PHUS</abbr> maintains all transaction information on payment amounts, including all short-term payment adjustments. The amount of benefits that was actually paid <i>in</i> a given month (rather than <i>for</i> a given month) would be discernible in the <abbr class="spell">PHUS</abbr> data and could be compared with the <abbr class="spell">MBC</abbr> amount and the <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported amount for the month.</p>
|
|
<p>As discussed earlier, further research could lead to improvements in the quality of <abbr>SIPP</abbr> imputations of Social Security benefits. In addition, depending on what was learned from those investigations, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> and the Census Bureau could explore introducing benefit information from <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> administrative records on to the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> public-use files. Such an addition would complement the information about the type of Social Security benefit recently added to the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> public-use files and allow users to make their own adjustments to benefit amounts given in the survey data.</p>
|
|
<h2>Appendix A: Benefit Reporting Indicators</h2>
|
|
<p>Comparisons in this paper are of Social Security benefit amounts for Survey of Income and Program Participation respondents who reported receiving benefits in June 1990 and had Social Security Administration administrative data showing that benefits were in current pay status for May. (Benefits are received in the following month.) The analysis excluded cases for which <abbr>SIPP</abbr> data and administrative data did not agree about benefit receipt and cases for which no <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> administrative data were available. As noted earlier, somewhat more than 200 records from the Master Beneficiary Record for respondents who received spouse or <span class="nobr">widow(er)</span> benefits and who were not dually entitled are known to be missing. For the analysis, at least $1 in benefits had to be shown in both the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> and the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>; the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> also needed to show that the benefit was in current pay status.</p>
|
|
<p>This appendix compares Social Security benefit status in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> and looks at some results that might be obtained under a different approach. The discussion is generally restricted to cases with a positive weight for June 1990 (as noted, they are considered to be "in sample" for the month), but the tables include other cases on the file. The aged, persons aged <span class="nobr">18–64</span>, and disabled workers aged <span class="nobr">18–64</span> are examined separately in Tables <span class="nobr">A-1</span> through <span class="nobr">A-6</span>. Two tables are presented for each beneficiary group. The first table in each set looks at reporting and linkage rates in the linked <span class="nobr"><abbr>SIPP</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></span> extract files. The second compares mean benefit amounts and proportions with low benefits across various subsets of respondents defined by the status of their benefit in one or both sources. Unweighted data are used. Cells for cases used in the analysis in the main paper are highlighted.</p>
|
|
<p>Overall, results in this appendix generally show the aged (65 or older) to be better at reporting benefit <i>receipt</i> than persons aged <span class="nobr">18–64</span>. That finding is in contrast to results of the paper's benefit amount comparisons, which show greater concurrence between <abbr>SIPP</abbr> and the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> among the nonaged on the amount of benefits received. The appendix results also generally show that mean benefit amounts and the percentages with low benefit amounts are quite similar when all respondents reporting benefits in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> are compared with the respondent subset used in the paper.</p>
|
|
<h3>Aged (Tables <span class="nobr">A-1</span> and <span class="nobr">A-2</span>)</h3>
|
|
<p>Concurrence between the two sources on benefit receipt was extremely high for the aged. Cases used in the analysis reported benefits that were almost identical to those reported by all <abbr>SIPP</abbr> respondents and to those shown for all linked records in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>.</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Of the 4,477 aged respondents who reported Social Security benefits in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr>, 93 percent (4,168) have linked records, and receipt for 91 percent (4,084) of the reporters was confirmed in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>. <i>Of reporters with linked records, receipt was confirmed for 98 percent.</i></li>
|
|
<li>Of the 4,117 aged respondents showing benefits in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> and with <abbr>SIPP</abbr> weights for the month, 99 percent (4,084) reported benefits in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr>.</li>
|
|
<li>The latter result is quite consistent with Vaughan (2000b), who shows that 98 percent of retired workers, 98 percent of aged wives, and 99 percent of aged <span class="nobr">widow(er)s</span> in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> reported benefits in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> for December 1990 and December 1991.</li>
|
|
<li>Finally, of the 4,201 aged respondents showing benefits in <i>either</i> source, 97 percent show receipt in both. The data show 4,084 with receipt in both; 84 with receipt in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> and not the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>; and 33 with receipt only in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>, yielding 4,201 with receipt in either.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>For the aged, Table <span class="nobr">A-2</span> shows that mean reported benefits are virtually identical when all <abbr>SIPP</abbr> respondents who reported benefits are compared with the linked subset who also show positive benefits in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> ($535 and $536, respectively). Proportions reporting low benefits in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> are also the same or nearly so in the two groups. Under the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> indicators, mean benefits and proportions showing low benefits are also very similar for all cases and for corroborating cases.</p>
|
|
<p>Among the relatively small numbers of aged respondents reporting benefits in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> but without corroborating evidence in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>, mean reported benefits are lower than in the analysis sample used. Indicators of the lowest benefits come from the 84 respondents who reported Social Security in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> but whose linked <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> data did not agree. It could be that some of those respondents received only <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits but mistakenly reported them as Social Security. (As noted, the analysis file lacked data from <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> administrative files.)</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="tablea1">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table A-1. </span>Status of Social Security benefit field for all persons aged 65 or older in linked <span class="nobr"><abbr>SIPP</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></span> extract file, May 1990</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:12em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="7" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" id="c1">Social Security<br>benefit in <abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" id="c2">All<br>records</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" id="c3">No linked<br><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="5" id="c4">Social Security benefit in <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th id="c5" headers="c4">Subtotal,<br>with<br>linked<br><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
<th id="c6" headers="c4">Amount<br>field is<br>not filled</th>
|
|
<th id="c7" headers="c4">Amount<br>equals<br>zero</th>
|
|
<th id="c8" headers="c4">Amount is<br>positive but<br>not in current<br>pay status</th>
|
|
<th id="c9" headers="c4">Amount is<br>positive</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r1" headers="c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c2">5,126</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c3">555</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c4 c5">4,571</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c4 c6">69</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c4 c7">107</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c4 c8">66</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c4 c9">4,329</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r2" headers="c1">Records with weights</th>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c2">4,857</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c3">508</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c4 c5">4,349</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c4 c6">69</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c4 c7">98</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c4 c8">65</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c4 c9">4,117</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r3" headers="r2 c1">Amount is positive</th>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r3 c2">4,477</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r3 c3">309</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r3 c4 c5">4,168</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r3 c4 c6">69</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r3 c4 c7">11</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r3 c4 c8">4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r3 c4 c9" class="shaded">4,084</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r4" headers="r2 c1">Amount equals zero</th>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r4 c2">10</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r4 c3">1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r4 c4 c5">9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r4 c4 c6">0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r4 c4 c7">0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r4 c4 c8">5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r4 c4 c9">4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r5" headers="r2 c1">Amount is missing</th>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r5 c2">370</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r5 c3">198</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r5 c4 c5">172</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r5 c4 c6">0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r5 c4 c7">87</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r5 c4 c8">56</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r5 c4 c9">29</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r6" headers="c1">Records with no weights <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c2">269</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c3">47</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c4 c5">222</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c4 c6">0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c4 c7">9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c4 c8">1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c4 c9">212</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="onlyNote" colspan="8">a. If the year of birth is missing, then the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> record is considered to not be linked. If there is no <abbr>SIPP</abbr> weight for June, then the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> record is disregarded.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="table" id="tablea2">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table A-2. </span>Average Social Security benefits of persons aged 65 or older and percentage with low benefits in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>, by benefit indicator status in data source, May 1990 </caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:18em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Social Security benefit indicator</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Number</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup"><abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup"><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Mean<br>benefit<br>(dollars)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percentage<br>< $199</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percentage<br>< $299</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Mean<br>benefit<br>(dollars)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percentage<br>< $199</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percentage<br>< $299</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Positive in <abbr>SIPP</abbr>; positive in <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td>4,084</td>
|
|
<td>536</td>
|
|
<td>3.8</td>
|
|
<td>15.2</td>
|
|
<td>564</td>
|
|
<td>3.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Positive in <abbr>SIPP</abbr>; not in <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> <sup>b</sup></th>
|
|
<td>84</td>
|
|
<td>490</td>
|
|
<td>4.2</td>
|
|
<td>20.5</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Positive in <abbr>SIPP</abbr>; no linked <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> <sup>c</sup></th>
|
|
<td>309</td>
|
|
<td>523</td>
|
|
<td>3.4</td>
|
|
<td>18.5</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Not in <abbr>SIPP</abbr> <sup>d</sup>; positive in <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td>33</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>528</td>
|
|
<td>15.2</td>
|
|
<td>27.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Positive in <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
<td><sup>e</sup> 4,329</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>563</td>
|
|
<td>3.2</td>
|
|
<td>13.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Positive in <abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<td>4,477</td>
|
|
<td>535</td>
|
|
<td>3.8</td>
|
|
<td>15.5</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="8">NOTES: Statistics based on weighted data.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="8">n.a. = not applicable.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="8">a. For <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amounts to be considered positive, they must also be in current pay status.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="8">b. This group includes records that show an <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> birth year but show <abbr class="spell">MBC</abbr> as blank, zero, or an amount that is not in current pay status.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="8">c. If the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> year of birth was missing, the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> record was considered to not be linked. Work by Vaughan (2000b) suggests that as many as 200 <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> records are missing from this file because of errors in the linkage. In other cases, an <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> is not linked because respondents refused to provide their Social Security numbers or because a record matching the <abbr class="spell">SSN</abbr> could not be found.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="8">d. This group includes records that are weighted but report Social Security benefit amounts for June 1990 that equal zero or are missing. </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="8">e. Number includes 212 unweighted records.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h3>Nonaged (Tables <span class="nobr">A-3</span> and <span class="nobr">A-4</span>)</h3>
|
|
<p>Concurrence between the two sources on benefit receipt was lower among those aged <span class="nobr">18–64</span> than among the aged, and a somewhat smaller proportion of the group aged <span class="nobr">18–64</span> who reported benefits had a linked <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>. The cases used in the analysis report slightly higher benefits than either all <abbr>SIPP</abbr> respondents reporting benefits or all <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> cases with positive benefits.</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Of the 1,244 respondents aged <span class="nobr">18–64</span> who reported Social Security benefits in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr>, 90 percent (1,116) had linked records, and benefit receipt for 84 percent (1,047) of reporters was confirmed in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>. <i>Of reporters with linked records, receipt was confirmed for 94 percent.</i></li>
|
|
<li>Of the 1,230 nonaged respondents showing benefits in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> and with <abbr>SIPP</abbr> weights for the month, 85 percent (1,047) reported benefits in the <abbr class="spell">SIPP</abbr>.</li>
|
|
<li>Finally, of the 1,299 nonaged respondents showing benefits in <i>either</i> source, 81 percent (1,047) show receipt in both. The data show 1,047 with receipt in both; 69 with receipt in <abbr>SIPP</abbr> and not the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>; and 183 with receipt only in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>, yielding 1,299 with receipt in either.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>Among nonaged persons, mean reported benefits of all <abbr class="spell">SIPP</abbr> respondents is a bit lower than that of the subset whose report is corroborated in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> ($479 and $485, respectively). An almost identical difference occurs between those of all respondents showing positive benefits in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> and those of the subset with benefits in both sources ($479 and $484, respectively). Interestingly, the mean benefit reported by all <abbr>SIPP</abbr> respondents is identical to that shown in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> for all those aged <span class="nobr">18–64</span> with linked records ($479).</p>
|
|
<p>A slightly higher proportion of all respondents reported benefits in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> of less than $199 compared with such reports from those with benefit reports in both sources (7.9 percent and 7.5 percent, respectively), but proportions with benefits under $299 are identical in the two groups (20.3 percent). <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> indicators show higher proportions of respondents with low benefits across all <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> cases, compared with the subset used in the analysis (9.5 percent versus 7.3 percent and 21.2 percent versus 19.8 percent).</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="tablea3">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table A-3. </span>Status of Social Security benefit field for all persons aged <span class="nobr">18–64</span> in linked <span class="nobr"><abbr>SIPP</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></span> extract file, May 1990</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:12em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="7" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" id="c1">Social Security<br>benefit in <abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" id="c2">All<br>records</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" id="c3">No linked<br>MBR <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="5" id="c4"> Social Security benefit in <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th id="c5" headers="c4">Subtotal,<br>with<br>linked<br><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
<th id="c6" headers="c4">Amount<br>field is<br>not filled</th>
|
|
<th id="c7" headers="c4">Amount<br>equals<br>zero</th>
|
|
<th id="c8" headers="c4">Amount is<br>positive but<br>not in<br>current pay<br>status</th>
|
|
<th id="c9" headers="c4">Amount is<br>positive</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r1" headers="c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c2">26,872</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c3">25,347</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c4 c5">1,525</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c4 c6">74</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c4 c7">112</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c4 c8">48</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c4 c9">1,291</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r2" headers="c1">Records with weights</th>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c2">25,353</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c3">23,895</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c4 c5">1,458</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c4 c6">74</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c4 c7">106</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c4 c8">48</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c4 c9">1,230</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r3" headers="r2 c1">Amount is positive</th>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r3 c2">1,244</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r3 c3">128</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r3 c4 c5">1,116</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r3 c4 c6">59</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r3 c4 c7">1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r3 c4 c8">9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r3 c4 c9" class="shaded">1,047</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r4" headers="r2 c1">Amount equals zero</th>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r4 c2">207</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r4 c3">145</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r4 c4 c5">62</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r4 c4 c6">15</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r4 c4 c7">7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r4 c4 c8">13</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r4 c4 c9">27</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r5" headers="r2 c1">Amount is missing </th>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r5 c2">23,902</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r5 c3">23,622</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r5 c4 c5">280</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r5 c4 c6">0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r5 c4 c7">98</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r5 c4 c8">26</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r5 c4 c9">156</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r6" headers="c1">Records with no weights <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c2">1,519</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c3">1,452</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c4 c5">67</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c4 c6">0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c4 c7">6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c4 c8">0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c4 c9">61</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="onlyNote" colspan="8">a. If the year of birth is missing, then the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> record is considered to not be linked. If there is no <abbr>SIPP</abbr> weight for June, then the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> record is disregarded.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="table" id="tablea4">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table A-4. </span>Average Social Security benefits of persons aged <span class="nobr">18–64</span> and percentage with low benefits in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>, by benefit indicator status in data source, May 1990</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:18em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Social Security benefit indicator</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Number</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup"><abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup"><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Mean<br>benefit<br>(dollars)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percentage<br>< $199</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percentage<br>< $299</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Mean<br>benefit<br>(dollars)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percentage<br>< $199</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percentage<br>< $299</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Positive in <abbr>SIPP</abbr>; positive in <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td>1,047</td>
|
|
<td>485</td>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>20.3</td>
|
|
<td>484</td>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
<td>19.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Positive in <abbr>SIPP</abbr>; not in <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> <sup>b</sup></th>
|
|
<td>69</td>
|
|
<td>434</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>22.0</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Positive in <abbr>SIPP</abbr>; no linked <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> <sup>c</sup></th>
|
|
<td>128</td>
|
|
<td>449</td>
|
|
<td>9.9</td>
|
|
<td>19.8</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Not in <abbr>SIPP</abbr> <sup>d</sup>; positive in <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td>183</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>452</td>
|
|
<td>22.9</td>
|
|
<td>29.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Positive <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
<td><sup>e</sup> 1,291</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>479</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
<td>21.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Positive <abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<td>1,244</td>
|
|
<td>479</td>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
<td>20.3</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="8">NOTES: Statistics based on weighted data.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="8">n.a. = not applicable.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="8">a. For <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amounts to be considered positive, they must also be in current pay status.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="8">b. This group includes records that show an <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> birth year but show <abbr class="spell">MBC</abbr> as blank, zero, or an amount that is not in current pay status.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="8">c. If the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> year of birth was missing, the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> record was considered to not be linked. Work by Vaughan (2000b) suggests that as many as 200 <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> records are missing from this file because of errors in the linkage. In other cases, an <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> is not linked because respondents refused to provide their <abbr class="spell">SSN</abbr>s or because a record matching the <abbr class="spell">SSN</abbr> could not be found.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="8">d. This group includes records that are weighted but report Social Security benefit amounts for June 1990 that equal zero or are missing. </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="8">e. Number includes 61 unweighted records.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h3>Disabled Workers (Tables <span class="nobr">A-5</span> and <span class="nobr">A-6</span>)</h3>
|
|
<p>Estimates for disabled workers (all aged <span class="nobr">18–64</span>) are developed using the type of benefit information in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>. The result is that estimates are not available for respondents without linked administrative data, including those reporting disabled worker as their benefit type in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr>. (Tables <span class="nobr">A-1</span> through <span class="nobr">A-4</span> used only the age variable given in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> data to define the groups under scrutiny.)</p>
|
|
<p>Among those with <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> disabled-worker benefits, concurrence is lower than among either the aged or nonaged groups.</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Of the 436 weighted cases showing a disabled-worker benefit in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>, 361 (83 percent) reported Social Security benefits in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr>. That rate is similar to the 85 percent obtained from 1992 and 1993 <abbr>SIPP</abbr> panels for December 1994 reported in Social Security Administration (2001), Appendix A.</li>
|
|
<li>However, the result is lower than that given in Vaughan (2000b). He found that 90 percent of disabled-worker cases in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> also reported benefits in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr>. Vaughan's results were based on weighted data and were from <abbr>SIPP</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> linked files for the December 1990 and December 1991 benefits.</li>
|
|
<li><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> indicators for all disabled workers compared with the subset who also report benefits in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> are quite similar. The mean is slightly higher ($551 versus $547), but the proportion with the lowest benefits is also higher (5.1 percent versus 4.2 percent), and the proportions with benefits under $299 are very similar (12.6 percent and 12.9 percent).</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>Program and payment features might contribute to the apparently lower <abbr>SIPP</abbr> reporting rates noted earlier. Successful <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> Disability Insurance applications may have a relatively long review period, sometimes including additional time for appeals, before an award is made. Once an award is made, however, the disabled worker can be paid retroactively back to the date of initial entitlement, and the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> is adjusted to show benefits paid in each month of retroactivity. Thus, some <abbr>SIPP</abbr> respondents may have been awaiting a disability award decision during the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> interview (and correctly reporting no benefit for May), but subsequent changes to the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> would have made it appear that the benefit had been received. (Those kinds of program features and their representation in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> are discussed in <a href="#apnb">Appendix B</a>.) An additional possibility, noted by Vaughan (2000b), is that some new beneficiaries may report their Social Security income as <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> because they had received <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payments in the <span class="nobr">5-month</span> waiting period. Not all new beneficiaries may understand the subsequent change in the source of their benefit income. We were not able to isolate new beneficiaries for this analysis.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="tablea5">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table A-5. </span>Status of Social Security benefit field for disabled-worker beneficiaries aged <span class="nobr">18–64</span> in the linked <span class="nobr"><abbr>SIPP</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></span> extract file, May 1990 <sup>a</sup></caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:15em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="5" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" id="c1">Social Security benefit in <abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="5" id="c2">Disability Insurance benefit in <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th id="c3" headers="c2">Subtotal,<br>with linked<br><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
<th id="c4" headers="c2">Amount field<br>is not<br>filled</th>
|
|
<th id="c5" headers="c2">Amount<br>equals<br>zero</th>
|
|
<th id="c6" headers="c2">Amount is<br>positive but<br>not in current<br>pay status</th>
|
|
<th id="c7" headers="c2">Amount is<br>positive</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r1" headers="c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c2 c3">470</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c2 c4">0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c2 c5">7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c2 c6">7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 c2 c7">456</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r2" headers="c1">Records with weights</th>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c2 c3">450</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c2 c4">0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c2 c5">7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c2 c6">7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 c2 c7">436</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r3" headers="r2 c1">Amount is positive</th>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r3 c2 c3">362</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r3 c2 c4">0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r3 c2 c5">0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r3 c2 c6">1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r3 c2 c7" class="shaded">361</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r4" headers="r2 c1">Amount equals zero</th>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r4 c2 c3">5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r4 c2 c4">0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r4 c2 c5">1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r4 c2 c6">1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r4 c2 c7">3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r5" headers="r2 c1">Amount is missing</th>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r5 c2 c3">83</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r5 c2 c4">0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r5 c2 c5">6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r5 c2 c6">5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r2 r5 c2 c7">72</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r6" headers="c1">Record with no weights <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c2 c3">20</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c2 c4">0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c2 c5">0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c2 c6">0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r6 c2 c7">20</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="onlyNote" colspan="6">a. <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> indicators are used to identify disabled workers. Therefore, <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> records are available by definition for all cases. <abbr>SIPP</abbr> type of benefit information was disregarded.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="table" id="tablea6">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table A-6. </span>Average Social Security benefits of persons aged <span class="nobr">18–64</span> and percentage with low benefits in the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> for those with <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> indicated in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>, by benefit indicator status in data source, May 1990</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:18em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:7em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Social Security benefit indicator</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">Number</th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup"><abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<th class="spanner" colspan="3" scope="colgroup"><abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Mean<br>benefit<br>(dollars)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percentage<br>< $199</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percentage<br>< $299</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Mean<br>benefit<br>(dollars)</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percentage<br>< $199</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Percentage<br>< $299</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Positive in <abbr>SIPP</abbr>; positive in <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td>361</td>
|
|
<td>541</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.3</td>
|
|
<td>547</td>
|
|
<td>4.2</td>
|
|
<td>12.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Positive in <abbr>SIPP</abbr>; not in <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> <sup>b</sup></th>
|
|
<td>1</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Positive in <abbr>SIPP</abbr>; no linked <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> <sup>c</sup></th>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Not in <abbr>SIPP</abbr> <sup>d</sup>; positive in <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td>75</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>570</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>10.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Positive <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr></th>
|
|
<td><sup>e</sup> 456</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>551</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Positive <abbr>SIPP</abbr></th>
|
|
<td>362</td>
|
|
<td>541</td>
|
|
<td>5.1</td>
|
|
<td>13.2</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
<td>n.a.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="8">NOTES: Statistics based on weighted data.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="8">n.a. = not applicable.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="8">a. For <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amounts to be considered positive, they must also be in current pay status.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="8">b. This group includes records that show an <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> birth year but show <abbr class="spell">MBC</abbr> as blank, zero, or an amount that is not in current pay status.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="8">c. If the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> year of birth was missing, the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> record was considered to not be linked. Work by Vaughan (2000b) suggests that as many as 200 <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> records are missing from this file because of errors in the linkage. In other cases, an <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> is not linked because respondents refused to provide their <abbr class="spell">SSN</abbr>s or because a record matching the <abbr class="spell">SSN</abbr> could not be found.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="8">d. This group includes records that are weighted but report Social Security benefit amounts for June 1990 that equal zero or are missing.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="8">e. Number includes 20 unweighted records.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2 id="apnb">Appendix B: Benefit Amounts in the Social Security Administration's Master Beneficiary Record</h2>
|
|
<p>A benefit amount in the Social Security Administration's Master Beneficiary Record shows the amount paid <i>for</i> a given month, not necessarily the amount paid <i>in</i> that month.<sup><a href="#mn24" id="mt24">24</a></sup> The latter—the amount the respondent received in a particular month—may differ from the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amount because of adjustments for overpayments or underpayments. An overpayment occurs when <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> pays a beneficiary too much. As soon as <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> detects the overpayment, a refund is requested, or, if the beneficiary prefers, amounts may be withheld from future benefits to cover the overpayment, or other arrangements may be made. An underpayment is an amount due a person that has not been paid. <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> may pay in a single check or add the repayment to another benefit payable to the person. Adjustments are subsequently made to the amounts recorded in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> to reflect the amount that <i>should</i> have been paid in any given month.</p>
|
|
<p>We are not aware of any estimates of the size and frequency of such adjustments in 1990, but estimates for 2000 suggest that about 15 percent of beneficiaries had at least one over- or underpayment. Some examples of the conditions surrounding the occurrence of such adjustments are given here.<sup><a href="#mn25" id="mt25">25</a></sup></p>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>A worker receiving benefits at age 66 in 1990 reports no plans for future work. But he does work in 1990, and in 1992 <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> determines that his 1990 earnings exceeded amounts set by the earnings test and that he was overpaid $2,600 in 1990.
|
|
<p>If his monthly benefit amount is $600 (for easier exposition, examples assume no <abbr>COLA</abbr>s or recomputations), <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> might withhold all of his current $600 benefit for 4 consecutive months and $200 in the following month to repay the $2,600. In that case, the 1990 <abbr class="spell">MBA</abbr> history, which previously showed $600 per month, is changed to show that benefits were reduced. The payment history would then show no benefit for January 1990 through April 1990, an <abbr class="spell">MBA</abbr> of $400 for May 1990, and an <abbr class="spell">MBA</abbr> of $600 for the remaining months in 1990.<sup><a href="#mn26" id="mt26">26</a></sup></p>
|
|
<p>The 1992 record—rather than showing that no benefits were received for 4 months and $400 was received for May (as actually happened)—would show $600 every month. If the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> respondent reported what actually happened in June 1990—a benefit of $600 was received—the records would agree only if the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> record pull occurred before <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> determined that an overpayment had been made. If the pull occurred after the determination of overpayment, the record for May (received in June) would show the lower adjusted benefit of $400, and the respondent would appear to have overreported. If the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> respondent also reported what actually happened in 1992 (4 "$0 months," 1 "$400 month," and 7 "$600 months") the records would not agree, and the respondent would appear to be underreporting in the early months.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>An underpayment could arise if the beneficiary tells <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> that he expected high earnings in 1990 and <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> reduces his <abbr class="spell">MBA</abbr> for the earnings test. If, in fact, he did not work and <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> determined that in 1992, the agency would adjust the 1990 underpayment with a lump sum. The 1990 record would automatically change to show the unreduced amount that should have been paid, and the 1992 record would not reflect the lump-sum payment that was made in that year.
|
|
<p>The respondent's report of what actually happened in 1990 would agree with the records only before the lump-sum adjustment was made. After that, the respondent would appear to be underreporting. In 1992, if the respondent included the lump-sum amount in his benefit report, he would not agree with the records and would appear to be overreporting.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li><abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> conducts benefit recomputations to credit beneficiaries for additional recent covered earnings. While recomputations occur continuously as needed, major systems operations that result in <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> changes usually occur in October and March. (In roughly 25 percent of all cases, a manual review is required and the cases are processed as workloads permit.) A recomputation to include a particular year's earnings is effective with the January benefit in the year following the year in which the earnings were paid. However, even when things go well, there are lags of several months for earnings to be posted, so payments reflecting the January increase are made retroactively.
|
|
<p>For example, an automatic recomputation for a beneficiary's 1989 earnings would occur in October 1990, if the earnings were posted before the recomputation operation. If the recomputation resulted in higher benefits, a new January 1990 <abbr class="spell">MBA</abbr> would be created and retroactive payments would be made for January 1990 and later. If the 1989 earnings were not posted until after the October 1990 operation, the automatic recomputation would occur in March 1991, a new January 1990 <abbr class="spell">MBA</abbr> would be created, the <abbr>COLA</abbr> at the end of 1990 would be applied, and a new January 1991 <abbr class="spell">MBA</abbr> would be created. Retroactive payments based on those amounts would be made for January 1990 and later.</p>
|
|
<p>Depending on the month of the interview and the month the 1989 earnings were posted and benefits recomputed, <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported benefit amounts for 1990 might show the amount received before the recomputation adjustment. In those cases, and assuming the records were pulled after the recomputation adjustment, respondents would appear to be underreporting. Amounts reported in the month a lump-sum retroactive payment was received would appear to be overreports, relative to what the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> would show for the month.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>A <span class="nobr">62-year-old</span> insured worker develops a disability that prevents his employment, and he applies to <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> for disabled-worker benefits. While waiting for <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s disability award (which can take many months), he takes reduced retired-worker benefits to meet his income needs. Those benefits begin for January 1990, in the amount of $580 per month. In October 1990, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> awards disability benefits in the amount of $725, retroactive back to April 1990.
|
|
<p>In that case, the <abbr class="spell">MBA</abbr> history, which had showed $580 for each month from January through October, would change to show the $725 monthly amount for April through October. If the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> respondent reported the $580 that he actually received for May 1990, he would appear to be underreporting relative to the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> (assuming that the <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> records are extracted after the changes are made.)</p>
|
|
<p>The period surrounding new disability awards can also result in discrepancies that are somewhat outside the scope of this paper. For example, workers who are not eligible for retirement benefits while awaiting a disability award might rely on a spouse's income or their own savings to meet their income needs. When retroactive disability awards are made in such cases, a comparison of benefit status in the linked records will show an apparent failure by the respondent to report benefits at all for some months. During the <span class="nobr">5-month</span> waiting period, an alternative, temporary income source for some people is the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program. Subsequent confusion may arise for some beneficiaries about whether benefits in any given month were obtained from the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> or the Social Security program.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>A woman receiving benefits as a retired worker might learn that her divorced husband died the previous year. If she received higher benefits as a dually entitled surviving divorced spouse and established eligibility for those benefits, she would be retroactively paid the difference between the retired-worker benefit she had received and the survivor benefit she was due back to her former husband's month of death.
|
|
<p>If she was interviewed before the adjustment was made and the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> records were pulled after that time, the monthly benefit amount she reported would be less than the total benefit that the records showed she was paid. She would appear to be underreporting. If she was interviewed in the month she received a retroactive payment plus her retired-worker benefit, she would appear to be overreporting.</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<div id="notes">
|
|
<h2>Notes</h2>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt1" id="mn1">1</a>. Poehls used data from a special supplement to the June 1973 Current Population Survey that had been linked to <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> administrative records.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt2" id="mn2">2</a>. In 1990, 29.7 million aged persons were enrolled in Medicare's <abbr class="spell">SMI</abbr> program, and 30.5 million were enrolled in Medicare's basic Hospital Insurance (<abbr class="spell">HI</abbr>) program (Social Security Administration 1993). Those groups overlap to a major degree, although it is possible to be enrolled only in <abbr class="spell">HI</abbr> or only in <abbr class="spell">SMI</abbr>.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt3" id="mn3">3</a>. The Master Beneficiary Record is a massive <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> database that contains the information needed to generate checks under the Social Security program. The records used in this analysis were extracted from the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> about 18 months after the <abbr>SIPP</abbr> interview. The resulting linked files are highly restricted. They can be used only for research and only by sworn agents of the <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Census Bureau. See Vaughan (2000b), Appendix B, for a description of the record match. As he notes, mismatches of <abbr>SIPP</abbr> data with <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> records will have occurred in some cases, but the prevalence of such mismatches is believed to be low.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt4" id="mn4">4</a>. Appendix A gives reporting and linkage rates for aged and nonaged respondents on the file and briefly explores some effects on receipt and amounts reported of the restriction to cases with benefits shown in both data sources.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt5" id="mn5">5</a>. Age and other respondent characteristics are based on <abbr>SIPP</abbr> data.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt6" id="mn6">6</a>. As noted, <abbr>SIPP</abbr> cases for which benefit data could not be linked (for example, because respondents refused to provide their Social Security number) are missing from this analysis. In addition, work by Vaughan (2000a) suggests that errors in the original procedures used to obtain benefit records may have caused a little more than 200 <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> cases to be missing from this file. The missing cases are <abbr>SIPP</abbr> respondents who received spouse or <span class="nobr">widow(er)</span> benefits and who were not dually entitled.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt7" id="mn7">7</a>. The <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> contains several payment variables. Among them, the monthly benefit amount (<abbr class="spell">MBA</abbr>) is the amount payable after reduction, if necessary, for age, family maximum, and other reasons but before withholdings, if any, for the Medicare premium. In general, the <abbr class="spell">MBC</abbr> is obtained by subtracting the Part B Medicare premium (if any) from the <abbr class="spell">MBA</abbr>, rounding the result down to the nearest whole dollar, and adding the Part B Medicare premium to the rounded amount. (Another benefit variable, the monthly benefit paid, is the <abbr class="spell">MBC</abbr> minus the Medicare premium.)</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt8" id="mn8">8</a>. The 1990 <abbr>SIPP</abbr> questionnaire captures reports of direct deposits in Section 3, Item 8A.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt9" id="mn9">9</a>. <abbr>SIPP</abbr> amounts were given in dollars on the file, and <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amounts, to the nearest dime. The amounts were rounded to the nearest dollar for these calculations.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt10" id="mn10">10</a>. 1973 <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> results shown here are from Poehls (1979). Only results based on unweighted data are available.</p>
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|
<p><a href="#mt11" id="mn11">11</a>. The Medicare premium for 1990 was $28.60 per month, although the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> data show somewhat different amounts for 118 cases. For 97 percent, monthly Medicare premiums were shown as $28.60, but 54 cases showed premiums of $31.50, 10 showed zero, and 54 others showed some other amount. (Premiums can increase for late enrollment. The 54 cases with $31.50 premiums probably have a 10 percent penalty for enrolling 1 year after first eligibility for Medicare.)</p>
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<p><a href="#mt12" id="mn12">12</a>. Under the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988 (Public Law <span class="nobr">100-360</span>), Medicaid was required to pay Medicare premiums for Medicare beneficiaries below poverty. Coverage under the act was phased in beginning January 1, 1989 (<abbr>U.S.</abbr> House of Representatives 1998).</p>
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<p><a href="#mt13" id="mn13">13</a>. The distribution for the total sample differs slightly from that in Table 1 because Table 3 is restricted to respondents showing a Medicare premium amount of $28.60 on the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>. That criterion eliminates 118 cases.</p>
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<p><a href="#mt14" id="mn14">14</a>. Note that fairly small numbers of respondents are in the <span class="nobr">$1–199</span> <span class="nobr">(N = 167)</span>, <span class="nobr">$900–999</span> <span class="nobr">(N = 132)</span>, and $1,000 or more <span class="nobr">(N = 109)</span> <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported benefit groups.</p>
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<p><a href="#mt15" id="mn15">15</a>. To roughly test whether Table 3's distribution of differences in benefit amounts among categories of the classifying variables are the same, chi square tests were done using unweighted data. Results showed <span class="nobr">p < .01</span> for marital status <span class="nobr">(p = 0014)</span>; race <span class="nobr">(p = .0002)</span>, calculated only across whites and blacks; schooling <span class="nobr">(p = .0089)</span>; type of Social Security benefit, calculated only across retired-worker, spouse, and <span class="nobr">widow(er)</span> benefit types <span class="nobr">(p < .0001)</span>; Social Security benefit <span class="nobr">(p < .0001)</span>; and <abbr>SIPP</abbr>-reported <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipiency <abbr title="versus">vs.</abbr> all others <span class="nobr">(p < .0001)</span>. For these variables, most analysts would reject the null hypothesis that all the percentage distributions are the same for the categories in each variable and would conclude that there is a difference across categories. Variations in the percentages across categories in the sex, age, and ethnicity (Hispanic or other ethnicity) variables in Table 3 are more likely to be due to chance.</p>
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<p><a href="#mt16" id="mn16">16</a>. Concurrent <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> beneficiaries fall disproportionately in the low benefit groups. For example, 15 percent of concurrents report Social Security benefits of $199 or less, 41 percent of $299 or less, and 74 percent of $399 or less. While fairly large majorities of those reporting low Social Security benefits do not receive <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>, a disproportionate percentage do. <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits are reported by 19 percent of those reporting Social Security benefits under $199, 13 percent of $299 or less, and 12 percent of $399 or less.</p>
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<p><a href="#mt17" id="mn17">17</a>. Only 2 of the 150 concurrent cases with potential misreports reported <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits that equaled the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amount for Social Security, and only 7 reported <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits within $10 of the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> amount. In comments on earlier drafts of this paper, both Denny Vaughan and Kalman Rupp suggested a wider exploration of reporting among <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> beneficiaries who may be confusing the programs. However, administrative records for the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program were not linked to the analysis file used, so we could not explore the question of whether the benefit reported as Social Security was, in fact, the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefit instead.</p>
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<p><a href="#mt18" id="mn18">18</a>. This is not quite correct, as noted by Bert Kestenbaum in comments on an earlier draft. Because a worker's earnings affect the total monthly family benefit, the benefit of a spouse aged 70 or older could also be affected. But that is thought to affect a relatively small number of cases.</p>
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<p><a href="#mt19" id="mn19">19</a>. In 1989, about 10 percent of beneficiaries aged <span class="nobr">65–69</span> were affected by the earnings test (Bondar 1993). Effects of the earnings test among those aged <span class="nobr">65–69</span> are not a concern in recent survey data. The Senior Citizens' Freedom to Work Act of 2000 eliminated the test for taxable years ending after December 31, 1999. (Since that legislation was enacted in April 2000, corrections were made in benefit payments and in the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> for about 400,000 beneficiaries affected by the retroactive nature of the change.)</p>
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<p><a href="#mt20" id="mn20">20</a>. Basic Medicare coverage is provided to Social Security Disability Insurance (<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>) beneficiaries who have been entitled to <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits for at least 24 months. At that time, they are also eligible to voluntarily enroll in the <abbr class="spell">SMI</abbr> program and pay the monthly premium. Neither the dependents of <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries nor those aged <span class="nobr">62–64</span> who take early retirement benefits are covered by Medicare or eligible for the <abbr class="spell">SMI</abbr> program.</p>
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<p class="secondpara">The extension of <abbr class="spell">SMI</abbr> Medicare protection to disabled beneficiaries did not take effect until July 1973, one month after the reference month in the <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr> data described by Poehls and discussed for the aged in the previous section. Therefore, <span class="nobr">1990-to-1973</span> comparisons are not made for those under 65. See Ball (1973) for more discussion of the extension of Medicare protection to disabled workers and others under the 1972 Social Security amendments.</p>
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<p><a href="#mt21" id="mn21">21</a>. Chi square tests using unweighted data showed p < .01 for age groups <span class="nobr">(p < .006)</span>, type of Social Security benefit <span class="nobr">(p < .0001)</span>, and Social Security benefit amount <span class="nobr">(p < .0001)</span>.</p>
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<p><a href="#mt22" id="mn22">22</a>. On the other hand, beneficiaries in this age group are more likely to work and potentially be affected by adjustments because of the earnings test so, a priori, we might have expected less agreement.</p>
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<p><a href="#mt23" id="mn23">23</a>. <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> does not routinely develop estimates of the proportion of beneficiaries with over- or underpayments. However, special estimates developed by Ken Olson in <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s Office of Quality Assurance suggest that approximately 15 percent of beneficiaries in 2000 had at least one over- or underpayment. (Overpayments are far more frequent than underpayments.) Estimates are based on data from a sample of more than 600,000 accounts created by <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s Office of Systems, which develops daily samples of transactions that are then cumulated weekly over the year.</p>
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<p><a href="#mt24" id="mn24">24</a>. The exception is the part of the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> known as the Payment History Update System (<abbr class="spell">PHUS</abbr>), which maintains transaction information. As noted in this paper's concluding section, <abbr class="spell">PHUS</abbr> data have not generally been available for research and were not available for the analysis presented here.</p>
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<p><a href="#mt25" id="mn25">25</a>. These examples were developed by the author based on discussions with <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> colleagues Joel Packman, Bob Hackendorf, and Russ Hudson, all of whom have worked extensively with the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr>. Responsibility for any errors rests with the author.</p>
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<p><a href="#mt26" id="mn26">26</a>. In fact, when the benefit is totally withheld for any month (as opposed to a partial withholding), the <abbr class="spell">MBR</abbr> shows the full amount rather than zero. Another field (for example, the Reason for Deduction, Work Indication Code, or Benefit Payment Code) shows that the record was not in current pay status for the month.</p>
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</div>
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<div id="references">
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<h2>References</h2>
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<p>Ball, Robert M. 1973. "Social Security Amendments of 1972: Summary and Legislative History." <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> <span class="nobr">36(3)</span>: <span class="nobr">3–25</span>.</p>
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<p>Bondar, Joseph. 1993. "Beneficiaries Affected by the Annual Earnings Test, 1989." <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> <span class="nobr">56(1)</span>: <span class="nobr">20–28</span>.</p>
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<p>———. 1994. "Social Security Beneficiaries Enrolled in the Direct Deposit Program, December 1992." <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> <span class="nobr">57(1)</span>: 78. Table 1.</p>
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<p>Citro, Constance F., and Robert T. Michael. 1995. <i>Measuring Poverty: A New Approach</i>. Washington <abbr class="spell">D.C.</abbr>: National Academy Press.</p>
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<p>Jabine, Thomas. 1990. <i>Survey of Income and Program Participation Quality Profile</i>. <abbr class="spell">U.S.</abbr> Bureau of the Census. May.</p>
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<p>Poehls, John. 1979. "Discrepancies in MEDICARE Reporting." Memorandum to Denny Vaughan, Social Security Administration, July 6, 1977 (revised July 1979).</p>
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<p>Social Security Administration. 1993. <i>Annual Statistical Supplement, 1992</i> to the <i>Social Security Bulletin</i>. Table 8.B1.</p>
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<p>———. 2001. <i>Income of Disabled-Worker Beneficiaries</i>. Appendix A.</p>
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<p><abbr class="spell">U.S.</abbr> House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means. 1998. <i>1998 Green Book: Background Material and Data on Programs Within the Jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means</i>. Washington, <abbr class="spell">D.C.</abbr>: <abbr class="spell">U.S.</abbr> Government Printing Office.</p>
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<p>Vaughan, Denton. 2000a. "Some Aspects of Census Bureau Experimental Poverty Measures and the Portrayal of Poverty Among the Aged and the Nonaged Disabled." Unpublished draft and personal communication from the <abbr class="spell">U.S.</abbr> Census Bureau.</p>
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<p>———. 2000b. <i>Type of <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> Benefit and Year of Death based on an Exact Match to Social Security Administration Benefit Records, 1990 and 1991 Panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (<abbr>SIPP</abbr>): Description of the Development of the Data for Public Release and a Preliminary Evaluation of Data Quality</i>. <abbr class="spell">U.S.</abbr> Census Bureau Working Paper <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 239. December 18, 2000. Available on-line at http://www.census.gov/dusd/MAB/wp239.pdf.</p>
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