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<h1>Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Asia and the Pacific, 2018</h1>
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<h1>Nepal</h1>
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<div class="exchangeRate">Exchange rate: <abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$1.00 = 110.05 rupees.</div>
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<h2>Old Age, Disability, and Survivors</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First and current laws:</span> 1962 (provident fund), 1994 <span class="nobr">(old-age</span> allowance), 2011 (social security fund), and 2017 (labor code).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Provident fund and social assistance system.</p>
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<p>Note: Additional cash benefits are provided to citizens of Nepal based on ethnicity and geographic location.</p>
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<p>The 2011 law established a Social Security Fund Secretariat to administer a social insurance program covering <span class="nobr">old-age,</span> disability, unemployment, and other social risks. Public- and private-sector employees already contribute 1% of earnings to the social insurance fund, but no benefits have been paid.</p>
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<p>The 2017 law established a mandatory social insurance program for private-sector employees, including daily workers. The program will be gradually implemented starting in May 2019. Insured persons will contribute 11% of monthly earnings and employers will contribute 20% of monthly payroll. Of the combined insured person and employer contributions, 28.33% will finance <span class="nobr">old-age</span> benefits, 1.40% will finance disability and work injury benefits, 0.27% will finance survivor benefits, and 1% will finance sickness and maternity benefits.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Provident fund:</span> Public-sector employees, including civil servants, military and police personnel; and private-sector employees with permanent contracts, including apprentices and vocational training students.</p>
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<p>Voluntary coverage for foreign workers.</p>
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<p>Exclusions: Self-employed persons.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Social assistance:</span> Citizens of Nepal.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Provident fund:</span> 10% of monthly earnings.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Social assistance:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Provident fund:</span> Not applicable.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Social assistance:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Provident fund:</span> 10% of monthly payroll. Additional voluntary contributions are possible.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Social assistance:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Provident fund:</span> None; contributes as an employer.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Social assistance:</span> The total cost.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age benefit (provident fund):</span> Age 58 or upon termination of employment.</p>
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<p>Deferred benefit: The benefit may be deferred for up to six years after the normal retirement age.</p>
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<p>Loan option: Loans may be taken from the fund member's account to help finance the cost of housing, education, and other needs. The qualifying conditions vary depending on the nature of the loan.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age allowance (Senior Citizen's Allowance, social assistance):</span> Age 65 (age 60 for Dalits, single and divorced women, and residents of Karnali Zone).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability grant (Accident Indemnity, provident fund):</span> Paid for the partial or permanent disability of the fund member.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability social pension (Disability Allowance, social assistance):</span> Must be aged 16 or older and assessed with a total or severe disability.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor benefit (provident fund):</span> Paid to the named survivors or legal heirs if the fund member dies before withdrawing his or her full account balance.</p>
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<p>Additional benefit: The deceased was a civil servant or a member of the police or military.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor grant (Accident Indemnity, provident fund):</span> Paid for the accidental death of the fund member.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor social pension (Single Women's Allowance, social assistance, means tested):</span> Paid to widows aged 60 or older who satisfy a means test (no personal income, no family support, and no survivor pension as a widow).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Funeral grant (provident fund):</span> Paid when a fund member dies.</p>
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<h3>Old-Age Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age benefit (provident fund):</span> A lump sum of total employee and employer contributions plus accrued interest is paid.</p>
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<p>The interest rate is 8% a year (2017).</p>
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<p>An annual bonus based on the fund's operating profit is credited to each member's account.</p>
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<p>Deferred benefit: Calculated in the same way as the <span class="nobr">old-age</span> benefit.</p>
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<p>Loan option: The maximum amount that may be borrowed and the maximum borrowing period vary depending on the nature of the loan.</p>
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<p>Interest rate adjustment: The Board of Directors of the Provident Fund sets the interest rate based on the fund's annual income.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Old-age allowance (Senior Citizen's Allowance, social assistance):</span> 2,000 rupees a month is paid; 1,000 rupees a month for members of the Rautes, Chepang, and certain other ethnic groups.</p>
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<p>Schedule of payments: The pension is paid every four months.</p>
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<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability grant (Accident Indemnity, provident fund):</span> A lump sum of 200,000 rupees is paid for a total disability.</p>
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<p>Partial disability: A lump sum of 10,000 rupees to 25,000 rupees is paid, depending on the assessed degree of disability.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Disability social pension (Disability Allowance, social assistance):</span> 2,000 rupees a month is paid for a total disability; 600 rupees a month for a partial disability.</p>
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<p>Schedule of payments: The pension is paid every four months.</p>
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<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor benefit (provident fund):</span> A lump sum of total employee and employer contributions plus accrued interest minus previous withdrawals is paid to a named survivor or legal heir. If there is more than one named survivor, the amount is split equally.</p>
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<p>The interest rate is 8% a year (2017).</p>
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<p>Additional benefit: A lump sum of 150,000 rupees (civil servants) or 40,000 rupees to 75,000 rupees (military and police personnel) is paid.</p>
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<p>Interest rate adjustment: The Board of Directors of the Provident Fund sets the interest rate based on the fund's annual income.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor grant (Accident Indemnity, provident fund):</span> A lump sum of 200,000 rupees is paid.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Survivor social pension (Single Women's Allowance, social assistance, means tested):</span> 2,000 rupees a month is paid to widows aged 60 or older.</p>
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<p>Schedule of payments: The pension is paid every four months.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Funeral grant (provident fund):</span> A lump sum of 40,000 rupees is paid.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>Employees' Provident Fund (http://web.epfnepal.com.np/), an autonomous body under the general supervision of the Ministry of Finance (<a href="https://mof.gov.np/">https://www.mof.gov.np/</a>) and managed by a board of directors, administers the provident fund program and collects contributions.</p>
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<p>Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration (http://www.mofaga.gov.np/) administers the social assistance program.</p>
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<p>Local governments pay social assistance benefits.</p>
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<h2>Sickness and Maternity</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1992 (labor code).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 1962 (provident fund), 1974 (employer-provided medical benefits), 1993 (labor regulations), and 2017 (labor code).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Universal (medical benefits), provident fund (birth grant and medical benefits), and employer-liability (cash and medical benefits system.</p>
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<p>Note: The 2017 law established a mandatory social insurance program for private-sector employees, including daily workers. The program, which includes paid paternity leave of up to 15 days, will be gradually implemented starting in May 2019. Insured persons will contribute 11% of monthly earnings and employers will contribute 20% of monthly payroll. Of the combined insured person and employer contributions, 28.33% will finance <span class="nobr">old-age</span> benefits, 1.40% will finance disability and work injury benefits, 0.27% will finance survivor benefits, and 1% will finance sickness and maternity benefits.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Universal (medical benefits):</span> Citizens of Nepal.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Provident fund (birth grant and medical benefits):</span> Public-sector employees, including civil servants and military and police personnel; and private-sector employees with permanent contracts, including apprentices and vocational training students.</p>
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<p>Voluntary coverage for foreign workers.</p>
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<p>Exclusions: Self-employed persons.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer liability (cash and medical benefits):</span> Private-sector employees.</p>
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<p>Exclusions: Self-employed persons and certain journalists.</p>
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<p>Special system for civil servants, military and police personnel, and miners.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Universal (medical benefits):</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Provident fund (birth grant and medical benefits):</span> See source of funds under Old Age, Disability, and Survivors.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Employer liability (cash and medical benefits):</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Universal (medical benefits):</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Provident fund (birth grant and medical benefits):</span> Not applicable.</p>
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<p>Employer liability (cash and medical benefits): Not applicable.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Universal (medical benefits):</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Provident fund (birth grant and medical benefits):</span> See source of funds for Old Age, Disability, and Survivors.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Employer liability (cash and medical benefits):</span> The total cost.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government</span></p>
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<p><span class="h5">Universal (medical benefits):</span> The total cost.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Provident fund (birth grant and medical benefits):</span> See source of funds for Old Age, Disability, and Survivors.</p>
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<p><span class="h5">Employer liability (cash and medical benefits):</span> None.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Cash sickness benefit (employer liability):</span> Must be currently employed and provide a medical certificate.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Cash maternity benefit (employer liability):</span> There is no minimum qualifying period.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Birth grant and medical benefits (provident fund):</span> Must be currently contributing.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits (universal and employer liability):</span> There is no minimum qualifying period.</p>
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<h3>Sickness and Maternity Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Sickness benefit (employer liability):</span> 100% of the employee's wages is paid for up to 12 days a year.</p>
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<p>The benefit is proportionally reduced for employees with less than one year of continuous employment.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Maternity benefit (employer liability):</span> 100% of the employee's wages is paid for 60 days, including at least two weeks before childbirth.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Birth grant (provident fund):</span> A lump sum of 7,500 rupees is paid for up to two births.</p>
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<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits (universal):</span> Government health centers provide essential health care services free of charge.</p>
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<p>Additional free health care services are provided to persons aged 75 or older and persons assessed as disadvantaged, destitute, underserved, with a physical or psychological disability, or living in certain remote, mountainous regions, or designated low human development districts.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits (provident fund):</span> Up to 100,000 rupees or 50% of medical expenses, whichever is lower, is reimbursed for standard treatment; up to 1,000,000 rupees or 50% of medical expenses, whichever is lower, for critical care.</p>
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<p>Government employees also receive subsidized medical care and medicine at government hospitals.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits (employer liability):</span> Basic medical services are provided.</p>
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<h3>Dependents' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>Medical benefits for dependents are the same as those for the insured.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>Ministry of Labour, Employment, and Social Security (<a href="https://moless.gov.np/">http://moless.gov.np/</a>) provides general supervision of cash benefits.</p>
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<p>Employees' Provident Fund (http://web.epfnepal.com.np/), an autonomous body under the general supervision of the Ministry of Finance (<a href="https://mof.gov.np/">https://www.mof.gov.np/</a>) and managed by a board of directors, administers the provident fund program.</p>
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<p>Ministry of Health and Population (<a href="https://mohp.gov.np/en">http://www.mohp.gov.np/</a>) provides general supervision and administers medical benefits.</p>
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<h2>Work Injury</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First laws:</span> 1959 and 1992 (labor code).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Current law:</span> 2017 (labor code).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Employer-liability system through a private carrier.</p>
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<p>Note: The 2017 law established a mandatory social insurance program for private-sector employees, including daily workers. The program will be gradually implemented starting in May 2019. Insured persons will contribute 11% of monthly earnings and employers will contribute 20% of monthly payroll. Of the combined insured person and employer contributions, 28.33% will finance <span class="nobr">old-age</span> benefits, 1.40% will finance disability and work injury benefits, 0.27% will finance survivor benefits, and 1% will finance sickness and maternity benefits.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
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<p>Private-sector employees.</p>
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<p>Exclusions: Self-employed persons and certain journalists.</p>
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<p>Special system for civil servants, military and police personnel, and miners.</p>
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<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
|
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<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> Not applicable.</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> The total cost (pays insurance premiums or provides benefits directly to employees).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> None.</p>
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
|
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<p>Must be assessed with a work injury or occupational disease.</p>
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<h3>Temporary Disability Benefits</h3>
|
|
<p>No information is available.</p>
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<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
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<p>For a total (100%) assessed degree of disability, a benefit is paid.</p>
|
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<p>Partial disability: For an assessed degree of disability of less than 100%, a percentage of the full permanent disability benefit is paid based on the assessed degree of disability.</p>
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<p>An authorized doctor assesses the degree of disability, according to a schedule in law.</p>
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<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
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<p>The total cost of necessary treatment is paid.</p>
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<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
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<p>A lump sum of at least 700,000 rupees is paid to a dependent survivor.</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>Department of Labour and Occupational Safety (http://www.dol.gov.np/), under the Ministry of Labour, Employment, and Social Security, provides general supervision of cash benefits and enforcement of labor laws.</p>
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<h2>Unemployment</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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|
<p>No statutory unemployment benefits are provided.</p>
|
|
<p>The 2017 Labor Act requires employers to provide severance pay to dismissed employees. The benefit amount is one month of the employee's wages for each year of employment in all establishments employing 10 or more workers.</p>
|
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<p>The 2017 Labor Act requires employers in the private sector to contribute 8.33% of the employee's monthly wage to the Social Security Fund to finance gratuity benefits.</p>
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<h2>Family Allowances</h2>
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<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
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<p><span class="h4">First and current laws:</span> 1994 <span class="nobr">(old-age</span> allowance).</p>
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<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social assistance system.</p>
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<h3>Coverage</h3>
|
|
<p>Citizens of Nepal.</p>
|
|
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
|
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<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> None.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> None.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> The total cost.</p>
|
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<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Child benefit (Child Protection Grant):</span> Paid to Dalit children or children younger than age 5 residing in the Karnali province.</p>
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<h3>Family Allowance Benefits</h3>
|
|
<p><span class="h4">Child benefit (Child Protection Grant):</span> 400 rupees a month is paid for each eligible child (up to two children if residing in the Karnali province).</p>
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<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
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<p>Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration (http://www.mofaga.gov.np/) administers the program.</p>
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</div>
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</article>
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