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<h1>Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Europe, 2010</h1>
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<h1>Italy</h1>
<div class="exchangeRate">Exchange rate: <abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$1.00 equals 0.70 euros (&euro;).</div>
<h2>Old Age, Disability, and Survivors</h2>
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1919.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 1952 (pension reorganization), 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1989, 1992, 1995 (pension reform), 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2007, 2008, and 2009.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Notional defined contribution (<abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>) and social insurance system.</p>
<h3>Coverage</h3>
<p><span class="h4"><abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>:</span> All employed persons, including household employees, whose insurance period began on or after January&nbsp;1, 1996.</p>
<p>Voluntary coverage for contract and professional workers not covered by any specific fund.</p>
<p>Special systems for public-sector workers and self-employed persons.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Mixed social insurance and <abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>:</span> All employed persons, including household employees, with less than 18&nbsp;years of contributions as of December&nbsp;31, 1995.</p>
<p>Voluntary coverage for contract and professional workers not covered by any specific fund.</p>
<p>Special systems for public-sector workers and self-employed persons.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Social insurance:</span> All employed persons, including household employees, with at least 18&nbsp;years of contributions as of December&nbsp;31, 1995.</p>
<p>Voluntary coverage for contract and professional workers not covered by any specific fund.</p>
<p>Special systems for public-sector workers and self-employed persons.</p>
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> 9.19% of gross earnings.</p>
<p>The minimum daily earnings used to calculate workers' contributions in industry are &euro;42.14 or the minimum daily wage, whichever is greater.</p>
<p>The minimum daily wage varies by sector category of employment.</p>
<p>For those insured before 1996, contributions are calculated on all earnings. For persons entering the system on or after January&nbsp;1, 1996, the maximum earnings used to calculate contributions are &euro;92,147 a year.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> Not applicable.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> 23.81% of gross payroll. (A lower contribution rate is paid by some employers, including employers in certain economically depressed areas.)</p>
<p>The minimum daily earnings used to calculate workers' contributions in industry are &euro;43.79 or the minimum daily wage, whichever is greater.</p>
<p>The minimum daily wage varies by sector and category of employment.</p>
<p>For those insured before 1996, contributions are calculated on all earnings. For persons entering the system after January&nbsp;1, 1996, the maximum earnings used to calculate contributions are &euro;92,147 a year.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> The total cost of income-tested allowances and any overall deficit.</p>
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
<p><span class="h4"><span class="nobr">Old-age</span> pension (<abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>):</span> Age&nbsp;65 (men) or age&nbsp;60 (women) with at least 5&nbsp;years of paid contributions. The insured must be eligible for a pension of at least 120% of the social allowance (&euro;5,349.89 a year); waived if the insured is aged&nbsp;65 or older or has 40&nbsp;years of contributions.</p>
<p>Pensioners may continue in gainful activity.</p>
<p><span class="h4"><span class="nobr">Old-age</span> pension (mixed social insurance and <abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>):</span> Age&nbsp;65 (men) or age&nbsp;60 (women) with at least 20&nbsp;years of paid or credited contributions.</p>
<p>Pensioners may continue in gainful activity.</p>
<p><span class="h4"><span class="nobr">Old-age</span> pension (social insurance):</span> Age&nbsp;65 (men) or age&nbsp;60 (women) with at least 20&nbsp;years of paid or credited contributions (15&nbsp;years of contributions if made prior to December&nbsp;1992); age&nbsp;60 (men) or 55 (women) if assessed with a degree of disability of at least 80%.</p>
<p>Pensioners may continue in gainful activity.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Seniority pension:</span> Age&nbsp;59 (gradually rising to 61 by 2013), first insured before 1996, and the sum of the insured's age and contributions years must be at least 95 (gradually rising to 97 by 2013).</p>
<p>Persons with at least 40&nbsp;years of contributions may continue in gainful activity.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Social allowance (means-tested):</span> Paid if not eligible for the <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension, aged&nbsp;65 or older, and an Italian citizen, a citizen of a member state of the European Union and residing in Italy, or a non-European Union citizen who resides in Italy with a special residence permit. Annual income, including that of a partner, must not exceed a government-set level (&euro;5,342.89 if unmarried; &euro;10,699.78 for a couple).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Disability pension:</span> Paid for a total and permanent incapacity for any work with at least 5&nbsp;years of contributions, including 3 in the last 5&nbsp;years before the claim. The insured may not receive any other income, including earnings from self-employment and unemployment benefits.</p>
<p>Constant-attendance supplement: Paid if the insured requires the constant attendance of others to perform daily functions.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Disability allowance (means-tested):</span> Paid for the loss of 66.7% of working capacity with at least 5&nbsp;years of contributions, including 3 in the last 5&nbsp;years before the claim. The allowance is paid for up to 3&nbsp;years; may be extended for additional <span class="nobr">3-year</span> periods. After the allowance has been extended for a second consecutive time, the award becomes permanent.</p>
<p>If the insured satisfies the qualifying conditions for the <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension at retirement age, the disability allowance is replaced by the <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension.</p>
<p>Means test: The person must have an annual income of no more than 4 or 5&nbsp;times the legal minimum pension.</p>
<p>The legal minimum pension is &euro;5,998.20.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension (means-tested):</span> The deceased received an <span class="nobr">old-age</span>, seniority, or disability pension and had at least 15&nbsp;years of contributions or 5&nbsp;years of contributions, including 3 in the last 5&nbsp;years before death.</p>
<p>Means test: For a survivor pension first awarded after September&nbsp;1, 1995, the pension is reduced by 25%, 40%, or 50% if the eligible survivor has annual income exceeding 3, 4, or 5&nbsp;times the legal minimum wage, respectively. The means test is not applicable to children younger than age&nbsp;18, students, or persons with disabilities.</p>
<p>The legal minimum wage is &euro;5,998.20.</p>
<p>Eligible survivors are the spouse; a separated spouse entitled to alimony; children younger than age&nbsp;18 (age&nbsp;21 if a <span class="nobr">full-time</span> student, age&nbsp;26 if a university student, no limit if disabled at the time of the insured's death); nephews, nieces, or grandchildren who were dependent on the deceased; or, in the absence of the above, parents older than age&nbsp;65 who were dependent on the deceased and who are not entitled to a pension.</p>
<p>The survivor pension ceases on remarriage and a lump sum is paid.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Death grant:</span> Paid if the qualifying conditions for the survivor pension are not met. The deceased must have paid at least 1&nbsp;year of contributions in the previous 5&nbsp;years.</p>
<h3><span class="nobr">Old-Age</span> Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4"><span class="nobr">Old-age</span> pension (<abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>):</span> The pension is based on notional contributions, adjusted annually according to the average rate of increase in gross domestic product during the last 5&nbsp;years, and an actuarial coefficient that varies according to the insured's age (from 4.720% at age&nbsp;57 to 6.136% at age&nbsp;65).</p>
<p>The maximum annual earnings used to calculate benefits are &euro;88,669 a year.</p>
<p><span class="h4"><span class="nobr">Old-age</span> pension (social insurance):</span> The pension varies according to the level of annual earnings (from 2% for annual earnings not greater than &euro;42,364 to 0.9% for annual earnings greater than &euro;70,327.24 for contributions accrued prior to December&nbsp;1992 and for annual earnings greater than &euro;80,491.60 for contributions accrued from January&nbsp;1993 onwards) and is based on average annual earnings during the last 5&nbsp;years multiplied by the number of contributions up to 40&nbsp;years.</p>
<p>Annual earnings used to calculate benefits are adjusted according to changes in the cost-of-living index for years before 1993 and changes in the retail price index for years after 1992.</p>
<p><span class="h4"><span class="nobr">Old-age</span> pension (mixed social insurance and <abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>):</span> A social insurance pension is provided for the contribution period before January&nbsp;1, 1996, and an <abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr> pension if provided for the period since then.</p>
<p>Reference earnings for the social insurance part of the pension are the average insured annual earnings during the last 5&nbsp;to 10&nbsp;years. Annual earnings used to calculate benefits are adjusted according to changes in the cost-of-living index for years before 1993 and changes in the retail price index for years after 1992.</p>
<p>Insured persons with at least 15&nbsp;years of contributions, including 5&nbsp;years made before 1995, can opt for an <abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr> pension only.</p>
<p>The minimum monthly <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension is &euro;458.20 for a single pensioner with annual income less than &euro;5,992.61 or for a couple with annual income of less than &euro;17,977.83 (if the person or household's annual income is higher than a certain amount, a reduced benefit or no benefit is paid). The minimum monthly <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension is &euro;580 for a single pensioner aged&nbsp;70 or older with annual income less than &euro;7,540.55 or for a couple aged&nbsp;70 or older with annual income of less than &euro;12,682.67.</p>
<p>Benefits are payable abroad.</p>
<p>Schedule of payments: Benefits are paid monthly, with a 13th payment in December.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted annually according to the average change in the cost-of-living index.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Seniority pension:</span> The pension is based on a decreasing rate of return (from 2% for annual earnings not greater than &euro;42,364 to 0.9% for annual earnings greater than &euro;70,327.24 for contributions accrued prior to December&nbsp;1992 and for annual earnings greater than &euro;80,491.60 for contributions accrued from January&nbsp;1993 onwards) of reference earnings multiplied by the number of years of contributions up to 40&nbsp;years.</p>
<p>Reference earnings are average insured annual earnings in the last 5&nbsp;years. Annual earnings used to calculate benefits are adjusted according to changes in the cost-of-living index for years before 1993 and changes in the retail price index for years after 1992.</p>
<p>Benefits are payable abroad.</p>
<p>Schedule of payments: Benefits are paid monthly, with a 13th payment in December.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted annually according to the average change in the cost-of-living index.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Social allowance:</span> The annual benefit is &euro;5,349.89 for an unmarried pensioner with annual income less than &euro;5,517.85 or for a couple with an annual income less than &euro;11,510.46; may be increased to &euro;580 a month if aged&nbsp;70 or older, unmarried, and with annual income less than &euro;7,540.55 (for one person) or &euro;12,682.67 (for a couple).</p>
<p>Benefits are not payable abroad.</p>
<p>Schedule of payments: Benefits are paid monthly, with a 13th payment in December.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted annually according to the average change in the cost-of-living index.</p>
<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Disability pension (<abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>):</span> The pension is based on notional contributions, adjusted annually according to the average rate of increase in gross domestic product during the last 5&nbsp;years, and an actuarial coefficient that varies according to the insured's age (from 4.720% at age&nbsp;57 to 6.136% at age&nbsp;65). If the disability began before age&nbsp;57, the coefficient corresponding to age&nbsp;57 is used.</p>
<p>An increment based on the number of years between the insured's age on the date the disability began and the normal retirement age is added to the pension.</p>
<p>The minimum monthly pension is &euro;460.97 for an unmarried pensioner aged&nbsp;60 or older with income less than &euro;5,517.85 (&euro;11,510.46 for a couple).</p>
<p>Constant-attendance supplement: &euro;480.47 a month is paid.</p>
<p>If the insured is also entitled to a work injury disability pension, only the part of the disability pension that exceeds the work injury disability pension is paid.</p>
<p>Benefits are payable abroad.</p>
<p>Schedule of payments: Benefits are paid monthly, with a 13th payment in December.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted annually according to the average change in the cost-of-living index.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Disability pension (social insurance):</span> The pension varies according to the level of annual earnings (from 2% for annual earnings not greater than &euro;42,364 to 0.9% for annual earnings greater than &euro;70,327.24 for contributions accrued prior to December&nbsp;1992 and for annual earnings greater than &euro;80,491.60 for contributions accrued from January&nbsp;1993 onwards) and is based on average annual earnings during the last 5&nbsp;years multiplied by the number of contributions up to 40&nbsp;years.</p>
<p>An increment based on the number of years between the insured's age on the date the disability began and the normal retirement age is added to the pension.</p>
<p>The minimum monthly pension is &euro;460.97 for an unmarried pensioner aged&nbsp;60 or older with income less than &euro;5,517.85 (&euro;11,510.46 for a couple).</p>
<p>Constant-attendance supplement: &euro;480.47 a month is paid.</p>
<p>If the insured is also entitled to a work injury disability pension, only the part of the disability pension that exceeds the work injury disability pension is paid.</p>
<p>Benefits are payable abroad.</p>
<p>Schedule of payments: Benefits are paid monthly, with a 13th payment in December.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted annually according to the average change in the cost-of-living index.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Disability pension (mixed social insurance and <abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr>):</span> The pension for the contribution period before January&nbsp;1,&nbsp;1996, is calculated as per the social insurance <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension, above. The pension for the contribution period beginning January&nbsp;1,&nbsp;1996, is calculated as per the <abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr> <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension, above.</p>
<p>Reference earnings for the social insurance part of the pension are the average insured annual earnings during the last 5&nbsp;to 10&nbsp;years. Annual earnings used to calculate benefits are adjusted according to changes in the cost-of-living index for years before 1993 and changes in the retail price index for years after 1992.</p>
<p>Insured persons with at least 15&nbsp;years of contributions, including 5&nbsp;years made before 1995, can opt for a pension calculated as per the <abbr class="spell">NDC</abbr> <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Disability allowance (means-tested):</span> Calculated in the same way as the disability pension.</p>
<p>No increment is paid for the anticipated number of years between the insured's age on the date the disability began and the normal retirement age.</p>
<p>The minimum monthly <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension is &euro;460.97.</p>
<p>Means test: The disability allowance is reduced by 25% if the insured's annual income exceeds 4&nbsp;times the legal minimum pension or by 50% if the insured's annual income exceeds 5&nbsp;times the legal minimum pension.</p>
<p>The legal minimum pension is &euro;5,998.20.</p>
<p>If the insured is also entitled to a work injury disability pension, only the part of the disability allowance that exceeds the work injury disability pension is paid.</p>
<p>Benefits are payable abroad.</p>
<p>Schedule of payments: Benefits are paid monthly, with a 13th payment in December.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted annually according to the average change in the cost-of-living index.</p>
<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension (means-tested):</span> 60% of the pension the deceased received or would have been entitled to receive is paid to a spouse without children, 80% for a spouse with one child, 100% for a spouse with two or more children, 70% for one full orphan, 80% for two full orphans, or 100% for three or more full orphans.</p>
<p>The survivor pension ceases on remarriage and a lump sum of 2&nbsp;years of pension is paid.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Other eligible survivors (in the absence of the above):</span> Each parent, brother, or sister receives 15% of the pension paid to the deceased.</p>
<p>All survivor benefits combined must not exceed 100% of the deceased's pension.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Death grant:</span> A lump sum of the monthly social allowance (&euro;411.53) multiplied by the total amount of paid contributions is paid.</p>
<p>If first insured on or after January&nbsp;1, 1996, a lump sum of the disability allowance multiplied by the number of years of contributions may be paid under certain conditions.</p>
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
<p>Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Policy (<a href="https://servizi.lavoro.gov.it/">http://www.lavoro.gov.it</a>; <a href="https://www.salute.gov.it/">http://www.ministerosalute.it</a>) and Ministry of Economy and Finance (http://www.tesoro.it) provide general supervision.</p>
<p>National Social Insurance Institute (<a href="https://www.inps.it">http://www.inps.it</a>) administers the mandatory national program through its branch offices and administers a number of special programs for certain categories of insured workers.</p>
<h2>Sickness and Maternity</h2>
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
<p><span class="h4">First laws:</span> 1912 (maternity), 1927 (tuberculosis), and 1943 (sickness).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 1943 (sickness), 1953 and 1970 (tuberculosis), 1971 (working mothers), 1977 (equal treatment), 1978 (health service), 1980 (sickness), 1983 (sickness), 1987 (tuberculosis), 1999 (sickness benefits), 2000 (maternity and paternity), 2001 (maternity and paternity), and 2006 (sickness).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance (cash benefits) and universal (medical benefits) system.</p>
<h3>Coverage</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Sickness benefits:</span> Employed persons and contract workers.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Maternity benefits:</span> Employed persons, contract workers, and self-employed persons.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Tuberculosis benefits:</span> Employed persons and certain categories of self-employed person.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits:</span> All persons residing in Italy.</p>
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
<h4>Insured person</h4>
<p><span class="h5">Sickness and maternity benefits:</span> None; some categories of contract workers make variable contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Tuberculosis benefits:</span> None.</p>
<h4>Self-employed person</h4>
<p><span class="h5">Sickness and maternity benefits:</span> Variable contributions for sickness and maternity only.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Tuberculosis benefits:</span> None.</p>
<h4>Employer</h4>
<p><span class="h5">Sickness and maternity benefits:</span> 2.68% of gross earnings for industrial blue-collar workers (2.22% for sickness benefits and 0.46% for maternity benefits); 0.46% of gross earnings for industrial white-collar workers (zero for sickness benefits and 0.46% for maternity benefits); 2.68% of gross earnings for employees in commerce and the service sector (2.44% for sickness benefits and 0.24% for maternity benefits). Variable contributions are made for some categories of contract workers.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Tuberculosis benefits:</span> None.</p>
<h4>Government</h4>
<p><span class="h5">Sickness and maternity benefits:</span> The total cost of maternity benefits for certain categories of workers, including home-based, agricultural, and household workers.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Tuberculosis benefits:</span> The total cost.</p>
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Cash sickness and maternity benefits and parental leave:</span> The insured must be currently covered; self-employed persons and contract workers must also satisfy a means test.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Tuberculosis benefits:</span> The insured must be diagnosed with tuberculosis and have at least 1&nbsp;year of coverage.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits:</span> There is no minimum qualifying period.</p>
<h3>Sickness and Maternity Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Sickness benefit:</span> 50% of the insured's average daily earnings is paid for the first 20&nbsp;days of incapacity; thereafter, 66.6%. The benefit is paid after a <span class="nobr">3-day</span> waiting period for up to 180&nbsp;days a year; may be extended in special cases.</p>
<p>For contract workers, the daily benefit is paid for up to 180&nbsp;days of hospitalization, and the benefit varies according to the number of contributions made in the 12&nbsp;months before hospitalization. The daily benefit may be paid under certain exceptions for sicknesses not requiring hospitalization, for up to 61&nbsp;days a year.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Maternity benefit:</span> The benefit is 80% of the insured's average daily earnings in the last month before leave and is paid for 2&nbsp;months before the expected date of childbirth and for 3&nbsp;months after childbirth.</p>
<p>Self-employed persons are entitled to 80% of average insured daily earnings in the last 12&nbsp;months before the leave period. The benefit is paid for 2&nbsp;months before the expected date of childbirth and for 3&nbsp;months after childbirth.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Parental leave:</span> Six months of leave must be taken before the child is age&nbsp;3 and is paid to either parent; a self-employed mother receives 3&nbsp;months of leave to be taken before the child is age&nbsp;1. The benefit is 30% of the insured's earnings. Parents are entitled to up to 10&nbsp;months of leave (with a possible 1&nbsp;month extension) before the child is age&nbsp;8, plus an income-tested allowance of 30% of earnings if the parents' income is less than 2.5&nbsp;times the minimum pension.</p>
<h4>Tuberculosis benefits</h4>
<p><span class="h5">Daily benefit:</span> A daily benefit of &euro;12.08 (&euro;6.04 if the beneficiary is a pensioner or the insured's dependent) is paid while receiving institutional care.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Postsanatorium benefit:</span> A daily benefit of &euro;20.12 (&euro;10.07 if the beneficiary is a pensioner or the insured's dependent) is paid for up to 2&nbsp;years after leaving institutional care that had lasted for at least 6&nbsp;months.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Care and support allowance:</span> A monthly allowance of &euro;81.16 is paid for a renewable <span class="nobr">2-year</span> period if the insured person has an assessed loss of at least 50% of earning capacity.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Christmas allowance:</span> An additional 30&nbsp;days of benefits are paid.</p>
<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
<p>Services are provided by doctors and pharmacists under contract with, and paid directly by, the National Health Service. Benefits are paid by the Health Service or by hospitals, most of which are public. Benefits include general and specialist care, hospitalization, prescribed medicine, dental care, the attendance of a midwife or doctor at childbirth, specified appliances, and spa treatment. Tuberculosis care includes curative and convalescent care in sanatorium, postsanatorium care, and rehabilitation.</p>
<p>Cost sharing: Patients pay up to 50% of the cost of certain prescribed medicine and up to &euro;36 for each prescribed medical service. Copayments are waived for certain categories of insured persons (including children younger than age&nbsp;6, persons with disabilities, and persons receiving minimum social benefits) and for persons with certain medical conditions.</p>
<p>There is no limit to duration.</p>
<h3>Dependents' Medical Benefits</h3>
<p>Services are provided by doctors and pharmacists under contract with, and paid directly by, the National Health Service. Benefits are paid by the Health Service or by hospitals, most of which are public. Benefits include general and specialist care, hospitalization, prescribed medicine, dental care, the attendance of a midwife or doctor at childbirth, specified appliances, and spa treatment. Tuberculosis care includes curative and convalescent care in sanatorium, postsanatorium care, and rehabilitation.</p>
<p>Cost sharing: Patients pay up to 50% of the cost of certain prescribed medicine and up to &euro;36 for each prescribed medical service. Copayments are waived for certain categories of insured persons (including children younger than age&nbsp;6, persons with disabilities, and persons receiving minimum social benefits) and for persons with certain medical conditions.</p>
<p>There is no limit to duration.</p>
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
<p>Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Policy (<a href="https://servizi.lavoro.gov.it/">http://www.lavoro.gov.it</a>; <a href="https://www.salute.gov.it/">http://www.ministerosalute.it</a>) and Ministry of Economy and Finance (http://www.tesoro.it) provide general supervision.</p>
<p>National Social Insurance Institute (<a href="https://www.inps.it">http://www.inps.it</a>) administers cash sickness, maternity, and tuberculosis benefits.</p>
<p>National Health Service (<a href="https://www.salute.gov.it/">http://www.ministerosalute.it</a>) administers medical benefits through 20 regional health authorities and respective local health authorities.</p>
<h2>Work Injury</h2>
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1898.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 1965 (work injury insurance), 1999 (domestic accidents), 2000 (disability benefits), 2000 (injuries), and 2008 (occupational diseases in industry and agriculture).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance system.</p>
<h3>Coverage</h3>
<p>Manual workers, nonmanual employees in dangerous work, agricultural self-employed persons, household workers, company managers, contract workers, and professional athletes.</p>
<p>Special system for seamen.</p>
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> Variable contributions are paid according to the assessed degree of risk.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> 0.5% to 16% of payroll, according to the assessed degree of risk. The average contribution for industrial workers is 3%.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> None.</p>
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Work injury benefits:</span> There is no minimum qualifying period. Accidents that occur while commuting to and from work are covered.</p>
<h3>Temporary Disability Benefits</h3>
<p>60% of the insured's average daily wage is paid for the first 90&nbsp;days; thereafter, 75%. The benefit is paid after a <span class="nobr">3-day</span> waiting period. The employer must pay 100% of earnings to the insured for the day of the accident or the date the occupational disease began and at least 60% of earnings for the next 3&nbsp;days.</p>
<p>The average daily wage is based on earnings in the last 15&nbsp;days before the accident or the date the occupational disease began.</p>
<p>For certain categories of workers, benefits are calculated based on a reference income fixed by ministerial decree.</p>
<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Permanent disability pension (for incidents before July&nbsp;25,&nbsp;2000):</span> The pension is awarded for an assessed degree of disability of at least 11%.</p>
<p>The pension is based on average earnings during the year before the date of the accident or the date the occupational disease began and the assessed degree of disability.</p>
<p>The minimum annual earnings used to calculate benefits are &euro;14,349.30.</p>
<p>The maximum annual earnings used to calculate benefits are &euro;26,648.70.</p>
<p>Dependent's supplement: 5% of the pension is paid for a spouse and for each child younger than age&nbsp;18 (age&nbsp;21 if in <span class="nobr">full-time</span> education, age&nbsp;26 if a university student, no limit if disabled).</p>
<p>Constant-attendance supplement: &euro;472.45 a month is paid if the insured requires the constant attendance of others to perform daily functions.</p>
<p>The pension cannot be combined with <span class="nobr">old-age</span>, disability, or survivor pensions.</p>
<p>The pension is paid abroad.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted annually in July by ministerial decree according to changes in consumer prices.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Permanent disability pension (for incidents on or after July&nbsp;25,&nbsp;2000):</span> Two types of compensation are paid.</p>
<p>A compensation for an illness is paid either as a lump sum or a pension. The amount is based on the insured's age, gender, and degree of disability. There is no earnings test.</p>
<p>Compensation for an injury to an organ or body tissue is based on the insured's average earnings during the year preceding the date of the accident or the date the occupational disease began and a coefficient, according to a schedule in law.</p>
<p>If the assessed degree of disability is less than 6%, no benefit is paid. If the assessed degree of disability is from 6% to 15%, the benefit is paid as a lump sum. If the assessed degree of disability is at least 16%, a pension is calculated based on both types of compensation.</p>
<p>Constant-attendance supplement: Paid if the insured requires the constant attendance of others to perform daily functions. &euro;472.45 a month is paid for an assessed permanent disability of 100%.</p>
<p>The pension cannot be combined with <span class="nobr">old-age</span>, disability, or survivor pensions.</p>
<p>The pension is paid abroad.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted annually in July by ministerial decree according to changes in consumer prices.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Permanent disability pension (domestic accidents after March&nbsp;1,&nbsp;2001):</span> Paid to insured persons aged between 18 and 65 who are injured while completing household tasks that result in an assessed degree of incapacity of 33% or more (27%, if the accident was after January&nbsp;1,&nbsp;2007). The pension is calculated based on the reference minimum salary in the industrial sector.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Unemployability pension:</span> A monthly payment of &euro;233.76 supplements the permanent disability pension if the insured is younger than age&nbsp;65, has an assessed degree of disability of at least 34%, has lost all capacity for work, or is a risk to co-workers or workplace safety.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Transitional compensation for silicosis and asbestosis:</span> Benefits are paid for 1&nbsp;year to compensate insured workers who are forced to abandon a harmful work position to avoid aggravation of a diagnosed disease. The compensation is paid for a degree of disability up to 60%. If the insured has become unemployed, the amount paid is 66.7% of the average daily wage received in the 30&nbsp;days preceding the abandonment of the harmful work position. If the insured has changed employment, the amount is 66.7% of the difference between the average daily wage received in the 30&nbsp;days before the abandonment of the harmful work position and the remuneration received in the new employment.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted annually in July according to changes in consumer prices.</p>
<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
<p>Benefits include medical, surgical, and hospital care; appliances; and rehabilitation.</p>
<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Survivor pension:</span> The spouse receives 50% of the deceased's average earnings.</p>
<p>Average earnings are based on earnings during the year preceding the date of the accident or the onset of the occupational disease that resulted in the insured's death.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Orphan's pension:</span> Each orphan younger than age&nbsp;18 (age&nbsp;21 if a <span class="nobr">full-time</span> student, age&nbsp;26 if a university student, no limit if disabled) receives 20% of the deceased's average earnings; 40% for a full orphan.</p>
<p>Average earnings are based on earnings during the year preceding the date of the accident or the onset of the occupational disease that resulted in the insured's death.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Other eligible survivors (in the absence of the above):</span> Each dependent parent, brother, or sister receives 20% of the deceased's average earnings.</p>
<p>Average earnings are based on earnings during the year preceding the date of the accident or the onset of the occupational disease that resulted in the insured's death.</p>
<p>All survivor benefits combined must not exceed 100% of the deceased's average earnings.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Funeral grant:</span> A lump sum of &euro;1,833.81 is paid to the person who paid for the funeral.</p>
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
<p>Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Policy (<a href="https://servizi.lavoro.gov.it/">http://www.lavoro.gov.it</a>; <a href="https://www.salute.gov.it/">http://www.ministerosalute.it</a>) and Ministry of Economy and Finance (http://www.tesoro.it) provide general supervision.</p>
<p>National Accident Insurance Institute (<a href="https://www.inail.it">http://www.inail.it</a>) administers the program through provincial offices.</p>
<p>National Health Service (<a href="https://www.salute.gov.it/">http://www.ministerosalute.it</a>) administers medical benefits.</p>
<h2>Unemployment</h2>
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
<p><span class="h4">First laws:</span> 1919 and 1945.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 1935, 1939, 1975, 1977, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2005, and 2009.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social insurance system.</p>
<h3>Coverage</h3>
<p>Private-sector employees. Construction workers are also covered for a special supplementary benefit.</p>
<p>Exclusions: Self-employed persons.</p>
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None; except for insured persons working in companies with more than 50&nbsp;employees who contribute 0.3% of gross earnings for the special wage supplement.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> Not applicable.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> Employers with less than 50&nbsp;employees make no contributions. Industrial employers with 50&nbsp;or more employees contribute 1.61% of gross earnings (2.21% of gross earnings for employers in commerce). Industrial employers also contribute an additional 2.8% of gross earnings for the special wage supplement.</p>
<p>There are no maximum earnings used to calculate contributions.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> Administrative costs plus subsidies for agricultural workers.</p>
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
<h4>Full unemployment benefits</h4>
<p><span class="h5">Unemployment benefit:</span> The insured must have at least 2&nbsp;years of coverage with at least 52&nbsp;weeks of contributions in the last 2&nbsp;years; construction workers must have at least 43&nbsp;weeks or 10&nbsp;months of contributions during 2&nbsp;years of employment in the sector. Insured persons with at least 2&nbsp;years of coverage and 78&nbsp;days of paid or credited contributions during the last year before unemployment are eligible for a reduced benefit. Unemployment must be involuntary.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Mobility allowance:</span> Paid to industrial workers (apart from construction workers) with at least 1&nbsp;year of coverage and 6&nbsp;months of employment. Workers must be registered at an employment office and be capable of, and available for, work. Unemployment must be involuntary.</p>
<h4>Partial unemployment benefits</h4>
<p><span class="h5">Ordinary wage supplement:</span> Paid for a temporary reduction in the work week as a result of a reduction in the firm's activity, with the agreement of the National Social Insurance Institute. The claim is made by the employer on behalf of the employee.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Special wage supplement:</span> Awarded by ministerial decree to insured persons working in industrial firms employing more than 15&nbsp;employees (50&nbsp;employees for firms in the commercial sector) if there is a reduction in the work week due to restructuring or a change in activity. The claim is made by the employer on behalf of the employee.</p>
<h3>Unemployment Benefits</h3>
<h4>Full unemployment benefits</h4>
<p><span class="h5">Unemployment benefit:</span> Benefits are paid for up to 8&nbsp;months; 12&nbsp;months for beneficiaries aged&nbsp;50 or older. Daily benefits are 60% of the insured's gross average daily wage for the first 6&nbsp;months and 50% for the 7th and 8th month. Beneficiaries aged&nbsp;50 or older receive 60% of the gross average daily wage during the first 6&nbsp;months, 50% for the 7th and 8th month, and 40% up to the 12th month.</p>
<p>The gross average daily wage is based on the insured's earnings in the previous 3&nbsp;months.</p>
<p>The maximum monthly benefit is &euro;892.96; &euro;1,073.25 if the insured's gross earnings before unemployment were more than &euro;1,931.86 a month.</p>
<p>Construction workers receive 100% of earnings during the first 12&nbsp;months of unemployment; thereafter, 80% for up to 18&nbsp;months to 27&nbsp;months, depending on the location of the workplace.</p>
<p>Insured persons eligible for reduced benefits receive 35% of the gross average daily wage (may rise to 40% for subsequent periods of unemployment). The duration of benefits depends on the number of days that the insured had worked during the last year before unemployment, up to 180&nbsp;days.</p>
<p>The maximum reduced benefit is &euro;886.31 a month; &euro;1,065.26 if the insured's gross earnings before unemployment were greater than &euro;1,931.86 a month.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Mobility allowance:</span> 100% of the insured's last earnings are paid for up to 12&nbsp;months; thereafter, 80%. The maximum duration of the allowance varies from 12&nbsp;months to 36&nbsp;months (24&nbsp;months to 48&nbsp;months in southern regions) and is dependent on the age of the worker and the location of the workplace.</p>
<p>The maximum monthly benefit is &euro;892.96; &euro;1,073.25 if the insured's gross earnings before unemployment were greater than &euro;1,931.86 a month.</p>
<h4>Partial unemployment benefits</h4>
<p><span class="h5">Ordinary wage supplement:</span> The benefit is 80% of lost earnings caused by a reduction in the work week of between 24 and 40&nbsp;hours and is awarded for up to 12&nbsp;months.</p>
<p>The maximum monthly benefit is &euro;892.96; &euro;1,073.25 if the insured's gross earnings before unemployment were greater than &euro;1,931.86 a month.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Special wage supplement:</span> The benefit is 80% of lost earnings caused by a reduction in the work week of up to 40&nbsp;hours and is awarded for up to 24&nbsp;months.</p>
<p>The maximum monthly benefit is &euro;892.96; &euro;1,073.25 if the insured's gross earnings before unemployment were greater than &euro;1,931.86 a month.</p>
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
<p>Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Policy (<a href="https://servizi.lavoro.gov.it/">http://www.lavoro.gov.it</a>; <a href="https://www.salute.gov.it">http://www.salute.gov.it</a>) and Ministry of Economy and Finance (http://www.tesoro.it) provide general supervision.</p>
<p>National Social Insurance Institute (<a href="https://www.inps.it">http://www.inps.it</a>) administers the program through its branch offices.</p>
<h2>Family Allowances</h2>
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1937.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 1955, 1961, 1988 (family allowances), 1999, 2006, 2007 and 2008.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Employment-related system.</p>
<h3>Coverage</h3>
<p>Children and dependents of employees or social insurance and welfare beneficiaries.</p>
<p>Special systems for self-employed persons and for pensioners of the special systems.</p>
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> Not applicable.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> 0.68% of gross payroll.</p>
<p>The minimum weekly earnings used to calculate contributions are &euro;184.39 or, if higher, the minimum wage.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> Subsidies, including 1.8% of the employer contribution.</p>
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Family allowances (means-tested):</span> The insured must be a salaried worker; a <span class="nobr">part-time</span> worker; a cooperative member; a pensioner of the general scheme; a recipient of unemployment, maternity, or sickness benefits; or in military service.</p>
<p>Eligible persons are the insured; a nondivorced or separated spouse; children younger than age&nbsp;18 (age&nbsp;21 if in <span class="nobr">full-time</span> education, age&nbsp;26 if a university student, no limit if disabled); and dependent orphaned brothers, sisters, nieces, and nephews (if not eligible for a survivor pension).</p>
<p>Means test: Total family taxable income (except for pensions and social benefits) must not exceed an amount adjusted annually according to changes in the retail price index. The worker's income and other related income must not be less than 70% of the total family income.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Family support allowance (means-tested):</span> Paid to families with at least three dependent children.</p>
<p>Means test: For a five-member family of which three are dependent children, annual family income must not exceed &euro;23,362.70.</p>
<h3>Family Allowance Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Family allowances (means-tested):</span> The monthly benefit varies from &euro;1.07 to &euro;2,294.38, according to the number of family members and certain other criteria (including the number of parents, dependents, and family members with disabilities).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Family support allowance (means-tested):</span> &euro;129.79 is paid a month.</p>
<p>Schedule of payments: Benefits are paid monthly, with a 13th payment in December.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Benefits are adjusted annually according to a government index.</p>
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
<p>Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Policy (<a href="https://servizi.lavoro.gov.it/">http://www.lavoro.gov.it</a>; <a href="https://www.salute.gov.it">http://www.salute.gov.it</a>) and Ministry of Economy and Finance (http://www.tesoro.it) provide general supervision.</p>
<p>National Social Insurance Institute (<a href="https://www.inps.it">http://www.inps.it</a>) administers the program through the Central Family Allowances Fund.</p>
<p>Employers pay allowances directly to employees (except in agriculture), including household workers, and settle any surplus or deficit in contributions with the local branch office of the National Social Insurance Institute.</p>
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