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<h1>Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Asia and the Pacific, 2004</h1>
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<h1>Kazakhstan</h1>
<div class="exchangeRate">Exchange rate: US$1.00 equals 137&nbsp;tenge.</div>
<h2>Old Age, Disability, and Survivors</h2>
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1991.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Current laws:</span> 1997 (pensions), implemented in 1997 and 1998, with 2002 amendment; and 1997 (social allowances), implemented in 1997.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Mandatory individual accounts and social assistance system.</p>
<p>Note: In 1998, the social insurance system was replaced by a system of mandatory individual accounts (new system). Benefits continue to be paid for rights earned under the public system (old system).</p>
<h3>Coverage</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Mandatory individual account (new system):</span> All employed residents.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension (old system):</span> All employed residents before the implementation of the new system.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Social assistance (new system):</span> Pensioners whose pension income falls below a government-set minimum level and persons without entitlement to contributory benefits.</p>
<p>Special systems for government employees, teachers, professional athletes, specific categories of performing artists, truck drivers, machine operators, railway employees, and test pilots.</p>
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
<h4>Insured person</h4>
<p><span class="h5">Mandatory individual account (new system):</span> 10% of wages.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Old-age pension (old system):</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Social assistance system (new system):</span> None.</p>
<p>The maximum earnings for contribution purposes are 75&nbsp;times the minimum wage.</p>
<h4>Self-employed person</h4>
<p><span class="h5">Mandatory individual account (new system):</span> 10% of income.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Old-age pension (old system):</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Social assistance system (new system):</span> None.</p>
<p>The minimum earnings for contribution purposes for the self-employed are 10% of the minimum wage.</p>
<p>The maximum earnings for contribution purposes are 75&nbsp;times the minimum wage.</p>
<h4>Employer</h4>
<p><span class="h5">Mandatory individual account (new system):</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Old-age pension (old system):</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Social assistance system (new system):</span> None.</p>
<h4>Government</h4>
<p><span class="h5">Mandatory individual account (new system):</span> The cost of the guaranteed minimum pension.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Old-age pension (old system):</span> Subsidies as needed to finance benefits earned under the old system.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Social assistance system (new system):</span> Total cost.</p>
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
<h4>Old-age pension</h4>
<p><span class="h5">Mandatory individual account (new system):</span> Age&nbsp;63 (men) or age&nbsp;58 (women) with at least 35&nbsp;years of contributions. Age&nbsp;55 (men and women) if living in ecologically damaged zones or in zones with a maximum radiation risk; age&nbsp;53 for mothers living in rural areas with five or more children older than age&nbsp;8.</p>
<p>Early pension: Age&nbsp;55 (men and women) if the accumulated capital is sufficient to finance a benefit at least equal to the minimum pension.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Old-age pension (old system):</span> Age&nbsp;63 with 25&nbsp;years of contributions (men) or age&nbsp;58 with 20&nbsp;years of contributions (women). Age&nbsp;55 (men and women) if living in ecologically damaged zones or in zones with a maximum radiation risk; age&nbsp;53 for mothers living in rural areas with five or more children older than age&nbsp;8.</p>
<p>Partial pension: Payable if the insured has insufficient years of covered employment.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Old-age social allowance (new system):</span> Paid to low-income pensioners and to citizens of pensionable age not eligible for the old-age pension.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Disability social allowance (new system):</span> Payable to persons assessed as disabled.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Survivor social allowance (new system):</span> Payable on the death of the family breadwinner to dependents who are not able to work, including children younger than age&nbsp;18 (no limit if disabled before age&nbsp;18); brothers, sisters, and grandchildren with parents who are not able to work; parents; a <span class="nobr">widow(er)</span> of retirement age or taking care of children, brothers, and grandchildren younger than age&nbsp;8; grandparents at retirement age without any other source of income.</p>
<h3>Old-Age Benefits</h3>
<h4>Old-age pension</h4>
<p><span class="h5">Mandatory individual account (new system):</span> The insured's contributions plus accrued interest.</p>
<p>The benefits may be paid monthly, quarterly, or annually; if the sum of total pension savings is less than 100,000&nbsp;tenge or less than 12&nbsp;times the minimum pension, a lump sum is payable.</p>
<p>Minimum pension guarantee: 5,000&nbsp;tenge. Only the difference between the insured's benefit (contributions plus accrued interest) and the amount of the minimum pension is paid.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Old-age pension (old system):</span> 60% of earnings for the best 3 consecutive years after 1995, plus 1% of earnings for each year in excess of 25&nbsp;years (men) or 20&nbsp;years (women) of work. The pension is paid monthly.</p>
<p>Partial pension: The monthly benefit is reduced in proportion to the number of years below the required number of years of coverage.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Periodic benefit adjustment according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Old-age social allowance (new system):</span> 100% of the minimum pension a month (5,000&nbsp;tenge).</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Established yearly in the national budget.</p>
<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Disability social allowance (new system):</span> A flat-rate monthly allowance according to the assessed degree of disability and the prescribed category of disability.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Periodic benefit adjustment according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Survivor social allowance (new system):</span> A flat-rate monthly allowance according to family size and whether any family members are disabled.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Periodic benefit adjustment according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Individual account system (new system):</span> Committee for the Regulation of Pension Funds, part of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection (http://www.enbek.kz), is responsible for licensing and supervising nonstate pension funds and insurance companies as well as for controlling and supervising the single state pension fund.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Old-age pension (old system):</span> Ministry of Labor and Social Protection (http://www.enbek.kz) provides general coordination and supervision. Regional departments of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection administer the program.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Social assistance (new system):</span> Regional departments of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection (http://www.enbek.kz) administer the system.</p>
<h2>Sickness and Maternity</h2>
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
<p><span class="h4">First and current law:</span> 1999 (employer-financed benefits).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Employer-liability (cash benefits) and universal (medical care) system.</p>
<h3>Coverage</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Cash benefits:</span> Employed citizens.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits:</span> Permanent residents.</p>
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
<h4>Insured person</h4>
<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> None.</p>
<h4>Self-employed person</h4>
<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> Not applicable.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> None.</p>
<h4>Employer</h4>
<p><span class="h5">Cash sickness:</span> Total cost.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> None.</p>
<h4>Government</h4>
<p><span class="h5">Cash benefits:</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h5">Medical benefits:</span> Total cost.</p>
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Cash and medical benefits:</span> There is no minimum qualifying period.</p>
<h3>Sickness and Maternity Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Sickness benefit:</span> 100% of average daily earnings is payable for each day of incapacity. The monthly benefit is payable from the first day of sickness until recovery or the determination of disability.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Periodic benefit adjustment according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Maternity benefit:</span> 100% of earnings, payable for a total of 126 calendar days before and after the expected date of childbirth (may be extended to 140&nbsp;days if there are complications during childbirth).</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Periodic benefit adjustment according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
<p>Medical services are provided directly to patients through government or enterprise-administered health providers. Benefits include general and specialist care, hospitalization, laboratory services, dental care, maternity care, and transportation.</p>
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Cash benefits:</span> Benefits are paid by the employer.</p>
<p>Ministry of Labor and Social Protection (http://www.enbek.kz) provides general coordination and supervision.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits:</span> Ministry of Health (http://www.dari.kz) and health departments of local governments provide general supervision and coordination.</p>
<p>Medical services are provided through clinics, hospitals, and other facilities administered by the Ministry of Health and local health departments.</p>
<h2>Work Injury</h2>
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
<p><span class="h4">First law:</span> 1955 (short-term benefits).</p>
<p><span class="h4">Current law:</span> 1993 (work injury), with 1995 and 1999 amendments.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Employer-liability system.</p>
<h3>Coverage</h3>
<p>Employed persons.</p>
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> Not applicable.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> The cost of certain benefit payments.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> The cost of disability and survivor benefits.</p>
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Work injury benefits:</span> There is no minimum qualifying period.</p>
<h3>Temporary Disability Benefits</h3>
<p>100% of earnings. The monthly benefit is payable from the first day of incapacity until recovery or the award of a permanent disability pension.</p>
<h3>Permanent Disability Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Permanent disability benefit:</span> A flat-rate monthly allowance according to the assessed degree of disability and the prescribed category of disability.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Periodic benefit adjustment according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Lump-sum grant:</span> Depending on the nature of the disability, employers provide compensation to meet any additional costs caused by a work injury, in accordance with collective agreement but not less than five times annual earnings in the case of a group&nbsp;I disability (incapable of work) or group&nbsp;II disability (incapable of usual work) caused by a work injury or occupational disease; twice annual earnings in case of a group&nbsp;III disability (disabled but capable of work) caused by work injury or occupational disease; or 100% of annual earnings in case of the permanent loss of working capacity but no disability group determined.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Periodic benefit adjustment according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
<h3>Workers' Medical Benefits</h3>
<p>The employer pays for all medical benefits, including appliances and rehabilitation.</p>
<h3>Survivor Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Survivor social allowance:</span> A flat-rate monthly allowance according to family size and whether any family members are disabled.</p>
<p>Payable on the death of the family breadwinner to dependents who are not able to work, including children younger than age&nbsp;18 (no limit if disabled before age&nbsp;18); brothers, sisters, and grandchildren with parents who are not able to work; parents; a <span class="nobr">widow(er)</span> of retirement age or taking care of children, brothers, and grandchildren younger than age&nbsp;8; grandparents at retirement age without any other source of income.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Funeral benefit:</span> The reasonable cost of the funeral is financed from the national budget and by employers.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Death grant:</span> The employer pays dependents a sum equal to 10&nbsp;times the deceased's earnings.</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Periodic benefit adjustment according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Temporary disability benefits:</span> Enterprises and employers pay benefits to employees.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Pensions:</span> Regional departments of Ministry of Labor and Social Protection (http://www.enbek.kz) administer the program.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Medical benefits:</span> Ministry of Health (http://www.dari.kz) and health departments of local governments provide general supervision and coordination.</p>
<p>Medical services are provided through clinics, hospitals, and other facilities administered by the Ministry of Health and local health departments.</p>
<p>Medical Insurance Fund finances approved medical treatments.</p>
<h2>Family Allowances</h2>
<h3>Regulatory Framework</h3>
<p><span class="h4">First and current law:</span> 2001 (social assistance), implemented in 2002.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Type of program:</span> Social assistance system.</p>
<h3>Coverage</h3>
<p>Citizens, refugees, noncitizens, and stateless persons resident in Kazakhstan who satisfy a needs test and an income test; disabled persons; persons in full-time education or training; persons aged&nbsp;80 or older; and children younger than age&nbsp;7.</p>
<h3>Source of Funds</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Insured person:</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Self-employed person:</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Employer:</span> None.</p>
<p><span class="h4">Government:</span> Total cost.</p>
<h3>Qualifying Conditions</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Family allowances:</span> Residents must satisfy needs and income tests.</p>
<h3>Family Allowance Benefits</h3>
<p><span class="h4">Family allowance:</span> Cash benefits are determined in relation to an individual or family satisfying a needs test and an income test. (Income from social assistance allowances is not included.)</p>
<p>Benefit adjustment: Periodic benefit adjustment according to changes in the consumer price index.</p>
<h3>Administrative Organization</h3>
<p>Ministry of Labor and Social Protection (http://www.enbek.kz) provides general coordination and supervision. Regional departments of labor and social protection administer the program.</p>
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