ssa-gov/policy/docs/progdesc/intl_update/2020-02/index.html
2025-02-19 12:17:21 -08:00

228 lines
No EOL
41 KiB
HTML

<!doctype html>
<html class="no-js" lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<title>International Update, February 2020</title>
<meta name="dc.identifier" content="https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/intl_update/2020-02/index.html" />
<meta name="DCTERMS:contentOffice" content="ORDP:ORES" />
<meta name="DCTERMS:contentOwner" content="publications@ssa.gov" />
<meta name="DCTERMS:coderOffice" content="ORDP:ORES:OD" />
<meta name="DCTERMS:coder" content="op.webmaster@ssa.gov" />
<meta name="DCTERMS:dateCertified" content="2025-01-01" />
<meta name="description" content="Social Security Administration Research, Statistics, and Policy Analysis" />
<!-- STYLES & SCRIPTS -->
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.7.1.min.js" integrity="sha256-/JqT3SQfawRcv/BIHPThkBvs0OEvtFFmqPF/lYI/Cxo=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
<link href="/framework/css/phoenix.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" />
<link href="/policy/styles/nav.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" />
<link href="/policy/styles/nav-shared.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" />
<!-- SSA INTERNET HEAD SCRIPTS -->
<script src="/framework/js/ssa.internet.head.js"></script>
<script>(window.BOOMR_mq=window.BOOMR_mq||[]).push(["addVar",{"rua.upush":"false","rua.cpush":"false","rua.upre":"false","rua.cpre":"false","rua.uprl":"false","rua.cprl":"false","rua.cprf":"false","rua.trans":"SJ-3a3bb884-f513-47e3-a86c-84bab05e21dc","rua.cook":"true","rua.ims":"false","rua.ufprl":"false","rua.cfprl":"false","rua.isuxp":"false","rua.texp":"norulematch","rua.ceh":"false","rua.ueh":"false","rua.ieh.st":"0"}]);</script>
<script>!function(e){var n="https://s.go-mpulse.net/boomerang/";if("False"=="True")e.BOOMR_config=e.BOOMR_config||{},e.BOOMR_config.PageParams=e.BOOMR_config.PageParams||{},e.BOOMR_config.PageParams.pci=!0,n="https://s2.go-mpulse.net/boomerang/";if(window.BOOMR_API_key="LERZW-HECFS-R8H4E-23UQ7-ERMQB",function(){function e(){if(!o){var e=document.createElement("script");e.id="boomr-scr-as",e.src=window.BOOMR.url,e.async=!0,i.parentNode.appendChild(e),o=!0}}function t(e){o=!0;var n,t,a,r,d=document,O=window;if(window.BOOMR.snippetMethod=e?"if":"i",t=function(e,n){var t=d.createElement("script");t.id=n||"boomr-if-as",t.src=window.BOOMR.url,BOOMR_lstart=(new Date).getTime(),e=e||d.body,e.appendChild(t)},!window.addEventListener&&window.attachEvent&&navigator.userAgent.match(/MSIE [67]\./))return window.BOOMR.snippetMethod="s",void t(i.parentNode,"boomr-async");a=document.createElement("IFRAME"),a.src="about:blank",a.title="",a.role="presentation",a.loading="eager",r=(a.frameElement||a).style,r.width=0,r.height=0,r.border=0,r.display="none",i.parentNode.appendChild(a);try{O=a.contentWindow,d=O.document.open()}catch(_){n=document.domain,a.src="javascript:var d=document.open();d.domain='"+n+"';void(0);",O=a.contentWindow,d=O.document.open()}if(n)d._boomrl=function(){this.domain=n,t()},d.write("<bo"+"dy onload='document._boomrl();'>");else if(O._boomrl=function(){t()},O.addEventListener)O.addEventListener("load",O._boomrl,!1);else if(O.attachEvent)O.attachEvent("onload",O._boomrl);d.close()}function a(e){window.BOOMR_onload=e&&e.timeStamp||(new Date).getTime()}if(!window.BOOMR||!window.BOOMR.version&&!window.BOOMR.snippetExecuted){window.BOOMR=window.BOOMR||{},window.BOOMR.snippetStart=(new Date).getTime(),window.BOOMR.snippetExecuted=!0,window.BOOMR.snippetVersion=12,window.BOOMR.url=n+"LERZW-HECFS-R8H4E-23UQ7-ERMQB";var i=document.currentScript||document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0],o=!1,r=document.createElement("link");if(r.relList&&"function"==typeof r.relList.supports&&r.relList.supports("preload")&&"as"in r)window.BOOMR.snippetMethod="p",r.href=window.BOOMR.url,r.rel="preload",r.as="script",r.addEventListener("load",e),r.addEventListener("error",function(){t(!0)}),setTimeout(function(){if(!o)t(!0)},3e3),BOOMR_lstart=(new Date).getTime(),i.parentNode.appendChild(r);else t(!1);if(window.addEventListener)window.addEventListener("load",a,!1);else if(window.attachEvent)window.attachEvent("onload",a)}}(),"".length>0)if(e&&"performance"in e&&e.performance&&"function"==typeof e.performance.setResourceTimingBufferSize)e.performance.setResourceTimingBufferSize();!function(){if(BOOMR=e.BOOMR||{},BOOMR.plugins=BOOMR.plugins||{},!BOOMR.plugins.AK){var n="false"=="true"?1:0,t="cookiepresent",a="eyd7g6aaiaaamjqacqdfqaaaabt3morl-f-e0837c4f8-clienttons-s.akamaihd.net",i="false"=="true"?2:1,o={"ak.v":"39","ak.cp":"1204614","ak.ai":parseInt("728289",10),"ak.ol":"0","ak.cr":3,"ak.ipv":6,"ak.proto":"h2","ak.rid":"95481bb","ak.r":19138,"ak.a2":n,"ak.m":"dsca","ak.n":"essl","ak.bpcip":"2607:f378:40:6::","ak.cport":40604,"ak.gh":"23.60.168.61","ak.quicv":"","ak.tlsv":"tls1.3","ak.0rtt":"","ak.0rtt.ed":"","ak.csrc":"-","ak.acc":"","ak.t":"1739995691","ak.ak":"hOBiQwZUYzCg5VSAfCLimQ==fb32Jf3Vd83ff32Oi5l8icwemEep3ecqnpInfoXk92PjCde35D3isnLkJEkLMfObzb24QxSaCpTiQPqnMoxDQwCZUqTbRwxTjeXsrHDu9B2KsLxUUXPYI/kPQkOYJTRH1Bp9Gokw3Oq2CXXkdMGpV39nbl4ezdTfdLvfqeQCqxW18aFcio/QP+yundL7aemKNHyl3ikpTept7J2xnf/W6Ilsb+8rCAAK+975QZ3L40rkWemWdf8MWNeQeLOKcXtBKNF6nLCnoUxGeWxZYV5vh/FQ/yPfpnFMWy69EkjZA2HwUTCjZhJRC4PdFQEdvKowih/Gh1kvaBiKsrynuhmR2oWfT3HMS4ABl+drVVbo12z8QdfYz/XsB1TtW7wIuIS5Ve5rdZdNkChIHX2qUhtjk88hP4rzEiV8kRZn9hKv1HQ=","ak.pv":"98","ak.dpoabenc":"","ak.tf":i};if(""!==t)o["ak.ruds"]=t;var r={i:!1,av:function(n){var t="http.initiator";if(n&&(!n[t]||"spa_hard"===n[t]))o["ak.feo"]=void 0!==e.aFeoApplied?1:0,BOOMR.addVar(o)},rv:function(){var e=["ak.bpcip","ak.cport","ak.cr","ak.csrc","ak.gh","ak.ipv","ak.m","ak.n","ak.ol","ak.proto","ak.quicv","ak.tlsv","ak.0rtt","ak.0rtt.ed","ak.r","ak.acc","ak.t","ak.tf"];BOOMR.removeVar(e)}};BOOMR.plugins.AK={akVars:o,akDNSPreFetchDomain:a,init:function(){if(!r.i){var e=BOOMR.subscribe;e("before_beacon",r.av,null,null),e("onbeacon",r.rv,null,null),r.i=!0}return this},is_complete:function(){return!0}}}}()}(window);</script></head>
<body class="RA IU">
<div id="page">
<div class="bg-dark-gray accessibility" id="accessibility"><a id="skip-navigation" href="#content">Skip to main content</a></div><ssa-header class="print-hide"><noscript><header class="banner-neo" id="banner" role="banner" style="background-color: #0b4778;"><div class="banner-wrapper"><h1 class="banner-logo"><a class="banner-logo__link" href="/">Social Security</a></h1><nav class="banner-nav" id="banner-nav"><a class="banner-nav__link banner-search" href="https://search.ssa.gov/search?affiliate=ssa" title="Search" target="_blank"><svg class="banner-nav__icon" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M 10 23 C 11.219 23 12.384 22.762 13.496 22.285 C 14.608 21.808 15.565 21.169 16.367 20.367 C 17.169 19.565 17.808 18.608 18.285 17.496 C 18.762 16.384 19 15.219 19 14 C 19 12.953 18.829 11.951 18.488 10.992 C 18.147 10.033 17.661 9.164 17.031 8.383 L 22.711 2.711 C 22.904 2.518 23 2.281 23 2 C 23 1.713 22.905 1.475 22.715 1.285 C 22.525 1.095 22.287 1 22 1 C 21.719 1 21.482 1.096 21.289 1.289 L 15.617 6.969 C 14.836 6.339 13.966 5.853 13.008 5.512 C 12.05 5.171 11.047 5 10 5 C 8.781 5 7.616 5.238 6.504 5.715 C 5.392 6.192 4.435 6.831 3.633 7.633 C 2.831 8.435 2.192 9.392 1.715 10.504 C 1.238 11.616 1 12.781 1 14 C 1 15.219 1.238 16.384 1.715 17.496 C 2.192 18.608 2.831 19.565 3.633 20.367 C 4.435 21.169 5.392 21.808 6.504 22.285 C 7.616 22.762 8.781 23 10 23 Z M 10 21 C 9.052 21 8.146 20.815 7.281 20.445 C 6.416 20.075 5.672 19.578 5.047 18.953 C 4.422 18.328 3.925 17.584 3.555 16.719 C 3.185 15.854 3 14.948 3 14 C 3 13.052 3.185 12.146 3.555 11.281 C 3.925 10.416 4.422 9.672 5.047 9.047 C 5.672 8.422 6.416 7.925 7.281 7.555 C 8.146 7.185 9.052 7 10 7 C 10.948 7 11.854 7.185 12.719 7.555 C 13.584 7.925 14.328 8.422 14.953 9.047 C 15.578 9.672 16.075 10.416 16.445 11.281 C 16.815 12.146 17 13.052 17 14 C 17 14.948 16.815 15.854 16.445 16.719 C 16.075 17.584 15.578 18.328 14.953 18.953 C 14.328 19.578 13.584 20.075 12.719 20.445 C 11.854 20.815 10.948 21 10 21 Z" transform="matrix(-1, 0, 0, -1, 24.000001, 24.000001)" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke"></path></svg> <span>Search</span> </a><a class="banner-nav__link banner-menu" href="/menu" id="ssa-menu" title="Menu"><svg class="banner-nav__icon" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 5h18q.414 0 .707.293T22 6t-.293.707T21 7H3q-.414 0-.707-.293T2 6t.293-.707T3 5zm0 12h18q.414 0 .707.293T22 18t-.293.707T21 19H3q-.414 0-.707-.293T2 18t.293-.707T3 17zm0-6h18q.414 0 .707.293T22 12t-.293.707T21 13H3q-.414 0-.707-.293T2 12t.293-.707T3 11z" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke"></path></svg> <span>Menu</span> </a><a class="banner-nav__link banner-languages" href="/es" id="ssa-languages" title="Español" hreflang="es"><svg class="banner-nav__icon" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 0C5.373 0 0 5.373 0 12s5.373 12 12 12c.812 0 1.604-.08 2.37-.235-.31-.147-.343-1.255-.037-1.887.34-.703 1.406-2.485.35-3.08-1.053-.6-.76-.868-1.405-1.56-.644-.692-.38-.796-.422-.974-.14-.61.62-1.523.656-1.616.035-.094.035-.446.023-.55-.012-.107-.48-.387-.597-.4-.117-.01-.176.188-.34.2-.164.012-.88-.433-1.03-.55-.154-.117-.224-.398-.435-.61-.21-.212-.235-.047-.562-.175-.327-.13-1.382-.516-2.19-.844-.81-.33-.88-.79-.892-1.114-.012-.325-.492-.797-.718-1.137-.225-.342-.267-.81-.348-.705-.082.106.422 1.336.34 1.37-.083.037-.26-.338-.493-.643-.235-.304.245-.14-.505-1.617-.75-1.476.235-2.23.282-3 .048-.77.633.28.328-.21-.304-.493.023-1.524-.21-1.9-.235-.374-1.57.423-1.57.423.034-.363 1.17-.985 1.99-1.56.82-.573 1.322-.128 1.982.083.66.21.703.142.48-.07-.222-.21.094-.316.61-.235.516.082.656.704 1.442.645.784-.06.08.152.186.35.105.2-.117.177-.633.53-.516.35.012.35.926 1.02.913.667.632-.447.538-.94-.094-.49.668-.105.668-.105.563.375.46.02.87.15.408.13 1.52 1.07 1.52 1.07-1.395.762-.516.844-.282 1.02.235.175-.48.515-.48.515-.294-.293-.34.012-.528.117-.187.105-.012.375-.012.375-.97.153-.75 1.173-.738 1.418.012.247-.62.622-.786.973-.164.35.423 1.113.117 1.16-.305.048-.61-1.148-2.25-.703-.495.134-1.593.703-1.008 1.863.585 1.16 1.558-.328 1.886-.164.33.163-.093.902-.023.913.07.012.927.033.974 1.032.048 1 1.3.914 1.57.938.27.023 1.173-.74 1.3-.774.13-.035.646-.47 1.77.175 1.126.644 1.7.55 2.086.82.387.27.117.81.48.985.365.176 1.818-.058 2.18.54.364.597-1.5 3.597-2.085 3.925-.586.328-.856 1.078-1.442 1.558-.69.563-1.418 1.076-2.18 1.535-.684.407-.807 1.137-1.112 1.367C19.984 22.52 24 17.73 24 12c0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12zm2.813 11.262c-.165.047-.504.352-1.336-.14-.832-.494-1.406-.4-1.477-.48 0 0-.07-.2.293-.236.747-.072 1.688.692 1.9.704.21.012.315-.21.69-.09.375.12.094.195-.07.242zM10.887 1.196c-.082-.06.068-.128.157-.246.05-.07.013-.182.078-.246.175-.177 1.043-.423.874.058-.17.48-.98.527-1.11.434zm2.098 1.523c-.293-.013-.983-.086-.856-.212.494-.492-.188-.633-.61-.668-.423-.036-.598-.27-.388-.294.21-.024 1.055.013 1.196.13.14.117.902.422.95.644.047.223 0 .41-.293.4zm2.542-.083c-.234.188-1.413-.673-1.64-.867-.985-.844-1.513-.563-1.72-.703-.206-.142-.132-.33.184-.61.318-.282 1.21.094 1.724.152.516.058 1.113.457 1.125.93.01.474.562.91.327 1.097z" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke"></path></svg> <span>Español</span> </a><a class="banner-nav__link banner-signin" href="https://secure.ssa.gov/RIL/SiView.action" id="ssa-signin" title="Sign in" target="_blank"><svg class="banner-nav__icon" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 17.016q-.797 0-1.406-.61t-.61-1.405.61-1.405 1.406-.61 1.406.61.61 1.406-.61 1.407-1.406.61zm6 3V9.986H6v10.03h12zm-6-17.11q-1.266 0-2.18.914T8.906 6H9v2.016h6.094V6q0-1.266-.914-2.18T12 2.906zm6 5.11q.797 0 1.406.586t.61 1.383v10.03q0 .798-.61 1.384T18 21.984H6q-.797 0-1.406-.586t-.61-1.384V9.986q0-.798.61-1.384T6 8.016h.984V6q0-2.063 1.477-3.54T12 .985t3.54 1.477T17.015 6v2.016H18z" vector-effect="non-scaling-stroke"></path></svg> <span>Sign in</span></a></nav></div></header></noscript></ssa-header><script src="https://www.ssa.gov/legacy/components/dist/ssa-header.js"></script>
<div id="title-bar"><h2>Research, Statistics &amp; Policy Analysis</h2></div>
<div class="rMenuBtn show-phone" id="rMenuBtn">&#9776;&nbsp;Browse publications</div>
<div id="content" role="main">
<div class="grid">
<div class="breadRSPA" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BreadcrumbList">You are here: <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Social Security Administration</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1" /></span> &gt; <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/policy/index.html" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Research, Statistics &amp; Policy Analysis</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="2" /></span> &gt; <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/policy/research.html" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Research &amp; Analysis Archives</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="3" /></span> &gt; International Update, February 2020</div>
<div class="row-12">
<div class="column-3 leftNav"><nav class="rMenu" id="rMenu" role="navigation" aria-label="Main Navigation">
<ul>
<li id="RSH"><a href="/policy/index.html">Research &amp; Statistics Home</a></li>
<li class="hasFly menu1a" id="RA"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Research &amp; Analysis</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/progdesc/intl_update/index.html">International Update</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/research.html?type=Issue%20Paper">Issue Papers</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/research.html?type=ORES%20Working%20Paper"><abbr class="spell">ORES</abbr> Working Papers</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/research.html?type=Policy%20Brief">Policy Briefs</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/research.html?type=Research%20and%20Statistics%20Note">Research &amp; Statistics Notes</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/research.html?type=Research%20Summary">Research Summaries</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/ssb/index.html">Social Security Bulletin</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu2a"><a href="/policy/research.html" title="Research and Analysis Archives">Archives</a></li>
<li class="menu2a"><a href="/policy/author-index.html">Author index</a></li>
<li class="noClick menu1a" id="SDF"><a href="#" tabindex="-1">Statistics</a></li>
<li class="hasFly menu2a"> <a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Current editions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/di_asr/index.html">Annual Statistical Report on the Social Security Disability Insurance Program</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/supplement/index.html">Annual Statistical Supplement</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/factsheets/cong_stats/index.html">Congressional Statistics</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/chartbooks/di-ssi-employment/index.html"><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> &amp; <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> Program Participants: Characteristics&nbsp;&amp; Employment</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/eedata_sc/index.html">Earnings &amp; Employment Data..., by State &amp; County</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/chartbooks/expenditures_aged/index.html">Expenditures of the Aged Chartbook</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/chartbooks/fast_facts/index.html">Fast Facts &amp; Figures About Social Security</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/chartbooks/income_aged/index.html">Income of the Aged Chartbook</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/income_pop55/index.html">Income of the Population 55 or Older</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/nbs/index.html">National Beneficiary Survey: Disability Statistics</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/oasdi_sc/index.html"><abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> Beneficiaries by State &amp; County</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/oasdi_zip/index.html"><abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> Beneficiaries by State &amp; <abbr>ZIP</abbr> Code</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/ssi_asr/index.html"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> Annual Statistical Report</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/ssi_monthly/index.html"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> Monthly Statistics</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/ssi_sc/index.html"><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> Recipients by State &amp; County</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/statistics.html?type=Statistics%20at%20a%20Glance">Statistics At a Glance</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu2b"> <a href="/policy/statistics.html" title="Statistics Archives">Archives</a></li>
<li class="menu1b" id="PUDF"><a href="/policy/docs/data/index.html">Public-Use Data Files</a></li>
<li class="hasFly menu1b" id="POP"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Population Profiles</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/population-profiles/child-beneficiaries.html">Child Beneficiaries</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/population-profiles/child-beneficiary-families.html">Child Beneficiary Families</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/population-profiles/fully-insured-workers.html">Fully Insured Workers</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/population-profiles/marital-status-poverty.html">Marital Status &amp; Poverty</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/population-profiles/middle-class-beneficiaries.html">Middle Class Beneficiaries</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/population-profiles/never-beneficiaries.html">Never Beneficiaries</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/population-profiles/tax-max-earners.html">Taxable Maximum Earners</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/population-profiles/veteran-beneficiaries.html">Veteran Beneficiaries</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="hasFly menu1b" id="PE"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Program Explainers</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/program-explainers/benefit-claiming-age.html">Benefit Claiming Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/program-explainers/government-pension-offset.html">Government Pension Offset</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/program-explainers/retirement-earnings-test.html">Retirement Earnings Test</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/program-explainers/scheduled-payable.html">Scheduled <abbr title="versus">vs.</abbr> Payable Benefits</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/program-explainers/special-minimum.html">Special Minimum Benefit</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/program-explainers/poverty-decline.html">Why Will Poverty Decline for Beneficiaries?</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/program-explainers/windfall-elimination-provision.html">Windfall Elimination Provision</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="noClick menu1a" id="PM"><a href="#" tabindex="-1">Projections</a></li>
<li class="hasFly menu2a" id="PFS"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Fact sheets</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/projections/populations/divorced-spousal-2050.html">By beneficiary type</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/projections/populations/beneficiaries-60-or-older.html">By demographic group</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="hasFly menu2a" id="PPO"><a href="#" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Tables</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/projections/policy-options/index.html">Policy options/proposals</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/projections/tables/beneficiaries.html">Profile of beneficiaries by race &amp; ethnicity</a></li>
<li><a href="/policy/docs/projections/tables/taxpayers.html">Profile of taxpayers by race &amp; ethnicity</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</nav></div>
<div class="column-9">
<div id="docTitle">
<h3>International Update, February 2020</h3>
<div class="releaseDate">(released February 2020)</div>
</div>
<div class="sidebar">
<img src="cover.jpg" alt="International Update cover" class="cover" />
<h4 class="sidebar-gray">Contact</h4>
<p><a href="mailto:research@ssa.gov?subject=International%20Update">research@ssa.gov</a></p>
<h4 class="sidebar-gray">Next Expected Update</h4>
<p id="js-exp"></p>
<p><a class="mailIcon" href="/policy/notify/index.html">Subscribe to Updates</a></p>
<p><a class="calendarIcon" href="/policy/pub_schedule.html">Publishing Schedule</a></p>
<div id="js-ed"></div>
</div>
<div class="order5">
<div class="container-red downloadBox">
<p><a href="/policy/docs/progdesc/intl_update/2020-02/2020-02.pdf" title="Download entire publication as PDF">Download entire publication</a>&nbsp;<span class="eightypercent">(0.3&nbsp;MB)</span></p>
</div>
<h4 id="toc">In This Issue</h4>
<ul class="IUtoc">
<li><a href="#africa">Africa</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#egypt">Egypt Implements Extensive Pension System Changes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#americas">The Americas</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#bermuda">Bermuda Approves Amendments to Mandatory Occupational Pension Program</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#international">International</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#oecd">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Releases <i>Pension Markets in Focus 2019</i></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="africa">Africa</h4>
<h5 id="egypt">Egypt Implements Extensive Pension System Changes</h5>
<p>On January&nbsp;1, Egypt's government implemented a new law that makes extensive changes to the country's social insurance pension system, including coverage, financing, qualifying conditions, benefit formulas, and benefit adjustments. The new law (Law <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr>&nbsp;148 of&nbsp;2019) replaces many existing social security laws and regulations, and consolidates several different social insurance programs into one. Egypt's president signed the law on August&nbsp;19, 2019, after the country's parliament approved it on July&nbsp;15, 2019. The new law is intended to improve social protection in Egypt without undermining the pension system's financial sustainability. According to the government, the share of the population living below the national poverty line increased to 32.5&nbsp;percent in&nbsp;2018 from 27.8&nbsp;percent in&nbsp;2016 and 16.7&nbsp;percent in&nbsp;2000. (In&nbsp;2018, Egypt classified a person with an annual income of less than 8,282 Egyptian pounds [<abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$501.03] as&nbsp;poor.)</p>
<p>Key provisions of the new law affecting <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pensions (effective January&nbsp;1 unless otherwise noted) include:</p>
<ul>
<li><i>Covered workers:</i> The unified program covers 26&nbsp;categories of workers, including public- and private-sector employees, civil servants, and self-employed persons. Ten of the 26&nbsp;categories previously lacked social insurance coverage; these 10&nbsp;categories primarily include irregular and seasonal workers (for example, fishermen, land-transportation employees, and household workers) and small employers (for example, owners of environmental, rural, and family industries).</li>
<li><i>Contribution rates:</i> The employee and employer contribution rates are 9&nbsp;percent and 12&nbsp;percent, respectively, of total monthly earnings or payroll. (Previously, the employee and employer contributions rates were 10&nbsp;percent and 15&nbsp;percent, respectively, and were levied on base and variable earnings up to two different monthly earning ceilings.) The employee and employer contribution rates will each increase by 0.5&nbsp;percent every 7&nbsp;years until the combined rate reaches 26&nbsp;percent in&nbsp;2055. The minimum monthly earnings used to calculate contributions are the monthly minimum wage, and the maximum monthly earnings are 5,710 Egyptian pounds (<abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$361.85).</li>
<li><i>Qualifying conditions:</i> While the normal retirement age remains unchanged at&nbsp;60 for now, it is scheduled to increase to&nbsp;61 on July&nbsp;1, 2032, and by an additional year every 2&nbsp;years thereafter until reaching age&nbsp;65 in&nbsp;2040. The minimum months of contributions required to qualify for an <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension at the normal retirement age is also set to increase from 120&nbsp;months to 180&nbsp;months in&nbsp;2025.</li>
<li><i>Early retirement:</i> Starting in 2025, an insured person can claim a reduced <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension at any age before the normal retirement age if he or she has at least 300&nbsp;months of contributions (up from 240&nbsp;months currently), and is entitled to a monthly pension that is at least equal to the minimum monthly pension or 50&nbsp;percent of his or her last monthly covered earnings, whichever is&nbsp;greater.</li>
<li><i>Benefit formula:</i> The <span class="nobr">old-age</span> pension's replacement rate is still 2.22&nbsp;percent of the insured's average annual covered earnings for each year of contributions, but the average earnings are now calculated based on the insured's lifetime earnings (adjusted for inflation) instead of his or her last 2&nbsp;years of earnings before retirement. The new formula only applies to periods of service since the new law's implementation date. (The old formula still applies to periods of service before the implementation date.)</li>
<li><i>Minimum and maximum pensions:</i> The minimum monthly pension is 65&nbsp;percent of the minimum monthly earnings used to calculate contributions. The maximum monthly pension is 80&nbsp;percent of the insured's average monthly covered earnings or 80&nbsp;percent of the maximum monthly earnings used to calculate contributions, whichever is less.</li>
<li><i>End-of-service benefit:</i> The new law replaces the social insurance end-of-service benefit with one based on individual accounts. To fund the individual account benefit, employees and employers each contribute 1&nbsp;percent of total monthly covered earnings or payroll. When an insured person retires, he or she receives his or her account balance (total employee and employer contributions plus accrued interest) as a lump sum. The new benefit only applies to periods of service since the new law's implementation date. (The old benefit still applies to periods of service before the implementation date.)</li>
<li><i>Benefit adjustment:</i> The pension amount is automatically adjusted in July of each year based on changes in the national consumer price index, with a maximum annual increase of 15&nbsp;percent. (Previously, adjustments were made on an ad&nbsp;hoc basis.)</li>
</ul>
<div class="reference"><b>Sources:</b> Law <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr>&nbsp;148 of 2019; &ldquo;Egypt's New Social Insurance and Pensions Law is a Remarkable Step towards Social Security: <abbr class="spell">MP</abbr>s,&rdquo; <i>Al-Ahram</i>, July&nbsp;22, 2019; &ldquo;Egypt: A Third of Population Lives in Poverty,&rdquo; Voice of America, July&nbsp;30, 2019; &ldquo;32.5% of Egyptians Live in Extreme Poverty: <abbr>CAPMAS</abbr>,&rdquo; <i>Egypt Today</i>, August&nbsp;1, 2019; <a href="/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2018-2019/africa/index.html"><i>Social Security Programs Throughout the World: Africa, 2019</i></a>, <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Social Security Administration, September&nbsp;2019; &ldquo;Egypt: New Universal Social Security Law Revamps Pension Benefits,&rdquo; Global News Briefs, Willis Towers Watson, September&nbsp;3, 2019; &ldquo;Egypt's New Social Insurance Law,&rdquo; Sharkawy and Sarhan, September&nbsp;11, 2019; &ldquo;Egypt Consolidates Pension and Employee Social Insurance Law,&rdquo; Mercer, October&nbsp;1, 2019; personal communication, International Social Security Association, January&nbsp;2020.</div>
<h4 id="americas">The Americas</h4>
<h5 id="bermuda">Bermuda Approves Amendments to Mandatory Occupational Pension Program</h5>
<p>On December&nbsp;30, Bermuda's government approved amendments to the National Pension Scheme (Occupational Pensions) Act&nbsp;1998 that will (among other changes) extend mandatory occupational pension program coverage to foreign workers, change the definition of pensionable earnings, allow for <span class="nobr">lump-sum</span> payments at retirement, and reduce the vesting period for entitlement to employer contributions. The amendments are effective on various dates in&nbsp;2020. According to the government, the exclusion of foreign workers from the occupational pension program created an incentive for employers to hire foreigners rather than Bermudian workers.</p>
<p>The key amendments and their implementation dates are as follows:</p>
<ul>
<li><i>Extension of mandatory coverage to foreign workers:</i> Effective March&nbsp;2, all private-sector <span class="nobr">employees&mdash;with</span> the exception of foreign workers on <span class="nobr">short-term</span> work permits (not lasting more than 12&nbsp;months) and citizens of the United States of America with qualified <span class="nobr">401(k)</span> plans&mdash;who are aged&nbsp;23 or older and have worked at least 720&nbsp;hours for their current employers in any calendar year will be covered under the program. (Spouses of covered employees may also enroll.) Employee and employer contribution rates for newly enrolled foreign workers will gradually increase from 1&nbsp;percent of covered earnings/payroll each in&nbsp;2020 to 5&nbsp;percent each in&nbsp;2024, matching the rates for Bermudian workers.</li>
<li><i>Change in the definition of pensionable earnings:</i> Effective January&nbsp;2, pensionable earnings (up to B$200,000 [<abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$200,000] a year) now include all bonuses paid to an employee. Previously, only bonus amounts in excess of 10&nbsp;percent of an employee's base pay were considered when calculating contributions.</li>
<li><i>Introduction of a <span class="nobr">lump-sum</span> payment option at retirement:</i> Upon reaching the retirement age of 65, participants will be able to receive a <span class="nobr">lump-sum</span> payment of up to 25&nbsp;percent of their account balance (for defined contribution plans) or up to 25&nbsp;percent of the commuted value of their benefits (for defined benefit plans). The government has not yet set an implementation date for this provision.</li>
<li><i>Reduction in the vesting period:</i> Effective March&nbsp;2, the maximum vesting period for an employee to be entitled to his or her employer's contributions will be reduced from 2&nbsp;years to&nbsp;1.</li>
</ul>
<p>In addition to the mandatory occupational pension program, Bermuda's pension system consists of: (1)&nbsp;a social insurance program for employed and self-employed persons aged&nbsp;18 or older working more than 4&nbsp;hours a week, and temporary residents gainfully employed for more than 26 consecutive weeks; and (2)&nbsp;a social assistance program that includes an <span class="nobr">old-age</span> social pension (for Bermudian workers) and a disability social pension (for all Bermuda residents). The social insurance program is financed through <span class="nobr">flat-rate</span> contributions by employees and employers (B$35.92 [<abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$35.92] a week each; none for employees aged&nbsp;65 or older), and the social assistance program is financed through general revenues.</p>
<div class="reference"><b>Sources:</b> National Pension Scheme (Occupational Pensions) Amendment Act 2019; National Pension Scheme (Occupational Pensions) Amendment Act 2019 (<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr>&nbsp;2) Commencement Notice 2019; &ldquo;Bermuda Amends National Pension Scheme,&rdquo; Conyers, January&nbsp;6, 2020; &ldquo;Bermuda: Mandated Pension Coverage Extended to Foreign Workers,&rdquo; Global News Briefs, Willis Towers Watson, January&nbsp;27, 2020; <i>Social Security Programs Throughout the World: The Americas, 2019</i>, <abbr>U.S.</abbr> Social Security Administration, March&nbsp;2020 (forthcoming).</div>
<h4 id="international">International</h4>
<h5 id="oecd">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Releases Pension Markets in Focus 2019</h5>
<p>On October&nbsp;30, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (<abbr class="spell">OECD</abbr>) published <a href="https://web-archive.oecd.org/temp/2024-06-25/75201-pensionmarketsinfocus.htm"><i>Pension Markets in Focus 2019</i></a>, an annual report examining retirement assets in funded and private pensions across 36&nbsp;<abbr class="spell">OECD</abbr> member countries and 52&nbsp;non-<abbr class="spell">OECD</abbr> jurisdictions. The report draws on a database developed by the <abbr class="spell">OECD</abbr> in collaboration with the International Organization of Pension Supervisors and the World Bank to examine how pension funds are invested and how they perform. The report also describes pension plan parameters (such as coverage, contribution rates, and benefit structures) and the various types of funded and private pension plans. This year's report includes a special section on the pension gap between men and women and explores its possible causes.</p>
<p>The report's key findings include:</p>
<ul>
<li><i>Pension assets</i>
<ul>
<li>Despite a decline in 2018 compared with 2017, pension assets increased over the last decade to reach <abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$44.1&nbsp;trillion (<abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$42.5&nbsp;trillion in <abbr class="spell">OECD</abbr> countries and <abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$1.6&nbsp;trillion in other jurisdictions).</li>
<li>The recent decline was likely due to the downturn in most equity markets in&nbsp;2018. Declines in the amount of pension assets were recorded in 12&nbsp;out of&nbsp;65 reporting countries and jurisdictions, including major markets (the Netherlands [&minus;1.4&nbsp;percent], the United Kingdom [&minus;0.3&nbsp;percent], and the United States [&minus;3.2&nbsp;percent]) and smaller markets (Spain [&minus;4.1&nbsp;percent] and Poland [&minus;10.1&nbsp;percent]).</li>
<li>Pension assets were not evenly distributed across <abbr class="spell">OECD</abbr> countries, with 7&nbsp;of the&nbsp;36 holding more than 90&nbsp;percent of total <abbr class="spell">OECD</abbr> pension assets in&nbsp;2018: the United States (<abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$27.5&nbsp;trillion, or 64.8&nbsp;percent), the United Kingdom (<abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$2.8&nbsp;trillion, or 6.6&nbsp;percent), Canada (<abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$2.5&nbsp;trillion, or 5.9&nbsp;percent), Australia (<abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$1.9&nbsp;trillion, or 4.5&nbsp;percent), the Netherlands (<abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$1.5&nbsp;trillion, or 3.6&nbsp;percent), Japan (<abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$1.4&nbsp;trillion, or 3.3&nbsp;percent), and Switzerland (nearly <abbr class="spell">US</abbr>$1&nbsp;trillion, or 2.3&nbsp;percent).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><i>Pension coverage</i>
<ul>
<li>Pension plan coverage generally rose over the past decade, particularly in countries with mandatory and auto-enrollment programs. New Zealand had the largest increase, from 32&nbsp;percent of the working-age population in&nbsp;2009 to 80&nbsp;percent in&nbsp;2018. Bulgaria and Israel also had large increases (by nearly 40&nbsp;percentage points) over this period by making participation in pension plans mandatory.</li>
<li>Mandatory or quasi-mandatory pension plans cover more than 70&nbsp;percent of the working-age population in&nbsp;17 out of&nbsp;31 reporting countries and jurisdictions, with some of the highest coverage rates recorded for Finland (93&nbsp;percent) and Iceland (88&nbsp;percent).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><i>Investment performance</i>
<ul>
<li>Real investment rates of return (net of investment expenses) for pension plans in <abbr class="spell">OECD</abbr> countries were negative on average in&nbsp;2018 (&minus;3.2&nbsp;percent) and slightly negative in non-<abbr class="spell">OECD</abbr> jurisdictions. Overall, pension plans experienced investment losses in 26&nbsp;out of&nbsp;31 reporting <abbr class="spell">OECD</abbr> countries and 14&nbsp;out of&nbsp;29 reporting non-<abbr class="spell">OECD</abbr> jurisdictions.</li>
<li>Average annual returns were positive in nominal terms over the last 5, 10, and 15&nbsp;years, and remained positive in most countries after adjusting for inflation. Average annual returns of pension plans for the past 15&nbsp;years were positive in 19&nbsp;out of&nbsp;22 reporting countries, with the highest returns reported for Colombia (6.2&nbsp;percent), Canada (4.8&nbsp;percent), and Australia (4.7&nbsp;percent), and the lowest returns reported in the Czech Republic (0.0&nbsp;percent), Estonia (&minus;0.7&nbsp;percent), and Latvia (&minus;1.0&nbsp;percent).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><i>Plan types</i>
<ul>
<li>Most countries had defined benefit (<abbr class="spell">DB</abbr>) plans in&nbsp;2018, although their size and importance varied. The countries with the most <abbr class="spell">DB</abbr> assets included Canada (60&nbsp;percent of all assets) and Switzerland (90&nbsp;percent). In 32&nbsp;out of&nbsp;38 reporting jurisdictions, less than 50&nbsp;percent of pension assets were held in <abbr class="spell">DB</abbr>&nbsp;plans.</li>
<li>The share of pension fund assets under management for <abbr class="spell">DB</abbr> plans (versus defined contribution [<abbr class="spell">DC</abbr>] plans) declined in 17&nbsp;out of&nbsp;22 reporting countries, including the United States (from 39&nbsp;percent in&nbsp;2009 to 33&nbsp;percent in&nbsp;2018) and Israel (from 84&nbsp;percent in&nbsp;2008 to 56&nbsp;percent in&nbsp;2018).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>In a special section on the gender gap in retirement income, the report finds that the gap exists in all reporting <abbr class="spell">OECD</abbr> countries. On average across the <abbr class="spell">OECD</abbr>, women aged&nbsp;65 or older receive 26&nbsp;percent less income than men from public and private pension programs. This gap is largely attributed to different work histories (such as shorter careers and more <span class="nobr">part-time</span> work among women than men), lower wages, and the way those differences are transferred through components of pension programs. Moreover, men and women do not receive the same benefits from funded and private pensions in some countries. This difference may result from lower entitlements offered for assets accumulated before retirement, and the types of retirement products available (particularly lower annuities due to longer life expectancy for women).</p>
<div class="reference"><b>Source:</b> <a href="https://web-archive.oecd.org/temp/2024-06-25/75201-pensionmarketsinfocus.htm"><i>Pension Markets in Focus 2019</i></a>, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, October&nbsp;30, 2019.</div>
<div class="container-blue aboutIU">
<p>For more information about social security programs in these and other countries, please see <a href="/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/index.html"><i>Social Security Programs Throughout the World</i></a>.</p>
<p><b><i>International Update</i></b> is a monthly publication of the Social Security Administration's (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s) Office of Retirement and Disability Policy. It reports on the latest developments in public and private pensions worldwide. The news summaries presented do not necessarily reflect the views of <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>.</p>
<p>Editor: John Jankowski.<br />Writers/researchers: Ben Danforth, John Jankowski, and David Rajnes.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- END COLUMN, ROW, GRID, CONTENT -->
<ssa-footer class="print-hide"><noscript><footer class="footer" id="footer" role="contentinfo"><a href="/menu#footer">Footer menu</a></footer></noscript></ssa-footer><script src="https://www.ssa.gov/legacy/components/dist/ssa-footer.js"></script>
</div>
<!-- END PAGE CONTAINER -->
<!-- SSA INTERNET BODY SCRIPTS -->
<script src="/framework/js/ssa.internet.body.js"></script>
<script src="/policy/js/rspa.nav.js"></script>
<script src="/policy/js/rspa-shared.js"></script>
</body>
</html>