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<h1 itemprop="headline">Supplemental Security Income Program Entry at Age&nbsp;18 and Entrants' Subsequent&nbsp;Earnings</h1>
<div id="hByline">by <span itemprop="author">Jeffrey Hemmeter</span><br>Social Security Bulletin, <abbr title="Volume">Vol.</abbr>&nbsp;75, <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr>&nbsp;3, 2015 (released August 2015)</div>
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<p id="synopsis" itemprop="description">In determining Supplemental Security Income (<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>) eligibility and payment levels for child applicants and recipients, the Social Security Administration attributes part of parental income to the child using a process called deeming. Parental-income deeming ends at age&nbsp;18, and many youths with severe disabilities who were income-ineligible for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> as minors can become income-eligible as adults. This article provides evidence that substantial numbers of youths apply for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> as soon as they turn 18. Additionally, the distribution by disability type of youths applying at or after age&nbsp;18 differs from that of youths applying just before age&nbsp;18. Further, applications filed at age&nbsp;18 are more likely to be allowed than are those filed at age&nbsp;17. Using denied applicants as a comparison group, I estimate a reduced likelihood of subsequent employment (through age&nbsp;24) for allowed <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> applicants aged&nbsp;<span class="nobr">17&ndash;19</span> with an expected upper bound of about 25&nbsp;percentage points.</p>
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<p>Jeffrey Hemmeter is the deputy director of the Office of Program Development, Office of Research, Demonstration, and Employment Support, Office of Retirement and Disability Policy, Social Security Administration.</p>
<p><i>Acknowledgments:</i> The author is grateful to Molly Costanzo, Jim Twist, Clark Pickett, Chelsea Shudtz, Ken Brown, Linda Mitchell, and other members of <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s Office of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and Program Integrity Policy staff for their comments on drafts of this article.</p>
<p>Contents of this publication are <a href="/policy/accessibility.html">not copyrighted</a>; any items may be reprinted, but citation of the <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> as the source is requested. The findings and conclusions presented in the <i>Bulletin</i> are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Social Security Administration.</p>
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<h2>Introduction</h2>
<p>The Supplemental Security Income (<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>) program provides means-tested cash payments to youths with severe disabilities. To determine program eligibility and payment amounts for children, the Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>) attributes part of parental income to the child using a process called deeming. Because parental deeming ends at age&nbsp;18, many youths with severe disabilities who were not income-eligible for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> as minors can become income-eligible as adults.</p>
<p>Several recent studies and news stories have raised concerns about the high percentage of child <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients transitioning directly into adult <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipiency, with potential lifetime payment receipt (for example, Burkhauser and Daly 2011; Wen 2010a, 2010b, 2010c). Others have analyzed the experiences of children and youths to determine how best to support their eventual exit from <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and ultimate self-sufficiency. Many studies document the challenges and experiences of child <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients as they transition to adulthood (for example, Hemmeter, Kauff, and Wittenburg 2009; Wittenburg and Loprest 2007; Davies, Rupp, and Wittenburg 2009; Wittenburg and Maag 2002; Rupp, Hemmeter, and Davies 2015; Hemmeter and others 2015; Berry and Caplan 2010; Berry and Coffey 2008; and Weathers and others 2007). However, there is a paucity of research on those who enter <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> at the cusp of adulthood. Because there are more than twice as many <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> awards to youths aged&nbsp;<span class="nobr">18&ndash;21</span> as there are to those aged&nbsp;<span class="nobr">13&ndash;17</span> (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> 2014d), studying older youths could provide key information that addresses both the potential lifetime receipt of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payments and the challenges of transitioning into adulthood.</p>
<p>Some researchers have claimed that <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s adult disability programs (<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> and Social Security Disability Insurance) have contributed to a reduction in adult labor force participation (for example, Duggan and Imberman 2009; Black, Daniel, and Sanders 2002; Autor and Duggan 2003). If those claims are true, then special attention should be paid to youths entering the programs at the point of transition to adulthood. Some studies include young adults in their populations (for example, Mamun and others 2011; O'Leary, Livermore, and Stapleton 2011), but do not differentiate between program-entry ages to a level of detail that would allow identification of transition-age youths in particular. One study that does differentiate that group of entrants (Ben-Shalom and others 2012) shows that adults who entered <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> at earlier ages (particularly <span class="nobr">18&ndash;19)</span> were more likely than older program entrants to have subsequent earnings and to have moved into <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> nonpayment status because of work within 10&nbsp;years of program entry.</p>
<p>Although many of the studies cited thus far are particular to youths who receive <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payments, the barriers to a successful transition are shared by many youths with disabilities, including those from families with higher incomes (National Council on Disability and <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> 2000; Osgood, Foster, and Courtney 2010; Carter, Austin, and Trainor 2012; Newman and others 2011; Test and others 2009). For example, all youths with disabilities face inconsistent policies and uncoordinated handoffs between federal, state, and local supports (Government Accountability Office 2012). Additionally, an increasing percentage of children in high-income and high-education households are reporting disabilities, particularly neurodevelopmental or mental health conditions (Houtrow and others 2014). Although challenges in transitioning to adulthood occur across the income distribution, one potentially important issue is the entry of youths to the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program at age&nbsp;18, when family income becomes less of a constraint on <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> participation.</p>
<p>Understanding who enters <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> at age&nbsp;18 helps complete the information available to <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>, state and federal agencies, and local service organizations about the adult outcomes of youths with disabilities. In this article, I demonstrate how the incentive to apply for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> is affected by the differential treatment of parental income for child and adult <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> applicants and recipients. I then address the following questions:</p>
<ul>
<li>Who applies for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> at age&nbsp;18, when the financial restrictions to eligibility are greatly relaxed?</li>
<li>How do <span class="nobr">age-18</span> applicants differ from those who apply shortly before turning 18?</li>
<li>How much does <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> reduce the labor force participation of older youths?</li>
</ul>
<p>Combined with the results from prior studies, the findings of this analysis can help identify the needs of a population at risk of <span class="nobr">long-term</span> dependency on public assistance. This study can also shed some light on what <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> could expect if some existing financial barriers to <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> eligibility were lowered.</p>
<p>In the next section, I briefly describe how <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> rules treat income. I then present the hypotheses and data for this study. After discussing findings on the characteristics of youths who apply for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> at various intervals before and after turning 18, I estimate the potential impact of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> participation on youth earnings. The conclusion (with further discussion) follows, then an <a href="#appendix">appendix</a> presents a limited digression on the impact of the expiration of income-deeming on parents' earning behavior when their child reaches age&nbsp;18. In this article, &ldquo;child&rdquo; refers to individuals younger than 18; &ldquo;adult&rdquo; refers to individuals aged&nbsp;18 or older; and &ldquo;youth&rdquo; refers to a group that overlaps the other two, encompassing individuals aged&nbsp;<span class="nobr">17&ndash;19.</span></p>
<h2><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> Income Rules</h2>
<p>This section describes some general <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> rules, highlighting the change in the treatment of parental income before and after age&nbsp;18. The descriptions that follow summarize complex rules that are detailed in <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s Program Operations Manual System (<abbr>POMS</abbr>).</p>
<h3>General <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> rules</h3>
<p><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> is a means-tested transfer program for adults and children with severe disabilities and for the elderly. To be eligible, an individual must have assets and resources valued less than $2,000 ($3,000 for a couple). Additionally, children and adults younger than age&nbsp;65 must have a medically determinable physical or mental impairment that is expected to last (or has lasted) at least 12 continuous months or to result in death. For an adult aged&nbsp;<span class="nobr">18&ndash;64,</span> the impairment must prevent him or her from performing substantial gainful activity (<abbr class="spell">SGA</abbr>);<sup><a href="#mn1" id="mt1">1</a></sup> for a child, the impairment must result in marked and severe functional limitation. In addition, there are citizenship and residency requirements.</p>
<p>The asset and resource test exempts certain commonly held resources, such as an automobile or a home, which are generally considered necessary for community living. The <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payment is equal to the federal benefit rate (<abbr class="spell">FBR</abbr>), which is $733 in 2015, less any countable earned and unearned income. For this calculation, countable earned income is defined as nonexcluded earnings exceeding $65 per month, divided by two. Earnings can be excluded when they are used for certain purposes, such as work expenses for the blind, impairment-related work expenses, and expenditures under an approved plan to achieve self-support. Another example, particularly important for youths, is the student earned income exclusion, under which recipients aged&nbsp;21 or younger who regularly attend school may exclude some earnings from the payment calculation. In 2015, a student may exclude up to $1,780 in earnings a month, with a yearly maximum of $7,180. Unearned income (for example, interest payments or gifts) is countable in amounts exceeding $20 per month; if unearned income is less than $20, the unused portion is added to the excludable earned-income amount. Most transfer payments, such as Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefits or state or local assistance, are not countable.</p>
<p>An individual's federal living arrangement also factors into determining the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payment amount. Broadly defined, individuals may be classified as living in their own economic unit or &ldquo;household&rdquo; (code&nbsp;A); as receiving some food and shelter from within the household in which they reside, with no ownership stake or rental liability (code&nbsp;B); as dependent children residing with their <span class="nobr">parent(s)</span> or guardian(s) (code&nbsp;C); or as residing in a medical institution (code&nbsp;D). These living arrangements determine whether and how <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> counts the income and resources of the individuals with whom a potential recipient lives, for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> eligibility and payment-amount purposes.<sup><a href="#mn2" id="mt2">2</a></sup> The &ldquo;child&rdquo; living-arrangement code&nbsp;(C) cannot apply to individuals who have reached their 18<sup>th</sup> birthdays, and with the transition to a different living arrangement, the treatment of parental income changes. The next section describes that change.</p>
<h3>Treatment of Parental Income</h3>
<p>Most children do not have substantial earnings or unearned income. Because <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> is intended to be assistance of last resort, and because the program is intended to offset the additional costs of a child's disability to parents (such as lost income or disability-related expenses), parental income is deemed (that is, assumed to be available) to the child. In calculating the deemed amount, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> does not include certain amounts of income assumed to be available to the parents (called the parental living allowance) or to other children who are not eligible for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> (called allocations).<sup><a href="#mn3" id="mt3">3</a></sup></p>
<p>For children who live with <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-ineligible parents, deeming entails calculating parental countable unearned income by subtracting the sum of the parental living allowance (which is equal to the <abbr class="spell">FBR</abbr>), allocations (as applicable), and the $20 general-income exclusion from total parental unearned income; a negative result is treated as zero. Deemable parental earned income is then calculated by subtracting from gross earned income the combined amount of (a)&nbsp;any allocations not counted as unearned income, (b)&nbsp;the excludable first $65 of earned income, and (c)&nbsp;any portion of the $20 general-income exclusion not used to reduce unearned income, then dividing that result by two. Subtracting the parental living allowance (that is, the <abbr class="spell">FBR</abbr>) from the sum of countable parental earned and unearned income provides the amount deemed to the child.<sup><a href="#mn4" id="mt4">4</a></sup> Deemed income is counted as the child's unearned income when determining his or her <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> eligibility and payment amount.</p>
<p>Upon attaining age&nbsp;18, a youth's living-arrangement code changes from C&nbsp;(child) either to A (living in his or her own household) or to B (living in the household of another and receiving support and maintenance), assuming he or she is not in a medical institution. Looking first at code&nbsp;B: When the 18-year-old receives food and shelter from others in the household (such as parents), his or her eligibility and payment amount for a given month are typically determined using a rule called the value of <span class="nobr">one-third</span> reduction (<abbr class="spell">VTR</abbr>), under which the <abbr class="spell">FBR</abbr> is reduced by <span class="nobr">one-third</span>, then any countable youth income is subtracted. (Effectively, the first step of the <abbr class="spell">VTR</abbr> rule multiplies the <abbr class="spell">FBR</abbr> by <span class="nobr">two-thirds</span>.)</p>
<p>Parents can lower this reduction by providing neither food nor shelter; for example, by charging the youth for his or her share of expenses or by charging rent, establishing that the youth essentially lives on his or her own (code&nbsp;A). In fact, according to internal <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> calculations, most youths aged&nbsp;18 or older on the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> rolls are determined to constitute their own households,<sup><a href="#mn5" id="mt5">5</a></sup> even though they may continue to reside within their parents' home.<sup><a href="#mn6" id="mt6">6</a></sup> In that situation, a rule called presumed maximum value (<abbr class="spell">PMV</abbr>) applies. The <abbr class="spell">PMV</abbr> equals <span class="nobr">one-third</span> of the <abbr class="spell">FBR</abbr> plus $20. Under the <abbr class="spell">PMV</abbr> rule, the <abbr class="spell">FBR</abbr> is reduced by the lesser of (a)&nbsp;the actual value of the <span class="nobr">in-kind</span> support and maintenance or (b)&nbsp;the <abbr class="spell">PMV</abbr>. Under either code&nbsp;A or B, parental income is not deemed to the youth; effectively, there are no limits on parental income to maintain a youth's <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> eligibility.<sup><a href="#mn7" id="mt7">7</a></sup></p>
<p>Exhibit&nbsp;1 summarizes the different treatments of parental income for determining <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> eligibility and payment amounts before and after a youth attains age&nbsp;18. It provides illustrative examples of eligibility and payment calculations and the parental income cutoffs required to maintain a youth's <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> eligibility for selected family situations. Note that Exhibit&nbsp;1 and the preceding summary description are intended to highlight the main parts of the deeming process and how it changes for potential recipients at age&nbsp;18; the exhibit and the description do not identify all of the possible ways income can be treated.</p>
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<div class="chart960" id="exhibit1">
<div class="title">Exhibit&nbsp;1.<br>Treatment of parental income in determining eligibility and payment amounts for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> youth applicants and recipients before and after reaching age&nbsp;18: Summary definitions and illustrative examples</div>
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<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Definitions</th>
<th scope="col">Younger than 18</th>
<th scope="col">18 or older</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row" rowspan="2">Applicant's living arrangement&nbsp;<sup>a</sup></th>
<td class="leftpad1" rowspan="2">Code&nbsp;C: child residing in parent's household</td>
<td class="leftpad1">Code&nbsp;A: youth residing in own household; or</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="leftpad1">Code&nbsp;B: youth receiving food, shelter, or other support while residing in another's household.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="topPad1">
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Role of income in determining youth's <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> eligibility</th>
<td>
<ul class="no-top-margin">
<li>Parents' countable income deemed to child</li>
<li>Exclusions from parental income may include:
<ul>
<li><abbr class="spell">FBR</abbr> allowance (individual or couple)</li>
<li>Allocations (costs of supporting ineligible children)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Exclusions from eligible child's income</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td>
<ul class="no-top-margin">
<li>Parents' income not directly counted</li>
<li>Rules for counting youth's income depend on living arrangement:
<ul>
<li>If Code&nbsp;A, <abbr class="spell">PMV</abbr> rule applies</li>
<li>If Code&nbsp;B, <abbr class="spell">VTR</abbr> rule applies</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td class="noNotes" colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
</table>
</div>
<div class="bold center italic" style="background-color:#FFF;margin:0 auto;position:relative;width:11em">Illustrative examples</div>
<div class="borderThin" style="margin:-.5em auto 0;padding:.5em 1em;width:860px">
<div class="center borderThin eightypercent" style="margin:2em auto 0;padding:.5em;width:40%"><b>ASSUMPTIONS:</b> Parental earned income of $4,000,<br>no&nbsp;parental unearned income, and no child/youth income.</div>
<div class="table no-bottom-margin">
<table class="hundredpercent">
<colgroup span="1" style="width:425px"></colgroup>
<colgroup span="1" style="width:425px"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="shaded italic center" colspan="2">Applicants aged younger than 18</td>
</tr>
<tr class="top">
<td>
<table>
<colgroup span="1" style="width:280px"></colgroup>
<colgroup span="1" style="width:80px"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="topPad1">
<th class="stub0 bold top" colspan="2" scope="row">Example&nbsp;1:<br>Single parent with one eligible child/youth<br>&nbsp;</th>
</tr>
<tr class="topPad1">
<th class="stub0 italic" colspan="2" scope="row">Step&nbsp;1: Calculate deemed parental income</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Parent's earned income</th>
<td>$4,000.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Monthly excludable earnings&nbsp;<sup>b</sup></th>
<td>&minus;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;65.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Monthly excludable unearned income&nbsp;<sup>b</sup></th>
<td class="border-bottom">&minus;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;20.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>3,915.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td class="border-bottom">&divide;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&ensp;2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>1,957.50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Individual <abbr class="spell">FBR</abbr> allowance <sup>b</sup></th>
<td class="border-bottom">&minus;&nbsp;&emsp;733.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1 bold" scope="row">Deemed parental income</th>
<td class="bold" style="border-bottom:4px double #000">$1,224.50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="topPad1">
<th class="stub0" colspan="2" scope="row"><i>Step&nbsp;2: Calculate applicant's payment</i></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Individual <abbr class="spell">FBR</abbr>&nbsp;<sup>b</sup></th>
<td>$&nbsp;&nbsp;733.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Deemed parental income</th>
<td>&minus;&ensp;1,224.50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Monthly excludable unearned income <sup>b</sup></th>
<td class="border-bottom">&minus;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;20.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1 bold" scope="row">Applicant's payment</th>
<td class="bold" style="border-bottom:4px double #000">&minus;$&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;471.50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="italic" colspan="2">Result is less than zero;<br>child is not eligible</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
<td>
<table>
<colgroup span="1" style="width:280px"></colgroup>
<colgroup span="1" style="width:80px"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="topPad1">
<th class="stub0" colspan="2" scope="row"><b>Example&nbsp;2:<br>Two parents, one eligible child/youth, and one<br>ineligible child (not receiving other public assistance)</b></th>
</tr>
<tr class="topPad1">
<th class="stub0" colspan="2" scope="row"><i>Step&nbsp;1: Calculate deemed parental income</i></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Parents' earned income</th>
<td>$4,000.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Allocations for ineligible child&nbsp;<sup>b</sup></th>
<td>&minus;&nbsp;&emsp;367.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Monthly excludable earnings&nbsp;<sup>b</sup></th>
<td>&minus;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;65.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Monthly excludable unearned income&nbsp;<sup>b</sup></th>
<td class="border-bottom">&minus;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;20.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>3,548.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td class="border-bottom">&divide;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&ensp;2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>1,774.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Couple <abbr class="spell">FBR</abbr> allowance&nbsp;<sup>b</sup></th>
<td class="border-bottom">&minus; 1,100.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1 bold" scope="row">Deemed parental income</th>
<td class="bold" style="border-bottom:4px double #000">$&nbsp;&nbsp;674.00</td>
</tr>
<tr class="topPad1">
<th class="stub0" colspan="2" scope="row"><i>Step&nbsp;2: Calculate applicant's payment</i></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Individual <abbr class="spell">FBR</abbr>&nbsp;<sup>b</sup></th>
<td>$&nbsp;&nbsp;733.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Deemed parental income</th>
<td>&minus;&nbsp;&emsp;674.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Monthly excludable unearned income&nbsp;<sup>b</sup></th>
<td class="border-bottom">&minus;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;20.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1 bold" scope="row">Applicant's payment</th>
<td class="bold" style="border-bottom:4px double #000">$&nbsp;&nbsp;&ensp;79.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="italic" colspan="2">Result exceeds zero;<br>child is eligible</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<table style="margin-bottom:2em">
<colgroup span="1" style="width:220px"></colgroup>
<colgroup span="1" style="width:140px"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="align-left borderThin italic">Maximum parental earnings that<br>will retain child's <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> eligibility:</td>
<td class="borderThin">$3,055 per month<br>($36,660 per year)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
<td>
<table style="margin-bottom:2em">
<colgroup span="1" style="width:220px"></colgroup>
<colgroup span="1" style="width:140px"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="align-left borderThin italic">Maximum parental earnings that<br>will retain child's <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> eligibility:</td>
<td class="borderThin">$4,156 per month<br>($49,872 per year)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="shaded italic center" colspan="2">Applicants aged&nbsp;18 or older</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="align-left shaded ninetypercent" colspan="2"><b>NOTE:</b> Youth's federal living arrangement determines eligibility and payment amount (no parental income deeming; parents' income, family composition not applicable).</td>
</tr>
<tr class="top">
<td>
<table>
<colgroup span="1" style="width:280px"></colgroup>
<colgroup span="1" style="width:80px"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="topPad1">
<th class="stub0 bold top" colspan="2" scope="row">Example&nbsp;3:<br>Code&nbsp;A living arrangement</th>
</tr>
<tr class="topPad1">
<th class="stub0 italic" colspan="2" scope="row">Step&nbsp;1: Calculate <abbr class="spell">PMV</abbr></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Individual federal benefit rate <sup>b</sup></th>
<td>$&nbsp;&nbsp;733.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td class="border-bottom">&divide;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&ensp;3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>244.33</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Monthly excludable unearned income&nbsp;<sup>b</sup></th>
<td class="border-bottom">+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;20.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1 bold" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">PMV</abbr></th>
<td class="bold">$&nbsp;&nbsp;264.33</td>
</tr>
<tr class="topPad1">
<th class="stub0 italic" colspan="2" scope="row">Step&nbsp;2: Calculate applicant's payment</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Individual <abbr class="spell">FBR</abbr> <sup>b</sup></th>
<td>$&nbsp;&nbsp;733.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><abbr class="spell">PMV</abbr></th>
<td>&minus;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&ensp;264.33</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1 bold" scope="row">Applicant's payment</th>
<td class="bold" style="border-bottom:4px double #000">$&nbsp;&nbsp;468.67</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="italic" colspan="2">Result exceeds zero;<br>youth is eligible</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
<td>
<table>
<colgroup span="1" style="width:280px"></colgroup>
<colgroup span="1" style="width:80px"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="topPad1">
<th class="stub0 bold top" colspan="2" scope="row">Example&nbsp;4:<br>Code&nbsp;B living arrangement</th>
</tr>
<tr class="topPad1">
<th class="stub0 italic" colspan="2" scope="row">Step&nbsp;1: Calculate applicant's payment</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Individual <abbr class="spell">FBR</abbr>&nbsp;<sup>b</sup></th>
<td>$&nbsp;&nbsp;733.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Apply <abbr class="spell">VTR</abbr> rule</th>
<td class="border-bottom">&times;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&ensp;&#8532;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1 bold" scope="row">Applicant's payment calculation</th>
<td class="bold" style="border-bottom:4px double #000">$&nbsp;&nbsp;488.67</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="italic" colspan="2">Result exceeds zero;<br>youth is eligible</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chartCenter">
<div class="chart960">
<div class="firstNote">SOURCE: <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> Program Operations Manual System (<abbr>POMS</abbr>).</div>
<div class="note">a. Other living arrangements may apply, but they occur less frequently. For example, individuals younger or older than 18 may reside in medical institutions (code&nbsp;D) and children may live in their own household (code&nbsp;A) or in another person's household (code&nbsp;B).</div>
<div class="lastNote">b. Fixed dollar value applies to all <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients or applicants in 2015.</div>
</div>
</div>
<h2>Hypotheses and Data</h2>
<p>By law, the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program rules that limit the participation of children residing in relatively better-off (yet still poor) households are relaxed once those children reach age&nbsp;18, as described in the previous section. Additionally, relatively simple methods of minimizing the reduction to a young adult's payment are widely known by parents, social workers, and community advocates. As a result, in the distribution of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> applicants by age, one would expect a spike at age&nbsp;18. I will examine that hypothesis first, before turning to possible economic and behavioral effects of the expiration of deeming rules at age&nbsp;18.</p>
<p>The difference in labor force participation and earnings between denied and allowed applicants can be viewed as an upper bound on the reductive effect on potential earnings for newly awarded <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients. This methodology, first used by Bound (1989) in his analysis of the Disability Insurance program, has been corroborated by other researchers (for example, Chen and van der Klaaw 2008; von Wachter, Song, and Manchester 2011). However, I am not aware of studies that use this methodology either to examine the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> population or to focus on the <span class="nobr">17&ndash;19</span> age group. Under Bound's hypothesis, denied applicants experience the counterfactual of what allowed applicants would have experienced had they not been allowed. Of course, allowed applicants are determined to have a more severe disability that prevents <abbr class="spell">SGA</abbr> (for adults) or causes marked and severe functional limitations (for children), so the labor market experiences of denied applicants represent the upper bound, at best, of the experiences that allowed applicants could be expected to have in the counterfactual.</p>
<p>As additional measures of applicant well-being, I compare the earnings of youths to the federal minimum wage for 1&nbsp;year of <span class="nobr">full-time</span> work (defined as 40&nbsp;hours per week for 52&nbsp;weeks) and an annualized measure of <abbr class="spell">SGA</abbr> (defined as 12&nbsp;times the monthly <abbr class="spell">SGA</abbr> amount). Both of these measures use nominal earnings and threshold values for each study year. It is important to note that none of these earnings-based measures and thresholds fully reflect the economic welfare of youths, who may have access to parental or other income sources that are not captured in the data.</p>
<p>I use <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s abbreviated Title&nbsp;<abbr title="sixteen">XVI</abbr> Disability Research File (<abbr class="spell">DRF</abbr>) to identify all <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> applications filed from 2003 through 2012, the latter year being the most recent for which data are available as of this writing. The <abbr class="spell">DRF</abbr> includes information on the outcomes of all <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> applications along with various applicant characteristics such as primary diagnosis, whether the individual previously applied for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>, and Social Security&ndash;covered earnings. I merge the <abbr class="spell">DRF</abbr> with data from <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s continuing disability review (<abbr class="spell">CDR</abbr>) Waterfall File to identify individuals who had left the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> rolls either because of medical improvement identified in a childhood <abbr class="spell">CDR</abbr> or because their disability was determined not to preclude work at the <abbr class="spell">SGA</abbr> level during an <span class="nobr">age-18</span> redetermination. After adjusting dollar amounts using the consumer price index for all urban consumers <span class="nobr">(<abbr class="spell">CPI</abbr>-U)</span> to 2012 dollars, I use these data to compare the earnings of denied and allowed applicants at different ages.</p>
<h2>Applications Filed Around Age&nbsp;18</h2>
<p>Given the substantial change in the treatment of parental earnings once an applicant reaches age&nbsp;18, it is useful to understand how many youths apply before and after that threshold, how quickly they tend to apply afterward, and whether their characteristics differ according to age at application. As expected, the age distribution of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> applicants clearly spikes in the month of turning 18 (Chart&nbsp;1). In each of the years studied, <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> applications were filed in roughly equal numbers&mdash;generally about 1,350&mdash;by (or on behalf of) applicants in most of the 12&nbsp;months preceding their 18<sup>th</sup> birthday. That number crept upward for applicants in the final months before their 18<sup>th</sup> birthday, likely reflecting individuals exiting foster care (who can submit an application before turning 18) or other special circumstances. The number spiked to about 13,500 applications filed for individuals within a month of turning 18. Applications numbered roughly 3,000 for individuals in each of their remaining months at age&nbsp;18. The number blipped slightly upward to about 3,300 for youths applying in the month they turned 19 and then declined until leveling off at around 2,800 for those applying as they approached age&nbsp;20. Some of the increase in applications after age&nbsp;18 may result from return to the program after the <span class="nobr">age-18</span> redetermination.</p>
<div class="chartCenter">
<div class="chart700" id="chart1">
<div class="title">Chart&nbsp;1.<br><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> applications for youths aged&nbsp;<span class="nobr">17&ndash;19,</span> by applicant age in months relative to 18<sup>th</sup> birthday: <span class="nobr">2003&ndash;2012</span></div>
<div class="scrollChart"><img src="v75n3p35-chart01.gif" alt="Line chart with tabular version below." width="678" height="351" /></div>
<div class="table altTable"><a class="altToggle" href="">Show as table</a>
<table>
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table equivalent for Chart&nbsp;1. </span><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> applications for youths aged&nbsp;<span class="nobr">17&ndash;19,</span> by applicant age in months relative to 18<sup>th</sup> birthday: <span class="nobr">2003&ndash;2012</span></caption>
<colgroup span="1" style="width:9em"></colgroup>
<colgroup span="10" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Months before or after 18<sup>th</sup> birthday</th>
<th scope="col">2003</th>
<th scope="col">2004</th>
<th scope="col">2005</th>
<th scope="col">2006</th>
<th scope="col">2007</th>
<th scope="col">2008</th>
<th scope="col">2009</th>
<th scope="col">2010</th>
<th scope="col">2011</th>
<th scope="col">2012</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">-12</th>
<td>1,081</td>
<td>1,240</td>
<td>1,182</td>
<td>1,172</td>
<td>1,281</td>
<td>1,304</td>
<td>1,578</td>
<td>1,557</td>
<td>1,422</td>
<td>1,263</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">-11</th>
<td>1,056</td>
<td>1,243</td>
<td>1,272</td>
<td>1,258</td>
<td>1,281</td>
<td>1,351</td>
<td>1,638</td>
<td>1,510</td>
<td>1,495</td>
<td>1,350</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">-10</th>
<td>1,049</td>
<td>1,209</td>
<td>1,209</td>
<td>1,281</td>
<td>1,254</td>
<td>1,390</td>
<td>1,646</td>
<td>1,505</td>
<td>1,449</td>
<td>1,268</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">-9</th>
<td>1,045</td>
<td>1,206</td>
<td>1,214</td>
<td>1,220</td>
<td>1,251</td>
<td>1,328</td>
<td>1,632</td>
<td>1,615</td>
<td>1,471</td>
<td>1,234</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">-8</th>
<td>1,074</td>
<td>1,215</td>
<td>1,203</td>
<td>1,186</td>
<td>1,279</td>
<td>1,270</td>
<td>1,664</td>
<td>1,579</td>
<td>1,444</td>
<td>1,291</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">-7</th>
<td>1,105</td>
<td>1,231</td>
<td>1,238</td>
<td>1,252</td>
<td>1,244</td>
<td>1,459</td>
<td>1,642</td>
<td>1,633</td>
<td>1,489</td>
<td>1,345</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">-6</th>
<td>1,067</td>
<td>1,204</td>
<td>1,295</td>
<td>1,296</td>
<td>1,285</td>
<td>1,397</td>
<td>1,737</td>
<td>1,713</td>
<td>1,562</td>
<td>1,365</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">-5</th>
<td>1,079</td>
<td>1,173</td>
<td>1,201</td>
<td>1,343</td>
<td>1,365</td>
<td>1,442</td>
<td>1,777</td>
<td>1,664</td>
<td>1,499</td>
<td>1,360</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">-4</th>
<td>1,192</td>
<td>1,191</td>
<td>1,281</td>
<td>1,362</td>
<td>1,440</td>
<td>1,505</td>
<td>1,848</td>
<td>1,761</td>
<td>1,609</td>
<td>1,498</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">-3</th>
<td>1,353</td>
<td>1,442</td>
<td>1,602</td>
<td>1,729</td>
<td>1,769</td>
<td>1,850</td>
<td>2,124</td>
<td>2,241</td>
<td>1,875</td>
<td>1,760</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">-2</th>
<td>1,562</td>
<td>1,755</td>
<td>1,988</td>
<td>2,207</td>
<td>2,162</td>
<td>2,179</td>
<td>2,625</td>
<td>2,666</td>
<td>2,505</td>
<td>2,216</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">-1</th>
<td>1,863</td>
<td>2,079</td>
<td>2,205</td>
<td>2,331</td>
<td>2,663</td>
<td>2,692</td>
<td>3,145</td>
<td>3,133</td>
<td>2,821</td>
<td>2,664</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">0</th>
<td>3,997</td>
<td>4,223</td>
<td>4,661</td>
<td>5,086</td>
<td>5,502</td>
<td>5,808</td>
<td>6,669</td>
<td>6,749</td>
<td>6,476</td>
<td>6,075</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">1</th>
<td>12,852</td>
<td>13,257</td>
<td>12,823</td>
<td>12,965</td>
<td>13,106</td>
<td>13,813</td>
<td>14,593</td>
<td>14,593</td>
<td>13,976</td>
<td>13,506</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">2</th>
<td>3,134</td>
<td>3,342</td>
<td>3,421</td>
<td>3,503</td>
<td>3,678</td>
<td>4,038</td>
<td>4,528</td>
<td>4,613</td>
<td>4,354</td>
<td>4,065</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">3</th>
<td>2,749</td>
<td>2,924</td>
<td>2,927</td>
<td>3,039</td>
<td>3,137</td>
<td>3,411</td>
<td>3,977</td>
<td>3,924</td>
<td>3,679</td>
<td>3,437</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">4</th>
<td>2,503</td>
<td>2,613</td>
<td>2,606</td>
<td>2,773</td>
<td>2,868</td>
<td>3,246</td>
<td>3,512</td>
<td>3,462</td>
<td>3,422</td>
<td>3,113</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">5</th>
<td>2,379</td>
<td>2,511</td>
<td>2,463</td>
<td>2,692</td>
<td>2,845</td>
<td>3,035</td>
<td>3,469</td>
<td>3,316</td>
<td>3,371</td>
<td>3,005</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">6</th>
<td>2,477</td>
<td>2,406</td>
<td>2,506</td>
<td>2,578</td>
<td>2,693</td>
<td>2,983</td>
<td>3,326</td>
<td>3,375</td>
<td>3,175</td>
<td>3,045</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">7</th>
<td>2,303</td>
<td>2,422</td>
<td>2,509</td>
<td>2,555</td>
<td>2,666</td>
<td>2,877</td>
<td>3,410</td>
<td>3,440</td>
<td>3,166</td>
<td>2,924</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">8</th>
<td>2,292</td>
<td>2,525</td>
<td>2,401</td>
<td>2,570</td>
<td>2,635</td>
<td>2,868</td>
<td>3,388</td>
<td>3,431</td>
<td>3,249</td>
<td>3,065</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">9</th>
<td>2,377</td>
<td>2,509</td>
<td>2,556</td>
<td>2,593</td>
<td>2,639</td>
<td>2,984</td>
<td>3,480</td>
<td>3,500</td>
<td>3,337</td>
<td>3,043</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">10</th>
<td>2,439</td>
<td>2,605</td>
<td>2,536</td>
<td>2,603</td>
<td>2,770</td>
<td>3,053</td>
<td>3,503</td>
<td>3,560</td>
<td>3,309</td>
<td>3,139</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">11</th>
<td>2,529</td>
<td>2,648</td>
<td>2,695</td>
<td>2,802</td>
<td>2,915</td>
<td>3,201</td>
<td>3,745</td>
<td>3,699</td>
<td>3,520</td>
<td>3,254</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">12</th>
<td>2,720</td>
<td>2,911</td>
<td>2,822</td>
<td>3,057</td>
<td>3,028</td>
<td>3,363</td>
<td>3,903</td>
<td>4,104</td>
<td>3,861</td>
<td>3,554</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">13</th>
<td>2,584</td>
<td>2,914</td>
<td>2,722</td>
<td>2,926</td>
<td>2,920</td>
<td>3,332</td>
<td>3,823</td>
<td>4,037</td>
<td>3,750</td>
<td>3,543</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">14</th>
<td>2,523</td>
<td>2,762</td>
<td>2,652</td>
<td>2,586</td>
<td>2,650</td>
<td>3,023</td>
<td>3,461</td>
<td>3,750</td>
<td>3,465</td>
<td>3,209</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">15</th>
<td>2,487</td>
<td>2,585</td>
<td>2,505</td>
<td>2,652</td>
<td>2,702</td>
<td>2,975</td>
<td>3,711</td>
<td>3,665</td>
<td>3,601</td>
<td>3,355</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">16</th>
<td>2,341</td>
<td>2,399</td>
<td>2,413</td>
<td>2,587</td>
<td>2,557</td>
<td>2,749</td>
<td>3,484</td>
<td>3,486</td>
<td>3,293</td>
<td>3,145</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">17</th>
<td>2,168</td>
<td>2,329</td>
<td>2,387</td>
<td>2,475</td>
<td>2,382</td>
<td>2,646</td>
<td>3,171</td>
<td>3,210</td>
<td>3,038</td>
<td>2,897</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">18</th>
<td>2,139</td>
<td>2,316</td>
<td>2,348</td>
<td>2,457</td>
<td>2,334</td>
<td>2,635</td>
<td>3,219</td>
<td>3,265</td>
<td>3,022</td>
<td>2,885</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">19</th>
<td>2,156</td>
<td>2,264</td>
<td>2,164</td>
<td>2,341</td>
<td>2,327</td>
<td>2,654</td>
<td>3,128</td>
<td>3,256</td>
<td>3,064</td>
<td>2,921</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">20</th>
<td>2,090</td>
<td>2,304</td>
<td>2,222</td>
<td>2,391</td>
<td>2,347</td>
<td>2,556</td>
<td>3,264</td>
<td>3,291</td>
<td>3,099</td>
<td>2,747</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">21</th>
<td>2,120</td>
<td>2,174</td>
<td>2,250</td>
<td>2,240</td>
<td>2,272</td>
<td>2,570</td>
<td>3,122</td>
<td>3,134</td>
<td>2,986</td>
<td>2,795</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">22</th>
<td>2,127</td>
<td>2,189</td>
<td>2,231</td>
<td>2,239</td>
<td>2,330</td>
<td>2,574</td>
<td>3,137</td>
<td>3,234</td>
<td>2,954</td>
<td>2,800</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">23</th>
<td>2,103</td>
<td>2,195</td>
<td>2,102</td>
<td>2,120</td>
<td>2,225</td>
<td>2,556</td>
<td>3,120</td>
<td>3,221</td>
<td>2,990</td>
<td>2,827</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" scope="row">24</th>
<td>2,009</td>
<td>2,135</td>
<td>2,182</td>
<td>2,160</td>
<td>2,258</td>
<td>2,500</td>
<td>2,963</td>
<td>3,023</td>
<td>2,920</td>
<td>2,732</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td class="noNotes" colspan="11">&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
</table>
</div>
<div class="onlyNote">SOURCE: Author's calculations using Social Security administrative records.</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3>Characteristics of Youth Applicants</h3>
<p>Among the notable differences between <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> applicants of different ages is an unsurprising decrease after age&nbsp;17 in primary diagnoses of &ldquo;childhood and adolescent mental disorders not elsewhere classified.&rdquo; Table&nbsp;1 shows that the frequency of that diagnosis dropped from 2.4&nbsp;percent among 17-year-olds to 0.3&nbsp;percent among older applicants. The percentages of applicants with an intellectual disability also varied by age, from 9.8&nbsp;percent at age&nbsp;17 to 17.1&nbsp;percent at age&nbsp;18 and to 9.1&nbsp;percent at age&nbsp;19. Notably, almost <span class="nobr">one-quarter</span> of youths applying in the first 2&nbsp;months of age&nbsp;18 had an intellectual disability. A similar pattern emerged for applicants with autism spectrum disorders: The percentage more than doubled from 3.0&nbsp;percent to 7.4&nbsp;percent between ages&nbsp;17 and 18, and reached almost 11&nbsp;percent among applicants in the first 2&nbsp;months of age&nbsp;18, but dropped sharply to 2.6&nbsp;percent for applicants aged&nbsp;19. The percentages of applicants with congenital anomalies and with diseases of the nervous system and sense organs also increased noticeably at age&nbsp;18. The diagnostic groups with the greatest percentage increases among applicants aged&nbsp;18 typically were <span class="nobr">long-term</span> conditions. Although it cannot be determined from the available data, it is likely that many of these youths were ineligible for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> during childhood because parental income was too high.</p>
<div class="table" id="table1">
<table>
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table&nbsp;1. </span>Characteristics of transition-age <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> applicants during <span class="nobr">2003&ndash;2012,</span> by age at application</caption>
<colgroup span="1" style="width:35em"></colgroup>
<colgroup span="8" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th rowspan="3" class="stubHeading" id="c1">Characteristic</th>
<th colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="spanner" id="c2">Age&nbsp;17</th>
<th colspan="4" class="spanner" id="c3">Age&nbsp;18</th>
<th colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="spanner" id="c4">Age&nbsp;19</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" id="c5" headers="c3">Overall</th>
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" id="c6" headers="c3">First 2&nbsp;months</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th id="c7" headers="c2">Number</th>
<th id="c8" headers="c2">Percent</th>
<th id="c9" headers="c3 c5">Number</th>
<th id="c10" headers="c3 c5">Percent</th>
<th id="c11" headers="c3 c6">Number</th>
<th id="c12" headers="c3 c6">Percent</th>
<th id="c13" headers="c4">Number</th>
<th id="c14" headers="c4">Percent</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th class="stub4" id="r1" headers="c1">Total</th>
<td headers="r1 c2 c7">186,739</td>
<td headers="r1 c2 c8">100.0</td>
<td headers="r1 c3 c5 c9">495,465</td>
<td headers="r1 c3 c5 c10">100.0</td>
<td headers="r1 c3 c6 c11">190,380</td>
<td headers="r1 c3 c6 c12">100.0</td>
<td headers="r1 c4 c13">336,428</td>
<td headers="r1 c4 c14">100.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="topPad1">
<th class="stub0" id="r2" headers="c1">Primary impairment</th>
<td colspan="8"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" id="r3" headers="r2 c1">Mental disorders</th>
<td colspan="8"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r4" headers="r2 r3 c1">Attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c2 c7">12,418</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c2 c8">6.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c3 c5 c9">13,116</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c3 c5 c10">2.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c3 c6 c11">4,265</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c3 c6 c12">2.2</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c4 c13">8,869</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c4 c14">2.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r5" headers="r2 r3 c1">Autism spectrum disorders</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c2 c7">5,523</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c2 c8">3.0</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c3 c5 c9">36,822</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c3 c5 c10">7.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c3 c6 c11">20,794</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c3 c6 c12">10.9</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c4 c13">8,849</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c4 c14">2.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r6" headers="r2 r3 c1">Developmental disorders</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c2 c7">10,259</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c2 c8">5.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c3 c5 c9">12,848</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c3 c5 c10">2.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c3 c6 c11">3,828</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c3 c6 c12">2.0</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c4 c13">10,382</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c4 c14">3.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r7" headers="r2 r3 c1">Childhood and adolescent mental disorders not elsewhere classified</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c2 c7">4,565</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c2 c8">2.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c3 c5 c9">1,677</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c3 c5 c10">0.3</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c3 c6 c11">580</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c3 c6 c12">0.3</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c4 c13">832</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c4 c14">0.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r8" headers="r2 r3 c1">Intellectual disability</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c2 c7">18,274</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c2 c8">9.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c3 c5 c9">84,743</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c3 c5 c10">17.1</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c3 c6 c11">45,237</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c3 c6 c12">23.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c4 c13">30,509</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c4 c14">9.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r9" headers="r2 r3 c1">Mood disorders</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c2 c7">28,626</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c2 c8">15.3</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c3 c5 c9">65,624</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c3 c5 c10">13.2</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c3 c6 c11">17,400</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c3 c6 c12">9.1</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c4 c13">60,505</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c4 c14">18.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r10" headers="r2 r3 c1">Organic mental disorders</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c2 c7">5,827</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c2 c8">3.1</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c3 c5 c9">33,121</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c3 c5 c10">6.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c3 c6 c11">11,178</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c3 c6 c12">5.9</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c4 c13">23,190</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c4 c14">6.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r11" headers="r2 r3 c1">Schizophrenic and other psychotic disorders</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r11 c2 c7">4,754</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r11 c2 c8">2.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r11 c3 c5 c9">14,213</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r11 c3 c5 c10">2.9</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r11 c3 c6 c11">3,714</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r11 c3 c6 c12">2.0</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r11 c4 c13">14,933</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r11 c4 c14">4.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r12" headers="r2 r3 c1">Speech and language delays</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r12 c2 c7">1,032</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r12 c2 c8">0.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r12 c3 c5 c9">870</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r12 c3 c5 c10">0.2</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r12 c3 c6 c11">475</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r12 c3 c6 c12">0.3</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r12 c4 c13">286</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r12 c4 c14">0.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r13" headers="r2 r3 c1">Other mental disorders</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r13 c2 c7">13,951</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r13 c2 c8">7.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r13 c3 c5 c9">33,047</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r13 c3 c5 c10">6.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r13 c3 c6 c11">9,287</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r13 c3 c6 c12">4.9</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r13 c4 c13">29,496</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r13 c4 c14">8.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" id="r14" headers="r2 c1">Nonmental disorders</th>
<td colspan="8"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r15" headers="r2 r14 c1">Congenital anomalies</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r15 c2 c7">2,120</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r15 c2 c8">1.1</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r15 c3 c5 c9">13,775</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r15 c3 c5 c10">2.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r15 c3 c6 c11">8,902</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r15 c3 c6 c12">4.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r15 c4 c13">2,976</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r15 c4 c14">0.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r16" headers="r2 r14 c1">Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic disorders</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r16 c2 c7">3,095</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r16 c2 c8">1.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r16 c3 c5 c9">8,157</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r16 c3 c5 c10">1.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r16 c3 c6 c11">2,271</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r16 c3 c6 c12">1.2</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r16 c4 c13">7,985</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r16 c4 c14">2.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r17" headers="r2 r14 c1">Infectious and parasitic diseases</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r17 c2 c7">380</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r17 c2 c8">0.2</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r17 c3 c5 c9">1,189</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r17 c3 c5 c10">0.2</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r17 c3 c6 c11">297</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r17 c3 c6 c12">0.2</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r17 c4 c13">1,448</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r17 c4 c14">0.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r18" headers="r2 r14 c1">Injuries</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r18 c2 c7">3,651</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r18 c2 c8">2.0</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r18 c3 c5 c9">11,918</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r18 c3 c5 c10">2.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r18 c3 c6 c11">3,008</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r18 c3 c6 c12">1.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r18 c4 c13">13,036</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r18 c4 c14">3.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r19" headers="r2 r14 c1">Neoplasms</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r19 c2 c7">1,892</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r19 c2 c8">1.0</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r19 c3 c5 c9">4,703</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r19 c3 c5 c10">1.0</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r19 c3 c6 c11">1,489</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r19 c3 c6 c12">0.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r19 c4 c13">3,637</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r19 c4 c14">1.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r20" headers="r2 r14 c1">Diseases of the&mdash;</th>
<td colspan="8"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub3" id="r21" headers="r2 r14 r20 c1">Blood and blood-forming organs</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r21 c2 c7">900</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r21 c2 c8">0.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r21 c3 c5 c9">3,018</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r21 c3 c5 c10">0.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r21 c3 c6 c11">1,012</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r21 c3 c6 c12">0.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r21 c4 c13">2,383</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r21 c4 c14">0.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub3" id="r22" headers="r2 r14 r20 c1">Circulatory system</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r22 c2 c7">1,453</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r22 c2 c8">0.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r22 c3 c5 c9">4,676</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r22 c3 c5 c10">0.9</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r22 c3 c6 c11">1,485</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r22 c3 c6 c12">0.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r22 c4 c13">4,187</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r22 c4 c14">1.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub3" id="r23" headers="r2 r14 r20 c1">Digestive system</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r23 c2 c7">1,316</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r23 c2 c8">0.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r23 c3 c5 c9">3,499</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r23 c3 c5 c10">0.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r23 c3 c6 c11">941</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r23 c3 c6 c12">0.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r23 c4 c13">3,542</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r23 c4 c14">1.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub3" id="r24" headers="r2 r14 r20 c1">Genitourinary system</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r24 c2 c7">902</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r24 c2 c8">0.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r24 c3 c5 c9">2,673</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r24 c3 c5 c10">0.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r24 c3 c6 c11">856</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r24 c3 c6 c12">0.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r24 c4 c13">2,456</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r24 c4 c14">0.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub3" id="r25" headers="r2 r14 r20 c1">Musculoskeletal system and connective tissue</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r25 c2 c7">5,424</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r25 c2 c8">2.9</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r25 c3 c5 c9">17,871</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r25 c3 c5 c10">3.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r25 c3 c6 c11">4,540</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r25 c3 c6 c12">2.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r25 c4 c13">18,446</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r25 c4 c14">5.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub3" id="r26" headers="r2 r14 r20 c1">Nervous system and sense organs</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r26 c2 c7">12,785</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r26 c2 c8">6.9</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r26 c3 c5 c9">60,411</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r26 c3 c5 c10">12.2</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r26 c3 c6 c11">29,801</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r26 c3 c6 c12">15.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r26 c4 c13">28,658</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r26 c4 c14">8.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub3" id="r27" headers="r2 r14 r20 c1">Respiratory system</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r27 c2 c7">3,754</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r27 c2 c8">2.0</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r27 c3 c5 c9">6,689</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r27 c3 c5 c10">1.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r27 c3 c6 c11">1,661</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r27 c3 c6 c12">0.9</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r27 c4 c13">6,733</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r27 c4 c14">2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub3" id="r28" headers="r2 r14 r20 c1">Skin and subcutaneous tissue</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r28 c2 c7">264</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r28 c2 c8">0.1</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r28 c3 c5 c9">739</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r28 c3 c5 c10">0.2</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r28 c3 c6 c11">220</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r28 c3 c6 c12">0.1</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r28 c4 c13">739</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r28 c4 c14">0.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r29" headers="r2 r14 c1">Other</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r29 c2 c7">531</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r29 c2 c8">0.3</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r29 c3 c5 c9">1,943</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r29 c3 c5 c10">0.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r29 c3 c6 c11">1,089</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r29 c3 c6 c12">0.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r29 c4 c13">647</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r29 c4 c14">0.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r30" headers="r2 r14 c1">Unknown</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r30 c2 c7">43,043</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r30 c2 c8">23.1</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r30 c3 c5 c9">58,123</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r30 c3 c5 c10">11.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r30 c3 c6 c11">16,050</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r30 c3 c6 c12">8.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r30 c4 c13">51,704</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r30 c4 c14">15.4</td>
</tr>
<tr class="topPad1">
<th class="stub0" id="r31" headers="c1">Programmatic history</th>
<td colspan="8"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" id="r32" headers="r31 c1">Application history</th>
<td colspan="8"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r33" headers="r31 r32 c1">First-time applicant</th>
<td headers="r31 r32 r33 c2 c7">100,468</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r33 c2 c8">53.8</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r33 c3 c5 c9">261,223</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r33 c3 c5 c10">52.7</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r33 c3 c6 c11">90,636</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r33 c3 c6 c12">47.6</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r33 c4 c13">178,917</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r33 c4 c14">53.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r34" headers="r31 r32 c1">Applied more than 10&nbsp;years prior</th>
<td headers="r31 r32 r34 c2 c7">22,733</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r34 c2 c8">12.2</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r34 c3 c5 c9">82,830</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r34 c3 c5 c10">16.7</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r34 c3 c6 c11">39,877</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r34 c3 c6 c12">21.0</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r34 c4 c13">43,440</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r34 c4 c14">12.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r35" headers="r31 r32 c1">Applied within last 10&nbsp;years</th>
<td headers="r31 r32 r35 c2 c7">63,538</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r35 c2 c8">34.0</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r35 c3 c5 c9">151,412</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r35 c3 c5 c10">30.6</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r35 c3 c6 c11">59,867</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r35 c3 c6 c12">31.5</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r35 c4 c13">114,071</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r35 c4 c14">33.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" id="r36" headers="r31 c1"><span class="nobr">Age-18</span> redetermination cessation</th>
<td colspan="8"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r37" headers="r31 r36 c1">No</th>
<td headers="r31 r36 r37 c2 c7">.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r37 c2 c8">.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r37 c3 c5 c9">491,248</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r37 c3 c5 c10">99.2</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r37 c3 c6 c11">a</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r37 c3 c6 c12">a</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r37 c4 c13">317,739</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r37 c4 c14">94.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r38" headers="r31 r36 c1">Yes</th>
<td headers="r31 r36 r38 c2 c7">.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r38 c2 c8">.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r38 c3 c5 c9">4,217</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r38 c3 c5 c10">0.9</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r38 c3 c6 c11">a</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r38 c3 c6 c12">a</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r38 c4 c13">18,689</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r38 c4 c14">5.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" id="r39" headers="r31 c1">Childhood <abbr class="spell">CDR</abbr> cessation</th>
<td colspan="8"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r40" headers="r31 r39 c1">No</th>
<td headers="r31 r39 r40 c2 c7">181,886</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r40 c2 c8">97.4</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r40 c3 c5 c9">486,500</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r40 c3 c5 c10">98.2</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r40 c3 c6 c11">187,997</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r40 c3 c6 c12">98.8</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r40 c4 c13">328,614</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r40 c4 c14">97.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r41" headers="r31 r39 c1">Yes</th>
<td headers="r31 r39 r41 c2 c7">4,853</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r41 c2 c8">2.6</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r41 c3 c5 c9">8,965</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r41 c3 c5 c10">1.8</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r41 c3 c6 c11">2,383</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r41 c3 c6 c12">1.3</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r41 c4 c13">7,814</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r41 c4 c14">2.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" id="r42" headers="r31 c1">Year of current application</th>
<td colspan="8"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r43" headers="r31 r42 c1">2003</th>
<td headers="r31 r42 r43 c2 c7">14,472</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r43 c2 c8">7.8</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r43 c3 c5 c9">41,978</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r43 c3 c5 c10">8.5</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r43 c3 c6 c11">16,833</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r43 c3 c6 c12">8.8</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r43 c4 c13">27,502</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r43 c4 c14">8.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r44" headers="r31 r42 c1">2004</th>
<td headers="r31 r42 r44 c2 c7">16,153</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r44 c2 c8">8.7</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r44 c3 c5 c9">43,927</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r44 c3 c5 c10">8.9</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r44 c3 c6 c11">17,462</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r44 c3 c6 c12">9.2</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r44 c4 c13">29,279</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r44 c4 c14">8.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r45" headers="r31 r42 c1">2005</th>
<td headers="r31 r42 r45 c2 c7">16,845</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r45 c2 c8">9.0</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r45 c3 c5 c9">44,060</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r45 c3 c5 c10">8.9</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r45 c3 c6 c11">17,472</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r45 c3 c6 c12">9.2</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r45 c4 c13">28,763</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r45 c4 c14">8.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r46" headers="r31 r42 c1">2006</th>
<td headers="r31 r42 r46 c2 c7">17,580</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r46 c2 c8">9.4</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r46 c3 c5 c9">45,699</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r46 c3 c5 c10">9.2</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r46 c3 c6 c11">18,028</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r46 c3 c6 c12">9.5</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r46 c4 c13">30,017</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r46 c4 c14">8.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r47" headers="r31 r42 c1">2007</th>
<td headers="r31 r42 r47 c2 c7">18,216</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r47 c2 c8">9.8</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r47 c3 c5 c9">47,386</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r47 c3 c5 c10">9.6</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r47 c3 c6 c11">18,589</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r47 c3 c6 c12">9.8</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r47 c4 c13">29,993</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r47 c4 c14">8.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r48" headers="r31 r42 c1">2008</th>
<td headers="r31 r42 r48 c2 c7">19,094</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r48 c2 c8">10.2</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r48 c3 c5 c9">51,231</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r48 c3 c5 c10">10.3</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r48 c3 c6 c11">19,596</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r48 c3 c6 c12">10.3</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r48 c4 c13">33,564</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r48 c4 c14">10.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r49" headers="r31 r42 c1">2009</th>
<td headers="r31 r42 r49 c2 c7">22,998</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r49 c2 c8">12.3</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r49 c3 c5 c9">57,539</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r49 c3 c5 c10">11.6</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r49 c3 c6 c11">21,241</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r49 c3 c6 c12">11.2</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r49 c4 c13">40,481</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r49 c4 c14">12.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r50" headers="r31 r42 c1">2010</th>
<td headers="r31 r42 r50 c2 c7">22,499</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r50 c2 c8">12.1</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r50 c3 c5 c9">57,603</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r50 c3 c5 c10">11.6</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r50 c3 c6 c11">21,329</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r50 c3 c6 c12">11.2</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r50 c4 c13">41,595</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r50 c4 c14">12.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r51" headers="r31 r42 c1">2011</th>
<td headers="r31 r42 r51 c2 c7">20,569</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r51 c2 c8">11.0</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r51 c3 c5 c9">54,962</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r51 c3 c5 c10">11.1</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r51 c3 c6 c11">20,431</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r51 c3 c6 c12">10.7</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r51 c4 c13">39,061</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r51 c4 c14">11.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r52" headers="r31 r42 c1">2012</th>
<td headers="r31 r42 r52 c2 c7">18,313</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r52 c2 c8">9.8</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r52 c3 c5 c9">51,080</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r52 c3 c5 c10">10.3</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r52 c3 c6 c11">19,399</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r52 c3 c6 c12">10.2</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r52 c4 c13">36,173</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r52 c4 c14">10.8</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td class="firstNote" colspan="9">SOURCE: Author's calculations using Social Security administrative records.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="note" colspan="9">NOTES: Rounded components of percentage distributions do not necessarily sum to 100.0.
<div class="newNote">.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;= not applicable.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="lastNote" colspan="9">a. Suppressed to avoid disclosing information about particular individuals.</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
</table>
</div>
<p>More youths were first-time applicants than were not; however, a large minority of 46.9&nbsp;percent had previously applied, with many of them having applied more than 10&nbsp;years prior to the current filing. Less than half of those applying within the first 2&nbsp;months of age&nbsp;18 were first-time applicants. It may be that youths and their families with prior experience applying for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> were more aware of the program rules and the chances of being allowed at age&nbsp;18. A small number of applicants had previously been removed from <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> by a <abbr class="spell">CDR</abbr> or an <span class="nobr">age-18</span> redetermination. Only 2.6&nbsp;percent of 17-year-olds had been removed by a <abbr class="spell">CDR</abbr>, which is unsurprising given the low number of <abbr class="spell">CDR</abbr>s historically conducted for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> children (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> 2014a). Additionally, relatively few 18-year-old applicants had been removed during an <span class="nobr">age-18</span> redetermination (less than 1&nbsp;percent) or childhood <abbr class="spell">CDR</abbr> (less than 2&nbsp;percent). Payments had been ceased for 5.6&nbsp;percent of applicants aged&nbsp;19 during an <span class="nobr">age-18</span> redetermination and for 2.3&nbsp;percent during a childhood <abbr class="spell">CDR</abbr>. The jump from ages&nbsp;18 to 19 in the percentage of applicants with payments ceased because of an <span class="nobr">age-18</span> redetermination most likely reflects the fact that many such redeterminations do not occur until more than a year after the youth turns 18, and can take several months to complete (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> 2011a). Additionally, many youths appeal negative redeterminations, and the appeal process can be long (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> 2014b; Hemmeter and Gilby&nbsp;2009).</p>
<p><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> application volume has generally increased over time, with a peak in <span class="nobr">2007&ndash;2010,</span> the early years of the Great Recession. In addition to general population growth (which would result in more applications as time passes), the poor state of the economy in the later part of the study period could have raised the proportion of the population with severe disabilities who were financially eligible for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>, although I do not directly test that hypothesis. Additionally, this study excludes pending applications, which lowers the number of applications reported for later years in Table&nbsp;1.</p>
<h3>Application Outcomes</h3>
<p><abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> denies the majority of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> applications for transition-age youths. Table&nbsp;2 shows that <span class="nobr">two-thirds</span> of applications filed at ages&nbsp;17 and 19 were denied. However, slightly more than <span class="nobr">one-half</span> of applications for youths at age&nbsp;18, and <span class="nobr">two-thirds</span> of applications in the first 2&nbsp;months of attaining 18, were allowed. More than 20&nbsp;percent of applications filed at age&nbsp;17 were denied for technical reasons&mdash;typically, because the applicant did not meet the asset or income test. For older youths, the technical denial rates were much lower: just 8.2&nbsp;percent at age&nbsp;18 and 8.7&nbsp;percent at age&nbsp;19. Less than 7&nbsp;percent of applicants in the first 2&nbsp;months of age&nbsp;18 were denied for technical reasons. The percentages of applications denied for medical reasons were 45.5&nbsp;percent at age&nbsp;17, 41.5&nbsp;percent at age&nbsp;18 (but only 26.6&nbsp;percent in the first 2&nbsp;months), and 61.1&nbsp;percent at age&nbsp;19. Most individuals did not appeal their decisions. Among applications filed at age&nbsp;17, only 12&nbsp;percent of those that were ultimately allowed and 15&nbsp;percent of those that were ultimately denied had been appealed after an initial denial (not shown). For applications filed at age&nbsp;18, the corresponding figures are 11&nbsp;percent of those that were ultimately allowed and 19&nbsp;percent of those that were ultimately denied; for applications filed at age&nbsp;19, the figure is 19&nbsp;percent regardless of ultimate outcome.</p>
<div class="table" id="table2">
<table>
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table&nbsp;2. </span>Outcomes for transition-age <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> applicants during <span class="nobr">2003&ndash;2012,</span> by age at application</caption>
<colgroup span="1" style="width:24em"></colgroup>
<colgroup span="8" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th rowspan="3" class="stubHeading" id="c1">Outcome</th>
<th colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="spanner" id="c2">Age&nbsp;17</th>
<th colspan="4" class="spanner" id="c3">Age&nbsp;18</th>
<th colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="spanner" id="c4">Age&nbsp;19</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" id="c5" headers="c3">Overall</th>
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" id="c6" headers="c3">First 2&nbsp;months</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th id="c7" headers="c2">Number</th>
<th id="c8" headers="c2">Percent</th>
<th id="c9" headers="c3 c5">Number</th>
<th id="c10" headers="c3 c5">Percent</th>
<th id="c11" headers="c3 c6">Number</th>
<th id="c12" headers="c3 c6">Percent</th>
<th id="c13" headers="c4">Number</th>
<th id="c14" headers="c4">Percent</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th class="stub3" id="r1" headers="c1">Total</th>
<td headers="r1 c2 c7">186,739</td>
<td headers="r1 c2 c8">100.0</td>
<td headers="r1 c3 c5 c9">495,465</td>
<td headers="r1 c3 c5 c10">100.0</td>
<td headers="r1 c3 c6 c11">190,380</td>
<td headers="r1 c3 c6 c12">100.0</td>
<td headers="r1 c4 c13">336,428</td>
<td headers="r1 c4 c14">100.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="topPad1">
<th class="stub0" id="r2" headers="c1">Determination</th>
<td colspan="8"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" id="r3" headers="r2 c1">Allowance</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 c2 c7">61,980</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 c2 c8">33.2</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 c3 c5 c9">249,029</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 c3 c5 c10">50.3</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 c3 c6 c11">126,589</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 c3 c6 c12">66.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 c4 c13">101,550</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 c4 c14">30.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r4" headers="r2 r3 c1">Standard allowance</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c2 c7">60,174</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c2 c8">32.2</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c3 c5 c9">239,767</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c3 c5 c10">48.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c3 c6 c11">122,360</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c3 c6 c12">64.3</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c4 c13">95,898</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c4 c14">28.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r5" headers="r2 r3 c1">Closed period</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c2 c7">179</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c2 c8">0.1</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c3 c5 c9">47</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c3 c5 c10">(L)</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c3 c6 c11">33</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c3 c6 c12">(L)</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c4 c13">8</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c4 c14">(L)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r6" headers="r2 r3 c1">Favorable medical finding from prior claim</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c2 c7">270</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c2 c8">0.1</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c3 c5 c9">1,813</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c3 c5 c10">0.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c3 c6 c11">1,136</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c3 c6 c12">0.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c4 c13">656</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c4 c14">0.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r7" headers="r2 r3 c1">Other eligible person</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c2 c7">26</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c2 c8">(L)</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c3 c5 c9">61</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c3 c5 c10">(L)</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c3 c6 c11">28</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c3 c6 c12">(L)</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c4 c13">38</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c4 c14">(L)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r8" headers="r2 r3 c1">Presumed collateral estoppel</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c2 c7">29</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c2 c8">(L)</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c3 c5 c9">3,915</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c3 c5 c10">0.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c3 c6 c11">1,564</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c3 c6 c12">0.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c4 c13">2,669</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c4 c14">0.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r9" headers="r2 r3 c1">Paid on earlier claim</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c2 c7">30</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c2 c8">(L)</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c3 c5 c9">172</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c3 c5 c10">(L)</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c3 c6 c11">30</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c3 c6 c12">(L)</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c4 c13">212</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c4 c14">0.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r10" headers="r2 r3 c1">Presumed allowed at higher level</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c2 c7">1,272</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c2 c8">0.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c3 c5 c9">3,254</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c3 c5 c10">0.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c3 c6 c11">1,438</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c3 c6 c12">0.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c4 c13">2,069</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c4 c14">0.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="topPad1">
<th class="stub1" id="r11" headers="r2 c1">Denial</th>
<td headers="r2 r11 c2 c7">124,759</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 c2 c8">66.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 c3 c5 c9">246,436</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 c3 c5 c10">49.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 c3 c6 c11">63,791</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 c3 c6 c12">33.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 c4 c13">234,878</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 c4 c14">69.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r12" headers="r2 r11 c1">Medical denial</th>
<td headers="r2 r11 r12 c2 c7">84,873</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r12 c2 c8">45.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r12 c3 c5 c9">205,739</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r12 c3 c5 c10">41.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r12 c3 c6 c11">50,684</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r12 c3 c6 c12">26.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r12 c4 c13">205,464</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r12 c4 c14">61.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r13" headers="r2 r11 c1">Technical denial</th>
<td headers="r2 r11 r13 c2 c7">39,759</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r13 c2 c8">21.3</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r13 c3 c5 c9">40,379</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r13 c3 c5 c10">8.2</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r13 c3 c6 c11">13,007</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r13 c3 c6 c12">6.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r13 c4 c13">29,103</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r13 c4 c14">8.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r14" headers="r2 r11 c1">Technical and medical denial</th>
<td headers="r2 r11 r14 c2 c7">64</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r14 c2 c8">(L)</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r14 c3 c5 c9">170</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r14 c3 c5 c10">(L)</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r14 c3 c6 c11">50</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r14 c3 c6 c12">(L)</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r14 c4 c13">188</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r14 c4 c14">0.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r15" headers="r2 r11 c1">Denied, reopened, later claim allowed</th>
<td headers="r2 r11 r15 c2 c7">63</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r15 c2 c8">(L)</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r15 c3 c5 c9">148</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r15 c3 c5 c10">(L)</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r15 c3 c6 c11">50</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r15 c3 c6 c12">(L)</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r15 c4 c13">123</td>
<td headers="r2 r11 r15 c4 c14">(L)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="topPad1">
<th class="stub0" id="r16" headers="c1">Highest adjudication level</th>
<td colspan="8"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" id="r17" headers="r16 c1">Initial claim</th>
<td headers="r16 r17 c2 c7">160,609</td>
<td headers="r16 r17 c2 c8">86.0</td>
<td headers="r16 r17 c3 c5 c9">421,943</td>
<td headers="r16 r17 c3 c5 c10">85.2</td>
<td headers="r16 r17 c3 c6 c11">168,261</td>
<td headers="r16 r17 c3 c6 c12">88.4</td>
<td headers="r16 r17 c4 c13">272,089</td>
<td headers="r16 r17 c4 c14">80.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" id="r18" headers="r16 c1">Reconsideration</th>
<td headers="r16 r18 c2 c7">12,392</td>
<td headers="r16 r18 c2 c8">6.6</td>
<td headers="r16 r18 c3 c5 c9">32,065</td>
<td headers="r16 r18 c3 c5 c10">6.5</td>
<td headers="r16 r18 c3 c6 c11">9,568</td>
<td headers="r16 r18 c3 c6 c12">5.0</td>
<td headers="r16 r18 c4 c13">26,927</td>
<td headers="r16 r18 c4 c14">8.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" id="r19" headers="r16 c1"><abbr class="spell">ALJ</abbr></th>
<td headers="r16 r19 c2 c7">11,167</td>
<td headers="r16 r19 c2 c8">6.0</td>
<td headers="r16 r19 c3 c5 c9">34,707</td>
<td headers="r16 r19 c3 c5 c10">7.0</td>
<td headers="r16 r19 c3 c6 c11">10,463</td>
<td headers="r16 r19 c3 c6 c12">5.5</td>
<td headers="r16 r19 c4 c13">31,175</td>
<td headers="r16 r19 c4 c14">9.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" id="r20" headers="r16 c1">Appeals council</th>
<td headers="r16 r20 c2 c7">1,838</td>
<td headers="r16 r20 c2 c8">1.0</td>
<td headers="r16 r20 c3 c5 c9">4,873</td>
<td headers="r16 r20 c3 c5 c10">1.0</td>
<td headers="r16 r20 c3 c6 c11">1,384</td>
<td headers="r16 r20 c3 c6 c12">0.7</td>
<td headers="r16 r20 c4 c13">4,741</td>
<td headers="r16 r20 c4 c14">1.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" id="r21" headers="r16 c1">Court</th>
<td headers="r16 r21 c2 c7">92</td>
<td headers="r16 r21 c2 c8">0.1</td>
<td headers="r16 r21 c3 c5 c9">356</td>
<td headers="r16 r21 c3 c5 c10">0.1</td>
<td headers="r16 r21 c3 c6 c11">105</td>
<td headers="r16 r21 c3 c6 c12">0.1</td>
<td headers="r16 r21 c4 c13">367</td>
<td headers="r16 r21 c4 c14">0.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" id="r22" headers="r16 c1">Reopening</th>
<td headers="r16 r22 c2 c7">610</td>
<td headers="r16 r22 c2 c8">0.3</td>
<td headers="r16 r22 c3 c5 c9">1,422</td>
<td headers="r16 r22 c3 c5 c10">0.3</td>
<td headers="r16 r22 c3 c6 c11">565</td>
<td headers="r16 r22 c3 c6 c12">0.3</td>
<td headers="r16 r22 c4 c13">1,039</td>
<td headers="r16 r22 c4 c14">0.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" id="r23" headers="r16 c1">Appeals council substantive decision</th>
<td headers="r16 r23 c2 c7">31</td>
<td headers="r16 r23 c2 c8">(L)</td>
<td headers="r16 r23 c3 c5 c9">99</td>
<td headers="r16 r23 c3 c5 c10">(L)</td>
<td headers="r16 r23 c3 c6 c11">34</td>
<td headers="r16 r23 c3 c6 c12">(L)</td>
<td headers="r16 r23 c4 c13">90</td>
<td headers="r16 r23 c4 c14">(L)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td class="firstNote" colspan="9">SOURCE: Author's calculations using Social Security administrative records.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="lastNote" colspan="9">NOTES: Rounded components of percentage distributions do not necessarily sum to 100.0.
<div class="newNote">(L)&nbsp;= less than 0.05&nbsp;percent.</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
</table>
</div>
<p>Applicants with certain primary impairments had consistently higher-than-average allowance rates, which were fairly similar across age categories (Table&nbsp;3). Those impairments include autism spectrum disorders, intellectual disability, schizophrenic and other psychotic disorders, congenital anomalies, neoplasms, diseases of the genitourinary system and of the nervous system and sense organs, and &ldquo;other&rdquo; disabilities. However, some noteworthy exceptions appear. For example, among applicants diagnosed with congenital anomalies, 63.7&nbsp;percent of 17-year-olds were allowed an <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> award, compared with 85.9&nbsp;percent of those aged&nbsp;18 (92.4&nbsp;percent for those who applied in the first 2&nbsp;months) and 50.5&nbsp;percent of 19-year-olds. Similarly, among applicants with a primary impairment of autism spectrum disorders, applicant allowance rates were 78.8&nbsp;percent at age&nbsp;17, 88.3&nbsp;percent at age&nbsp;18 (91.9&nbsp;percent in the first 2&nbsp;months), and 77.0&nbsp;percent at age&nbsp;19.</p>
<div class="table" id="table3">
<table>
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table&nbsp;3. </span>Characteristics of transition-age <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> applicants during <span class="nobr">2003&ndash;2012,</span> by age at application and outcome</caption>
<colgroup span="1" style="width:35em"></colgroup>
<colgroup span="12" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th rowspan="4" class="stubHeading" id="c1">Characteristic</th>
<th colspan="3" rowspan="2" class="spanner" id="c2">Age&nbsp;17</th>
<th colspan="6" class="spanner" id="c3">Age&nbsp;18</th>
<th colspan="3" rowspan="2" class="spanner" id="c4">Age&nbsp;19</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" class="spanner" id="c5" headers="c3">Overall</th>
<th colspan="3" class="spanner" id="c6" headers="c3">First 2&nbsp;months</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2" id="c7" headers="c2">Number</th>
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" id="c8" headers="c2">Percent</th>
<th rowspan="2" id="c9" headers="c3 c5">Number</th>
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" id="c10" headers="c3 c5">Percent</th>
<th rowspan="2" id="c11" headers="c3 c6">Number</th>
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" id="c12" headers="c3 c6">Percent</th>
<th rowspan="2" id="c13" headers="c4">Number</th>
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" id="c14" headers="c4">Percent</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th id="c15" headers="c2 c8">Allowed</th>
<th id="c16" headers="c2 c8">Denied</th>
<th id="c17" headers="c3 c5 c10">Allowed</th>
<th id="c18" headers="c3 c5 c10">Denied</th>
<th id="c19" headers="c3 c6 c12">Allowed</th>
<th id="c20" headers="c3 c6 c12">Denied</th>
<th id="c21" headers="c4 c14">Allowed</th>
<th id="c22" headers="c4 c14">Denied</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th class="stub4" id="r1" headers="c1">Total</th>
<td headers="r1 c2 c7">186,739</td>
<td headers="r1 c2 c8 c15">33.2</td>
<td headers="r1 c2 c8 c16">66.8</td>
<td headers="r1 c3 c5 c9">495,465</td>
<td headers="r1 c3 c5 c10 c17">50.3</td>
<td headers="r1 c3 c5 c10 c18">49.7</td>
<td headers="r1 c3 c6 c11">190,380</td>
<td headers="r1 c3 c6 c12 c19">66.5</td>
<td headers="r1 c3 c6 c12 c20">33.5</td>
<td headers="r1 c4 c13">336,428</td>
<td headers="r1 c4 c14 c21">30.2</td>
<td headers="r1 c4 c14 c22">69.8</td>
</tr>
<tr class="topPad1">
<th class="stub0" id="r2" headers="c1">Primary impairment</th>
<td colspan="12"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" id="r3" headers="r2 c1">Mental disorders</th>
<td colspan="12"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r4" headers="r2 r3 c1">Attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c2 c7">12,418</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c2 c8 c15">23.0</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c2 c8 c16">77.1</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c3 c5 c9">13,116</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c3 c5 c10 c17">18.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c3 c5 c10 c18">81.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c3 c6 c11">4,265</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c3 c6 c12 c19">24.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c3 c6 c12 c20">75.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c4 c13">8,869</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c4 c14 c21">12.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r4 c4 c14 c22">87.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r5" headers="r2 r3 c1">Autism spectrum disorders</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c2 c7">5,523</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c2 c8 c15">78.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c2 c8 c16">21.2</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c3 c5 c9">36,822</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c3 c5 c10 c17">88.3</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c3 c5 c10 c18">11.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c3 c6 c11">20,794</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c3 c6 c12 c19">91.9</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c3 c6 c12 c20">8.1</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c4 c13">8,849</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c4 c14 c21">77.0</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r5 c4 c14 c22">23.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r6" headers="r2 r3 c1">Developmental disorders</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c2 c7">10,259</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c2 c8 c15">16.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c2 c8 c16">83.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c3 c5 c9">12,848</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c3 c5 c10 c17">16.9</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c3 c5 c10 c18">83.1</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c3 c6 c11">3,828</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c3 c6 c12 c19">23.3</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c3 c6 c12 c20">76.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c4 c13">10,382</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c4 c14 c21">11.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r6 c4 c14 c22">88.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r7" headers="r2 r3 c1">Childhood and adolescent mental disorders not elsewhere classified</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c2 c7">4,565</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c2 c8 c15">31.9</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c2 c8 c16">68.1</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c3 c5 c9">1,677</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c3 c5 c10 c17">24.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c3 c5 c10 c18">75.2</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c3 c6 c11">580</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c3 c6 c12 c19">32.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c3 c6 c12 c20">67.2</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c4 c13">832</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c4 c14 c21">15.9</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r7 c4 c14 c22">84.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r8" headers="r2 r3 c1">Intellectual disability</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c2 c7">18,274</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c2 c8 c15">82.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c2 c8 c16">17.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c3 c5 c9">84,743</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c3 c5 c10 c17">90.3</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c3 c5 c10 c18">9.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c3 c6 c11">45,237</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c3 c6 c12 c19">94.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c3 c6 c12 c20">5.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c4 c13">30,509</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c4 c14 c21">78.1</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r8 c4 c14 c22">21.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r9" headers="r2 r3 c1">Mood disorders</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c2 c7">28,626</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c2 c8 c15">38.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c2 c8 c16">61.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c3 c5 c9">65,624</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c3 c5 c10 c17">34.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c3 c5 c10 c18">65.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c3 c6 c11">17,400</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c3 c6 c12 c19">41.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c3 c6 c12 c20">58.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c4 c13">60,505</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c4 c14 c21">27.0</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r9 c4 c14 c22">73.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r10" headers="r2 r3 c1">Organic mental disorders</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c2 c7">5,827</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c2 c8 c15">46.0</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c2 c8 c16">54.0</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c3 c5 c9">33,121</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c3 c5 c10 c17">45.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c3 c5 c10 c18">54.2</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c3 c6 c11">11,178</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c3 c6 c12 c19">57.3</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c3 c6 c12 c20">42.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c4 c13">23,190</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c4 c14 c21">33.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r10 c4 c14 c22">66.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r11" headers="r2 r3 c1">Schizophrenic and other psychotic disorders</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r11 c2 c7">4,754</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r11 c2 c8 c15">76.3</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r11 c2 c8 c16">23.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r11 c3 c5 c9">14,213</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r11 c3 c5 c10 c17">75.2</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r11 c3 c5 c10 c18">24.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r11 c3 c6 c11">3,714</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r11 c3 c6 c12 c19">81.2</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r11 c3 c6 c12 c20">18.9</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r11 c4 c13">14,933</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r11 c4 c14 c21">69.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r11 c4 c14 c22">30.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r12" headers="r2 r3 c1">Speech and language delays</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r12 c2 c7">1,032</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r12 c2 c8 c15">60.1</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r12 c2 c8 c16">39.9</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r12 c3 c5 c9">870</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r12 c3 c5 c10 c17">70.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r12 c3 c5 c10 c18">29.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r12 c3 c6 c11">475</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r12 c3 c6 c12 c19">82.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r12 c3 c6 c12 c20">17.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r12 c4 c13">286</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r12 c4 c14 c21">39.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r12 c4 c14 c22">60.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r13" headers="r2 r3 c1">Other mental disorders</th>
<td headers="r2 r3 r13 c2 c7">13,951</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r13 c2 c8 c15">31.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r13 c2 c8 c16">68.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r13 c3 c5 c9">33,047</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r13 c3 c5 c10 c17">32.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r13 c3 c5 c10 c18">67.3</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r13 c3 c6 c11">9,287</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r13 c3 c6 c12 c19">41.3</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r13 c3 c6 c12 c20">58.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r13 c4 c13">29,496</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r13 c4 c14 c21">24.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r3 r13 c4 c14 c22">75.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" id="r14" headers="r2 c1">Nonmental disorders</th>
<td colspan="12"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r15" headers="r2 r14 c1">Congenital anomalies</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r15 c2 c7">2,120</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r15 c2 c8 c15">63.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r15 c2 c8 c16">36.3</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r15 c3 c5 c9">13,775</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r15 c3 c5 c10 c17">85.9</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r15 c3 c5 c10 c18">14.1</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r15 c3 c6 c11">8,902</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r15 c3 c6 c12 c19">92.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r15 c3 c6 c12 c20">7.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r15 c4 c13">2,976</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r15 c4 c14 c21">50.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r15 c4 c14 c22">49.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r16" headers="r2 r14 c1">Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic disorders</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r16 c2 c7">3,095</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r16 c2 c8 c15">15.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r16 c2 c8 c16">84.3</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r16 c3 c5 c9">8,157</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r16 c3 c5 c10 c17">22.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r16 c3 c5 c10 c18">77.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r16 c3 c6 c11">2,271</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r16 c3 c6 c12 c19">30.9</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r16 c3 c6 c12 c20">69.1</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r16 c4 c13">7,985</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r16 c4 c14 c21">15.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r16 c4 c14 c22">84.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r17" headers="r2 r14 c1">Infectious and parasitic diseases</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r17 c2 c7">380</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r17 c2 c8 c15">22.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r17 c2 c8 c16">77.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r17 c3 c5 c9">1,189</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r17 c3 c5 c10 c17">24.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r17 c3 c5 c10 c18">75.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r17 c3 c6 c11">297</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r17 c3 c6 c12 c19">29.0</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r17 c3 c6 c12 c20">71.0</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r17 c4 c13">1,448</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r17 c4 c14 c21">18.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r17 c4 c14 c22">81.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r18" headers="r2 r14 c1">Injuries</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r18 c2 c7">3,651</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r18 c2 c8 c15">41.3</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r18 c2 c8 c16">58.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r18 c3 c5 c9">11,918</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r18 c3 c5 c10 c17">39.0</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r18 c3 c5 c10 c18">61.0</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r18 c3 c6 c11">3,008</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r18 c3 c6 c12 c19">55.3</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r18 c3 c6 c12 c20">44.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r18 c4 c13">13,036</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r18 c4 c14 c21">25.2</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r18 c4 c14 c22">74.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r19" headers="r2 r14 c1">Neoplasms</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r19 c2 c7">1,892</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r19 c2 c8 c15">68.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r19 c2 c8 c16">31.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r19 c3 c5 c9">4,703</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r19 c3 c5 c10 c17">65.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r19 c3 c5 c10 c18">34.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r19 c3 c6 c11">1,489</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r19 c3 c6 c12 c19">70.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r19 c3 c6 c12 c20">29.3</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r19 c4 c13">3,637</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r19 c4 c14 c21">59.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r19 c4 c14 c22">40.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r20" headers="r2 r14 c1">Diseases of the&mdash;</th>
<td colspan="12"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub3" id="r21" headers="r2 r14 r20 c1">Blood and blood-forming organs</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r21 c2 c7">900</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r21 c2 c8 c15">45.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r21 c2 c8 c16">54.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r21 c3 c5 c9">3,018</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r21 c3 c5 c10 c17">47.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r21 c3 c5 c10 c18">52.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r21 c3 c6 c11">1,012</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r21 c3 c6 c12 c19">56.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r21 c3 c6 c12 c20">43.2</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r21 c4 c13">2,383</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r21 c4 c14 c21">37.2</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r21 c4 c14 c22">62.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub3" id="r22" headers="r2 r14 r20 c1">Circulatory system</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r22 c2 c7">1,453</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r22 c2 c8 c15">25.3</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r22 c2 c8 c16">74.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r22 c3 c5 c9">4,676</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r22 c3 c5 c10 c17">34.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r22 c3 c5 c10 c18">65.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r22 c3 c6 c11">1,485</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r22 c3 c6 c12 c19">46.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r22 c3 c6 c12 c20">53.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r22 c4 c13">4,187</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r22 c4 c14 c21">23.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r22 c4 c14 c22">76.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub3" id="r23" headers="r2 r14 r20 c1">Digestive system</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r23 c2 c7">1,316</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r23 c2 c8 c15">24.2</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r23 c2 c8 c16">75.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r23 c3 c5 c9">3,499</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r23 c3 c5 c10 c17">23.1</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r23 c3 c5 c10 c18">76.9</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r23 c3 c6 c11">941</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r23 c3 c6 c12 c19">31.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r23 c3 c6 c12 c20">68.3</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r23 c4 c13">3,542</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r23 c4 c14 c21">19.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r23 c4 c14 c22">80.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub3" id="r24" headers="r2 r14 r20 c1">Genitourinary system</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r24 c2 c7">902</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r24 c2 c8 c15">54.1</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r24 c2 c8 c16">45.9</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r24 c3 c5 c9">2,673</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r24 c3 c5 c10 c17">53.9</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r24 c3 c5 c10 c18">46.1</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r24 c3 c6 c11">856</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r24 c3 c6 c12 c19">59.2</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r24 c3 c6 c12 c20">40.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r24 c4 c13">2,456</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r24 c4 c14 c21">46.9</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r24 c4 c14 c22">53.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub3" id="r25" headers="r2 r14 r20 c1">Musculoskeletal system and connective tissue</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r25 c2 c7">5,424</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r25 c2 c8 c15">16.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r25 c2 c8 c16">83.3</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r25 c3 c5 c9">17,871</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r25 c3 c5 c10 c17">20.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r25 c3 c5 c10 c18">79.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r25 c3 c6 c11">4,540</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r25 c3 c6 c12 c19">32.9</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r25 c3 c6 c12 c20">67.1</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r25 c4 c13">18,446</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r25 c4 c14 c21">13.0</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r25 c4 c14 c22">87.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub3" id="r26" headers="r2 r14 r20 c1">Nervous system and sense organs</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r26 c2 c7">12,785</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r26 c2 c8 c15">46.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r26 c2 c8 c16">53.5</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r26 c3 c5 c9">60,411</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r26 c3 c5 c10 c17">65.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r26 c3 c5 c10 c18">34.2</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r26 c3 c6 c11">29,801</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r26 c3 c6 c12 c19">80.9</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r26 c3 c6 c12 c20">19.1</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r26 c4 c13">28,658</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r26 c4 c14 c21">33.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r26 c4 c14 c22">66.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub3" id="r27" headers="r2 r14 r20 c1">Respiratory system</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r27 c2 c7">3,754</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r27 c2 c8 c15">8.3</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r27 c2 c8 c16">91.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r27 c3 c5 c9">6,689</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r27 c3 c5 c10 c17">11.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r27 c3 c5 c10 c18">88.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r27 c3 c6 c11">1,661</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r27 c3 c6 c12 c19">17.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r27 c3 c6 c12 c20">82.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r27 c4 c13">6,733</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r27 c4 c14 c21">8.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r27 c4 c14 c22">91.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub3" id="r28" headers="r2 r14 r20 c1">Skin and subcutaneous tissue</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r28 c2 c7">264</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r28 c2 c8 c15">28.0</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r28 c2 c8 c16">72.0</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r28 c3 c5 c9">739</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r28 c3 c5 c10 c17">29.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r28 c3 c5 c10 c18">70.2</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r28 c3 c6 c11">220</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r28 c3 c6 c12 c19">43.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r28 c3 c6 c12 c20">56.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r28 c4 c13">739</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r28 c4 c14 c21">24.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r20 r28 c4 c14 c22">75.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r29" headers="r2 r14 c1">Other</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r29 c2 c7">531</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r29 c2 c8 c15">61.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r29 c2 c8 c16">38.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r29 c3 c5 c9">1,943</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r29 c3 c5 c10 c17">78.3</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r29 c3 c5 c10 c18">21.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r29 c3 c6 c11">1,089</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r29 c3 c6 c12 c19">90.1</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r29 c3 c6 c12 c20">9.9</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r29 c4 c13">647</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r29 c4 c14 c21">47.1</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r29 c4 c14 c22">52.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r30" headers="r2 r14 c1">Unknown</th>
<td headers="r2 r14 r30 c2 c7">43,043</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r30 c2 c8 c15">0.8</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r30 c2 c8 c16">99.2</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r30 c3 c5 c9">58,123</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r30 c3 c5 c10 c17">3.7</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r30 c3 c5 c10 c18">96.3</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r30 c3 c6 c11">16,050</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r30 c3 c6 c12 c19">6.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r30 c3 c6 c12 c20">93.6</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r30 c4 c13">51,704</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r30 c4 c14 c21">2.4</td>
<td headers="r2 r14 r30 c4 c14 c22">97.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="topPad1">
<th class="stub0" id="r31" headers="c1">Programmatic history</th>
<td colspan="12"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" id="r32" headers="r31 c1">Application history</th>
<td colspan="12"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r33" headers="r31 r32 c1">First-time applicant</th>
<td headers="r31 r32 r33 c2 c7">100,468</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r33 c2 c8 c15">30.1</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r33 c2 c8 c16">70.0</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r33 c3 c5 c9">261,223</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r33 c3 c5 c10 c17">47.3</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r33 c3 c5 c10 c18">52.7</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r33 c3 c6 c11">90,636</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r33 c3 c6 c12 c19">62.5</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r33 c3 c6 c12 c20">37.5</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r33 c4 c13">178,917</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r33 c4 c14 c21">30.7</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r33 c4 c14 c22">69.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r34" headers="r31 r32 c1">Applied more than 10&nbsp;years earlier</th>
<td headers="r31 r32 r34 c2 c7">22,733</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r34 c2 c8 c15">44.2</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r34 c2 c8 c16">55.8</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r34 c3 c5 c9">82,830</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r34 c3 c5 c10 c17">64.4</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r34 c3 c5 c10 c18">35.6</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r34 c3 c6 c11">39,877</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r34 c3 c6 c12 c19">79.1</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r34 c3 c6 c12 c20">20.9</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r34 c4 c13">43,440</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r34 c4 c14 c21">34.8</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r34 c4 c14 c22">65.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r35" headers="r31 r32 c1">Applied within last 10&nbsp;years</th>
<td headers="r31 r32 r35 c2 c7">63,538</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r35 c2 c8 c15">34.2</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r35 c2 c8 c16">65.8</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r35 c3 c5 c9">151,412</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r35 c3 c5 c10 c17">47.6</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r35 c3 c5 c10 c18">52.4</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r35 c3 c6 c11">59,867</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r35 c3 c6 c12 c19">64.2</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r35 c3 c6 c12 c20">35.8</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r35 c4 c13">114,071</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r35 c4 c14 c21">27.7</td>
<td headers="r31 r32 r35 c4 c14 c22">72.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" id="r36" headers="r31 c1"><span class="nobr">Age-18</span> redetermination cessation</th>
<td colspan="12"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r37" headers="r31 r36 c1">No</th>
<td headers="r31 r36 r37 c2 c7">.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r37 c2 c8 c15">.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r37 c2 c8 c16">.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r37 c3 c5 c9">491,248</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r37 c3 c5 c10 c17">50.5</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r37 c3 c5 c10 c18">49.5</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r37 c3 c6 c11">a</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r37 c3 c6 c12 c19">a</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r37 c3 c6 c12 c20">a</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r37 c4 c13">317,739</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r37 c4 c14 c21">30.7</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r37 c4 c14 c22">69.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r38" headers="r31 r36 c1">Yes</th>
<td headers="r31 r36 r38 c2 c7">.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r38 c2 c8 c15">.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r38 c2 c8 c16">.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r38 c3 c5 c9">4,217</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r38 c3 c5 c10 c17">22.5</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r38 c3 c5 c10 c18">77.5</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r38 c3 c6 c11">a</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r38 c3 c6 c12 c19">a</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r38 c3 c6 c12 c20">a</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r38 c4 c13">18,689</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r38 c4 c14 c21">21.1</td>
<td headers="r31 r36 r38 c4 c14 c22">78.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" id="r39" headers="r31 c1">Childhood <abbr class="spell">CDR</abbr> cessation</th>
<td colspan="12"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r40" headers="r31 r39 c1">No</th>
<td headers="r31 r39 r40 c2 c7">181,886</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r40 c2 c8 c15">33.4</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r40 c2 c8 c16">66.6</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r40 c3 c5 c9">486,500</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r40 c3 c5 c10 c17">50.7</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r40 c3 c5 c10 c18">49.3</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r40 c3 c6 c11">187,997</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r40 c3 c6 c12 c19">66.9</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r40 c3 c6 c12 c20">33.1</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r40 c4 c13">328,614</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r40 c4 c14 c21">30.4</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r40 c4 c14 c22">69.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r41" headers="r31 r39 c1">Yes</th>
<td headers="r31 r39 r41 c2 c7">4,853</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r41 c2 c8 c15">26.6</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r41 c2 c8 c16">73.4</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r41 c3 c5 c9">8,965</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r41 c3 c5 c10 c17">27.9</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r41 c3 c5 c10 c18">72.1</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r41 c3 c6 c11">2,383</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r41 c3 c6 c12 c19">37.2</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r41 c3 c6 c12 c20">62.8</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r41 c4 c13">7,814</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r41 c4 c14 c21">21.4</td>
<td headers="r31 r39 r41 c4 c14 c22">78.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub1" id="r42" headers="r31 c1">Year of current application</th>
<td colspan="12"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r43" headers="r31 r42 c1">2003</th>
<td headers="r31 r42 r43 c2 c7">14,472</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r43 c2 c8 c15">38.2</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r43 c2 c8 c16">61.8</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r43 c3 c5 c9">41,978</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r43 c3 c5 c10 c17">54.9</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r43 c3 c5 c10 c18">45.1</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r43 c3 c6 c11">16,833</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r43 c3 c6 c12 c19">71.3</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r43 c3 c6 c12 c20">28.7</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r43 c4 c13">27,502</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r43 c4 c14 c21">34.7</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r43 c4 c14 c22">65.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r44" headers="r31 r42 c1">2004</th>
<td headers="r31 r42 r44 c2 c7">16,153</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r44 c2 c8 c15">35.6</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r44 c2 c8 c16">64.4</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r44 c3 c5 c9">43,927</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r44 c3 c5 c10 c17">53.3</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r44 c3 c5 c10 c18">46.7</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r44 c3 c6 c11">17,462</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r44 c3 c6 c12 c19">69.8</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r44 c3 c6 c12 c20">30.2</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r44 c4 c13">29,279</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r44 c4 c14 c21">33.4</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r44 c4 c14 c22">66.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r45" headers="r31 r42 c1">2005</th>
<td headers="r31 r42 r45 c2 c7">16,845</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r45 c2 c8 c15">33.8</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r45 c2 c8 c16">66.2</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r45 c3 c5 c9">44,060</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r45 c3 c5 c10 c17">52.2</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r45 c3 c5 c10 c18">47.8</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r45 c3 c6 c11">17,472</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r45 c3 c6 c12 c19">68.2</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r45 c3 c6 c12 c20">31.9</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r45 c4 c13">28,763</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r45 c4 c14 c21">32.2</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r45 c4 c14 c22">67.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r46" headers="r31 r42 c1">2006</th>
<td headers="r31 r42 r46 c2 c7">17,580</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r46 c2 c8 c15">32.3</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r46 c2 c8 c16">67.7</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r46 c3 c5 c9">45,699</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r46 c3 c5 c10 c17">51.1</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r46 c3 c5 c10 c18">48.9</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r46 c3 c6 c11">18,028</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r46 c3 c6 c12 c19">66.0</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r46 c3 c6 c12 c20">34.0</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r46 c4 c13">30,017</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r46 c4 c14 c21">31.5</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r46 c4 c14 c22">68.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r47" headers="r31 r42 c1">2007</th>
<td headers="r31 r42 r47 c2 c7">18,216</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r47 c2 c8 c15">32.6</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r47 c2 c8 c16">67.4</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r47 c3 c5 c9">47,386</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r47 c3 c5 c10 c17">51.7</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r47 c3 c5 c10 c18">48.3</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r47 c3 c6 c11">18,589</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r47 c3 c6 c12 c19">67.6</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r47 c3 c6 c12 c20">32.4</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r47 c4 c13">29,993</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r47 c4 c14 c21">31.7</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r47 c4 c14 c22">68.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r48" headers="r31 r42 c1">2008</th>
<td headers="r31 r42 r48 c2 c7">19,094</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r48 c2 c8 c15">34.2</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r48 c2 c8 c16">65.8</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r48 c3 c5 c9">51,231</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r48 c3 c5 c10 c17">51.8</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r48 c3 c5 c10 c18">48.2</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r48 c3 c6 c11">19,596</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r48 c3 c6 c12 c19">67.7</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r48 c3 c6 c12 c20">32.3</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r48 c4 c13">33,564</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r48 c4 c14 c21">32.2</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r48 c4 c14 c22">67.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r49" headers="r31 r42 c1">2009</th>
<td headers="r31 r42 r49 c2 c7">22,998</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r49 c2 c8 c15">33.7</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r49 c2 c8 c16">66.3</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r49 c3 c5 c9">57,539</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r49 c3 c5 c10 c17">49.6</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r49 c3 c5 c10 c18">50.4</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r49 c3 c6 c11">21,241</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r49 c3 c6 c12 c19">65.7</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r49 c3 c6 c12 c20">34.3</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r49 c4 c13">40,481</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r49 c4 c14 c21">30.8</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r49 c4 c14 c22">69.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r50" headers="r31 r42 c1">2010</th>
<td headers="r31 r42 r50 c2 c7">22,499</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r50 c2 c8 c15">32.1</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r50 c2 c8 c16">67.9</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r50 c3 c5 c9">57,603</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r50 c3 c5 c10 c17">48.1</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r50 c3 c5 c10 c18">51.9</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r50 c3 c6 c11">21,329</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r50 c3 c6 c12 c19">64.7</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r50 c3 c6 c12 c20">35.3</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r50 c4 c13">41,595</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r50 c4 c14 c21">28.1</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r50 c4 c14 c22">71.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r51" headers="r31 r42 c1">2011</th>
<td headers="r31 r42 r51 c2 c7">20,569</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r51 c2 c8 c15">31.0</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r51 c2 c8 c16">69.1</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r51 c3 c5 c9">54,962</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r51 c3 c5 c10 c17">46.7</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r51 c3 c5 c10 c18">53.3</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r51 c3 c6 c11">20,431</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r51 c3 c6 c12 c19">63.3</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r51 c3 c6 c12 c20">36.7</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r51 c4 c13">39,061</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r51 c4 c14 c21">26.2</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r51 c4 c14 c22">73.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub2" id="r52" headers="r31 r42 c1">2012</th>
<td headers="r31 r42 r52 c2 c7">18,313</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r52 c2 c8 c15">30.2</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r52 c2 c8 c16">69.8</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r52 c3 c5 c9">51,080</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r52 c3 c5 c10 c17">45.5</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r52 c3 c5 c10 c18">54.6</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r52 c3 c6 c11">19,399</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r52 c3 c6 c12 c19">62.2</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r52 c3 c6 c12 c20">37.8</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r52 c4 c13">36,173</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r52 c4 c14 c21">24.3</td>
<td headers="r31 r42 r52 c4 c14 c22">75.7</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td class="firstNote" colspan="13">SOURCE: Author's calculations using Social Security administrative records.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="note" colspan="13">NOTES: Rounded components of percentage distributions do not necessarily sum to 100.0.
<div class="newNote">.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;= not applicable.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="lastNote" colspan="13">a. Suppressed to avoid disclosing information about particular individuals.</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
</table>
</div>
<p>Youths whose <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payments had ceased after an <span class="nobr">age-18</span> redetermination and who reapplied before reaching age&nbsp;20 had an allowance rate of more than 20&nbsp;percent. Interestingly, youths whose payments were ceased during a childhood <abbr class="spell">CDR</abbr> and who reapplied as a minor (at age&nbsp;17) had a somewhat higher allowance rate than did those who reapplied at age&nbsp;19, 26.6&nbsp;percent versus 21.4&nbsp;percent. (Differences in the childhood and adult definitions of disability may account for that divergence, but the available data cannot identify that cause.) Among recipients whose payments had been ceased while they were minors, more than 37&nbsp;percent of those who reapplied in the first 2&nbsp;months of attaining age&nbsp;18 were allowed.</p>
<p>The overall allowance rate declined over time for all age categories. For example, allowances for 17-year-old applicants dropped from 38.2&nbsp;percent in 2003 to 30.2&nbsp;percent in 2012 and, for 18-year-olds, they dropped from 54.9&nbsp;percent in 2003 to 45.5&nbsp;percent in 2012. The generally poor economy in more recent years may have induced applicants with more marginal claims to apply in greater numbers, leading to an increase in denial rates. Some evidence of that might be found in the general (but not consistent) increase in technical denials during the period (not shown). However, allowance rates declined fairly steadily through 2006, when the economy was still booming (also, data for those years are not distorted by pending cases), which may indicate that other factors are at play.</p>
<h3>Youth Applicant Employment and Earnings</h3>
<p>Because many youths will potentially receive <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payments over substantial periods, an important question is how many youth applicants eventually work, specifically at levels that will allow them to achieve economic independence to the extent of their ability. Table&nbsp;4 compares the earnings outcomes for allowed and denied applicants. It presents information on average and median earnings, as well as the percentages of applicants with any earnings and with earnings above the <span class="nobr">full-time</span> federal minimum wage and the <abbr class="spell">SGA</abbr> level. The table refers to the year of application as year <i>t,</i> and it tracks the earnings measures annually from 2&nbsp;years prior to application (<i>t</i>&nbsp;&minus;&nbsp;2) through 5&nbsp;years after application (<i>t</i>&nbsp;+&nbsp;5). Earnings are reported in 2012 dollars. Because the earnings data are complete only through 2012, calculations for some individuals who applied in later years are omitted when the appropriate number of postapplication years had not elapsed. For example, individuals who applied in 2009 are included in the earnings measures for years through <i>t</i>&nbsp;+&nbsp;3 (that is, through 2012), but not in those for years <i>t</i>&nbsp;+&nbsp;4 or <i>t</i>&nbsp;+&nbsp;5 (2013 or&nbsp;2014).<sup><a href="#mn8" id="mt8">8</a></sup></p>
<div class="table" id="table4">
<table>
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table&nbsp;4. </span>Selected earnings characteristics of transition-age <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> applicants during <span class="nobr">2003&ndash;2012,</span> by age at application, outcome, and interval (in years) before and after application</caption>
<colgroup span="1" style="width:12em"></colgroup>
<colgroup span="8" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th rowspan="3" class="stubHeading" id="c1">Interval (relative to application year <i>t</i>)</th>
<th colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="spanner" id="c2">Age&nbsp;17</th>
<th colspan="4" class="spanner" id="c3">Age&nbsp;18</th>
<th colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="spanner" id="c4">Age&nbsp;19</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" id="c5" headers="c3">Overall</th>
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" id="c6" headers="c3">First 2&nbsp;months</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th id="c7" headers="c2">Allowed</th>
<th id="c8" headers="c2">Denied</th>
<th id="c9" headers="c3 c5">Allowed</th>
<th id="c10" headers="c3 c5">Denied</th>
<th id="c11" headers="c3 c6">Allowed</th>
<th id="c12" headers="c3 c6">Denied</th>
<th id="c13" headers="c4">Allowed</th>
<th id="c14" headers="c4">Denied</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<th colspan="8" class="panel" id="r1">Panel&nbsp;A: Percentage with any positive earnings</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r2" headers="r1 c1">2nd year prior (<i>t</i> &minus; 2)</th>
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c7">8.8</td>
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c8">11.5</td>
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c5 c9">14.3</td>
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c5 c10">27.0</td>
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c6 c11">9.7</td>
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c6 c12">20.0</td>
<td headers="r1 r2 c4 c13">33.0</td>
<td headers="r1 r2 c4 c14">41.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r3" headers="r1 c1">1st year prior (<i>t</i> &minus; 1)</th>
<td headers="r1 r3 c2 c7">17.2</td>
<td headers="r1 r3 c2 c8">23.7</td>
<td headers="r1 r3 c3 c5 c9">20.8</td>
<td headers="r1 r3 c3 c5 c10">37.5</td>
<td headers="r1 r3 c3 c6 c11">15.4</td>
<td headers="r1 r3 c3 c6 c12">31.3</td>
<td headers="r1 r3 c4 c13">41.5</td>
<td headers="r1 r3 c4 c14">52.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r4" headers="r1 c1">Year of application (<i>t</i>)</th>
<td headers="r1 r4 c2 c7">21.1</td>
<td headers="r1 r4 c2 c8">33.1</td>
<td headers="r1 r4 c3 c5 c9">24.9</td>
<td headers="r1 r4 c3 c5 c10">47.7</td>
<td headers="r1 r4 c3 c6 c11">19.7</td>
<td headers="r1 r4 c3 c6 c12">42.3</td>
<td headers="r1 r4 c4 c13">38.4</td>
<td headers="r1 r4 c4 c14">54.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r5" headers="r1 c1">1st year after (<i>t</i> + 1)</th>
<td headers="r1 r5 c2 c7">23.7</td>
<td headers="r1 r5 c2 c8">47.6</td>
<td headers="r1 r5 c3 c5 c9">25.4</td>
<td headers="r1 r5 c3 c5 c10">56.6</td>
<td headers="r1 r5 c3 c6 c11">23.0</td>
<td headers="r1 r5 c3 c6 c12">54.4</td>
<td headers="r1 r5 c4 c13">29.1</td>
<td headers="r1 r5 c4 c14">58.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r6" headers="r1 c1">2nd year after (<i>t</i> + 2)</th>
<td headers="r1 r6 c2 c7">27.3</td>
<td headers="r1 r6 c2 c8">54.4</td>
<td headers="r1 r6 c3 c5 c9">28.2</td>
<td headers="r1 r6 c3 c5 c10">59.4</td>
<td headers="r1 r6 c3 c6 c11">26.4</td>
<td headers="r1 r6 c3 c6 c12">58.0</td>
<td headers="r1 r6 c4 c13">29.8</td>
<td headers="r1 r6 c4 c14">60.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r7" headers="r1 c1">3rd year after (<i>t</i> + 3)</th>
<td headers="r1 r7 c2 c7">29.5</td>
<td headers="r1 r7 c2 c8">56.1</td>
<td headers="r1 r7 c3 c5 c9">31.3</td>
<td headers="r1 r7 c3 c5 c10">59.6</td>
<td headers="r1 r7 c3 c6 c11">30.4</td>
<td headers="r1 r7 c3 c6 c12">58.9</td>
<td headers="r1 r7 c4 c13">30.1</td>
<td headers="r1 r7 c4 c14">59.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r8" headers="r1 c1">4th year after (<i>t</i> + 4)</th>
<td headers="r1 r8 c2 c7">30.8</td>
<td headers="r1 r8 c2 c8">55.9</td>
<td headers="r1 r8 c3 c5 c9">33.1</td>
<td headers="r1 r8 c3 c5 c10">58.4</td>
<td headers="r1 r8 c3 c6 c11">33.3</td>
<td headers="r1 r8 c3 c6 c12">58.2</td>
<td headers="r1 r8 c4 c13">29.8</td>
<td headers="r1 r8 c4 c14">57.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r9" headers="r1 c1">5th year after (<i>t</i> + 5)</th>
<td headers="r1 r9 c2 c7">30.0</td>
<td headers="r1 r9 c2 c8">55.1</td>
<td headers="r1 r9 c3 c5 c9">33.0</td>
<td headers="r1 r9 c3 c5 c10">56.8</td>
<td headers="r1 r9 c3 c6 c11">33.6</td>
<td headers="r1 r9 c3 c6 c12">57.0</td>
<td headers="r1 r9 c4 c13">29.5</td>
<td headers="r1 r9 c4 c14">55.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<th colspan="8" class="panel" id="r10">Panel&nbsp;B: Mean earnings overall&nbsp;($)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r11" headers="r10 c1">2nd year prior (<i>t</i> &minus; 2)</th>
<td headers="r10 r11 c2 c7">94</td>
<td headers="r10 r11 c2 c8">150</td>
<td headers="r10 r11 c3 c5 c9">212</td>
<td headers="r10 r11 c3 c5 c10">499</td>
<td headers="r10 r11 c3 c6 c11">108</td>
<td headers="r10 r11 c3 c6 c12">302</td>
<td headers="r10 r11 c4 c13">811</td>
<td headers="r10 r11 c4 c14">1,092</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r12" headers="r10 c1">1st year prior (<i>t</i> &minus; 1)</th>
<td headers="r10 r12 c2 c7">249</td>
<td headers="r10 r12 c2 c8">428</td>
<td headers="r10 r12 c3 c5 c9">374</td>
<td headers="r10 r12 c3 c5 c10">911</td>
<td headers="r10 r12 c3 c6 c11">216</td>
<td headers="r10 r12 c3 c6 c12">671</td>
<td headers="r10 r12 c4 c13">1,274</td>
<td headers="r10 r12 c4 c14">1,792</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r13" headers="r10 c1">Year of application (<i>t</i>)</th>
<td headers="r10 r13 c2 c7">309</td>
<td headers="r10 r13 c2 c8">757</td>
<td headers="r10 r13 c3 c5 c9">431</td>
<td headers="r10 r13 c3 c5 c10">1,424</td>
<td headers="r10 r13 c3 c6 c11">285</td>
<td headers="r10 r13 c3 c6 c12">1,169</td>
<td headers="r10 r13 c4 c13">984</td>
<td headers="r10 r13 c4 c14">2,034</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r14" headers="r10 c1">1st year after (<i>t</i> + 1)</th>
<td headers="r10 r14 c2 c7">498</td>
<td headers="r10 r14 c2 c8">1,854</td>
<td headers="r10 r14 c3 c5 c9">599</td>
<td headers="r10 r14 c3 c5 c10">2,836</td>
<td headers="r10 r14 c3 c6 c11">464</td>
<td headers="r10 r14 c3 c6 c12">2,590</td>
<td headers="r10 r14 c4 c13">904</td>
<td headers="r10 r14 c4 c14">3,318</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r15" headers="r10 c1">2nd year after (<i>t</i> + 2)</th>
<td headers="r10 r15 c2 c7">888</td>
<td headers="r10 r15 c2 c8">3,083</td>
<td headers="r10 r15 c3 c5 c9">915</td>
<td headers="r10 r15 c3 c5 c10">3,992</td>
<td headers="r10 r15 c3 c6 c11">740</td>
<td headers="r10 r15 c3 c6 c12">3,807</td>
<td headers="r10 r15 c4 c13">1,275</td>
<td headers="r10 r15 c4 c14">4,373</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r16" headers="r10 c1">3rd year after (<i>t</i> + 3)</th>
<td headers="r10 r16 c2 c7">1,269</td>
<td headers="r10 r16 c2 c8">4,000</td>
<td headers="r10 r16 c3 c5 c9">1,236</td>
<td headers="r10 r16 c3 c5 c10">4,784</td>
<td headers="r10 r16 c3 c6 c11">1,038</td>
<td headers="r10 r16 c3 c6 c12">4,661</td>
<td headers="r10 r16 c4 c13">1,607</td>
<td headers="r10 r16 c4 c14">5,066</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r17" headers="r10 c1">4th year after (<i>t</i> + 4)</th>
<td headers="r10 r17 c2 c7">1,620</td>
<td headers="r10 r17 c2 c8">4,663</td>
<td headers="r10 r17 c3 c5 c9">1,546</td>
<td headers="r10 r17 c3 c5 c10">5,387</td>
<td headers="r10 r17 c3 c6 c11">1,339</td>
<td headers="r10 r17 c3 c6 c12">5,327</td>
<td headers="r10 r17 c4 c13">1,897</td>
<td headers="r10 r17 c4 c14">5,587</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r18" headers="r10 c1">5th year after (<i>t</i> + 5)</th>
<td headers="r10 r18 c2 c7">1,827</td>
<td headers="r10 r18 c2 c8">5,173</td>
<td headers="r10 r18 c3 c5 c9">1,825</td>
<td headers="r10 r18 c3 c5 c10">5,880</td>
<td headers="r10 r18 c3 c6 c11">1,609</td>
<td headers="r10 r18 c3 c6 c12">5,938</td>
<td headers="r10 r18 c4 c13">2,124</td>
<td headers="r10 r18 c4 c14">5,925</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<th colspan="8" class="panel" id="r19">Panel&nbsp;C: Median earnings overall&nbsp;($)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r20" headers="r19 c1">2nd year prior (<i>t</i> &minus; 2)</th>
<td headers="r19 r20 c2 c7">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r20 c2 c8">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r20 c3 c5 c9">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r20 c3 c5 c10">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r20 c3 c6 c11">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r20 c3 c6 c12">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r20 c4 c13">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r20 c4 c14">0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r21" headers="r19 c1">1st year prior (<i>t</i> &minus; 1)</th>
<td headers="r19 r21 c2 c7">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r21 c2 c8">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r21 c3 c5 c9">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r21 c3 c5 c10">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r21 c3 c6 c11">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r21 c3 c6 c12">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r21 c4 c13">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r21 c4 c14">104</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r22" headers="r19 c1">Year of application (<i>t</i>)</th>
<td headers="r19 r22 c2 c7">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r22 c2 c8">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r22 c3 c5 c9">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r22 c3 c5 c10">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r22 c3 c6 c11">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r22 c3 c6 c12">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r22 c4 c13">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r22 c4 c14">203</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r23" headers="r19 c1">1st year after (<i>t</i> + 1)</th>
<td headers="r19 r23 c2 c7">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r23 c2 c8">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r23 c3 c5 c9">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r23 c3 c5 c10">366</td>
<td headers="r19 r23 c3 c6 c11">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r23 c3 c6 c12">236</td>
<td headers="r19 r23 c4 c13">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r23 c4 c14">530</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r24" headers="r19 c1">2nd year after (<i>t</i> + 2)</th>
<td headers="r19 r24 c2 c7">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r24 c2 c8">246</td>
<td headers="r19 r24 c3 c5 c9">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r24 c3 c5 c10">724</td>
<td headers="r19 r24 c3 c6 c11">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r24 c3 c6 c12">572</td>
<td headers="r19 r24 c4 c13">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r24 c4 c14">851</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r25" headers="r19 c1">3rd year after (<i>t</i> + 3)</th>
<td headers="r19 r25 c2 c7">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r25 c2 c8">441</td>
<td headers="r19 r25 c3 c5 c9">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r25 c3 c5 c10">904</td>
<td headers="r19 r25 c3 c6 c11">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r25 c3 c6 c12">801</td>
<td headers="r19 r25 c4 c13">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r25 c4 c14">944</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r26" headers="r19 c1">4th year after (<i>t</i> + 4)</th>
<td headers="r19 r26 c2 c7">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r26 c2 c8">501</td>
<td headers="r19 r26 c3 c5 c9">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r26 c3 c5 c10">897</td>
<td headers="r19 r26 c3 c6 c11">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r26 c3 c6 c12">860</td>
<td headers="r19 r26 c4 c13">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r26 c4 c14">852</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r27" headers="r19 c1">5th year after (<i>t</i> + 5)</th>
<td headers="r19 r27 c2 c7">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r27 c2 c8">440</td>
<td headers="r19 r27 c3 c5 c9">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r27 c3 c5 c10">794</td>
<td headers="r19 r27 c3 c6 c11">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r27 c3 c6 c12">820</td>
<td headers="r19 r27 c4 c13">0</td>
<td headers="r19 r27 c4 c14">641</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<th colspan="8" class="panel" id="r28">Panel&nbsp;D: Percentage with earnings at or above <span class="nobr">full-time</span> minimum wage</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r29" headers="r28 c1">2nd year prior (<i>t</i> &minus; 2)</th>
<td headers="r28 r29 c2 c7">(L)</td>
<td headers="r28 r29 c2 c8">(L)</td>
<td headers="r28 r29 c3 c5 c9">(L)</td>
<td headers="r28 r29 c3 c5 c10">0.1</td>
<td headers="r28 r29 c3 c6 c11">(L)</td>
<td headers="r28 r29 c3 c6 c12">(L)</td>
<td headers="r28 r29 c4 c13">0.3</td>
<td headers="r28 r29 c4 c14">0.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r30" headers="r28 c1">1st year prior (<i>t</i> &minus; 1)</th>
<td headers="r28 r30 c2 c7">(L)</td>
<td headers="r28 r30 c2 c8">(L)</td>
<td headers="r28 r30 c3 c5 c9">0.1</td>
<td headers="r28 r30 c3 c5 c10">0.2</td>
<td headers="r28 r30 c3 c6 c11">(L)</td>
<td headers="r28 r30 c3 c6 c12">0.1</td>
<td headers="r28 r30 c4 c13">1.0</td>
<td headers="r28 r30 c4 c14">1.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r31" headers="r28 c1">Year of application (<i>t</i>)</th>
<td headers="r28 r31 c2 c7">0.1</td>
<td headers="r28 r31 c2 c8">0.2</td>
<td headers="r28 r31 c3 c5 c9">0.1</td>
<td headers="r28 r31 c3 c5 c10">0.7</td>
<td headers="r28 r31 c3 c6 c11">(L)</td>
<td headers="r28 r31 c3 c6 c12">0.4</td>
<td headers="r28 r31 c4 c13">0.4</td>
<td headers="r28 r31 c4 c14">1.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r32" headers="r28 c1">1st year after (<i>t</i> + 1)</th>
<td headers="r28 r32 c2 c7">0.3</td>
<td headers="r28 r32 c2 c8">1.9</td>
<td headers="r28 r32 c3 c5 c9">0.4</td>
<td headers="r28 r32 c3 c5 c10">4.1</td>
<td headers="r28 r32 c3 c6 c11">0.2</td>
<td headers="r28 r32 c3 c6 c12">3.6</td>
<td headers="r28 r32 c4 c13">0.8</td>
<td headers="r28 r32 c4 c14">5.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r33" headers="r28 c1">2nd year after (<i>t</i> + 2)</th>
<td headers="r28 r33 c2 c7">1.1</td>
<td headers="r28 r33 c2 c8">5.3</td>
<td headers="r28 r33 c3 c5 c9">1.1</td>
<td headers="r28 r33 c3 c5 c10">8.1</td>
<td headers="r28 r33 c3 c6 c11">0.7</td>
<td headers="r28 r33 c3 c6 c12">7.7</td>
<td headers="r28 r33 c4 c13">1.9</td>
<td headers="r28 r33 c4 c14">9.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r34" headers="r28 c1">3rd year after (<i>t</i> + 3)</th>
<td headers="r28 r34 c2 c7">2.1</td>
<td headers="r28 r34 c2 c8">8.3</td>
<td headers="r28 r34 c3 c5 c9">1.8</td>
<td headers="r28 r34 c3 c5 c10">11.0</td>
<td headers="r28 r34 c3 c6 c11">1.4</td>
<td headers="r28 r34 c3 c6 c12">10.9</td>
<td headers="r28 r34 c4 c13">2.9</td>
<td headers="r28 r34 c4 c14">12.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r35" headers="r28 c1">4th year after (<i>t</i> + 4)</th>
<td headers="r28 r35 c2 c7">3.0</td>
<td headers="r28 r35 c2 c8">10.4</td>
<td headers="r28 r35 c3 c5 c9">2.5</td>
<td headers="r28 r35 c3 c5 c10">13.1</td>
<td headers="r28 r35 c3 c6 c11">1.9</td>
<td headers="r28 r35 c3 c6 c12">13.0</td>
<td headers="r28 r35 c4 c13">3.5</td>
<td headers="r28 r35 c4 c14">13.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r36" headers="r28 c1">5th year after (<i>t</i> + 5)</th>
<td headers="r28 r36 c2 c7">3.4</td>
<td headers="r28 r36 c2 c8">11.8</td>
<td headers="r28 r36 c3 c5 c9">3.0</td>
<td headers="r28 r36 c3 c5 c10">14.2</td>
<td headers="r28 r36 c3 c6 c11">2.4</td>
<td headers="r28 r36 c3 c6 c12">14.7</td>
<td headers="r28 r36 c4 c13">4.0</td>
<td headers="r28 r36 c4 c14">14.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<th colspan="8" class="panel" id="r37">Panel&nbsp;E: Percentage with earnings at or above the <abbr class="spell">SGA</abbr> level</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r38" headers="r37 c1">2nd year prior (<i>t</i> &minus; 2)</th>
<td headers="r37 r38 c2 c7">(L)</td>
<td headers="r37 r38 c2 c8">(L)</td>
<td headers="r37 r38 c3 c5 c9">(L)</td>
<td headers="r37 r38 c3 c5 c10">0.1</td>
<td headers="r37 r38 c3 c6 c11">(L)</td>
<td headers="r37 r38 c3 c6 c12">(L)</td>
<td headers="r37 r38 c4 c13">0.4</td>
<td headers="r37 r38 c4 c14">0.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r39" headers="r37 c1">1st year prior (<i>t</i> &minus; 1)</th>
<td headers="r37 r39 c2 c7">0.1</td>
<td headers="r37 r39 c2 c8">0.1</td>
<td headers="r37 r39 c3 c5 c9">0.1</td>
<td headers="r37 r39 c3 c5 c10">0.4</td>
<td headers="r37 r39 c3 c6 c11">(L)</td>
<td headers="r37 r39 c3 c6 c12">0.1</td>
<td headers="r37 r39 c4 c13">1.4</td>
<td headers="r37 r39 c4 c14">2.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r40" headers="r37 c1">Year of application (<i>t</i>)</th>
<td headers="r37 r40 c2 c7">0.1</td>
<td headers="r37 r40 c2 c8">0.4</td>
<td headers="r37 r40 c3 c5 c9">0.1</td>
<td headers="r37 r40 c3 c5 c10">1.2</td>
<td headers="r37 r40 c3 c6 c11">0.1</td>
<td headers="r37 r40 c3 c6 c12">0.7</td>
<td headers="r37 r40 c4 c13">0.7</td>
<td headers="r37 r40 c4 c14">2.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r41" headers="r37 c1">1st year after (<i>t</i> + 1)</th>
<td headers="r37 r41 c2 c7">0.4</td>
<td headers="r37 r41 c2 c8">2.8</td>
<td headers="r37 r41 c3 c5 c9">0.5</td>
<td headers="r37 r41 c3 c5 c10">5.8</td>
<td headers="r37 r41 c3 c6 c11">0.3</td>
<td headers="r37 r41 c3 c6 c12">5.1</td>
<td headers="r37 r41 c4 c13">1.1</td>
<td headers="r37 r41 c4 c14">7.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r42" headers="r37 c1">2nd year after (<i>t</i> + 2)</th>
<td headers="r37 r42 c2 c7">1.5</td>
<td headers="r37 r42 c2 c8">7.3</td>
<td headers="r37 r42 c3 c5 c9">1.4</td>
<td headers="r37 r42 c3 c5 c10">10.9</td>
<td headers="r37 r42 c3 c6 c11">1.0</td>
<td headers="r37 r42 c3 c6 c12">10.3</td>
<td headers="r37 r42 c4 c13">2.5</td>
<td headers="r37 r42 c4 c14">12.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r43" headers="r37 c1">3rd year after (<i>t</i> + 3)</th>
<td headers="r37 r43 c2 c7">2.8</td>
<td headers="r37 r43 c2 c8">11.3</td>
<td headers="r37 r43 c3 c5 c9">2.4</td>
<td headers="r37 r43 c3 c5 c10">14.6</td>
<td headers="r37 r43 c3 c6 c11">1.8</td>
<td headers="r37 r43 c3 c6 c12">14.2</td>
<td headers="r37 r43 c4 c13">3.7</td>
<td headers="r37 r43 c4 c14">15.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r44" headers="r37 c1">4th year after (<i>t</i> + 4)</th>
<td headers="r37 r44 c2 c7">4.0</td>
<td headers="r37 r44 c2 c8">14.2</td>
<td headers="r37 r44 c3 c5 c9">3.3</td>
<td headers="r37 r44 c3 c5 c10">17.2</td>
<td headers="r37 r44 c3 c6 c11">2.6</td>
<td headers="r37 r44 c3 c6 c12">17.1</td>
<td headers="r37 r44 c4 c13">4.7</td>
<td headers="r37 r44 c4 c14">18.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r45" headers="r37 c1">5th year after (<i>t</i> + 5)</th>
<td headers="r37 r45 c2 c7">4.7</td>
<td headers="r37 r45 c2 c8">16.5</td>
<td headers="r37 r45 c3 c5 c9">4.2</td>
<td headers="r37 r45 c3 c5 c10">19.1</td>
<td headers="r37 r45 c3 c6 c11">3.3</td>
<td headers="r37 r45 c3 c6 c12">19.4</td>
<td headers="r37 r45 c4 c13">5.4</td>
<td headers="r37 r45 c4 c14">19.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<th colspan="8" class="panel" id="r46">Panel&nbsp;F: Mean earnings among applicants with positive earnings&nbsp;($)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r47" headers="r46 c1">2nd year prior (<i>t</i> &minus; 2)</th>
<td headers="r46 r47 c2 c7">1,070</td>
<td headers="r46 r47 c2 c8">1,304</td>
<td headers="r46 r47 c3 c5 c9">1,486</td>
<td headers="r46 r47 c3 c5 c10">1,850</td>
<td headers="r46 r47 c3 c6 c11">1,117</td>
<td headers="r46 r47 c3 c6 c12">1,509</td>
<td headers="r46 r47 c4 c13">2,460</td>
<td headers="r46 r47 c4 c14">2,622</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r48" headers="r46 c1">1st year prior (<i>t</i> &minus; 1)</th>
<td headers="r46 r48 c2 c7">1,446</td>
<td headers="r46 r48 c2 c8">1,803</td>
<td headers="r46 r48 c3 c5 c9">1,800</td>
<td headers="r46 r48 c3 c5 c10">2,429</td>
<td headers="r46 r48 c3 c6 c11">1,407</td>
<td headers="r46 r48 c3 c6 c12">2,141</td>
<td headers="r46 r48 c4 c13">3,070</td>
<td headers="r46 r48 c4 c14">3,428</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r49" headers="r46 c1">Year of application (<i>t</i>)</th>
<td headers="r46 r49 c2 c7">1,464</td>
<td headers="r46 r49 c2 c8">2,289</td>
<td headers="r46 r49 c3 c5 c9">1,728</td>
<td headers="r46 r49 c3 c5 c10">2,984</td>
<td headers="r46 r49 c3 c6 c11">1,445</td>
<td headers="r46 r49 c3 c6 c12">2,762</td>
<td headers="r46 r49 c4 c13">2,563</td>
<td headers="r46 r49 c4 c14">3,702</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r50" headers="r46 c1">1st year after (<i>t</i> + 1)</th>
<td headers="r46 r50 c2 c7">2,104</td>
<td headers="r46 r50 c2 c8">3,890</td>
<td headers="r46 r50 c3 c5 c9">2,357</td>
<td headers="r46 r50 c3 c5 c10">5,013</td>
<td headers="r46 r50 c3 c6 c11">2,014</td>
<td headers="r46 r50 c3 c6 c12">4,764</td>
<td headers="r46 r50 c4 c13">3,111</td>
<td headers="r46 r50 c4 c14">5,683</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r51" headers="r46 c1">2nd year after (<i>t</i> + 2)</th>
<td headers="r46 r51 c2 c7">3,249</td>
<td headers="r46 r51 c2 c8">5,670</td>
<td headers="r46 r51 c3 c5 c9">3,248</td>
<td headers="r46 r51 c3 c5 c10">6,721</td>
<td headers="r46 r51 c3 c6 c11">2,799</td>
<td headers="r46 r51 c3 c6 c12">6,559</td>
<td headers="r46 r51 c4 c13">4,271</td>
<td headers="r46 r51 c4 c14">7,286</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r52" headers="r46 c1">3rd year after (<i>t</i> + 3)</th>
<td headers="r46 r52 c2 c7">4,306</td>
<td headers="r46 r52 c2 c8">7,124</td>
<td headers="r46 r52 c3 c5 c9">3,953</td>
<td headers="r46 r52 c3 c5 c10">8,027</td>
<td headers="r46 r52 c3 c6 c11">3,411</td>
<td headers="r46 r52 c3 c6 c12">7,909</td>
<td headers="r46 r52 c4 c13">5,331</td>
<td headers="r46 r52 c4 c14">8,537</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r53" headers="r46 c1">4th year after (<i>t</i> + 4)</th>
<td headers="r46 r53 c2 c7">5,259</td>
<td headers="r46 r53 c2 c8">8,345</td>
<td headers="r46 r53 c3 c5 c9">4,676</td>
<td headers="r46 r53 c3 c5 c10">9,230</td>
<td headers="r46 r53 c3 c6 c11">4,023</td>
<td headers="r46 r53 c3 c6 c12">9,153</td>
<td headers="r46 r53 c4 c13">6,355</td>
<td headers="r46 r53 c4 c14">9,688</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r54" headers="r46 c1">5th year after (<i>t</i> + 5)</th>
<td headers="r46 r54 c2 c7">6,088</td>
<td headers="r46 r54 c2 c8">9,395</td>
<td headers="r46 r54 c3 c5 c9">5,528</td>
<td headers="r46 r54 c3 c5 c10">10,357</td>
<td headers="r46 r54 c3 c6 c11">4,793</td>
<td headers="r46 r54 c3 c6 c12">10,423</td>
<td headers="r46 r54 c4 c13">7,209</td>
<td headers="r46 r54 c4 c14">10,613</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<th colspan="8" class="panel" id="r55">Panel&nbsp;G: Median earnings among applicants with positive earnings&nbsp;($)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r56" headers="r55 c1">2nd year prior (<i>t</i> &minus; 2)</th>
<td headers="r55 r56 c2 c7">668</td>
<td headers="r55 r56 c2 c8">825</td>
<td headers="r55 r56 c3 c5 c9">834</td>
<td headers="r55 r56 c3 c5 c10">1,135</td>
<td headers="r55 r56 c3 c6 c11">630</td>
<td headers="r55 r56 c3 c6 c12">981</td>
<td headers="r55 r56 c4 c13">1,392</td>
<td headers="r55 r56 c4 c14">1,573</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r57" headers="r55 c1">1st year prior (<i>t</i> &minus; 1)</th>
<td headers="r55 r57 c2 c7">830</td>
<td headers="r55 r57 c2 c8">1,067</td>
<td headers="r55 r57 c3 c5 c9">957</td>
<td headers="r55 r57 c3 c5 c10">1,447</td>
<td headers="r55 r57 c3 c6 c11">756</td>
<td headers="r55 r57 c3 c6 c12">1,307</td>
<td headers="r55 r57 c4 c13">1,672</td>
<td headers="r55 r57 c4 c14">2,039</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r58" headers="r55 c1">Year of application (<i>t</i>)</th>
<td headers="r55 r58 c2 c7">801</td>
<td headers="r55 r58 c2 c8">1,283</td>
<td headers="r55 r58 c3 c5 c9">907</td>
<td headers="r55 r58 c3 c5 c10">1,754</td>
<td headers="r55 r58 c3 c6 c11">745</td>
<td headers="r55 r58 c3 c6 c12">1,648</td>
<td headers="r55 r58 c4 c13">1,376</td>
<td headers="r55 r58 c4 c14">2,201</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r59" headers="r55 c1">1st year after (<i>t</i> + 1)</th>
<td headers="r55 r59 c2 c7">965</td>
<td headers="r55 r59 c2 c8">2,255</td>
<td headers="r55 r59 c3 c5 c9">1,081</td>
<td headers="r55 r59 c3 c5 c10">3,148</td>
<td headers="r55 r59 c3 c6 c11">920</td>
<td headers="r55 r59 c3 c6 c12">2,955</td>
<td headers="r55 r59 c4 c13">1,551</td>
<td headers="r55 r59 c4 c14">3,722</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r60" headers="r55 c1">2nd year after (<i>t</i> + 2)</th>
<td headers="r55 r60 c2 c7">1,401</td>
<td headers="r55 r60 c2 c8">3,580</td>
<td headers="r55 r60 c3 c5 c9">1,458</td>
<td headers="r55 r60 c3 c5 c10">4,621</td>
<td headers="r55 r60 c3 c6 c11">1,199</td>
<td headers="r55 r60 c3 c6 c12">4,464</td>
<td headers="r55 r60 c4 c13">2,197</td>
<td headers="r55 r60 c4 c14">5,148</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r61" headers="r55 c1">3rd year after (<i>t</i> + 3)</th>
<td headers="r55 r61 c2 c7">1,937</td>
<td headers="r55 r61 c2 c8">4,905</td>
<td headers="r55 r61 c3 c5 c9">1,795</td>
<td headers="r55 r61 c3 c5 c10">5,815</td>
<td headers="r55 r61 c3 c6 c11">1,457</td>
<td headers="r55 r61 c3 c6 c12">5,578</td>
<td headers="r55 r61 c4 c13">2,836</td>
<td headers="r55 r61 c4 c14">6,405</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r62" headers="r55 c1">4th year after (<i>t</i> + 4)</th>
<td headers="r55 r62 c2 c7">2,491</td>
<td headers="r55 r62 c2 c8">6,169</td>
<td headers="r55 r62 c3 c5 c9">2,207</td>
<td headers="r55 r62 c3 c5 c10">6,950</td>
<td headers="r55 r62 c3 c6 c11">1,767</td>
<td headers="r55 r62 c3 c6 c12">6,794</td>
<td headers="r55 r62 c4 c13">3,472</td>
<td headers="r55 r62 c4 c14">7,454</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r63" headers="r55 c1">5th year after (<i>t</i> + 5)</th>
<td headers="r55 r63 c2 c7">3,069</td>
<td headers="r55 r63 c2 c8">7,231</td>
<td headers="r55 r63 c3 c5 c9">2,682</td>
<td headers="r55 r63 c3 c5 c10">8,077</td>
<td headers="r55 r63 c3 c6 c11">2,221</td>
<td headers="r55 r63 c3 c6 c12">8,039</td>
<td headers="r55 r63 c4 c13">3,956</td>
<td headers="r55 r63 c4 c14">8,331</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td class="firstNote" colspan="9">SOURCE: Author's calculations using Social Security administrative records.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="lastNote" colspan="9">NOTES: Earnings amounts are shown in 2012 dollars (adjusted with <span class="nobr"><abbr class="spell">CPI</abbr>-U).</span>
<div class="newNote">(L)&nbsp;= Less than 0.05&nbsp;percent.</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
</table>
</div>
<p>The majority of denied applicants had some earnings as adults&mdash;for those who applied at ages&nbsp;17, 18, or 19, about 56&nbsp;percent had earnings 5&nbsp;years after the year of application (panel&nbsp;A). Comparatively, only <span class="nobr">30&ndash;33</span>&nbsp;percent of allowed applicants at those ages had earnings 5&nbsp;years after applying. Hence, the upper bound on the presence of additional earnings appears to be around <span class="nobr">23&ndash;26</span>&nbsp;percentage points. That is, the employment of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-receiving youths aged&nbsp;<span class="nobr">17&ndash;19</span> would be, at most, <span class="nobr">23&ndash;26</span>&nbsp;percentage points higher in the absence of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>.<sup><a href="#mn9" id="mt9">9</a></sup> This range for the upper bound is consistent across the applicant age categories, which might be surprising given the differences in their characteristics shown earlier; however, it may also suggest systemic consistency in the determination process. (Note that 5&nbsp;years typically is sufficient for an applicant to exhaust all levels of appeal.)</p>
<p>More than <span class="nobr">one-half</span> of denied 19-year-old applicants and more than <span class="nobr">one-third</span> of denied 18-year-old applicants had earnings in the year before they applied. Those earnings were typically low, though; in the year of application, average earnings for 19-year-old applicants were $984 for allowed youths and $2,034 for denied youths (panel&nbsp;B). Median earnings for denied applicants in any age category did not exceed $944 in any interval, and all allowed applicants had zero median earnings (panel&nbsp;C). Only small fractions of youths met the thresholds for two measures of labor market success: Less than 15&nbsp;percent of denied applicants in any age category earned more than the annualized federal minimum wage&nbsp;5&nbsp;years after application (panel&nbsp;D), and no more than 19.4&nbsp;percent earned above the annualized <abbr class="spell">SGA</abbr> level (panel&nbsp;E). Even with the pool of applicants restricted to those who had positive earnings, annual earnings levels were still low. Five years after application, denied applicants had mean earnings ranging from $9,395 to $10,613 (panel&nbsp;F) and median earnings ranging from $7,231 to $8,331 (panel&nbsp;G); for allowed applicants, mean earnings ranged from $4,793 to $7,209 and median earnings ranged from $2,221 to $3,956.</p>
<h2>Conclusion and Discussion</h2>
<p>This article set out to identify whether the relaxation of financial restrictions on <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> eligibility leads to an increase in applications filed at age&nbsp;18, how applicant characteristics differ by age, and whether subsequent earnings differ measurably for youth applicants of different ages. As expected, there is a noticeable spike in applications at age&nbsp;18. Youths applying at age&nbsp;18 are more likely to have autism spectrum disorders or diseases of the nervous system and sense organs than are those applying at age&nbsp;17 or 19. More than <span class="nobr">one-half</span> of applications filed for youths at age&nbsp;18 are allowed, compared with about <span class="nobr">one-third</span> of those for youths at ages&nbsp;17 or 19. Applications filed after age&nbsp;18 are also less likely to have a technical denial than are those filed for minors. Finally, applicants denied at age&nbsp;18 have higher subsequent earnings than applicants allowed at age&nbsp;18&mdash;more than <span class="nobr">one-half</span> of denied applicants go on to have earnings 5&nbsp;years after application, compared with about <span class="nobr">one-third</span> of allowed applicants.</p>
<p>The results suggest that the financial barriers to receiving <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> as a child can be significant and may result in <span class="nobr">pent-up</span> demand for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payments and accompanying services, especially among individuals with certain disabilities (notably intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, and diseases of the nervous system and sense organs). In some sense, this may presage the impact of policy changes that, in general, would reduce the financial barriers (both income- and resource-based) to childhood <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> participation. For example, the recently passed Achieving a Better Life Experience (<abbr>ABLE</abbr>) Act provides a mechanism for individuals with disabilities to establish savings that will not be counted for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> means-testing purposes. Such a program will likely have larger impacts on families capable of having savings, such as those whose children do not qualify for the program under current rules, but would qualify if those resources were saved in <abbr>ABLE</abbr> accounts. Although such families are likely to be marginally wealthier than are families currently eligible for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> (all else equal), they are still likely to have unmet service needs, and such policies can help those families plan for the future. To some degree, such policies could smooth <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> application flows, reducing the spike in applications at age&nbsp;18. However, it should be emphasized that <abbr>ABLE</abbr> will affect resources, not the deeming of current income that this article explores.</p>
<p>Additionally, to the extent that access to <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> provides eligibility to services available at the state or local level, policy changes that reduce financial barriers may also enable better transitions to adult services for youths with disabilities who currently are shut out of childhood services. Many youths applying for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> may be doing so to receive the automatic Medicaid coverage that accompanies <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> eligibility in most states. The effect of the Affordable Care Act or other recent policies on the perceived need for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> receipt may change <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> application patterns. Regardless, entering the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> rolls may have substantial economic and personal costs if it results in <span class="nobr">long-term</span> dependency on public assistance.</p>
<p>The impact of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> receipt on youth earnings may be substantial&mdash;as many as 25&nbsp;percent of allowed 18-year-old applicants might have had earnings if they were not on the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> rolls. However, that figure would likely be, at best, the upper bound; by definition, allowed applicants have more severe, work-limiting disabilities and would be expected to fare somewhat worse in the labor market than their peers who were denied eligibility, all else equal. Additionally, the earnings of denied youths are low; mean earnings 5&nbsp;years after application are less than $6,000. Conditional on having earnings, mean earnings 5&nbsp;years after application are still only about $10,000. These earnings compare poorly with the national average. The Department of Health and Human Services estimated that as of 2005, median earnings for youths with earnings who come from low-income families were about $21,600 at age&nbsp;23 (Kent 2009)&mdash;nearly triple the amount for denied <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> applicants 5&nbsp;years after applying at age&nbsp;18. The same study found that 71&nbsp;percent of low-income youths were employed on their 24th birthday, compared with around 56&nbsp;percent of denied applicants studied here. It thus appears that <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> applicants would not necessarily otherwise be in the labor force and that those who entered the labor force would have relatively low earnings, although the extent to which results for low-income families in general are comparable with the outcomes of youths with disabilities is unclear.</p>
<p>Regardless of their subsequent earnings, youths who enter <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> face a potentially long tenure in either <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> or the Disability Insurance program. Whether interventions to dissuade youths from entering <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> at this transition point would help is uncertain. <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> recently tested a diversionary program for youth in one of its Youth Transition Demonstration projects (Fraker and Rangarajan 2009; Fraker and others 2014). Although that project did not have a significant impact on <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> entry in early adulthood, its study population may have included few youths who were truly at risk of entering <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>&mdash;the project served youths with severe emotional disturbances in a relatively wealthy county with substantial rehabilitation and other support services. Whether better targeting of specific potential recipients would yield different results is unclear and suggests a useful area of future research.</p>
<h2 id="appendix">Appendix: Digression on Parental Earnings Before and After Age&nbsp;18</h2>
<p><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>'s parental-income deeming rules cease to apply when a potential recipient reaches age&nbsp;18. At that milestone, the different treatment of parental income removes any incentives for parents to limit earnings. As a result, policy-aware parents may increase their earnings after a child turns 18. Although incentives to limit their income are eliminated, parents still may not be able to find a job while also providing or finding care that their children may need. In fact, mixed evidence suggests that parents with children receiving <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payments have lower earnings and income than parents whose children do not receive <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payments. For example, Kubik (1999) found that households with a likely child <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipient have lower parental labor force participation, yet Duggan and Kearney (2007) found no impact of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> participation on household earnings. Deshpande (2014), on the other hand, found that the loss of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> eligibility increases parental earnings. For the change in income rules to affect earning behavior, it is also necessary for parents to understand those rules. Some parents surely do, but given the complexity of the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> program, many others probably do not.</p>
<p>To determine if parental earnings respond to the change in deeming rules at age&nbsp;18, I examine the earnings records of the parents of children receiving <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> at age&nbsp;17 in December of 2003 and 2009 and compare their earnings before and after the child turns 18. Note that this examination is necessarily limited to parents who are listed on the <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> record (not all children have parents on their record). I use two different periods because differing economic conditions may contribute to the likelihood of parents having earnings (or control over their earnings). Although the child's attainment of age&nbsp;18 could generate a parental earnings response by itself, that response is more likely in the case of the parents of youths whose <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> eligibility ceased during the mandatory <span class="nobr">age-18</span> redetermination. I use a simple difference-in-difference strategy to identify the potential impact. Specifically, I estimate the following equation:</p>
<div class="equation nobr">
<div class="scrollMath">
<math display='inline'>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
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<mi>C</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
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<mi>s</mi>
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<msub>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>i</mi>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>P</mi>
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<mi>s</mi>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
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</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>&#x03B4;</mi>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy='false'>(</mo>
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<mi>e</mi>
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<mo stretchy='false'>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>&#x03B5;</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
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</mrow>
</math>
,</div>
</div>
<p class="noindent">where <i>Y&#8202;<sub>it</sub></i> is the outcome of interest&mdash;representing either the probability of having any earnings, the amount of earnings, or the amount of earnings conditional on having any earnings&mdash;for individual <i>i</i> in year <i>t</i>. <i>Ceased&#8202;<sub>i</sub></i> is a dummy variable for individuals whose eligibility ceased as the result of an <span class="nobr">age-18</span> redetermination, <i>Post&#8202;<sub>t</sub></i> is a dummy variable for years after reaching age&nbsp;18, (<i>Ceased</i>&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;<i>Post</i>)&#8202;<i><sub>it</sub></i> is a dummy variable identifying ceased-eligibility individuals in years after reaching age&nbsp;18, and <i>&epsilon;&#8202;<sub>it</sub></i> is an error term. The variable <i>&delta;</i> is the effect of turning 18 on parental earnings, all else equal. Linear probability model estimates for the presence of any earnings are included for simplicity and consistency; the results are consistent with those produced when logistic regressions are used.</p>
<p>Table <span class="nobr">A-1</span> shows the <i>&delta;</i> estimates separately for mothers and fathers as well as for parents overall using three alternative observation intervals: 1&nbsp;year before and 1&nbsp;year after the child turns 18, 2&nbsp;years before and 2&nbsp;years after the child turns 18, and 2&nbsp;years before and 4&nbsp;years after the child turns 18, all for both the 2003 and 2009 cohorts. None of the estimates are statistically significant. The absence of a significant result does not mean an effect does not exist; only that one cannot be detected. However, the absence of a measurable result, coupled with several negative point estimates, can serve as a reminder to policymakers that the parents of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients (or applicants) do not uniformly or immediately respond to the program's financial incentives.</p>
<div class="table" id="tableA1">
<table>
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table&nbsp;<span class="nobr">A-1.</span> </span>Difference-in-difference estimates of the earnings of the parents of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients before and after the recipient turns&nbsp;18</caption>
<colgroup span="1" style="width:15em"></colgroup>
<colgroup span="9" style="width:5em"></colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th rowspan="3" class="stubHeading" id="c1">Observation interval</th>
<th colspan="3" rowspan="2" class="spanner shaded" id="c2">Probability that parents have any&nbsp;earnings</th>
<th colspan="6" class="spanner" id="c3">Dollar amount of parental&mdash;</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" class="spanner" id="c4" headers="c3">Earnings</th>
<th colspan="3" class="spanner" id="c5" headers="c3">Earnings conditional on having&nbsp;earnings</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="shaded" id="c6" headers="c2">Mothers</th>
<th class="shaded" id="c7" headers="c2">Fathers</th>
<th class="shaded" id="c8" headers="c2">Overall</th>
<th id="c9" headers="c3 c4">Mothers</th>
<th id="c10" headers="c3 c4">Fathers</th>
<th id="c11" headers="c3 c4">Overall</th>
<th id="c12" headers="c3 c5">Mothers</th>
<th id="c13" headers="c3 c5">Fathers</th>
<th id="c14" headers="c3 c5">Overall</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<th colspan="9" class="panel" id="r1">2003 cohort</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r2" headers="r1 c1">1&nbsp;year before and 1&nbsp;year after child turns&nbsp;18</th>
<td class="shaded" headers="r1 r2 c2 c6">0.00&nbsp;<br>(0.03)</td>
<td class="shaded" headers="r1 r2 c2 c7">0.00&nbsp;<br>(0.01)</td>
<td class="shaded" headers="r1 r2 c2 c8">0.00&nbsp;<br>(0.01)</td>
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c4 c9">103&nbsp;<br>(888)</td>
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c4 c10">-278&nbsp;<br>(275)</td>
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c4 c11">-228&nbsp;<br>(271)</td>
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c5 c12">83&nbsp;<br>(1,003)</td>
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c5 c13">-482&nbsp;<br>(368)</td>
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c5 c14">-415&nbsp;<br>(354)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="topPad1">
<th class="stub0" id="r3" headers="r1 c1">2&nbsp;years before and 2&nbsp;years after child turns&nbsp;18</th>
<td class="shaded" headers="r1 r3 c2 c6">-0.01&nbsp;<br>(0.03)</td>
<td class="shaded" headers="r1 r3 c2 c7">0.00&nbsp;<br>(0.01)</td>
<td class="shaded" headers="r1 r3 c2 c8">0.00&nbsp;<br>(0.01)</td>
<td headers="r1 r3 c3 c4 c9">148&nbsp;<br>(903)</td>
<td headers="r1 r3 c3 c4 c10">75&nbsp;<br>(278)</td>
<td headers="r1 r3 c3 c4 c11">99&nbsp;<br>(274)</td>
<td headers="r1 r3 c3 c5 c12">299&nbsp;<br>(1,016)</td>
<td headers="r1 r3 c3 c5 c13">14&nbsp;<br>(362)</td>
<td headers="r1 r3 c3 c5 c14">54&nbsp;<br>(351)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="topPad1">
<th class="stub0" id="r4" headers="r1 c1">2&nbsp;years before and 4&nbsp;years after child turns&nbsp;18</th>
<td class="shaded" headers="r1 r4 c2 c6">0.00&nbsp;<br>(0.03)</td>
<td class="shaded" headers="r1 r4 c2 c7">0.00&nbsp;<br>(0.01)</td>
<td class="shaded" headers="r1 r4 c2 c8">0.00&nbsp;<br>(0.01)</td>
<td headers="r1 r4 c3 c4 c9">245&nbsp;<br>(941)</td>
<td headers="r1 r4 c3 c4 c10">439&nbsp;<br>(291)</td>
<td headers="r1 r4 c3 c4 c11">410&nbsp;<br>(287)</td>
<td headers="r1 r4 c3 c5 c12">295&nbsp;<br>(1,053)</td>
<td headers="r1 r4 c3 c5 c13">371&nbsp;<br>(377)</td>
<td headers="r1 r4 c3 c5 c14">341&nbsp;<br>(364)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<th colspan="9" class="panel" id="r5">2009 cohort</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="stub0" id="r6" headers="r5 c1">1&nbsp;year before and 1&nbsp;year after child turns&nbsp;18</th>
<td class="shaded" headers="r5 r6 c2 c6">0.01&nbsp;<br>(0.11)</td>
<td class="shaded" headers="r5 r6 c2 c7">0.02&nbsp;<br>(0.05)</td>
<td class="shaded" headers="r5 r6 c2 c8">0.01&nbsp;<br>(0.04)</td>
<td headers="r5 r6 c3 c4 c9">121&nbsp;<br>(3,932)</td>
<td headers="r5 r6 c3 c4 c10">554&nbsp;<br>(1,206)</td>
<td headers="r5 r6 c3 c4 c11">533&nbsp;<br>(1,192)</td>
<td headers="r5 r6 c3 c5 c12">-775&nbsp;<br>(4,801)</td>
<td headers="r5 r6 c3 c5 c13">316&nbsp;<br>(1,701)</td>
<td headers="r5 r6 c3 c5 c14">165&nbsp;<br>(1,644)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="topPad1">
<th class="stub0" id="r7" headers="r5 c1">2&nbsp;years before and 2&nbsp;years after child turns&nbsp;18</th>
<td class="shaded" headers="r5 r7 c2 c6">0.02&nbsp;<br>(0.11)</td>
<td class="shaded" headers="r5 r7 c2 c7">-0.05&nbsp;<br>(0.05)</td>
<td class="shaded" headers="r5 r7 c2 c8">-0.03&nbsp;<br>(0.04)</td>
<td headers="r5 r7 c3 c4 c9">-3,075&nbsp;<br>(4,233)</td>
<td headers="r5 r7 c3 c4 c10">839&nbsp;<br>(1,212)</td>
<td headers="r5 r7 c3 c4 c11">341&nbsp;<br>(1,224)</td>
<td headers="r5 r7 c3 c5 c12">-6,241&nbsp;<br>(5,280)</td>
<td headers="r5 r7 c3 c5 c13">2,768&nbsp;<br>(1,745)</td>
<td headers="r5 r7 c3 c5 c14">1,339&nbsp;<br>(1,732)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="topPad1">
<th class="stub0" id="r8" headers="r5 c1">2&nbsp;years before and 4&nbsp;years after child turns&nbsp;18</th>
<td class="shaded" headers="r5 r8 c2 c6">-0.06&nbsp;<br>(0.11)</td>
<td class="shaded" headers="r5 r8 c2 c7">0.03&nbsp;<br>(0.05)</td>
<td class="shaded" headers="r5 r8 c2 c8">0.02&nbsp;<br>(0.04)</td>
<td headers="r5 r8 c3 c4 c9">-1,894&nbsp;<br>(4,076)</td>
<td headers="r5 r8 c3 c4 c10">1,111&nbsp;<br>(1,224)</td>
<td headers="r5 r8 c3 c4 c11">836&nbsp;<br>(1,217)</td>
<td headers="r5 r8 c3 c5 c12">-2,061&nbsp;<br>(5,492)</td>
<td headers="r5 r8 c3 c5 c13">790&nbsp;<br>(1,768)</td>
<td headers="r5 r8 c3 c5 c14">327&nbsp;<br>(1,736)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td class="firstNote" colspan="10">SOURCE: Author's calculations using Social Security administrative records.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="lastNote" colspan="10">NOTES: Table reports the estimates from a regression of the earnings variables on whether the youth's eligibility was ceased at the <span class="nobr">age-18</span> redetermination, whether the observation occurred before or after the youth turned 18, and the cross product of those two variables.
<div class="newNote">Standard errors are shown in parentheses</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
</table>
</div>
<div id="notes">
<h2>Notes</h2>
<p>&ensp;<a href="#mt1" id="mn1">1</a> <abbr class="spell">SGA</abbr> is a monthly threshold amount above which a person cannot earn and still be found initially eligible for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>. The <abbr class="spell">SGA</abbr> amount is indexed by the consumer price index for urban wage earners and clerical workers <span class="nobr">(<abbr class="spell">CPI</abbr>-W);</span> in 2015, it is $1,090. <abbr class="spell">SGA</abbr> does not apply to initial <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> applicants who are blind.</p>
<p>&ensp;<a href="#mt2" id="mn2">2</a> For more information on <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> living arrangements, see <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>&nbsp;(2014c).</p>
<p>&ensp;<a href="#mt3" id="mn3">3</a> Allocations&mdash;the amounts assumed to be necessary to support <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-ineligible children in the household&mdash;are equal to $367 a month in 2015; that is, the difference between the <abbr class="spell">FBR</abbr> for a couple ($1,100) and the individual <abbr class="spell">FBR</abbr> ($733). Allocations are not allowed for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-ineligible children receiving Temporary Assistance for Needy Families or certain other public assistance payments. Note that public income-maintenance payments and the income used to compute those payments are not deemable (see <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>&nbsp;2012).</p>
<p>&ensp;<a href="#mt4" id="mn4">4</a> For additional information on parent-to-child deeming, see <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>&nbsp;(2011b).</p>
<p>&ensp;<a href="#mt5" id="mn5">5</a> Information provided by Clark Pickett.</p>
<p>&ensp;<a href="#mt6" id="mn6">6</a> <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>, state agencies, nonprofit organizations, law firms, and other entities provide online information on parental-income deeming. Many of these sources also provide guidance on establishing the living arrangement that maximizes <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payments for recipients who have turned 18.</p>
<p>&ensp;<a href="#mt7" id="mn7">7</a> For additional information on living arrangements and the <abbr class="spell">VTR</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">PMV</abbr> rules, see <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> (2014c) and Nicholas&nbsp;(2014).</p>
<p>&ensp;<a href="#mt8" id="mn8">8</a> Many youths are likely to continue with an Individualized Education Plan at the secondary-education level, to attend college, or to participate in vocational or other training. Although lower earnings could be an opportunity cost of participating in educational activities, it is not clear that the earnings reduction for applicants aged&nbsp;<span class="nobr">17&ndash;19</span> would differ between those allowed and those denied. Whether any difference would persist into ages after the period of typical formal education receipt is also unclear.</p>
<p>&ensp;<a href="#mt9" id="mn9">9</a> Recall that this is an estimate of the upper bound. Differences in disability severity and other factors would presumably shrink the actual impact. </p>
</div>
<div id="references">
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<p>Weathers, Robert&nbsp;R., <abbr title="the second">II</abbr>, Gerard Walter, Sara Schley, John Hennessey, Jeffrey Hemmeter, and Richard&nbsp;V. Burkhauser. 2007. &ldquo;<a href="/policy/docs/ssb/v67n2/v67n2p101.html">How Postsecondary Education Improves Adult Outcomes for Supplemental Security Income Children with Severe Hearing Impairments</a>.&rdquo; <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> 67(2): <span class="nobr">101&ndash;131.</span></p>
<p>Wen, Patricia. 2010a. &ldquo;The Other Welfare: A Legacy of Unintended Side Effects.&rdquo; <i>Boston Globe,</i> December&nbsp;12.</p>
<p>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. 2010b. &ldquo;The Other Welfare: A Coveted Benefit, a Failure to Follow Up.&rdquo; <i>Boston Globe,</i> December&nbsp;13.</p>
<p>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;. 2010c. &ldquo;The Other Welfare: A Cruel Dilemma for Those on the Cusp of Adult Life.&rdquo; <i>Boston Globe,</i> December&nbsp;14.</p>
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