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<div id="hLogo"><a class="navLogo" href="/policy/index.html">Social Security</a><a class="navSearch" href="https://search.ssa.gov/search?affiliate=ssa">SEARCH</a></div>
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<h1 itemprop="headline">African Americans: Description of Social Security and Supplemental Security Income Participation and Benefit Levels Using the American Community Survey</h1>
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<div id="hByline">by <span itemprop="author">Patricia P. Martin and John L. Murphy</span><br>Research and Statistics Note <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 2014-01 (released January 2014)</div>
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<div id="breadcrumbs" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BreadcrumbList">You are here: <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Social Security Administration</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1" /></span> > <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/policy/index.html" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Research, Statistics & Policy Analysis</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="2" /></span> > <span itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem"><a href="/policy/research.html?type=Research%20and%20Statistics%20Note" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Research and Statistics Notes</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="3" /></span></div>
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<div class="innards">
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<div class="introBox">
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<div class="eightypercent">
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<p>Patricia Martin and John Murphy are with the Office of Retirement Policy, Office of Retirement and Disability Policy, Social Security Administration.</p>
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<p><i>Acknowledgments:</i> The authors thank Dave Shoffner, Barbara Smith, Christopher Tamborini, and Kevin Whitman for their valuable suggestions and comments.</p>
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<p>The findings and conclusions presented in this note are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Social Security Administration.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<h2>Introduction</h2>
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<div class="abbrtable">
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<table role="presentation">
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<caption>Selected Abbreviations</caption>
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<colgroup span="1" style="width:25%"></colgroup>
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<colgroup span="1"></colgroup>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr></td>
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<td>American Community Survey</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">DI</abbr></td>
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<td>Disability Insurance</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr></td>
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<td>Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr>PUMS</abbr></td>
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<td>Public Use Microdata Sample</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr></td>
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<td>Social Security Administration</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr></td>
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<td>Supplemental Security Income</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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</div>
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<p itemprop="description">African Americans encounter significant economic disadvantages, making them a critical focus for social insurance programs. Examining how the African American population uses <span class="nobr">Old-Age,</span> Survivors, and Disability Insurance (<abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr>, or Social Security) benefits and Supplemental Security Income (<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>) payments clarifies the role these programs play in supporting <span class="nobr">at-risk</span> populations.</p>
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<p>Earlier research has explored various facets of the relationship between Social Security and African Americans. For instance, many studies investigate African Americans' low retirement benefit receipt rates relative to whites (Abbott 1977, 1980; Thompson 1975; Huntley 1979; Parsons 1980; Gibson 1987, 1991, 1994; Farley 1988; Hayward, Friedman, and Chen 1996; O'Rand 1996; Gendell and Siegel 1996; Choi 1997; Hendley and Bilimoria 1999; Gustman and Steinmeier 2004; Bridges and Choudhury 2007, 2009; Favreault 2010). Others examine the prominent role of children's benefits for African Americans (Newcomb 2003/2004; Tamborini, Cupito, and Shoffner 2011). This analysis contributes to that body of research by using a relatively new, publicly available, and comprehensive data source, the American Community Survey (<abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr>), to document the demographic and economic characteristics of African American <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> beneficiaries and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients. It is designed to lay the groundwork for future detailed analyses of how African Americans interact with Social Security and related programs.</p>
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<p>In this note, we first discuss the strengths of the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> and the methodology of this analysis. Next, we present the demographic and economic characteristics of the African American population in the 2009 <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr>. Then, we present <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> data on <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> participation and benefit levels, comparing African American participants with overall participants in three age distributions: the full age range for which benefit statistics are available in the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> (15 or older), working age <span class="nobr">(18–61),</span> and retirement age (62 or older).</p>
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<h2>Data and Methodology</h2>
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<p>The Census Bureau developed the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> to provide data previously collected on the long form of the decennial census.<sup><a href="#mn1" id="mt1">1</a></sup> Researchers can acquire detailed <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> data on income, race and ethnicity, and other economic and demographic variables through the survey's Public Use Microdata Sample (<abbr>PUMS</abbr>), a subset of the full <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> sample. For 2009, the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> contains data for about 3 million households (Census Bureau 2013).<sup><a href="#mn2" id="mt2">2</a></sup></p>
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<p>The strength of the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> is its breadth of coverage, which allows for more detailed and statistically significant analyses of population subsets such as minority groups. The <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> sample is substantially larger than those of other large household surveys, even such high-quality surveys as the Current Population Survey and the Survey of Income and Program Participation.<sup><a href="#mn3" id="mt3">3</a></sup> Furthermore, because <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> response is mandatory, its response rate is higher than that for other surveys.<sup><a href="#mn4" id="mt4">4</a></sup> Additionally, starting in 2006, the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> sampling frame included both institutional and noninstitutional group quarters such as college dormitories, prisons, barracks, shelters, and nursing homes. Although less than 3 percent of the total population currently resides in group quarters, that population subset may be particularly relevant to the current analysis. <span class="nobr">One-half</span> of group quarters residents live in institutional settings such as correctional facilities and nursing homes that provide formally supervised custody or care to inmates or patients. For example, the share of working-age people with disabilities residing in institutional group quarters is disproportionately African American (Stapleton, Honeycutt, and Schechter 2012). By including institutionalized disabled persons, the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> captures more data for black <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> beneficiaries and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients than the other household surveys. Additionally, African Americans are overrepresented among the population in correctional facilities, and incarceration is particularly relevant to certain subgroups in the African American population.<sup><a href="#mn5" id="mt5">5</a></sup></p>
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<p>Identifying new sources of data on <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> receipt among minority groups is also important because the Social Security Administration (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>) no longer provides detail by race for program data from administrative records. In <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s <i>Annual Statistical Supplement to the Social Security Bulletin,</i> program data by race are not available for <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> after 2009 or for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> after 2002 because the quality of those data had become inconsistent.<sup><a href="#mn6" id="mt6">6</a></sup> Although the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> can help bridge this data gap, some limitations, summarized below, affect our analysis.</p>
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<p>This study uses the <abbr>PUMS</abbr> of the 2009 <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr>. All tables show descriptive statistics of the population, or subsets therein. <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> benefit and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payment receipt are indicated in the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> if the respondent reports any positive income from either or both of those programs in the past 12 months; however, <abbr>PUMS</abbr> data do not distinguish between <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> retirement, survivor, and disability benefits. All benefit statistics are self-reported. All earnings, <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> income, and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payments are in 2009 dollars.</p>
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<p>There are three main limitations to the data. First, the accuracy of self-reported <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> receipt has not been assessed.<sup><a href="#mn7" id="mt7">7</a></sup> Some recipients may confuse <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payments with <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> benefits or fail to report payments, and in any event, <abbr>PUMS</abbr> data do not distinguish among <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> benefit types. Second, our analysis of program participation among children is restricted to those aged <span class="nobr">15–17</span> because the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr>, like the Current Population Survey, does not collect data on <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> beneficiaries younger than age 15. Finally, because of limitations in survey questions used to determine disability, Burkhauser and others (2012) suggest that the 2009 <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> data fail to identify about <span class="nobr">one-third</span> of the population aged <span class="nobr">25–61</span> receiving either Social Security Disability Insurance (<abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>) benefits or <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability payments. As we discuss later, the “missing” respondents include those who report a work-activity limitation-based disability only.</p>
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<p>In our analysis, “African American” refers to respondents who indicated they were not Hispanic on the ethnicity question and who selected “Black, African American, or Negro” on the racial question. Unless otherwise indicated, all comparisons between African Americans and the overall population, including <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> beneficiaries and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients, are statistically significant at the 99 percent confidence level or better.</p>
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<h2>Demographic and Economic Characteristics in the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr></h2>
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<p>Table 1 presents descriptive statistics for the African American and total <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> populations. It includes breakdowns by sex, age, marital status, educational attainment, disability status, income relative to poverty level, and annual earnings. We highlight some comparisons between African Americans and the total population, but do not discuss each of the breakdowns individually. Because the statistics for the total population include those for African Americans, the differences between the African American population and the <i>remainder</i> of the <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> population would exceed those reflected in Table 1.</p>
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<div class="table" id="table1">
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<table>
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<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 1. </span>Characteristics of African American and total <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> populations, 2009</caption>
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<colgroup span="1" style="width:16em"></colgroup>
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|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
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|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
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<colgroup class="shaded" span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th rowspan="2" class="stubHeading" scope="colgroup">Characteristic</th>
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<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">African Americans (non-Hispanic)</th>
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<th colspan="2" class="spanner" scope="colgroup">Total <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> population (including African Americans)</th>
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<th rowspan="2" scope="colgroup">African Americans as a percentage of total population</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th scope="col">Number</th>
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<th scope="col">Percent</th>
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|
<th scope="col">Number</th>
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<th scope="col">Percent</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
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|
<th class="stub2" scope="rowgroup">Total</th>
|
|
<td>37,178,119</td>
|
|
<td>100.0</td>
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|
<td>307,006,556</td>
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<td>100.0</td>
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<td>12.1</td>
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</tr>
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|
<tr class="topPad1">
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<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Sex</th>
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<td colspan="4"></td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub1" scope="row">Male</th>
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<td>17,709,631</td>
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|
<td>47.6</td>
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<td>151,373,350</td>
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<td>49.3</td>
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<td>11.7</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Female</th>
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|
<td>19,468,488</td>
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|
<td>52.4</td>
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|
<td>155,633,206</td>
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|
<td>50.7</td>
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<td>12.5</td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="topPad1">
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|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Age</th>
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<td colspan="4"></td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub1" scope="row">14 or younger</th>
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|
<td>8,337,765</td>
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<td>22.4</td>
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<td>61,856,045</td>
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<td>20.1</td>
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<td>13.5</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">15–17</span></th>
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|
<td>1,881,283</td>
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|
<td>5.1</td>
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|
<td>12,616,206</td>
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|
<td>4.1</td>
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<td>14.9</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">18–24</span></th>
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|
<td>4,422,035</td>
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|
<td>11.9</td>
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<td>30,535,943</td>
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<td>9.9</td>
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<td>14.5</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">25–61</span></th>
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<td>18,452,296</td>
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<td>49.6</td>
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<td>153,548,701</td>
|
|
<td>50.0</td>
|
|
<td>12.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">62–74</span></th>
|
|
<td>2,694,462</td>
|
|
<td>7.2</td>
|
|
<td>29,778,517</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
<td>9.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">75–84</span></th>
|
|
<td>1,006,955</td>
|
|
<td>2.7</td>
|
|
<td>13,166,384</td>
|
|
<td>4.3</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">85 or older</th>
|
|
<td>383,323</td>
|
|
<td>1.0</td>
|
|
<td>5,504,760</td>
|
|
<td>1.8</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Marital status <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Married</th>
|
|
<td>8,501,133</td>
|
|
<td>29.5</td>
|
|
<td>120,802,465</td>
|
|
<td>49.3</td>
|
|
<td>7.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Widowed</th>
|
|
<td>1,727,101</td>
|
|
<td>6.0</td>
|
|
<td>14,968,097</td>
|
|
<td>6.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Divorced</th>
|
|
<td>3,374,788</td>
|
|
<td>11.7</td>
|
|
<td>26,023,175</td>
|
|
<td>10.6</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Separated</th>
|
|
<td>1,293,557</td>
|
|
<td>4.5</td>
|
|
<td>5,399,414</td>
|
|
<td>2.2</td>
|
|
<td>24.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Never married</th>
|
|
<td>13,943,775</td>
|
|
<td>48.3</td>
|
|
<td>77,957,360</td>
|
|
<td>31.8</td>
|
|
<td>13.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Educational attainment <sup>b</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Less than high school diploma</th>
|
|
<td>4,155,344</td>
|
|
<td>18.4</td>
|
|
<td>29,789,530</td>
|
|
<td>14.7</td>
|
|
<td>13.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">High school graduate</th>
|
|
<td>7,119,700</td>
|
|
<td>31.6</td>
|
|
<td>57,515,438</td>
|
|
<td>28.5</td>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Some college but no degree</th>
|
|
<td>5,626,667</td>
|
|
<td>25.0</td>
|
|
<td>43,149,458</td>
|
|
<td>21.4</td>
|
|
<td>13.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Associate's degree</th>
|
|
<td>1,642,387</td>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
<td>15,169,433</td>
|
|
<td>7.5</td>
|
|
<td>10.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Bachelor's degree or higher</th>
|
|
<td>3,992,938</td>
|
|
<td>17.7</td>
|
|
<td>56,374,503</td>
|
|
<td>27.9</td>
|
|
<td>7.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Disability status <sup>c</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Disabled</th>
|
|
<td>5,358,302</td>
|
|
<td>14.4</td>
|
|
<td>38,644,826</td>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>13.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Nondisabled</th>
|
|
<td>31,819,817</td>
|
|
<td>85.6</td>
|
|
<td>268,361,730</td>
|
|
<td>87.4</td>
|
|
<td>11.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Income relative to poverty level <sup>d</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Below 100%</th>
|
|
<td>9,128,370</td>
|
|
<td>25.7</td>
|
|
<td>42,743,551</td>
|
|
<td>14.3</td>
|
|
<td>21.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">100% to 124%</th>
|
|
<td>2,273,138</td>
|
|
<td>6.4</td>
|
|
<td>13,543,406</td>
|
|
<td>4.5</td>
|
|
<td>16.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">125% to 149%</th>
|
|
<td>2,218,563</td>
|
|
<td>6.2</td>
|
|
<td>13,996,115</td>
|
|
<td>4.7</td>
|
|
<td>15.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">150% or above</th>
|
|
<td>21,927,499</td>
|
|
<td>61.7</td>
|
|
<td>228,720,630</td>
|
|
<td>76.5</td>
|
|
<td>9.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Annual earnings <sup>e</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">$1–$18,320</th>
|
|
<td>7,006,085</td>
|
|
<td>39.6</td>
|
|
<td>56,042,665</td>
|
|
<td>34.6</td>
|
|
<td>12.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">$18,321–$40,712</th>
|
|
<td>6,320,458</td>
|
|
<td>35.7</td>
|
|
<td>51,435,419</td>
|
|
<td>31.7</td>
|
|
<td>12.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">$40,713–$65,139</th>
|
|
<td>2,814,554</td>
|
|
<td>15.9</td>
|
|
<td>29,151,412</td>
|
|
<td>18.0</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">$65,140–$106,799</th>
|
|
<td>1,224,188</td>
|
|
<td>6.9</td>
|
|
<td>16,859,732</td>
|
|
<td>10.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">$106,800 or more</th>
|
|
<td>331,261</td>
|
|
<td>1.9</td>
|
|
<td>8,692,313</td>
|
|
<td>5.4</td>
|
|
<td>3.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="6">SOURCE: 2009 <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr>, <abbr>PUMS</abbr>.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="6">NOTE: Rounded components of percentage distributions do not necessarily sum to 100.0.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="6">a. Individuals aged 15 or older. Omits individuals with marital status not specified.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="6">b. Individuals aged 25 or older.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="6">c. <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> defines disability more broadly than <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> because Social Security pays benefits only for total disability. See <a href="#mn12">note 12</a> for details.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="6">d. Individuals aged 15 or older. Excludes respondents with missing values.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="6">e. Individuals aged 16 or older with positive earnings. Excludes respondents with missing values.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h3>Age</h3>
|
|
<p>More than 22 percent of African Americans were younger than age 15 in 2009, compared with about 20 percent of the total population, and about 40 percent of African Americans were younger than age 25, compared with about 34 percent of the total population. In 2009, the median age for African Americans was 31.9 years, compared with 36.8 years for the total population, a <span class="nobr">5-year</span> gap (not shown). Significant differences also appear in older ages: 10.9 percent of African Americans were aged 62 (the youngest age at which an individual is eligible for Social Security retirement benefits) or older, compared with 15.8 percent of the total population.</p>
|
|
<h3>Marital Status </h3>
|
|
<p>African Americans tend to be younger, and they are less likely to be married—only 29.5 percent of African Americans were married, compared with 49.3 percent of the total population.<sup><a href="#mn8" id="mt8">8</a></sup> The gap in marital rates suggests that African Americans are less likely to qualify for the Social Security spouse and survivor benefits that could otherwise enhance their economic well-being in old age (Meyer, Wolf, and Himes 2004; Tamborini, Iams, and Whitman 2009; Butrica and Smith 2012). Typically, an aged person is eligible for spousal or widow benefits if he or she is currently married, widowed, or divorced after a marriage that lasted 10 years or more.<sup><a href="#mn9" id="mt9">9</a></sup> Spousal or widow benefits may support an individual whose earnings history is insufficient to qualify for his or her own benefits, or may supplement benefits based on one's own earnings record. Research has also documented the importance of marital status to adult well-being beyond its effect on Social Security (Waite and Gallagher 2000; Lillard and Panis 1996; Wilmoth and Koso 2002).<sup><a href="#mn10" id="mt10">10</a></sup></p>
|
|
<h3>Education</h3>
|
|
<p>The educational attainment patterns of African Americans and the general population also differ: 18.4 percent of African Americans aged 25 or older did not have a high school diploma in 2009, compared with 14.7 percent of the total population. In addition, only 17.7 percent of African Americans had a bachelor's degree or higher, compared with 27.9 percent of the overall population. Educational attainment has important implications for lifetime earnings and labor market patterns. Higher education is related, for example, to greater lifetime earnings, lower unemployment rates, and higher income taxes (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2010; Levin and others 2006). Using Social Security administrative data linked with National Health Interview Survey data for disabled adults aged <span class="nobr">25–62,</span> Kirk (2012) finds that high-school dropouts comprise over <span class="nobr">one-quarter</span> of <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> beneficiaries and over <span class="nobr">one-half</span> of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients.<sup><a href="#mn11" id="mt11">11</a></sup></p>
|
|
<h3>Disability, Health, and Mortality</h3>
|
|
<p>Disability has an obvious impact on participation in Social Security. Using the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> definition of disability, African Americans were more likely to be disabled than were individuals in the total population, 14.4 percent versus 12.6 percent.<sup><a href="#mn12" id="mt12">12</a></sup> These findings are consistent with other research showing that African Americans experience a higher incidence of chronic diseases that can lead to disability. For example, although the leading causes of death for the <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> population—namely, heart disease (25 percent) and cancer (23 percent)—are similar regardless of race and ethnicity, African Americans have higher rates of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity.<sup><a href="#mn13" id="mt13">13</a></sup></p>
|
|
<p>Differences in mortality reflect some of these health disparities. Although the gap in life expectancy between African Americans and whites has narrowed since 1990, it still persists. As of 2007, that gap was 6 years for men and 4 years for women (National Center for Health Statistics 2011).</p>
|
|
<p>It is worth emphasizing that the current <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> undercounts <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability program participation. Burkhauser and others (2012) suggest that the 2009 <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> data miss about <span class="nobr">one-third</span> of the population aged <span class="nobr">25–61</span> receiving <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits or <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> disability payments. Since the Census Bureau introduced a new six-question sequence on disability for the 2009 <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr>, the data have understated the size of the population with disabilities because none of those questions ask about work-activity limitations. The <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> also underrepresents <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr>/<abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> beneficiaries in certain diagnostic groups such as intellectual disability.</p>
|
|
<h3>Earnings</h3>
|
|
<p>African Americans had lower earnings in 2009 than the overall population. Approximately 40 percent of African American workers aged 16 or older were low earners—earning $18,320 or less annually—compared with about 35 percent of the total population of workers.<sup><a href="#mn14" id="mt14">14</a></sup> Table 2 shows that average or mean annual earnings were also lower for African Americans ($30,764) than for the overall population ($40,360). Annual mean earnings were consistently lower for African Americans than for the total population, and a higher percentage of African Americans was below the poverty level, regardless of age (Charts 1 and 2). As Social Security benefits are based on lifetime earnings in covered employment, lower earnings can lead to lower benefits. Note, however, that Social Security's benefit formula provides higher replacement rates (benefits as a percentage of preretirement earnings) for people with low lifetime earnings. It also helps people with partial careers—at least 10 years of work history or 40 quarters of coverage accrued—to be eligible for retirement benefits. Thus, although benefits received by African Americans tend to be lower than those of the overall population, they replace a higher percentage of their preretirement earnings.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table2">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 2. </span>Selected economic characteristics of African American and total <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> populations, 2009</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:16em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Characteristic</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">African Americans <span class="nobr">(non-Hispanic)</span></th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Total <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> population (including African Americans)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Annual earnings ($)</th>
|
|
<td colspan="2"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Mean</th>
|
|
<td>30,764</td>
|
|
<td>40,360</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">25th percentile</th>
|
|
<td>10,800</td>
|
|
<td>12,000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Median</th>
|
|
<td>24,000</td>
|
|
<td>28,900</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">75th percentile</th>
|
|
<td>40,000</td>
|
|
<td>50,000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Annual mean earnings, by age ($)</th>
|
|
<td colspan="2"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">16–24</span></th>
|
|
<td>10,893</td>
|
|
<td>11,872</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">25–34</span></th>
|
|
<td>27,676</td>
|
|
<td>34,820</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">35–44</span></th>
|
|
<td>37,608</td>
|
|
<td>48,551</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">45–54</span></th>
|
|
<td>38,967</td>
|
|
<td>52,353</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">55–64</span></th>
|
|
<td>37,901</td>
|
|
<td>50,438</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">65 or older</th>
|
|
<td>25,839</td>
|
|
<td>34,804</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="rowgroup">Poverty rate, by age (%)</th>
|
|
<td colspan="2"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">15 or younger</th>
|
|
<td>36.4</td>
|
|
<td>20.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">16–24</span></th>
|
|
<td>27.5</td>
|
|
<td>20.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">25–34</span></th>
|
|
<td>22.4</td>
|
|
<td>14.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">35–44</span></th>
|
|
<td>18.1</td>
|
|
<td>11.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">45–54</span></th>
|
|
<td>18.2</td>
|
|
<td>9.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row"><span class="nobr">55–64</span></th>
|
|
<td>17.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">65 or older</th>
|
|
<td>17.9</td>
|
|
<td>9.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="3">SOURCE: 2009 <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr>, <abbr>PUMS</abbr>.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="3">NOTE: Earnings data apply only to individuals aged 16 or older. Earnings percentile calculations consider only individuals with positive earnings.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart1">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 1.<br>Annual mean earnings for African American and total <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> populations, by age, 2009 (in dollars)</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><a href="#table2"><img itemprop="image" src="rsn2014-01-chart01.gif" alt="Bar chart linked to data in table format, which is provided as part of Table 2." width="685" height="241" /></a></div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCE: 2009 <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr>, <abbr>PUMS</abbr>.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote">NOTE: Total <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> population includes African Americans.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart700" id="chart2">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 2.<br>Poverty rates for African American and total <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> populations, by age, 2009 (in percent)</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><a href="#table2"><img src="rsn2014-01-chart02.gif" alt="Bar chart linked to data in table format, which is provided as part of Table 2." width="685" height="246" /></a></div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCE: 2009 <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr>, <abbr>PUMS</abbr>.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote">NOTE: Total <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> population includes African Americans.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h3>Unemployment</h3>
|
|
<p>Unemployment is closely tied to educational attainment. Among adults in the labor force, a higher percentage of dropouts are unemployed than are high school completers (Department of Labor 2012). In 2010, African Americans aged 25 or older without a high school diploma had a 22.5 percent unemployment rate, almost three times higher than the 7.9 percent unemployment rate for those with a bachelor's degree or higher (Table 3 and Chart 3). Whites without a high school diploma had a 13.9 percent unemployment rate, compared with 4.3 percent for those with a bachelor's degree or higher.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table3">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 3. </span>Unemployment rates for African American and white adults aged 25 or older, by educational attainment, 2010 (in percent)</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:18em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Education</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">African American</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">White</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Less than high school diploma</th>
|
|
<td>22.5</td>
|
|
<td>13.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">High school graduate</th>
|
|
<td>15.8</td>
|
|
<td>9.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Some college or associate's degree</th>
|
|
<td>12.4</td>
|
|
<td>7.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Bachelor's degree or higher</th>
|
|
<td>7.9</td>
|
|
<td>4.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="3">SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="3">NOTE: Racial categories comprise respondents who selected only one racial group, and may include individuals of Hispanic origin.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="chartCenter">
|
|
<div class="chart400" id="chart3">
|
|
<div class="title">Chart 3.<br>Unemployment rates for African American and white adults aged 25 or older, by educational attainment, 2010 (in percent)</div>
|
|
<div class="scrollChart"><a href="#table3"><img src="rsn2014-01-chart03.gif" alt="Bar chart linked to data in table format, which is provided in Table 3." width="389" height="170" /></a></div>
|
|
<div class="firstNote">SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.</div>
|
|
<div class="lastNote">NOTE: Racial categories comprise respondents who selected only one racial group, and may include individuals of Hispanic origin.</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h3>Incarceration</h3>
|
|
<p>Incarceration is a factor often overlooked in research on unemployment inequality. Unlike the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr>, many surveys exclude institutionalized people (such as those in correctional facilities). That population is increasingly relevant, as incarceration rates have reached record levels (Thomas and Ryan 2008). Table 4 shows that for the <span class="nobr">2005–2009</span> period, African Americans comprised the largest nonwhite share of persons in adult correctional facilities (41.1 percent), in contrast with their 12.6 percent share of the <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> population. African American men were incarcerated at a rate more than six times higher than white non-Hispanic men in 2009 (West 2010). Incarceration may offer a partial explanation of the relatively low earnings among some African Americans.<sup><a href="#mn15" id="mt15">15</a>,<a href="#mn16" id="mt16">16</a></sup> Relative to those who have never been incarcerated, previously incarcerated men have a <span class="nobr">30–40</span> percent reduction in earnings, reduced job tenure, reduced hourly wages, and higher unemployment (Western and Pettit 2010). However, previously incarcerated African Americans have even lower earnings than other previously incarcerated men (Hutcherson 2009; Joseph 2010; Wakefield 2010; Western and Wildeman 2009).</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table4">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 4. </span>Population residing in group quarters, by race: Annual average <span class="nobr">2005–2009</span> (percentage distribution)</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:20em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="3" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Race <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Total population</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Population residing in group quarters</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Population in adult correctional facilities</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">White</th>
|
|
<td>76.1</td>
|
|
<td>69.3</td>
|
|
<td>47.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Black or African American</th>
|
|
<td>12.6</td>
|
|
<td>22.0</td>
|
|
<td>41.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">American Indian and Alaska Native</th>
|
|
<td>0.8</td>
|
|
<td>1.1</td>
|
|
<td>2.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Asian</th>
|
|
<td>4.5</td>
|
|
<td>3.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander</th>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
<td>0.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Other single race</th>
|
|
<td>5.8</td>
|
|
<td>4.3</td>
|
|
<td>8.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="shaded">
|
|
<th class="stub1" scope="row">Population size</th>
|
|
<td>294,792,853</td>
|
|
<td>8,009,634</td>
|
|
<td>2,058,113</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="4">SOURCE: Census Bureau (n.d. a).</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="4">NOTES: "Group quarters" category excludes barracks and shelters.
|
|
<div class="newNote">Rounded components of percentage distributions do not necessarily sum to 100.0.</div>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="4">a. Omits individuals of two or more races.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2>African American and All <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> Beneficiaries and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> Recipients</h2>
|
|
<p>This section presents selected characteristics of African American <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> beneficiaries and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients compared with those of all <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> beneficiaries and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients. The tables, based on the 2009 <abbr>PUMS</abbr>, show estimates for the full <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> beneficiary-data age range (15 or older), the working-age group <span class="nobr">(18–61),</span> and the retirement-age group (62 or older). Data are tabulated by sex, age, marital status, education, disability status, and income relative to poverty level. As before, we focus our discussion on notable differences between the African American and total beneficiary populations.</p>
|
|
<h3>Social Security</h3>
|
|
<p>In 2009, African Americans comprised almost <span class="nobr">one-tenth</span> (9.5 percent) of all <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> beneficiaries aged 15 or older, over one-sixth (17.9 percent) of working-age <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> beneficiaries, and almost <span class="nobr">one-twelfth</span> (8.1 percent) of retirement-age <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> beneficiaries (Table 5). The mean annual Social Security benefit in 2009 for retirement-age African American beneficiaries was about $10,430, compared with about $11,910 for all retirement-age beneficiaries (Table 6). Benefits for African Americans were also lower than those for the total population at the 25<sup>th</sup>, 50<sup>th</sup> (median), and 75<sup>th</sup> percentiles. Similar benefit differences appeared in the full and working age ranges.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table5">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 5. </span>Characteristics of African American and all Social Security beneficiaries, by age group, 2009</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:16em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="4" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup class="shaded" span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stubHeading" id="c1">Characteristic</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" id="c2">African American beneficiaries (non-Hispanic)</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" id="c3">All beneficiaries (including African Americans)</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" id="c4">African Americans as a percentage of all beneficiaries</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th id="c5" headers="c2">Number</th>
|
|
<th id="c6" headers="c2">Percent</th>
|
|
<th id="c7" headers="c3">Number</th>
|
|
<th id="c8" headers="c3">Percent</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" id="r1">Ages 15 or older</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r2" headers="r1 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c5">4,245,247</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c6">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c7">44,872,872</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c4">9.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r3" headers="r1 c1">Sex</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r4" headers="r1 r3 c1">Male</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c2 c5">1,748,749</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c2 c6">41.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c3 c7">19,608,072</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c3 c8">43.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c4">8.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r5" headers="r1 r3 c1">Female</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c2 c5">2,496,498</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c2 c6">58.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c3 c7">25,264,800</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c3 c8">56.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c4">9.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r6" headers="r1 c1">Age</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r7" headers="r1 r6 c1"><span class="nobr">15–17</span></th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c2 c5">70,174</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c2 c6">1.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c3 c7">360,114</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c3 c8">0.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c4">19.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r8" headers="r1 r6 c1"><span class="nobr">18–24</span></th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c2 c5">76,152</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c2 c6">1.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c3 c7">339,038</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c3 c8">0.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c4">22.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r9" headers="r1 r6 c1"><span class="nobr">25–61</span></th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c2 c5">973,366</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c2 c6">22.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c3 c7">5,526,891</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c3 c8">12.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c4">17.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r10" headers="r1 r6 c1"><span class="nobr">62–74</span></th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c2 c5">1,914,188</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c2 c6">45.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c3 c7">21,699,117</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c3 c8">48.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c4">8.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r11" headers="r1 r6 c1"><span class="nobr">75–84</span></th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c2 c5">878,909</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c2 c6">20.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c3 c7">11,971,488</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c3 c8">26.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c4">7.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r12" headers="r1 r6 c1">85 or older</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r12 c2 c5">332,458</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r12 c2 c6">7.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r12 c3 c7">4,976,224</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r12 c3 c8">11.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r12 c4">6.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r13" headers="r1 c1">Marital status</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r14" headers="r1 r13 c1">Married</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r14 c2 c5">1,409,370</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r14 c2 c6">33.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r14 c3 c7">23,447,631</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r14 c3 c8">52.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r14 c4">6.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r15" headers="r1 r13 c1">Widowed</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r15 c2 c5">1,150,130</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r15 c2 c6">27.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r15 c3 c7">11,338,922</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r15 c3 c8">25.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r15 c4">10.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r16" headers="r1 r13 c1">Divorced</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r16 c2 c5">701,035</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r16 c2 c6">16.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r16 c3 c7">5,460,736</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r16 c3 c8">12.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r16 c4">12.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r17" headers="r1 r13 c1">Separated</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r17 c2 c5">206,806</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r17 c2 c6">4.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r17 c3 c7">690,889</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r17 c3 c8">1.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r17 c4">29.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r18" headers="r1 r13 c1">Never married</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r18 c2 c5">777,906</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r18 c2 c6">18.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r18 c3 c7">3,934,694</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r18 c3 c8">8.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r18 c4">19.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r19" headers="r1 c1">Educational attainment <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r20" headers="r1 r19 c1">Less than high school diploma</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r20 c2 c5">1,451,799</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r20 c2 c6">35.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r20 c3 c7">9,939,176</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r20 c3 c8">22.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r20 c4">14.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r21" headers="r1 r19 c1">High school graduate</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r21 c2 c5">1,314,215</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r21 c2 c6">32.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r21 c3 c7">15,636,652</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r21 c3 c8">35.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r21 c4">8.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r22" headers="r1 r19 c1">Some college but no degree</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r22 c2 c5">729,447</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r22 c2 c6">17.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r22 c3 c7">8,460,733</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r22 c3 c8">19.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r22 c4">8.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r23" headers="r1 r19 c1">Associate's degree</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r23 c2 c5">174,966</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r23 c2 c6">4.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r23 c3 c7">2,025,873</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r23 c3 c8">4.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r23 c4">8.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r24" headers="r1 r19 c1">Bachelor's degree or higher</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r24 c2 c5">428,494</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r24 c2 c6">10.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r24 c3 c7">8,111,286</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r24 c3 c8">18.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r24 c4">5.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r25" headers="r1 c1">Disability status <sup>b</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r26" headers="r1 r25 c1">Disabled</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r25 r26 c2 c5">2,078,134</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r25 r26 c2 c6">49.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r25 r26 c3 c7">18,640,861</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r25 r26 c3 c8">41.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r25 r26 c4">11.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r27" headers="r1 r25 c1">Nondisabled</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r25 r27 c2 c5">2,167,113</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r25 r27 c2 c6">51.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r25 r27 c3 c7">26,232,011</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r25 r27 c3 c8">58.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r25 r27 c4">8.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r28" headers="r1 c1">Income relative to poverty level <sup>c</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r29" headers="r1 r28 c1">Below 100%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r29 c2 c5">911,417</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r29 c2 c6">22.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r29 c3 c7">4,576,275</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r29 c3 c8">10.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r29 c4">19.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r30" headers="r1 r28 c1">100% to 124%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r30 c2 c5">372,461</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r30 c2 c6">9.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r30 c3 c7">2,543,064</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r30 c3 c8">5.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r30 c4">14.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r31" headers="r1 r28 c1">125% to 149%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r31 c2 c5">337,439</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r31 c2 c6">8.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r31 c3 c7">2,645,418</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r31 c3 c8">6.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r31 c4">12.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r32" headers="r1 r28 c1">150% or above</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r32 c2 c5">2,460,672</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r32 c2 c6">60.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r32 c3 c7">33,608,374</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r32 c3 c8">77.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r32 c4">7.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" id="r33">Working age <span class="nobr">(18–61)</span></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r34" headers="r33 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r34 c2 c5">1,049,518</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r34 c2 c6">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r34 c3 c7">5,865,929</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r34 c3 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r34 c4">17.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r35" headers="r33 c1">Sex</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r36" headers="r33 r35 c1">Men</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r35 r36 c2 c5">475,571</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r35 r36 c2 c6">45.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r35 r36 c3 c7">2,827,293</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r35 r36 c3 c8">48.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r35 r36 c4">16.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r37" headers="r33 r35 c1">Women</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r35 r37 c2 c5">573,947</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r35 r37 c2 c6">54.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r35 r37 c3 c7">3,038,636</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r35 r37 c3 c8">51.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r35 r37 c4">18.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r38" headers="r33 c1">Age</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r39" headers="r33 r38 c1"><span class="nobr">18–24</span></th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r38 r39 c2 c5">76,152</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r38 r39 c2 c6">7.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r38 r39 c3 c7">339,038</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r38 r39 c3 c8">5.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r38 r39 c4">22.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r40" headers="r33 r38 c1"><span class="nobr">25–61</span></th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r38 r40 c2 c5">973,366</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r38 r40 c2 c6">92.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r38 r40 c3 c7">5,526,891</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r38 r40 c3 c8">94.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r38 r40 c4">17.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r41" headers="r33 c1">Marital status</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r42" headers="r33 r41 c1">Married</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r42 c2 c5">255,973</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r42 c2 c6">24.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r42 c3 c7">2,078,798</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r42 c3 c8">35.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r42 c4">12.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r43" headers="r33 r41 c1">Widowed</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r43 c2 c5">84,663</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r43 c2 c6">8.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r43 c3 c7">473,841</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r43 c3 c8">8.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r43 c4">17.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r44" headers="r33 r41 c1">Divorced</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r44 c2 c5">179,535</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r44 c2 c6">17.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r44 c3 c7">1,164,034</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r44 c3 c8">19.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r44 c4">15.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r45" headers="r33 r41 c1">Separated</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r45 c2 c5">74,801</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r45 c2 c6">7.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r45 c3 c7">250,720</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r45 c3 c8">4.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r45 c4">29.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r46" headers="r33 r41 c1">Never married</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r46 c2 c5">454,546</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r46 c2 c6">43.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r46 c3 c7">1,898,536</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r46 c3 c8">32.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r46 c4">23.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r47" headers="r33 c1">Educational attainment <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r48" headers="r33 r47 c1">Less than high school diploma</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r48 c2 c5">265,840</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r48 c2 c6">27.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r48 c3 c7">1,335,669</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r48 c3 c8">24.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r48 c4">19.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r49" headers="r33 r47 c1">High school graduate</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r49 c2 c5">349,088</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r49 c2 c6">35.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r49 c3 c7">1,995,948</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r49 c3 c8">36.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r49 c4">17.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r50" headers="r33 r47 c1">Some college but no degree</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r50 c2 c5">239,280</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r50 c2 c6">24.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r50 c3 c7">1,245,051</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r50 c3 c8">22.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r50 c4">19.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r51" headers="r33 r47 c1">Associate's degree</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r51 c2 c5">52,513</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r51 c2 c6">5.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r51 c3 c7">369,137</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r51 c3 c8">6.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r51 c4">14.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r52" headers="r33 r47 c1">Bachelor's degree or higher</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r52 c2 c5">66,645</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r52 c2 c6">6.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r52 c3 c7">581,086</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r52 c3 c8">10.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r52 c4">11.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r53" headers="r33 c1">Disability status <sup>b</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r54" headers="r33 r53 c1">Disabled</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r53 r54 c2 c5">644,281</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r53 r54 c2 c6">61.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r53 r54 c3 c7">3,733,155</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r53 r54 c3 c8">63.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r53 r54 c4">17.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r55" headers="r33 r53 c1">Nondisabled</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r53 r55 c2 c5">405,237</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r53 r55 c2 c6">38.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r53 r55 c3 c7">2,132,774</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r53 r55 c3 c8">36.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r53 r55 c4">19.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r56" headers="r33 c1">Income relative to poverty level <sup>c</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r57" headers="r33 r56 c1">Below 100%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r57 c2 c5">358,522</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r57 c2 c6">35.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r57 c3 c7">1,426,353</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r57 c3 c8">25.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r57 c4">25.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r58" headers="r33 r56 c1">100% to 124%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r58 c2 c5">105,779</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r58 c2 c6">10.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r58 c3 c7">533,693</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r58 c3 c8">9.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r58 c4">19.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r59" headers="r33 r56 c1">125% to 149%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r59 c2 c5">88,402</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r59 c2 c6">8.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r59 c3 c7">455,128</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r59 c3 c8">8.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r59 c4">19.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r60" headers="r33 r56 c1">150% or above</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r60 c2 c5">466,374</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r60 c2 c6">45.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r60 c3 c7">3,298,978</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r60 c3 c8">57.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r60 c4">14.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" id="r61">Retirement age (62 or older)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r62" headers="r61 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r62 c2 c5">3,125,555</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r62 c2 c6">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r62 c3 c7">38,646,829</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r62 c3 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r62 c4">8.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r63" headers="r61 c1">Sex</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r64" headers="r61 r63 c1">Men</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r63 r64 c2 c5">1,238,337</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r63 r64 c2 c6">39.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r63 r64 c3 c7">16,599,587</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r63 r64 c3 c8">43.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r63 r64 c4">7.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r65" headers="r61 r63 c1">Women</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r63 r65 c2 c5">1,887,218</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r63 r65 c2 c6">60.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r63 r65 c3 c7">22,047,242</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r63 r65 c3 c8">57.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r63 r65 c4">8.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r66" headers="r61 c1">Age</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r67" headers="r61 r66 c1"><span class="nobr">62–74</span></th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r67 c2 c5">1,914,188</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r67 c2 c6">61.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r67 c3 c7">21,699,117</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r67 c3 c8">56.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r67 c4">8.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r68" headers="r61 r66 c1"><span class="nobr">75–84</span></th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r68 c2 c5">878,909</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r68 c2 c6">28.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r68 c3 c7">11,971,488</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r68 c3 c8">31.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r68 c4">7.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r69" headers="r61 r66 c1">85 or older</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r69 c2 c5">332,458</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r69 c2 c6">10.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r69 c3 c7">4,976,224</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r69 c3 c8">12.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r69 c4">6.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r70" headers="r61 c1">Marital status</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r71" headers="r61 r70 c1">Married</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r71 c2 c5">1,153,010</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r71 c2 c6">36.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r71 c3 c7">21,366,997</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r71 c3 c8">55.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r71 c4">5.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r72" headers="r61 r70 c1">Widowed</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r72 c2 c5">1,065,260</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r72 c2 c6">34.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r72 c3 c7">10,864,716</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r72 c3 c8">28.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r72 c4">9.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r73" headers="r61 r70 c1">Divorced</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r73 c2 c5">521,500</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r73 c2 c6">16.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r73 c3 c7">4,296,415</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r73 c3 c8">11.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r73 c4">12.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r74" headers="r61 r70 c1">Separated</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r74 c2 c5">131,836</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r74 c2 c6">4.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r74 c3 c7">439,885</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r74 c3 c8">1.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r74 c4">30.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r75" headers="r61 r70 c1">Never married</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r75 c2 c5">253,949</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r75 c2 c6">8.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r75 c3 c7">1,678,816</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r75 c3 c8">4.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r75 c4">15.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r76" headers="r61 c1">Educational attainment</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r77" headers="r61 r76 c1">Less than high school diploma</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r77 c2 c5">1,185,959</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r77 c2 c6">37.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r77 c3 c7">8,603,507</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r77 c3 c8">22.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r77 c4">13.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r78" headers="r61 r76 c1">High school graduate</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r78 c2 c5">965,127</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r78 c2 c6">30.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r78 c3 c7">13,640,704</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r78 c3 c8">35.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r78 c4">7.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r79" headers="r61 r76 c1">Some college but no degree</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r79 c2 c5">490,167</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r79 c2 c6">15.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r79 c3 c7">7,215,682</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r79 c3 c8">18.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r79 c4">6.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r80" headers="r61 r76 c1">Associate's degree</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r80 c2 c5">122,453</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r80 c2 c6">3.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r80 c3 c7">1,656,736</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r80 c3 c8">4.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r80 c4">7.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r81" headers="r61 r76 c1">Bachelor's degree or higher</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r81 c2 c5">361,849</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r81 c2 c6">11.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r81 c3 c7">7,530,200</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r81 c3 c8">19.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r81 c4">4.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r82" headers="r61 c1">Disability status <sup>b</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r83" headers="r61 r82 c1">Disabled</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r82 r83 c2 c5">1,422,091</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r82 r83 c2 c6">45.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r82 r83 c3 c7">14,858,480</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r82 r83 c3 c8">38.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r82 r83 c4">9.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r84" headers="r61 r82 c1">Nondisabled</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r82 r84 c2 c5">1,703,464</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r82 r84 c2 c6">54.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r82 r84 c3 c7">23,788,349</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r82 r84 c3 c8">61.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r82 r84 c4">7.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r85" headers="r61 c1">Income relative to poverty level <sup>c</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r86" headers="r61 r85 c1">Below 100%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r86 c2 c5">535,011</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r86 c2 c6">17.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r86 c3 c7">3,086,551</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r86 c3 c8">8.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r86 c4">17.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r87" headers="r61 r85 c1">100% to 124%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r87 c2 c5">259,155</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r87 c2 c6">8.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r87 c3 c7">1,981,165</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r87 c3 c8">5.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r87 c4">13.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r88" headers="r61 r85 c1">125% to 149%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r88 c2 c5">242,029</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r88 c2 c6">8.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r88 c3 c7">2,162,716</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r88 c3 c8">5.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r88 c4">11.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r89" headers="r61 r85 c1">150% or above</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r89 c2 c5">1,957,561</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r89 c2 c6">65.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r89 c3 c7">30,072,804</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r89 c3 c8">80.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r89 c4">6.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="6">SOURCE: 2009 <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr>, <abbr>PUMS</abbr>.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="6">NOTE: Rounded components of percentage distributions do not necessarily sum to 100.0.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="6">a. Individuals aged 25 or older.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="6">b. <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> defines disability more broadly than <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> because Social Security pays benefits only for total disability. See <a href="#mn12">note 12</a> for details.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="6">c. Excludes respondents with missing values.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table6">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 6. </span>Annual Social Security benefit amounts for African American and all beneficiaries, by age group, 2009 (in dollars)</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Amount</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">African American beneficiaries <span class="nobr">(non-Hispanic)</span></th>
|
|
<th scope="col">All beneficiaries (including African Americans)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Aged 15 or older</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Mean</th>
|
|
<td>9,974</td>
|
|
<td>11,518</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">25th percentile</th>
|
|
<td>6,500</td>
|
|
<td>7,200</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Median</th>
|
|
<td>9,600</td>
|
|
<td>11,100</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">75th percentile</th>
|
|
<td>13,000</td>
|
|
<td>15,100</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Working age <span class="nobr">(18–61)</span></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Mean</th>
|
|
<td>8,893</td>
|
|
<td>10,299</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">25th percentile</th>
|
|
<td>5,400</td>
|
|
<td>6,000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Median</th>
|
|
<td>8,300</td>
|
|
<td>9,500</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">75th percentile</th>
|
|
<td>11,800</td>
|
|
<td>13,300</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Retirement age (62 or older)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Mean</th>
|
|
<td>10,430</td>
|
|
<td>11,910</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">25th percentile</th>
|
|
<td>7,000</td>
|
|
<td>7,600</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Median</th>
|
|
<td>10,000</td>
|
|
<td>11,900</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">75th percentile</th>
|
|
<td>13,400</td>
|
|
<td>15,600</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="3">SOURCE: 2009 <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr>, <abbr>PUMS</abbr>.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="3">NOTE: Earnings data apply only to individuals aged 16 or older. Earnings percentile calculations consider only individuals with positive earnings.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>African American beneficiaries tend to be younger than beneficiaries overall. Almost 23 percent of African American beneficiaries were in the <span class="nobr">25–61</span> age range, compared with 12.3 percent of all Social Security beneficiaries (Table 5). The proportion of African American beneficiaries younger than age 62 nearly doubled that of beneficiaries overall. This higher proportion of beneficiaries younger than age 62 may be partly explained by much higher proportions of disabled working-age African Americans and African American children (aged <span class="nobr">15–17)</span> receiving Social Security disability and survivor benefits. For example, almost <span class="nobr">one-fifth</span> (19.5 percent) of minor children aged <span class="nobr">15–17</span> receiving Social Security benefits were African American. In addition, about 17 percent of African American children aged <span class="nobr">15–17</span> reported both having a disability and being a Social Security beneficiary; overall, less than 14 percent of that age group reported both (not shown).<sup><a href="#mn17" id="mt17">17</a></sup></p>
|
|
<p>About <span class="nobr">one-third</span> (35.4 percent) of African American beneficiaries aged 25 or older never completed high school, compared with less than <span class="nobr">one-fourth</span> (22.5 percent) of beneficiaries overall. The proportion of African American beneficiaries that completed a bachelor's degree (10.5 percent) was about half that of the overall group (18.4 percent). However, the education gap may be shrinking for younger blacks. For beneficiaries aged <span class="nobr">25–61,</span> more than <span class="nobr">one-fourth</span> (27.3 percent) of African Americans never completed high school, a proportion comparable with the 24.2 percent of beneficiaries overall. By contrast, for those aged 62 or older, more than <span class="nobr">one-third</span> (37.9 percent) of African American beneficiaries never completed high school, a much wider gap from the 22.3 percent of beneficiaries overall.</p>
|
|
<p>At ages 62 or older, African American beneficiaries were more than twice as likely as all beneficiaries to have incomes below the federal poverty level (17.9 percent versus 8.3 percent). They were also almost twice as likely as all beneficiaries to have income below 125 percent of the poverty level and 1.8 times as likely to have income below 150 percent of the poverty level. This pattern was similar for those aged 15 or older. An even greater proportion of working-age African American beneficiaries had incomes below the poverty level (35.2 percent), although it did not double the proportion of the overall beneficiary population (25.0 percent).<sup><a href="#mn18" id="mt18">18</a></sup></p>
|
|
<h3><abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr></h3>
|
|
<p>Individuals younger than age 65 are eligible for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> if they are disabled or blind and meet the income and asset tests; when they reach age 65, they need to meet only the income and asset tests. To be consistent with the age ranges analyzed for <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> beneficiaries, we use age 62 as the lower bound for our retirement-age group even though it differs from <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>'s age-65 threshold.<sup><a href="#mn19" id="mt19">19</a></sup></p>
|
|
<p>African Americans comprised over <span class="nobr">one-fifth</span> (20.9 percent) of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients aged 15 or older, almost <span class="nobr">one-fourth</span> (22.7 percent) of working-age <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients, and roughly one-sixth (16.8 percent) of retirement-age <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients (Table 7). Almost <span class="nobr">one-third</span> (30.0 percent) of child <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients aged <span class="nobr">15–17</span> in 2009 were African American. In addition, about 94 percent of African American children aged <span class="nobr">15–17</span> who reported being <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients also reported being disabled, which was similar to the percentage for <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients in that age group overall (not shown).<sup><a href="#mn20" id="mt20">20</a></sup> Average annual payments received by the total <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> population were about 7 percent higher than those received by African Americans for both the total 15-or-older and working-age recipient populations (Table 8). For those aged 62 or older, average annual <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payments received by all recipients were about 18 percent higher than those received by African Americans.</p>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table7">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 7. </span>Characteristics of African American and all <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients, by age group, 2009</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:16em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="4" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup class="shaded" span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" class="stubHeading" id="c1">Characteristic</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" id="c2">African American recipients (non-Hispanic)</th>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="spanner" id="c3">All recipients (including African Americans)</th>
|
|
<th rowspan="2" id="c4">African Americans as a percentage of all recipients</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th id="c5" headers="c2">Number</th>
|
|
<th id="c6" headers="c2">Percent</th>
|
|
<th id="c7" headers="c3">Number</th>
|
|
<th id="c8" headers="c3">Percent</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" id="r1">Ages 15 or older</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r2" headers="r1 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c5">1,112,190</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c2 c6">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c7">5,325,239</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c3 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r2 c4">20.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r3" headers="r1 c1">Sex</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r4" headers="r1 r3 c1">Male</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c2 c5">467,256</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c2 c6">42.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c3 c7">2,270,695</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c3 c8">42.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r4 c4">20.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r5" headers="r1 r3 c1">Female</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c2 c5">644,934</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c2 c6">58.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c3 c7">3,054,544</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c3 c8">57.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r3 r5 c4">21.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r6" headers="r1 c1">Age</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r7" headers="r1 r6 c1"><span class="nobr">15–17</span></th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c2 c5">32,334</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c2 c6">2.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c3 c7">107,921</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c3 c8">2.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r7 c4">30.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r8" headers="r1 r6 c1"><span class="nobr">18–24</span></th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c2 c5">68,037</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c2 c6">6.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c3 c7">267,467</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c3 c8">5.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r8 c4">25.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r9" headers="r1 r6 c1"><span class="nobr">25–61</span></th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c2 c5">709,790</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c2 c6">63.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c3 c7">3,153,961</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c3 c8">59.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r9 c4">22.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r10" headers="r1 r6 c1"><span class="nobr">62–74</span></th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c2 c5">182,946</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c2 c6">16.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c3 c7">973,624</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c3 c8">18.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r10 c4">18.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r11" headers="r1 r6 c1"><span class="nobr">75–84</span></th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c2 c5">80,199</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c2 c6">7.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c3 c7">540,772</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c3 c8">10.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r11 c4">14.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r12" headers="r1 r6 c1">85 or older</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r12 c2 c5">38,884</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r12 c2 c6">3.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r12 c3 c7">281,494</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r12 c3 c8">5.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r6 r12 c4">13.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r13" headers="r1 c1">Marital status</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r14" headers="r1 r13 c1">Married</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r14 c2 c5">150,130</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r14 c2 c6">13.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r14 c3 c7">1,210,869</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r14 c3 c8">22.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r14 c4">12.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r15" headers="r1 r13 c1">Widowed</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r15 c2 c5">142,024</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r15 c2 c6">12.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r15 c3 c7">758,834</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r15 c3 c8">14.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r15 c4">18.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r16" headers="r1 r13 c1">Divorced</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r16 c2 c5">182,662</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r16 c2 c6">16.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r16 c3 c7">1,061,613</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r16 c3 c8">19.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r16 c4">17.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r17" headers="r1 r13 c1">Separated</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r17 c2 c5">77,099</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r17 c2 c6">6.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r17 c3 c7">278,047</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r17 c3 c8">5.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r17 c4">27.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r18" headers="r1 r13 c1">Never married</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r18 c2 c5">560,275</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r18 c2 c6">50.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r18 c3 c7">2,015,876</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r18 c3 c8">37.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r13 r18 c4">27.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r19" headers="r1 c1">Educational attainment <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r20" headers="r1 r19 c1">Less than high school diploma</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r20 c2 c5">459,248</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r20 c2 c6">45.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r20 c3 c7">2,075,230</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r20 c3 c8">41.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r20 c4">22.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r21" headers="r1 r19 c1">High school graduate</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r21 c2 c5">336,472</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r21 c2 c6">33.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r21 c3 c7">1,618,883</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r21 c3 c8">32.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r21 c4">20.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r22" headers="r1 r19 c1">Some college but no degree</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r22 c2 c5">151,575</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r22 c2 c6">15.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r22 c3 c7">753,494</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r22 c3 c8">15.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r22 c4">20.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r23" headers="r1 r19 c1">Associate's degree</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r23 c2 c5">30,703</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r23 c2 c6">3.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r23 c3 c7">186,080</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r23 c3 c8">3.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r23 c4">16.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r24" headers="r1 r19 c1">Bachelor's degree or higher</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r24 c2 c5">33,821</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r24 c2 c6">3.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r24 c3 c7">316,164</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r24 c3 c8">6.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r19 r24 c4">10.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r25" headers="r1 c1">Disability status <sup>b</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r26" headers="r1 r25 c1">Disabled</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r25 r26 c2 c5">1,050,143</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r25 r26 c2 c6">94.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r25 r26 c3 c7">5,063,477</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r25 r26 c3 c8">95.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r25 r26 c4">20.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r27" headers="r1 r25 c1">Nondisabled</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r25 r27 c2 c5">62,047</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r25 r27 c2 c6">5.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r25 r27 c3 c7">261,762</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r25 r27 c3 c8">4.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r25 r27 c4">23.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r28" headers="r1 c1">Income relative to poverty level <sup>c</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r29" headers="r1 r28 c1">Below 100%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r29 c2 c5">504,118</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r29 c2 c6">47.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r29 c3 c7">2,004,752</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r29 c3 c8">39.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r29 c4">25.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r30" headers="r1 r28 c1">100% to 124%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r30 c2 c5">110,773</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r30 c2 c6">10.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r30 c3 c7">530,573</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r30 c3 c8">10.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r30 c4">20.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r31" headers="r1 r28 c1">125% to 149%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r31 c2 c5">90,568</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r31 c2 c6">8.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r31 c3 c7">399,045</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r31 c3 c8">7.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r31 c4">22.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r32" headers="r1 r28 c1">150% or above</th>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r32 c2 c5">354,751</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r32 c2 c6">33.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r32 c3 c7">2,181,512</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r32 c3 c8">42.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r1 r28 r32 c4">16.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" id="r33">Working age <span class="nobr">(18–61)</span></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r34" headers="r33 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r34 c2 c5">777,827</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r34 c2 c6">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r34 c3 c7">3,421,428</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r34 c3 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r34 c4">22.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r35" headers="r33 c1">Sex</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r36" headers="r33 r35 c1">Men</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r35 r36 c2 c5">358,227</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r35 r36 c2 c6">46.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r35 r36 c3 c7">1,585,446</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r35 r36 c3 c8">46.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r35 r36 c4">22.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r37" headers="r33 r35 c1">Women</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r35 r37 c2 c5">419,600</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r35 r37 c2 c6">53.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r35 r37 c3 c7">1,835,982</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r35 r37 c3 c8">53.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r35 r37 c4">22.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r38" headers="r33 c1">Age</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r39" headers="r33 r38 c1"><span class="nobr">18–24</span></th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r38 r39 c2 c5">68,037</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r38 r39 c2 c6">8.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r38 r39 c3 c7">267,467</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r38 r39 c3 c8">7.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r38 r39 c4">25.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r40" headers="r33 r38 c1"><span class="nobr">25–61</span></th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r38 r40 c2 c5">709,790</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r38 r40 c2 c6">91.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r38 r40 c3 c7">3,153,961</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r38 r40 c3 c8">92.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r38 r40 c4">22.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r41" headers="r33 c1">Marital status</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r42" headers="r33 r41 c1">Married</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r42 c2 c5">104,999</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r42 c2 c6">13.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r42 c3 c7">693,308</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r42 c3 c8">20.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r42 c4">15.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r43" headers="r33 r41 c1">Widowed</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r43 c2 c5">31,269</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r43 c2 c6">4.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r43 c3 c7">135,676</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r43 c3 c8">4.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r43 c4">23.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r44" headers="r33 r41 c1">Divorced</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r44 c2 c5">123,644</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r44 c2 c6">15.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r44 c3 c7">715,893</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r44 c3 c8">20.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r44 c4">17.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r45" headers="r33 r41 c1">Separated</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r45 c2 c5">54,831</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r45 c2 c6">7.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r45 c3 c7">200,279</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r45 c3 c8">5.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r45 c4">27.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r46" headers="r33 r41 c1">Never married</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r46 c2 c5">463,084</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r46 c2 c6">59.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r46 c3 c7">1,676,272</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r46 c3 c8">49.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r41 r46 c4">27.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r47" headers="r33 c1">Educational attainment <sup>a</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r48" headers="r33 r47 c1">Less than high school diploma</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r48 c2 c5">285,229</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r48 c2 c6">40.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r48 c3 c7">1,166,531</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r48 c3 c8">37.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r48 c4">24.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r49" headers="r33 r47 c1">High school graduate</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r49 c2 c5">256,477</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r49 c2 c6">36.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r49 c3 c7">1,146,970</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r49 c3 c8">36.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r49 c4">22.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r50" headers="r33 r47 c1">Some college but no degree</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r50 c2 c5">122,132</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r50 c2 c6">17.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r50 c3 c7">550,659</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r50 c3 c8">17.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r50 c4">22.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r51" headers="r33 r47 c1">Associate's degree</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r51 c2 c5">23,690</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r51 c2 c6">3.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r51 c3 c7">130,882</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r51 c3 c8">4.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r51 c4">18.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r52" headers="r33 r47 c1">Bachelor's degree or higher</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r52 c2 c5">22,262</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r52 c2 c6">3.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r52 c3 c7">158,919</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r52 c3 c8">5.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r47 r52 c4">14.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r53" headers="r33 c1">Disability status <sup>b</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r54" headers="r33 r53 c1">Disabled</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r53 r54 c2 c5">743,349</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r53 r54 c2 c6">95.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r53 r54 c3 c7">3,298,002</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r53 r54 c3 c8">96.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r53 r54 c4">22.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r55" headers="r33 r53 c1">Nondisabled</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r53 r55 c2 c5">34,478</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r53 r55 c2 c6">4.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r53 r55 c3 c7">123,426</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r53 r55 c3 c8">3.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r53 r55 c4">27.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r56" headers="r33 c1">Income relative to poverty level <sup>c</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r57" headers="r33 r56 c1">Below 100%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r57 c2 c5">369,304</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r57 c2 c6">49.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r57 c3 c7">1,423,845</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r57 c3 c8">43.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r57 c4">25.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r58" headers="r33 r56 c1">100% to 124%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r58 c2 c5">79,201</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r58 c2 c6">10.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r58 c3 c7">345,130</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r58 c3 c8">10.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r58 c4">22.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r59" headers="r33 r56 c1">125% to 149%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r59 c2 c5">61,771</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r59 c2 c6">8.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r59 c3 c7">242,069</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r59 c3 c8">7.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r59 c4">25.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r60" headers="r33 r56 c1">150% or above</th>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r60 c2 c5">237,539</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r60 c2 c6">31.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r60 c3 c7">1,303,325</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r60 c3 c8">39.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r33 r56 r60 c4">18.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="5" class="panel" id="r61">Retirement age (62 or older)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub2" id="r62" headers="r61 c1">Total</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r62 c2 c5">302,029</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r62 c2 c6">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r62 c3 c7">1,795,890</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r62 c3 c8">100.0</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r62 c4">16.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r63" headers="r61 c1">Sex</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r64" headers="r61 r63 c1">Men</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r63 r64 c2 c5">88,387</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r63 r64 c2 c6">29.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r63 r64 c3 c7">615,876</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r63 r64 c3 c8">34.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r63 r64 c4">14.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r65" headers="r61 r63 c1">Women</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r63 r65 c2 c5">213,642</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r63 r65 c2 c6">70.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r63 r65 c3 c7">1,180,014</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r63 r65 c3 c8">65.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r63 r65 c4">18.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r66" headers="r61 c1">Age</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r67" headers="r61 r66 c1"><span class="nobr">62–74</span></th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r67 c2 c5">182,946</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r67 c2 c6">60.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r67 c3 c7">973,624</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r67 c3 c8">54.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r67 c4">18.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r68" headers="r61 r66 c1"><span class="nobr">75–84</span></th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r68 c2 c5">80,199</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r68 c2 c6">26.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r68 c3 c7">540,772</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r68 c3 c8">30.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r68 c4">14.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r69" headers="r61 r66 c1">85 or older</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r69 c2 c5">38,884</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r69 c2 c6">12.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r69 c3 c7">281,494</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r69 c3 c8">15.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r66 r69 c4">13.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r70" headers="r61 c1">Marital status</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r71" headers="r61 r70 c1">Married</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r71 c2 c5">45,131</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r71 c2 c6">14.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r71 c3 c7">517,309</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r71 c3 c8">28.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r71 c4">8.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r72" headers="r61 r70 c1">Widowed</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r72 c2 c5">110,755</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r72 c2 c6">36.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r72 c3 c7">623,098</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r72 c3 c8">34.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r72 c4">17.8</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r73" headers="r61 r70 c1">Divorced</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r73 c2 c5">59,018</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r73 c2 c6">19.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r73 c3 c7">345,454</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r73 c3 c8">19.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r73 c4">17.1</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r74" headers="r61 r70 c1">Separated</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r74 c2 c5">22,268</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r74 c2 c6">7.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r74 c3 c7">77,650</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r74 c3 c8">4.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r74 c4">28.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r75" headers="r61 r70 c1">Never married</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r75 c2 c5">64,857</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r75 c2 c6">21.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r75 c3 c7">232,379</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r75 c3 c8">12.9</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r70 r75 c4">27.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r76" headers="r61 c1">Educational attainment</th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r77" headers="r61 r76 c1">Less than high school diploma</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r77 c2 c5">174,019</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r77 c2 c6">57.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r77 c3 c7">908,699</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r77 c3 c8">50.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r77 c4">19.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r78" headers="r61 r76 c1">High school graduate</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r78 c2 c5">79,995</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r78 c2 c6">26.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r78 c3 c7">471,913</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r78 c3 c8">26.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r78 c4">17.0</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r79" headers="r61 r76 c1">Some college but no degree</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r79 c2 c5">29,443</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r79 c2 c6">9.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r79 c3 c7">202,835</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r79 c3 c8">11.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r79 c4">14.5</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r80" headers="r61 r76 c1">Associate's degree</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r80 c2 c5">7,013</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r80 c2 c6">2.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r80 c3 c7">55,198</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r80 c3 c8">3.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r80 c4">12.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r81" headers="r61 r76 c1">Bachelor's degree or higher</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r81 c2 c5">11,559</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r81 c2 c6">3.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r81 c3 c7">157,245</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r81 c3 c8">8.8</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r76 r81 c4">7.4</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r82" headers="r61 c1">Disability status <sup>b</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r83" headers="r61 r82 c1">Disabled</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r82 r83 c2 c5">276,375</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r82 r83 c2 c6">91.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r82 r83 c3 c7">1,665,414</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r82 r83 c3 c8">92.7</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r82 r83 c4">16.6</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r84" headers="r61 r82 c1">Nondisabled</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r82 r84 c2 c5">25,654</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r82 r84 c2 c6">8.5</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r82 r84 c3 c7">130,476</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r82 r84 c3 c8">7.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r82 r84 c4">19.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr class="topPad1">
|
|
<th class="stub0" id="r85" headers="r61 c1">Income relative to poverty level <sup>c</sup></th>
|
|
<td colspan="4"></td>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r86" headers="r61 r85 c1">Below 100%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r86 c2 c5">121,370</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r86 c2 c6">43.3</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r86 c3 c7">544,720</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r86 c3 c8">32.1</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r86 c4">22.3</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r87" headers="r61 r85 c1">100% to 124%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r87 c2 c5">26,273</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r87 c2 c6">9.4</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r87 c3 c7">172,312</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r87 c3 c8">10.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r87 c4">15.2</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r88" headers="r61 r85 c1">125% to 149%</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r88 c2 c5">25,698</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r88 c2 c6">9.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r88 c3 c7">145,025</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r88 c3 c8">8.6</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r88 c4">17.7</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub1" id="r89" headers="r61 r85 c1">150% or above</th>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r89 c2 c5">107,226</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r89 c2 c6">38.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r89 c3 c7">833,643</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r89 c3 c8">49.2</td>
|
|
<td headers="r61 r85 r89 c4">12.9</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="6">SOURCE: 2009 <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr>, <abbr>PUMS</abbr>.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="6">NOTE: Rounded components of percentage distributions do not necessarily sum to 100.0.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="6">a. Individuals aged 25 or older.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="note" colspan="6">b. <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> defines disability more broadly than <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> because Social Security pays benefits only for total disability. See <a href="#mn12">note 12</a> for details.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="6">c. Excludes respondents with missing values.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="table" id="table8">
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption><span class="tableNumber">Table 8. </span>Annual <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payment amounts for African American and all recipients, by age group, 2009 (in dollars)</caption>
|
|
<colgroup span="1" style="width:8em"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup span="2" style="width:10em"></colgroup>
|
|
<thead>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stubHeading" scope="col">Amount</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">African American beneficiaries <span class="nobr">(non-Hispanic)</span></th>
|
|
<th scope="col">All beneficiaries (including African Americans)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</thead>
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Aged 15 or older</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Mean</th>
|
|
<td>6,748</td>
|
|
<td>7,222</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">25th percentile</th>
|
|
<td>4,200</td>
|
|
<td>4,200</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Median</th>
|
|
<td>7,200</td>
|
|
<td>7,200</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">75th percentile</th>
|
|
<td>8,100</td>
|
|
<td>8,700</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Working age <span class="nobr">(18–61)</span></th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Mean</th>
|
|
<td>7,038</td>
|
|
<td>7,520</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">25th percentile</th>
|
|
<td>4,700</td>
|
|
<td>4,700</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Median</th>
|
|
<td>7,400</td>
|
|
<td>7,500</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">75th percentile</th>
|
|
<td>8,100</td>
|
|
<td>9,000</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
<th colspan="2" class="panel" scope="rowgroup">Retirement age (62 or older)</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Mean</th>
|
|
<td>6,007</td>
|
|
<td>7,097</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">25th percentile</th>
|
|
<td>3,200</td>
|
|
<td>3,600</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">Median</th>
|
|
<td>5,300</td>
|
|
<td>6,300</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th class="stub0" scope="row">75th percentile</th>
|
|
<td>8,100</td>
|
|
<td>9,100</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
<tfoot>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="firstNote" colspan="3">SOURCE: 2009 <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr>, <abbr>PUMS</abbr>.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td class="lastNote" colspan="3">NOTE: Earnings data apply only to individuals aged 16 or older. Earnings percentile calculations consider only individuals with positive earnings.</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</tfoot>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>Almost <span class="nobr">three-fourths</span> of African American <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients were younger than age 62 in 2009, compared with about <span class="nobr">two-thirds</span> of all <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients (Table 7). This younger African American <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> population may result from the higher disability rates reported among African Americans in general.</p>
|
|
<p>Slightly more than one in eight (13.5 percent) African American <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients aged 15 or older were married, compared with nearly one in four (22.7 percent) among all <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients. Half of African American <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients never married (50.4 percent), compared with more than <span class="nobr">one-third</span> (37.9 percent) of all <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients. Among working-age <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients, <span class="nobr">three-fifths</span> (59.5 percent) of African Americans never married, compared with almost half (49.0 percent) of recipients overall. Among those aged 62 or older, about <span class="nobr">one-fifth</span> (21.5 percent) of African American <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients never married, substantially higher than the rate among <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients overall (12.9 percent).</p>
|
|
<p>Among <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients aged 15 or older, 78.7 percent of African Americans had no education beyond a high school diploma, compared with 74.6 percent of the general <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> population, a gap of 4.1 percentage points. Among those aged <span class="nobr">18–61,</span> the disparity is only 2.9 percentage points (76.3 percent versus 73.4 percent). Among those aged 62 or older, the education gap widens to 7.2 percentage points, 84.1 percent versus 76.9 percent.</p>
|
|
<p>African American <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients had higher poverty rates than the overall <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> population (47.5 percent versus 39.2 percent), a gap of 8.3 percentage points, among those aged 15 or older. The working-age group had the greatest proportion in poverty (49.4 percent), compared with 43.0 percent of the general <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> population, a 6.4 percentage point gap. The gap for those aged 62 or older was the largest at 11.2 percentage points (43.3 percent for African Americans versus 32.1 percent overall). Among African American child <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients aged <span class="nobr">15–17,</span> 41.5 percent were below the poverty threshold, versus 33.5 percent of <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients in that age group overall (not shown).</p>
|
|
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
|
|
<p>This note uses the <abbr>PUMS</abbr> from the 2009 <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> to document the demographic, economic, and disability characteristics of the African American population. African Americans are, on average, younger, less likely to be married, and less educated. They have lower economic well-being, as seen in their lower earnings and in their higher poverty, unemployment, and incarceration rates. They suffer more health problems, as seen in higher disability and illness rates, which in turn lead to higher unemployment and lower earnings.</p>
|
|
<p>All of these demographic and socioeconomic characteristics affect the relationship between African Americans and <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>. Lower earnings are most relevant to Social Security in that benefits are based on earnings. However, other characteristics can also affect benefit eligibility and income. For example, the higher never-married rate of African Americans reduces the share of their population eligible for the spouse and survivor benefits that could supplement the benefits their own work records provide.</p>
|
|
<p>Our results show that African Americans are less likely than the overall population to be <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> beneficiaries and more likely to be <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients. One in ten <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> beneficiaries, and one in five <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients, is African American. Higher rates of poverty, disability, and mortality among African Americans mean that those who are eligible are more likely to rely on Social Security survivor and disability benefits than are other Americans.</p>
|
|
<p>Future research could focus on the differences by race and ethnicity in the elderly population's reliance on Social Security income, in the use of auxiliary spouse and <span class="nobr">widow(er)</span> benefits among retirees, and in the timing of claiming Social Security benefits. However, some of this work may not be possible with the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr>, given its limitations. The current analysis suggests that the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> is a valuable source of information, but researchers need more robust, detailed data to better address <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> receipt among traditionally vulnerable groups.</p>
|
|
<div id="notes">
|
|
<h2>Notes</h2>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt1" id="mn1">1</a> The <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> is a nationwide continuous survey. The Census Bureau distributes about 250,000 questionnaires every month. The <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> samples about 3 million addresses each year, resulting in nearly 2 million final interviews. The <span class="nobr">1-,</span> <span class="nobr">3-,</span> and <span class="nobr">5-year</span> survey data products are released to the public on a phased schedule the following year, generally in the order of shortest to longest survey cycle (although in 2009, the <span class="nobr">5-year</span> data were released prior to the <span class="nobr">3-year</span> data). The <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> is updated every year. By producing <span class="nobr">1-,</span> <span class="nobr">3-,</span> and <span class="nobr">5-year</span> estimates, the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> reflects data collected over a period of time as opposed to “point-in-time” estimates, such as the decennial census, that approximate the characteristics of an area on a specific date.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt2" id="mn2">2</a> See <a href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/methodology.html">http://www.census.gov<wbr>/acs<wbr>/www<wbr>/methodology<wbr>/methodology_main/</a> for information about the survey, including the questionnaire and data collection procedures.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt3" id="mn3">3</a> For further details on how the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> differs from other government surveys, see <a href="https://www.census.gov/topics/income-poverty/poverty/guidance/data-sources.html">https://www.census.gov<wbr>/hhes<wbr>/www<wbr>/poverty<wbr>/about<wbr>/datasources<wbr>/acs_cpspovcompreport.pdf</a> and <a href="https://www.census.gov/topics/income-poverty/poverty/guidance/data-sources.html">http://www.census.gov<wbr>/hhes<wbr>/www<wbr>/poverty<wbr>/about<wbr>/datasources<wbr>/factsheet.html</a>.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt4" id="mn4">4</a> Navarro, King, and Starsinic (2011) compare <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> estimates based on mandatory versus voluntary responses.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt5" id="mn5">5</a> Pettit and Sykes (2012) find that young African American male high-school dropouts are more likely to be incarcerated than they are to be working. The incarceration rate affects earnings levels, which are important in determining Social Security benefit amounts.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt6" id="mn6">6</a> From 1935 to 1980, the Social Security number application (Form <span class="nobr">SS-5)</span> allowed an applicant to select from only “white,” “black,” or “other” race categories; those who did not report their race were classified as “unknown.” <span class="nobr">SS-5</span> data using those codes were incorporated into <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s Master Beneficiary Record. Then, from 1980 through August 2009, the <span class="nobr">SS-5</span> provided six race/ethnicity categories: white; black (not Hispanic); Hispanic; Asian, Asian-American, or Pacific Islander; American Indian or Alaskan Native; and unknown. In 1987, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> began to enroll new participants at birth, extracting data from birth certificates rather than requiring applicants to file Form <span class="nobr">SS-5;</span> however, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> did not extract the race/ethnicity information because it was considered unnecessary for administering the program. Since 1989, the only persons filing a Form <span class="nobr">SS-5</span> have been those requesting a new number or a name change (Scott 1999). The changes to the racial category codes, the sharp decline in the number of people for whom any race/ethnicity data are collected, and other factors have combined to produce inconsistencies in <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> program data by race that render <span class="nobr">long-term</span> statistical comparisons meaningless (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> 2011).</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt7" id="mn7">7</a> See Sears and Rupp (2003) for a discussion of self-reporting and other issues related to the accuracy of survey data.</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt8" id="mn8">8</a> Although the Modeling Income in the Near Term model projects a white majority among future never-married retirees, a sizable percentage is expected to be African American. For 2020, the model also projects that the never-married will account for 21 percent of the African American population aged 62 or older, but only 9 percent of the entire population in that age group (Tamborini 2007).</p>
|
|
<p> <a href="#mt9" id="mn9">9</a> A retired worker's spouse is entitled to a Social Security benefit equal to half the worker's primary insurance amount (<abbr class="spell">PIA</abbr>) while the worker is still alive, and 100 percent of the <abbr class="spell">PIA</abbr> after the worker's death.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt10" id="mn10">10</a> Social welfare agencies use data by marital status to identify the number of children needing special services, such as children in single-parent households who fall below the poverty threshold. The Census Bureau typically categorizes families as either married couples, female householder with no husband present, and male householder with no wife present. Notably, in 2009, 44.3 percent of female-headed households with children younger than age 18 fell below the poverty threshold, compared with 11.0 percent of married-couple families (Census Bureau n.d. b).</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt11" id="mn11">11</a> In determining eligibility for <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> considers educational attainment as a factor that may affect a claimant's ability to “do any other type of work” (see step 5 at <a href="/disability/step4and5.htm">http://www.socialsecurity.gov/disability/step4and5.htm</a>).</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt12" id="mn12">12</a> Starting in 2008, the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> classified individuals as disabled on the basis of whether they report difficulty with specific functions in one of six categories: hearing, vision, cognition, ambulation, <span class="nobr">self-care,</span> and independent living. For children younger than age 5, hearing and vision difficulty are used to determine disability status. For children aged <span class="nobr">5–14,</span> disability status is determined from hearing, vision, cognitive, ambulatory, and <span class="nobr">self-care</span> difficulties. People aged 15 or older are considered to have a disability if they have a difficulty with any one of the six functional categories. By contrast, Social Security pays benefits only for total disability, not for partial or <span class="nobr">short-term</span> disability. If individuals are unable to do the work that they did before, cannot adjust to other work because of their medical condition, and possess an impairment that has lasted or is expected to last for at least 1 year or to result in death, they meet the <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s stricter definition of disability.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt13" id="mn13">13</a> Persons with diabetes are more prone to physical disability and deterioration. African Americans with diabetes are generally sicker than their white counterparts and have worse outcomes (Chin, Zhang, and Merrell 1998; Chiu and Wray 2011), which may result in higher disability rates (leading to <abbr class="spell">DI</abbr> benefits or <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payments) or mortality (leading to survivor's benefits). African Americans also have higher rates of hypertension than the general population has (Collins and Winkleby 2002; Quereshi and others 2005; Wright and others 2002). Like diabetes, hypertension leads to increased morbidity and mortality rates (Kannel 1996). Additionally, African Americans are adversely affected by high obesity rates (Anderson and Whitaker 2009; Cossrow and Falkner 2004; Whaley, Smith, and Hancock 2011).</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt14" id="mn14">14</a> In 2001, <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s Office of the Chief Actuary established guidelines for a hypothetical earnings pattern. Starting with a national average wage estimated at $40,711.61 for 2009, persons earning 45 percent of the average wage ($18,320.22) or less are considered low earners, and those earning 160 percent of average wage ($65,138.58) or more are high earners (Nichols, Clingman, and Glanz 2001). We use those figures and the maximum taxable earnings under Social Security ($106,800 in 2009) to define the earnings-level cutoffs.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt15" id="mn15">15</a> In 2000, roughly 27 percent of African American male high school dropouts aged <span class="nobr">18–55</span> were in prison or in jail—nearly as high a proportion as the 33 percent who were employed (Raphael 2008). As of 1997, over 40 percent of the prison population had not completed high school (Harlow 2003). Given the explosive growth of this population, the exclusion of prisoners from survey data can produce biased research. <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> data enable new research that compares educational attainment among prisoners and the general population across subpopulations, including by age and by race and ethnic group (Ewert and Wildhagen 2011).</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt16" id="mn16">16</a> <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> benefits are suspended when individuals are jailed or imprisoned, and they remain suspended until the inmate is released. For <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> recipients, payments are terminated when the individual is incarcerated for a year or more. Using a special prerelease procedure, institutions can enable <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> to begin processing inmates' claims prior to their release, so that benefits can resume or begin as early as possible after release (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> 2008, 2010).</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt17" id="mn17">17</a> Recall that the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> definition of disability differs from the stricter <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> definition. See <a href="#mn12">note 12</a>.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt18" id="mn18">18</a> Among <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> beneficiaries, 9.5 percent are black according to <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> data, and 10.4 percent are black according to <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>. This small difference could be due to differing <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> racial definitions (see <a href="#mn6">note 6</a>). Using data from <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr>'s <i><a href="/policy/docs/statcomps/supplement/2010/index.html">Annual Statistical Supplement to the Social Security Bulletin, 2010</a>,</i> we calculate that <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> captures almost 90 percent of the total <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> population and about 81 percent of the black <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> population aged 15 or older. The <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr> undercount of <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> beneficiaries could be due to various reasons, including inaccurate self-reporting, respondent confusion between <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> and <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>, sampling error, and different data collection methodologies (see notes <a href="#mn7">7</a> and <a href="#mn12">12</a>).</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt19" id="mn19">19</a> <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> is distinct from <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> although <abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> administers both. <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> provides payments only to persons with very few resources in the form of income and assets. Individuals with resources in excess of $2,000 ($3,000 for a married couple) are generally not <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr>-eligible although certain resources—generally a home, an automobile, and household goods and personal effects—are excluded. <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payments are reduced if an individual or couple is living in another person's household and is receiving both food and shelter from the person in whose household they are living.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="#mt20" id="mn20">20</a> Children receive <abbr class="spell">OASDI</abbr> benefits indirectly if one or both of their parents are disabled, retired, or deceased, but they receive <abbr class="spell">SSI</abbr> payments directly if they are disabled (<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> 2012a, 2012b).</p>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="references">
|
|
<h2>References</h2>
|
|
<p>Abbott, Julian. 1977. “<a href="/policy/docs/ssb/v40n7/v40n7p16.pdf">Socioeconomic Characteristics of the Elderly: Some Black-White Differences</a>.” <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> 40(7): <span class="nobr">16–42.</span></p>
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|
<p>———. 1980. “<a href="/policy/docs/ssb/v43n12/v43n12p16.pdf">Work Experience and Earnings of Middle-Aged Black and White Men, <span class="nobr">1965–71.</span></a>” <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> 43(12): <span class="nobr">16–34.</span></p>
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|
<p>Anderson, Sarah E., and Robert C. Whitaker. 2009. “Prevalence of Obesity Among <abbr class="spell">US</abbr> Preschool Children in Different Racial and Ethnic Groups.” <i>Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine</i> 163(4): <span class="nobr">344–348.</span></p>
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|
<p>Bridges, Benjamin, and Sharmila Choudhury. 2007. “Social Security as a Retirement Resource for Near-Retirees, by Race and Ethnicity, Nativity, Benefit Type, and Disability Status.” <abbr class="spell">ORES</abbr> Working Paper <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> 109. <a href="/policy/docs/workingpapers/wp109.html">http://www.socialsecurity.gov/policy/docs/workingpapers/wp109.html</a>.</p>
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<p>———. 2009. “<a href="/policy/docs/ssb/v69n1/v69n1p19.html">Examining Social Security Benefits as a Retirement Resource for Near-Retirees, by Race and Ethnicity, Nativity, and Disability Status</a>.” <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> 69(1): <span class="nobr">19–44.</span></p>
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<p>Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2010. <i>Labor Force Characteristics by Race and Ethnicity, 2009.</i> Report 1026. Washington, <abbr class="spell">DC</abbr>: <abbr class="spell">BLS</abbr>. <a href="https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/race-and-ethnicity/archive/race_ethnicity_2009.pdf">http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsrace2009.pdf</a>.</p>
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<p>Burkhauser, Richard <abbr title="five">V</abbr>., T. Lynn Fisher, Andrew J. Houtenville, and Jennifer R. Tennant. 2012. “Using the 2009 <abbr class="spell">CPS</abbr>-<abbr class="spell">ASEC</abbr>-<abbr class="spell">SSA</abbr> Matched Dataset to Show Who Is and Is Not Captured in the Official Six-Question Sequence on Disability.” Paper presented at the 14<sup>th</sup> Annual Joint Conference of the Retirement Research Consortium, Washington <abbr class="spell">DC</abbr>, August <span class="nobr">2–3.</span></p>
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<p>Butrica, Barbara A., and Karen E. Smith. 2012. “Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Retirement Prospects of Divorced Women in the Baby Boom and Generation X Cohorts.” <i>Social Security Bulletin</i> 72(1): <span class="nobr">23–36.</span> <a href="/policy/docs/ssb/v72n1/v72n1p23.html">http://www.socialsecurity.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v72n1/v72n1p23.html</a>.</p>
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<p>Census Bureau. 2013. “American Community Survey Sample Size—Data.” <a href="https://www.census.gov/acs/www/methodology/sample-size-and-data-quality/">https://www.census.gov/acs/www/methodology/sample_size_data/index.php</a>.</p>
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|
<p>———. No date a. “American FactFinder, Table S2610B: Characteristics of the Group Quarters Population by Group Quarters Type, <span class="nobr">2005–2009</span> American Community Survey <span class="nobr">5-Year</span> Estimates.” <a href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/">http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_09_5YR_S2601B&prodType=table</a>.</p>
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|
<p>———. No date b. “Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic (<abbr class="spell">ASEC</abbr>) Supplement. Table <abbr class="spell">POV</abbr>03: People in Families with Related Children Under 18 by Family Structure, Age, and Sex, Iterated by Income-to-Poverty Ratio and Race: 2009.” <a href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/cps-pov/pov-03.2009.html">http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/cpstables/032010/pov/new03_100_01.htm</a>.</p>
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<p>Chin, Marshall H., James X. Zhang, and Katie Merrell. 1998. “Diabetes in the African-American Medicare Population: Morbidity, Quality of Care, and Resource Utilization.” <i>Diabetes Care</i> 21(7): <span class="nobr">1090–1095.</span></p>
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<p>Chiu, Ching-Ju, and Linda A. Wray. 2011. “Physical Disability Trajectories in Older Americans With and Without Diabetes: The Role of Age, Gender, Race or Ethnicity, and Education.” <i>The Gerontologist</i> 51(1): <span class="nobr">51–63.</span></p>
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<p>Choi, Namkee G. 1997. “Racial Differences in Retirement Income: The Roles of Public and Private Income Sources.” <i>Journal of Aging & Social Policy</i> 9(3): <span class="nobr">21–41.</span> <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1300/J031v09n03_02">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1300/J031v09n03_02</a>.</p>
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<p>Collins, Rakale, and Marilyn A. Winkleby. 2002. “African American Women and Men at High and Low Risk for Hypertension: A Signal Detection Analysis of <abbr class="spell">NHANES</abbr> <abbr title="three">III</abbr>, <span class="nobr">1988–1994.</span>” <i>Preventive Medicine</i> 35(4): <span class="nobr">303–312.</span></p>
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<p>Cossrow, Nicole, and Bonita Falkner. 2004. “Race/Ethnic Issues in Obesity and Obesity-Related Comorbidities.” <i>Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism</i> 89(6): <span class="nobr">2590–2594.</span></p>
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<p>Department of Labor. 2012. <i>The African American Labor Force in the Recovery.</i> http://www.dol.gov/_Sec/media/reports/blacklaborforce/.</p>
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<p>Ewert, Stephanie, and Tara Wildhagen. 2011. “Educational Characteristics of Prisoners: Data from the <abbr class="spell">ACS</abbr>.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Washington, <abbr class="spell">DC</abbr>, March 31–April 2. <abbr class="spell">SEHSD</abbr> Working Paper <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> <span class="nobr">2011-8.</span> <a href="https://paa2011.populationassociation.org/papers/111587">http://paa2011.princeton.edu/papers/111587</a>.</p>
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<p>Farley, Reynolds. 1988. “After the Starting Line: Blacks and Women in an Uphill Race. <i>Demography</i> 25(4): <span class="nobr">477–495.</span></p>
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<p>Favreault, Melissa M. 2010. “Why Do Some Workers Have Low Social Security Benefits?” The Retirement Policy Program Discussion Paper <abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> <span class="nobr">10-03.</span> Washington, <abbr class="spell">DC</abbr>: Urban Institute Press. <a href="https://www.urban.org/research/publication/why-do-some-workers-have-low-social-security-benefits">http://www.urban.org/uploadedpdf/412170-low-benefits.pdf</a>.</p>
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<p>Gendell, Murray, and Jacob S. Siegel. 1996. “Trends in Retirement Age in the United States, <span class="nobr">1955–1993,</span> by Sex and Race.” <i>Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences</i> 51B(3): S132–S139.</p>
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<p>Gibson, Rose C. 1987. “Reconceptualizing Retirement for Black Americans.” <i>The Gerontologist</i> 27(6): <span class="nobr">691–698.</span></p>
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<p>———. 1991. “The Subjective Retirement of Black Americans.” <i>Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences</i> 46(4): S204–S209.</p>
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<p>———. 1994. “The Age-By-Race Gap in Health and Mortality in the Older Population: A Social Science Research Agenda.” <i>The Gerontologist</i> 34(4): <span class="nobr">454–462.</span></p>
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