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<ol>
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<li><a href="https://www.ssa.gov">SSA Home</a></li>
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<li><a href="index.html">Disability Research</a></li>
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<li><a href="other_research.htm">Other Research & Analysis</a></li>
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<li aria-current="page">TTW Evaluation Reports</li>
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<h1 class="style1 fs4">Ticket to Work Evaluation Reports for 2004 - 2013</h1>
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<h2>Objective</h2>
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<p>
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The Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Act of 1999 (P.L. 106-170) required the Commissioner of Social Security to provide for independent evaluations to assess the effectiveness of the Ticket to Work (TTW) program and submit reports to Congress. In response to this requirement, SSA awarded a multi-year contract to Mathematica to develop and implement a comprehensive evaluation of the TTW program. While the evaluation does examine the overall impact of the TTW program on exits from SSA cash benefits, the evaluation was designed to assess the full range of TTW activities, outcomes, and effects. It produced a total of seven reports that cover SSA's implementation of TTW, participation by state Vocational Rehabilitation agencies (VRs), Employment Networks (ENs) and beneficiaries, the effect of regulatory changes implemented in 2008, crossover effects between VRs and ENs, TTW program costs, and TTW outcomes involving work attempts, earnings, and disability benefit receipt. As such, the evaluation does not reach a single conclusion on TTW, but rather provides information on how the program was implemented, how it affected employment services for those receiving SSA disability benefits, and how those services ultimately affected SSA beneficiaries and recipients with disabilities.
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</p>
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<h2>Status</h2>
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<p>
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This evaluation of the TTW program is complete. SSA awarded the contract to Mathematica in May of 2003 and we received the final report in July of 2013. While this evaluation project was completed in 2013, it remains a definitive source of information on the implementation, program mechanics, and outcomes of the TTW program.
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<div class="js-accordion">
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<button class="js-accordion-button">Key Activities and Design</button>
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<div class="js-accordion-panel">
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<p>
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The 2004-2013 TTW evaluation covered all aspects of the TTW Act including:
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<ul type="disc">
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<li>
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Process evaluation:
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<ul type="circle">
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<li>TTW program rollout from 2002-2005</li>
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<li>Document reviews and interviews with SSA agency staff, the TTW Program Manager, and several ENs and VR agencies; </li>
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<li>SSA efforts to adapt to developing implementation needs.</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>
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Participation analysis:
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<ul type="circle">
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<li>EN recruitment and participation; </li>
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<li>Demand for employment services and the extent of unmet demand; </li>
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<li>Work-related goals and expectations among Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) beneficiaries; </li>
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<li>State VR agency participation; </li>
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<li>The range of services provided by ENs and VRs; </li>
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<li>Program participation by SSDI beneficiaries and SSI recipients; </li>
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<li>SSA efforts to improve provider and beneficiary participation. </li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>
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Impact and Outcomes Analysis:
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<ul type="circle">
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<li>Assessment of the employment services ENs and VRs provided;</li>
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<li>Participant satisfaction with services received from TTW providers; </li>
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<li>The quality and characteristics of employment obtained by participants; </li>
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<li>The impact of TTW on employment and earnings as compared to the VR-only program that preceded TTW; </li>
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||
<li>Long-term longitudinal cohort analyses of the timing of participation in employment services, employment, and benefit suspension and termination among SSI and SSDI beneficiaries; </li>
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||
<li>Patterns and duration of beneficiary suspension and termination for work; </li>
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||
<li>Comparison of SSDI and SSI exits to program costs; </li>
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||
<li>Provider experiences under the revised TTW regulations; </li>
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||
<li>Analysis of the work incentives planning and assistance (WIPA) program and the Benefits Planning Assistance and Outreach (BPAO) program that preceded it. </li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>
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Data development:
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<ul type="circle">
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<li>Development of comprehensive SSA administrative data into the Disability Analysis File (DAF) to support the TTW evaluation; </li>
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<li>Development and implementation of the National Beneficiary Survey (NBS) to collect information on disability, employment interest, employment service utilization, and work, earnings, and benefits that are not available in SSA administrative data. </li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</p>
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</div>
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<button class="js-accordion-button">Results</button>
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<div class="js-accordion-panel">
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<p>
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Overall, the TTW evaluation found that the TTW program is generally liked by beneficiaries who use it, that the program has increased use of return-to-work services, and those who participate in TTW have better outcomes than those who return to work without the help of SSA financed employment services. However, the evaluation did not find that the increase in service use and better outcomes by participants has translated into measurable net increases in benefit suspension or termination relative to the VR-only program that preceded it. However, because TTW was implemented without a demonstration phase, there was no ability to use a randomized controlled trial evaluation design. This meant the effects would have had to be large to be measurable, and smaller, relevant effects could have occurred without detection by our evaluation methods. Consequently, we were not able to determine whether TTW produced savings that were sufficient to offset the costs of the program. Further, we were not able to evaluate the effectiveness of TTW services as compared to no services at all. However, we concluded that TTW has extended the types and availability of services as compared to the VR-only program that preceded it and has achieved at least the same level of success as VR alone achieved before TTW. More beneficiaries are getting these services now, but we could not conclude that the success rate in terms of benefit exits has measurably improved.
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</p>
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</div>
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<button class="js-accordion-button">Reports</button>
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<div class="js-accordion-panel">
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<p><strong>Ticket to Work Evaluation Reports</strong></p>
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<p>
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<em><a href="twe_reports/twe7.htm">TTW Evaluation Report #7</a></em> <br/><br/>
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||
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||
This report consists of seven studies comparing TTW program experiences before and after we implemented the revised regulations in July 2008 and updating information about the general employment efforts of working-age SSDI and SSI beneficiaries. One of the studies re-estimates the impact of the original program (before the regulatory changes) on beneficiary service use and employment using new methods intended to improve the precision of those estimates.
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||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
|
||
<em><a href="twe_reports/twe6.htm">TTW Evaluation Report #6</a></em><br/><br/>
|
||
|
||
This report consists of four studies focusing on the employment efforts of working-age SSDI and SSI beneficiaries and the Social Security program features designed to encourage beneficiary employment. Two of the studies specifically concern TTW participants and program issues, while the other two cover more general topics.
|
||
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<em><u><a href="twe_reports/twe5.htm">TTW Evaluation Report #5</a></u></em><br/><br/>
|
||
|
||
This report consists of nine studies examining the work activities of SSDI and SSI beneficiaries and the challenges they face in returning to work at levels that lead to exit from the disability rolls. Three of these studies specifically concern TTW participants and program issues, while the other six are studies on more general topics.
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||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<em><a href="twe_reports/twe4.htm">TTW Evaluation Report #4</a></em><br/><br/>
|
||
|
||
This report updates and extends the work presented in earlier evaluation reports to cover the first four years of the TTW program, examining how well the TTW market functions and the extent to which the introduction of TTW changed beneficiary enrollment in employment-support services, employment, and receipt of SSDI or SSI benefits.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<em><a href="twe_reports/twe3.htm">TTW Evaluation Report #3</a></em><br/><br/>
|
||
|
||
This report examines program operational issues as well as the impact of TTW on beneficiaries.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<em><a href="twe_reports/twe2.htm">TTW Evaluation Report #2</a></em><br/><br/>
|
||
|
||
This report provides an interim look at the program during its second two years of operation, 2003–2004, in order to facilitate the program refinement process.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<em><a href="twe_reports/twe1.htm">TTW Evaluation Report #1</a></em><br/><br/>
|
||
|
||
This report examines early implementation issues of the TTW program and sets the stage for the more comprehensive reports to follow.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<strong>Disability Policy Briefs</strong> <br/>
|
||
Starting with the fifth evaluation report, we have selected the most interesting findings from the TTW evaluation reports to highlight in <a href="https://www.ssa.gov/disabilityresearch/briefs.htm">disability policy research briefs</a>.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<strong>Work Incentives Planning and Assistance (WIPA) Evaluation Reports</strong><br/>
|
||
|
||
We have evaluated the <a href="https://www.ssa.gov/disabilityresearch/wipa_reports.htm">Work Incentives Planning and Assistance (WIPA) program</a> as part of the Ticket to Work evaluation. These reports provide information on beneficiaries served by WIPA projects, services provided, and program costs, as well as employment-related outcomes for a cohort of WIPA enrollees.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<button class="js-accordion-button">Data</button>
|
||
<div class="js-accordion-panel">
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a href="ticketevaluation.html">The TTW evaluation</a> required us to utilize information from across SSA administrative systems and to collect data through a survey when SSA administrative sources did not provide the information needed for the evaluation. We developed these data resources to support the TTW evaluation, but also used this opportunity to develop these data broadly, document them thoroughly, and make them available for use for other researchers assessing SSA’s disability populations and their interest and interaction with work.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
We conducted the National Beneficiary Survey (NBS) as part of the Ticket to Work evaluation. For more information on the NBS, please continue to the <a href="https://www.ssa.gov/disabilityresearch/nbs.html">National Beneficiary Survey (NBS) page</a>.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<button class="js-accordion-button">Related Links</button>
|
||
<div class="js-accordion-panel">
|
||
<p>
|
||
SSA started a new evaluation of the TTW programs in 2023. For information on the new evaluation, visit the <a href="https://www.ssa.gov/disabilityresearch/ticketevaluation.html">TTW Program Evaluation page</a>.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p>
|
||
For information on the Ticket to Work (TTW) program, visit <a href="https://www.ssa.gov/work/">The Work Site</a>.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
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