1337 lines
93 KiB
Text
1337 lines
93 KiB
Text
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# ">
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<head>
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<h1 class="nist-page__title">Computational science</h1>
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<p>Theorists have always developed mathematical models to attempt to gain insight into how physical systems operate. However, rapid advances in computational capabilities over the last several decades have enabled the creation of high-fidelity simulation software based on those models, which are then exercised as a proxy for learning about the real world. This new approach, which serves as a complement to pure theory and experiment, has come to be known as <em>computational science</em>.</p>
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<p>Effective computational science research requires expertise in mathematical modeling, numerical analysis, software engineering, high-performance computing, and statistics, as well as a deep understanding of the technical application area under study. As a result, it is a deeply interdisciplinary endeavor, requiring the combined efforts of computer scientists, mathematicians, statisticians, and application scientists.</p>
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<p>At NIST, computational scientists work to predict properties of atomic, chemical, biological, and material systems from first principles, as well as for engineered systems, such as buildings and communication networks. Others use computation to study how fires and their contaminants spread within buildings and at the wildland-urban interface. NIST mathematicians work to develop more efficient and accurate numerical methods that enable higher fidelity simulations, computer scientists develop techniques and tools to map such computations onto modern parallel and distributed computing systems, and to visualize the often complex data that emerges. More mature research efforts can result in the distribution of well-engineered software enabling members of the broader scientific community to perform simulation studies of their own.</p>
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about="/awards/2016-aaas-fellow-ron-boisvert" class="nist-teaser"
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<div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/awards/2016-aaas-fellow-ron-boisvert" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2016/12/13/ronboisvert.jpg?itok=2KOk9gmp" width="85" height="100" alt="Photo of Ron Boisvert" typeof="foaf:Image" />
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<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/awards/2016-aaas-fellow-ron-boisvert"><span>2016 AAAS Fellow - Ron Boisvert</span>
|
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</a></h3>
|
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|
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</header>
|
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<div class="nist-teaser__content">
|
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<div class="text-long"> Ron Boisvert is recognized for his distinguished contributions to the fields of mathematical software and computational science, excellence
|
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|
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<h2 class="nist-block__title"> <div class="string">Projects and Programs</div>
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<article
|
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about="/programs-projects/temporal-computing" class="nist-teaser"
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>
|
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<div class="nist-teaser__image">
|
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<div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/programs-projects/temporal-computing" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2020/02/07/temp1.jpg?itok=OQOhtVrw" width="100" height="81" alt="Fig. 1. Time re-Envisioned: Not a biproduct of computation but the domain in which information is encoded. Leads to different mathematical functions becoming energy efficient primitives." typeof="foaf:Image" />
|
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</a>
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<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/programs-projects/temporal-computing"><span>Temporal Computing</span>
|
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|
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<div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div>
|
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|
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</header>
|
||
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
|
||
<div class="text-with-summary"> In standard integrated circuits, information that is coded as ones and zeros is implemented by voltages on wires being high or low. The circuits consume energy during transitions between these voltages. Binary numbers have a voltage per bit so there are a lot of transitions each time a number
|
||
|
||
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|
||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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about="/programs-projects/spintronics-neuromorphic-computing" class="nist-teaser"
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|
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|
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<div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/programs-projects/spintronics-neuromorphic-computing" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2020/02/21/spin_full.png?itok=Cm7DiFFu" width="100" height="71" alt="Fig. 1. Die containing 285 superparamagnetic tunnel junctions." typeof="foaf:Image" />
|
||
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</a>
|
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|
||
|
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|
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|
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|
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<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/programs-projects/spintronics-neuromorphic-computing"><span>Spintronics for Neuromorphic Computing</span>
|
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</a></h3>
|
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<div class="nist-teaser__type">
|
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<div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</header>
|
||
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
|
||
<div class="text-with-summary"> Magnetic tunnel junctions (see Fig. 1) consist of two thin films of ferromagnetic material separated by a few atomic layers of an insulating material. The insulator is so thin that electrons can tunnel quantum mechanically through it. The rate at which the electrons tunnel is affected by the
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
<div>
|
||
<article
|
||
about="/programs-projects/compatibility-assessment-and-bias-estimation-standard-reference-materials" class="nist-teaser"
|
||
>
|
||
<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
|
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<header>
|
||
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/programs-projects/compatibility-assessment-and-bias-estimation-standard-reference-materials"><span>Compatibility Assessment and Bias Estimation for Standard Reference Materials</span>
|
||
</a></h3>
|
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<div class="nist-teaser__type">
|
||
<div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</header>
|
||
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
|
||
<div class="text-with-summary"> DESCRIPTION: See the special publication listed in the major accomplishments section.
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</article>
|
||
</div>
|
||
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|
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<article
|
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about="/programs-projects/detecting-change-points-surface-temperature-records" class="nist-teaser"
|
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>
|
||
<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
|
||
<header>
|
||
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/programs-projects/detecting-change-points-surface-temperature-records"><span>Detecting Change Points in Surface Temperature Records</span>
|
||
</a></h3>
|
||
<div class="nist-teaser__type">
|
||
<div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</header>
|
||
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
|
||
<div class="text-with-summary"> DESCRIPTION: For the purpose of exposition, consider the record daily minimums averaged by month for a station near Reno Nevada. There is a clear drop in the level between 1920 and 1940 and a positive drift starting at about 1980. There is also however, considerable variability due to seasonal
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
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</article>
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<div class="margin-y-4">
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<h2 class="nist-block__title"> <div class="string">News and Updates</div>
|
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</h2>
|
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|
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class="nist-block "
|
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>
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<div>
|
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<article
|
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about="/news-events/news/2025/02/anyone-anyons" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"
|
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>
|
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|
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<div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/news-events/news/2025/02/anyone-anyons" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2025/02/12/anyon-teaser.png?itok=YSS6tIuF" width="100" height="100" alt="anyon teaser image" typeof="foaf:Image" />
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</a>
|
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|
||
|
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</div>
|
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<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
|
||
<header>
|
||
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/news-events/news/2025/02/anyone-anyons"><span property="schema:name">Anyone for Anyons?</span>
|
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</a></h3>
|
||
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
|
||
<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2025-02-12T12:00:00Z">February 12, 2025</time>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</header>
|
||
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
|
||
<div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary"> Researchers have demonstrated that a strange type of quantum particle called the anyon, believed to exist in only two dimensions, can also be created in one
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</article>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<article
|
||
about="/news-events/news/2023/10/partially-unraveling-entangled-mystery" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"
|
||
>
|
||
<div class="nist-teaser__image">
|
||
<div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/news-events/news/2023/10/partially-unraveling-entangled-mystery" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/10/26/graph_state.png?itok=E1mjPwpd" width="100" height="48" alt="regular graph state illustration" typeof="foaf:Image" />
|
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</a>
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</div>
|
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<div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper">
|
||
<header>
|
||
<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/news-events/news/2023/10/partially-unraveling-entangled-mystery"><span property="schema:name">Partially Unraveling an Entangled Mystery</span>
|
||
</a></h3>
|
||
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
|
||
<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-10-26T12:00:00Z">October 26, 2023</time>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</header>
|
||
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
|
||
<div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary"> Entanglement—a uniquely quantum phenomenon that intimately links the fate of subatomic particles even if they reside on opposite sides of the galaxy—is a key
|
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|
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</div>
|
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|
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</div>
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<article
|
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about="/news-events/news/2023/06/nist-designed-photonic-chip-transforms-single-beam-light-multiple-beams" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"
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>
|
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<div class="nist-teaser__image">
|
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<div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/news-events/news/2023/06/nist-designed-photonic-chip-transforms-single-beam-light-multiple-beams" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/06/30/photonic-chip.png?itok=WBUjNc2a" width="100" height="88" alt="photonic chip illustration" typeof="foaf:Image" />
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<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/news-events/news/2023/06/nist-designed-photonic-chip-transforms-single-beam-light-multiple-beams"><span property="schema:name">NIST-Designed Photonic Chip Transforms a Single Beam of Light Into Multiple Beams, Each With a Panoply of Different Properties</span>
|
||
</a></h3>
|
||
<div class="nist-teaser__date">
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<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-06-30T12:00:00Z">June 30, 2023</time>
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|
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|
||
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
|
||
<div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary"> Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have devised a photonic circuit on a chip that transforms a single incoming beam of
|
||
|
||
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|
||
|
||
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|
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<h2 class="nist-block__title"> <div class="string">Publications</div>
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about="/publications/phase-transitions-random-circuit-sampling" class="nist-teaser"
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<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/phase-transitions-random-circuit-sampling"><span>Phase Transitions in Random Circuit Sampling</span>
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<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-10-09T12:00:00Z">October 9, 2024</time>
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<div class="nist-teaser__type">
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<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline text-long">
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<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
|
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<div class="nist-field__item">Sergio Boixo, <span class="nist-author">Rene Peralta</span></div>
|
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|
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|
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|
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<div class="nist-teaser__content">
|
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<div class="text-with-summary"> Undesired coupling to the surrounding environment destroys long-range correlations on quantum processors and hinders the coherent evolution in the nominally
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about="/publications/mathematical-entities-corpora-and-benchmarks" class="nist-teaser"
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<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/mathematical-entities-corpora-and-benchmarks"><span>Mathematical Entities: Corpora and Benchmarks</span>
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<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-05-20T12:00:00Z">May 20, 2024</time>
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<div class="nist-teaser__type">
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<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline text-long">
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<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
|
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<div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Jacob Collard</span>, Valeria de Paiva, <span class="nist-author">Eswaran Subrahmanian</span></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
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</header>
|
||
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
|
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<div class="text-with-summary"> Mathematics is a highly specialized domain with its own unique set of challenges. Despite this, there has been relatively little research on natural language
|
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|
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about="/publications/report-2nd-international-workshop-fair-containerized-computational-software" class="nist-teaser"
|
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|
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|
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|
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<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/report-2nd-international-workshop-fair-containerized-computational-software"><span>Report from the 2nd International Workshop on FAIR Containerized Computational Software</span>
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<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-04-30T12:00:00Z">April 30, 2024</time>
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<div class="nist-teaser__type">
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|
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<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
|
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<div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Peter Bajcsy</span>, Nathan Hotaling</div>
|
||
</div>
|
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|
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|
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|
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<div class="nist-teaser__content">
|
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<div class="text-with-summary"> The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is evaluating and improving the specification for achieving interoperability of containerized
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|
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<article
|
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about="/publications/post-quantum-cryptography-and-quantum-future-cybersecurity" class="nist-teaser"
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|
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<header>
|
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<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/publications/post-quantum-cryptography-and-quantum-future-cybersecurity"><span>Post-Quantum Cryptography, and the Quantum Future of Cybersecurity</span>
|
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</a></h3>
|
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<div class="nist-teaser__date">
|
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<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-04-09T12:00:00Z">April 9, 2024</time>
|
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|
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<div class="nist-teaser__type">
|
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<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline text-long">
|
||
<div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div>
|
||
<div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Yi-Kai Liu</span>, <span class="nist-author">Dustin Moody</span></div>
|
||
</div>
|
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|
||
</div>
|
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|
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</header>
|
||
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
|
||
<div class="text-with-summary"> We review the current status of efforts to develop and deploy post-quantum cryptography on the Internet. Then we suggest specific ways in which quantum
|
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|
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about="/services-resources/software/network-modeling-software" class="nist-teaser"
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<div class="text-with-summary"> This software is a set of NetworkX additions for the creation of graphs to model networks. Graphicality Testing -- This is a set of routines for testing if a
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