1338 lines
98 KiB
Text
1338 lines
98 KiB
Text
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# ">
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<head>
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<a href="/spo/forensic-science-standards-program" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Forensic Science Standards</a>
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<a href="/spo/forensic-science-program/human-factors-forensic-science" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Human Factors</a>
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|
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<a href="https://www.nist.gov/topics/forensic-science/interdisciplinary-topics/evidence-management" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Evidence Management</a>
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|
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|
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<a href="https://www.nist.gov/publications/search" data-drupal-link-system-path="">NIST Publications Database</a>
|
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<a href="/forensic-science/interdisciplinary-topics/national-commission-forensic-science" data-drupal-link-system-path="">National Commission on Forensic Science</a>
|
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|
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|
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</div>
|
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</div>
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</div>
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>Connect with us</h2>
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<div><a href="https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIST/subscriber/new?topic_id=USNIST_230" class="nist-social nist-social--envelope" title="GovDelivery" ><span>GovDelivery</span></a></div></span></div></div>
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<h1 class="nist-page__title">Firearms and Toolmarks</h1>
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<figure class="nist-image--lightbox nist-image" data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2018/08/30/alan_zheng_9-12-13_hr.jpg?itok=N-RNJIdx" data-media-id="462296" data-copyright="Yes">
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<img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2018/08/30/alan_zheng_9-12-13_hr.jpg?itok=XqGx8y9F" width="318" height="480" alt="A man with green gloves looks at an item under a microscope" typeof="foaf:Image" />
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<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">
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<div data-caption-editable="true" class="nist-image__caption-content">
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<p>NIST researcher Alan Zheng uses a 3D disc scanning confocal microscope to examine a chisel toolmark.</p>
|
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|
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<div class="nist-image__credit">
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<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
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©Robert Rathe
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<p><strong>Goal: </strong>To build a scientific infrastructure for objective forensic firearm and toolmark analysis with a rigorous evaluation of uncertainty to quantify the strength of the evidence for expert testimony in court proceedings.</p><h4>What is Firearm and Toolmark Analysis? </h4><p>When a firearm is fired it leaves marks on the bullet and cartridge case. Forensic firearm and toolmark examiners compare these marks to evaluate whether a bullet or cartridge case recovered at a crime scene was fired by a particular firearm. A similar comparison is performed for marks left by other tools, such as screwdrivers, pry bars, and bolt cutters. </p><h4>Why is NIST involved in Firearms and Toolmarks? </h4><ul><li>The comparison of toolmarks is currently a subjective process that relies on the skill and expertise of the examiner. NIST is working with the forensic community to augment an examiner’s testimony with objective measures for toolmark similarity and the strength of the evidence. </li><li>Firearm and toolmark analysis are transitioning from the use of comparison microscopes to the acquisition and comparison of three dimensional (3D) toolmark topography images. This new technology requires standards and procedures to ensure measurement data interoperability and traceability. </li></ul><h4>What is NIST doing? </h4><ul><li>Developing standards, reference artifacts, and procedures for measurement quality assurance and interoperability </li><li>Building research and reference databases of toolmarks for method development and statistical evaluation of the strength of the evidence </li><li>Developing objective metrics and algorithms for evaluating the similarity of toolmarks </li><li>Developing statistical models and procedures to quantify the strength of the evidence. </li></ul><figure class=" align-center nist-video" role="group">
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<div data-media-id="656211">
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||
<div class="video-embed-field"><div class="video-embed-field-lazy" data-video-embed-field-lazy="<div class="video-embed-field-provider-nist-kaltura video-embed-field-responsive-video"><iframe width="854" height="480" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay *; fullscreen *; encrypted-media *" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" src="https://www.kaltura.com/p/684682/embedPlaykitJs/uiconf_id/55674542?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=1_mdae5xj1"></iframe>
|
||
</div>
|
||
"><img alt="Forensic Marks on a Cartridge Case" loading="lazy" src="https://cdnsecakmi.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/thumbnail/entry_id/1_mdae5xj1/width/1280" typeof="foaf:Image">
|
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<button class="video-embed-field-lazy-play"></button>
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<div class="video-embed-field-lazy-title">Forensic Marks on a Cartridge Case</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
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||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">When a bullet is fired from a semiautomatic handgun, the gun leaves distinctive markings on the cartridge case. These markings can be used to match the case to the gun from which it was fired. When the trigger is pulled, the firing pin springs forward and makes contact with the primer, igniting the gunpowder and propelling the bullet through the barrel. This contact leaves a small hemispherical mark near the center of the case. As the expanding gas propels the bullet out of the barrel, the case is pushed backward into the breech face. This creates an impression of the breech face on the rear of the case. This backward force also pushes the slide backwards. As this happens, the extractor pulls on the case, leaving a grip impression on the side. As the slide nears the end of its movement, the case makes contact with the ejector, causing the case to flip up and out of the slide. This leaves a small mark on the bottom left of the case. <em>Credit: Sean Kelley/NIST</em></figcaption>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="nist-block__title">Associated Links</h2><ul><li><a href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/sensor-science/surface-and-interface-metrology"><span>Surface And Interface Metrology Group</span></a></li><li><a href="https://forensiccoe.org/2022-firearm-toolmarks-forum/">2022 <span>Firearm And Toolmarks Policy And Practice Forum</span></a></li><li><a href="https://tsapps.nist.gov/NRBTD/">NIST Ballistics Toolmark Research Database</a></li><li><a href="/news-events/news/2018/02/how-good-match-it-putting-statistics-forensic-firearms-identification" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="401520fc-7cf5-4949-9f45-252540212b25" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="How Good a Match is It? Putting Statistics into Forensic Firearms Identification">How Good a Match is It? Putting Statistics into Forensic Firearms Identification</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nist.gov/osac"><span>OSAC</span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.nist.gov/coe/forensic-science-center-excellence"><span>Center of Excellence (CSAFE)</span></a></li></ul><h2 class="nist-block__title">News</h2> <div class="align-left nist-image">
|
||
|
||
<img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/220_x_220_limit/public/images/2018/05/15/bullets.jpg?itok=lKk8ISDs" width="220" height="132" alt="bullets" typeof="foaf:Image">
|
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|
||
</div>
|
||
<h3><a href="https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/08/two-new-forensic-firearm-examination-standards-added-osac-registry-approved">Two New Forensic Firearm Examination Standards Added to the OSAC Registry of Approved Standards</a></h3><p><time>AUGUST 8, 2022</time></p><p>Registry notches its 100th standard, marking a milestone for the forensic science organization.</p><p><a href="https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news-updates/topic/248621">See More News and Updates</a></p>
|
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<div data-elastic-exclude="" class="nist-tags">
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<a href="/topic-terms/forensic-science" hreflang="en">Forensic Science</a> and <a href="/topic-terms/firearms-and-toolmarks" hreflang="en">Firearms and toolmarks</a></div>
|
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<!-- nist-index-ignore-end -->
|
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class="nist-block__title"
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>Contacts</h2>
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<div class="nist-contact">
|
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<h3 class="nist-contact__heading">Forensic Science Research Firearms and Toolmarks Focus Area Lead</h3>
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|
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<li about="/people/johannes-soons" class="nist-contact__item">
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<div class="nist-contact__name"><a href="/people/johannes-soons" title="View staff profile page">Johannes A. Soons</a></div>
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<a href="mailto:johannes.soons@nist.gov">johannes.soons@nist.gov</a>
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(301) 975-6474
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<h3 class="nist-contact__heading">Subject matter expert</h3>
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<h3 class="nist-contact__heading">Measurement quality assurance</h3>
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(301) 975-4095
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|
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|
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<li about="/people/johannes-soons" class="nist-contact__item">
|
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<div class="nist-contact__name"><a href="/people/johannes-soons" title="View staff profile page">Johannes A. Soons</a></div>
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<a href="mailto:johannes.soons@nist.gov">johannes.soons@nist.gov</a>
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(301) 975-6474
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|
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<a href="mailto:alan.zheng@nist.gov">alan.zheng@nist.gov</a>
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<div>
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(301) 975-4095
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|
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<h3 class="nist-contact__heading">Algorithms and objective comparison </h3>
|
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|
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|
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<div class="nist-contact__name"><a href="/people/jun-feng-song" title="View staff profile page">Jun-Feng Song</a></div>
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|
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<a href="mailto:jun-feng.song@nist.gov">jun-feng.song@nist.gov</a>
|
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</div>
|
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<div>
|
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(301) 975-3799
|
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</div>
|
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</li>
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<li about="/people/johannes-soons" class="nist-contact__item">
|
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<div class="nist-contact__name"><a href="/people/johannes-soons" title="View staff profile page">Johannes A. Soons</a></div>
|
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<a href="mailto:johannes.soons@nist.gov">johannes.soons@nist.gov</a>
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<div class="nist-contact">
|
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<h3 class="nist-contact__heading">Strength of the evidence </h3>
|
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|
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<li about="/people/jun-feng-song" class="nist-contact__item">
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|
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</div>
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<div>
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(301) 975-4095
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<div class="nist-contact">
|
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<h3 class="nist-contact__heading">Statistical support </h3>
|
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|
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(301) 975-2843
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<div
|
||
class="nist-block"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="text-italic font-sans-2xs">
|
||
Created September 21, 2022, Updated February 1, 2024
|
||
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</section>
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