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nist-gov/www.nist.gov/ncnr/bt-8-ancillary-equipment
Scott Williams 4063bef310 Initital commit.
2025-03-05 18:59:57 +00:00

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<title>BT-8 Ancillary Equipment | NIST</title>
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<h1 class="nist-page__title">BT-8 Ancillary Equipment</h1>
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<p><strong><span><span><span><span><span>Sample stage</span></span></span></span></span></strong></p>
<p><span><span><span><span><span>Two stages for sample positioning and sample orientation will be installed: Small to medium weight samples (&lt;10 kg) are mounted on a large phi-chi goniometer with custom XYX-table. The large goniometer eliminates the need for sample remounting and the table can be used as a sample changer for high-throughput texture measurements. Large samples up to 250 kg weight can measured using the base XYZ-table after removing the top goniometer. </span></span></span></span></span><br>
&nbsp;</p>
<figure class=" align-left nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2023/02/15/goniometer.jpg?itok=_2ZdPdoA" data-media-id="665116">
<img alt="phi-chi goniometer instrument" height="361" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2023/02/15/goniometer.jpg?itok=uX2JOIIJ" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480">
</div>
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Top Phi-Chi goniometer with XYZ table (150 mm range for each translation), to be mounted on the high-capacity XYZ-table. Credit: T.Gnaupel-Herold</figcaption>
</figure>
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<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2023/02/15/goniometer2.jpg?itok=sNGqfMKL" data-media-id="665121">
<img alt="side view of goniometer instrument" height="260" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2023/02/15/goniometer2.jpg?itok=GQ7IPz-f" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480">
</div>
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Goniometer use for stress measurements on light to medium weight samples, eliminating the need for re-mounting. Credit: T. Gnaupel-Herold</figcaption>
</figure>
<p><strong><span><span><span><span><span>Uniaxial load frame</span></span></span></span></span></strong></p>
<figure class=" align-center nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2023/02/15/uniaxial%20load.jpg?itok=-cIFya9i" data-media-id="665126">
<img alt="uniaxial load frame picture" height="360" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2023/02/15/uniaxial%20load.jpg?itok=iTyRbCoh" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480">
</div>
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption"></figcaption>
</figure>
<p><span><span><span><span><span>The uniaxial load frame has a capacity of 100 kN with the possibility of using custom grips to accommodate specimen shapes and materials for which standard grips may not be feasible.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><strong><span><span><span><span><span>Multi-axial loading devices </span></span></span></span></span></strong></p>
<p><span><span><span><span><span>Sheet metal forming is generally comprised of multi-axial straining modes that often occur in combinations or path changes, i.e. one mode of deformation up to a certain strain is followed by a different mode. A frequently occurring example for a path change is bi-axial stretching (such as deep drawing a beverage can), followed by bending (forming a hem) which is best described as plane-strain deformation. </span></span></span></span></span><br>
&nbsp;</p>
<figure class=" align-center nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2023/02/15/minor_strain.jpg?itok=7sacr32i" data-media-id="665131">
<img alt="Strain Space" height="446" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2023/02/15/minor_strain.jpg?itok=NbshlDdP" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480">
</div>
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Credit: Justin Milner</figcaption>
</figure>
<p><span><span><span>Different straining modes and strain path change. The solid black curve is the forming limit (maximum possible strains). </span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span><span>It is a key property of multi-axial deformation that it cannot be simply derived from sequential combinations of uniaxial straining in different direction, therefore requiring the direct measurement. While multi-axial strains can be</span></span> measured using optical methods the same is not true for the stresses where diffraction is emerging as the most promising measurement method.</span></span></span><br>
&nbsp;</p>
<figure class=" align-center nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2023/02/15/stress.jpg?itok=RhDvfnT9" data-media-id="665141">
<img alt="Stress Space" height="444" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2023/02/15/stress.jpg?itok=TJS_aJVV" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480">
</div>
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Credit: Justin Milner</figcaption>
</figure>
<p><span><span><span>Evolution of yield stresses with strain in multi-axial deformation.</span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span><span><span>Fracture strain estimates and elastic spring</span></span>-<span><span>back calculations require the knowledge of the yield function (stress-strain function) at every point along the deformation path. Such operations have in common that the necessary stress data cannot be obtained from load sensor readings. Neutron diffraction is an excellent tool to overcome this limitation.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong><span><span><span><span><span>Octo-Strain</span></span></span></span></span></strong></p>
<p><span><span><span><span><span>Octo-Strain is an 8-arm loading device for measuring the multi-axial yield function of</span></span> industrial<span><span> sheet metals. Each arm is independently controlled either through force (load cell) control, grip displacement control, or strain control. The latter is made possible by a digital image correlation (DIC) system which measures the strain tensor in the neutron gage area during straining. Octo-Strain has an effective rotation range of 180</span></span><span><span><span>°</span></span></span><span><span> about the scattering vector which allows the determination of the principal stress axes. The main advantage of the 8-arm design over cruciform machines (two pairs of opposing arms at 90</span></span><span><span><span>°</span></span></span><span><span>) is a significantly higher strain range comparable to that of deep drawing devices. Other advantages are path changes along 45</span></span><span><span><span>°</span></span></span><span><span> directions which cannot be achieved with cruciform devices.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
&nbsp;</p>
<figure class=" align-center nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2023/02/15/octostrain.jpg?itok=T-HUIYAz" data-media-id="665146">
<img alt="Octo-Strain" height="223" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2023/02/15/octostrain.jpg?itok=-nw79AAK" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480">
</div>
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Octo-Strain during a measurement on BT-8. Right: Strain map obtained by digital image correlation (DIC). The white circle (right, middle) indicates the neutron illuminated area where the strains are still largely homogenous. Credit: T.Gnaupel-Herold</figcaption>
</figure>
<p><span><span><span>A central circular recess is machined or masked by spotweld-sandwiching; this recess diameter limits the size of the neutron exposed area, and it is limited by the material strength and the maximum actuator force. Currently, the maximum actuator force is 15 kN but an upgraded Octo-Strain with 40 kN actuator force is nearing completion.</span></span></span></p>
<p><span><span><span>In order to avoid creep a<span><span> measurement on Octo-Strain deforms the sample continuously but a low strain rate. DIC strain measurements are done for the starting angle in each rotation cycle.&nbsp; Neutron measurements are done at discrete rotation angles. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<figure class=" align-center nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2023/02/15/strains.jpg?itok=IPu6Y9rQ" data-media-id="665151">
<img alt="strains through different rotation angles" height="232" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2023/02/15/strains.jpg?itok=2VVShODg" typeof="foaf:Image" width="377">
</div>
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Strains obtained for different rotation angles and loading stages. Credit: T.Gnaupel-Herold</figcaption>
</figure>
<p><span><span><span><span><span>Due to buckling limits</span></span> for compressive loads<span><span>, Octo-Strain operates predominantly in strain space above the pure shear region where </span></span><span><span><span>e</span></span></span><sub><span><span>2</span></span></sub><span><span> &gt; -</span></span><span><span><span>e</span></span></span><sub><span><span>1.​​​​​​</span></span></sub></span></span></span>Stresses during the equi-biaxial deformation of an AISI-1010 mild steel, followed by a plane-strain deformation equivalent to bending. The inserted pictograms show displacement magnitudes. Stresses were determined from neutron diffraction measurements using Octo-Strain. Credit: T. Gnaupel-Herold</p>
<p><span><span><span><span><span>A recent upgrade in load capacity can achieve peak loads up to 40 kN in each arm, thus allowing multi-axial deformation tests of advanced high strength steels (AHSS).</span></span></span></span></span><br>
&nbsp;</p>
<figure class=" align-center nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2023/02/15/octo_strain3.jpg?itok=wswro8oc" data-media-id="665161">
<img alt="octo-strain load frame picture" height="455" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2023/02/15/octo_strain3.jpg?itok=9ZClJUlc" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480">
</div>
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Upgraded load frame Octo-strain. Credit: T. Gnaupel-Herold</figcaption>
</figure>
<p><strong><span><span><span><span><span>Shear device</span></span></span></span></span></strong></p>
<p><span><span><span><span><span>With the exception of small strains, shear modes in sheet metal deformation are not accessible to Octo-Strain due to sample buckling under compressive load. Therefore, a device was developed that allows measurements above and below the region </span></span><span><span><span>e</span></span></span><sub><span><span>2</span></span></sub><span><span> = -</span></span><span><span><span>e</span></span></span><sub><span><span>1</span></span></sub><span><span> in strain space.&nbsp; </span></span>The shear device features two independent actuators that allow a variety of straining modes from pure shear to mixed modes with added compression or tension. Uniaxial tests are also possible.</span></span></span></p>
<figure class=" align-center nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2023/02/15/shear_device_0.jpg?itok=ubI56Aib" data-media-id="665166">
<img alt="simple shear device" height="429" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2023/02/15/shear_device_0.jpg?itok=pqNbNN_3" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480">
</div>
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Shear device and possible deformation modes used in experiments. The primary beam aperture defines the neutron exposed area in the center of the sample. Rotation of the device allows the orientation of the scattering vector over a range of 135°. Credit: T. Gnaupel-Herold and Justin Milner</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class=" align-center nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2023/02/15/shear_deformation.jpg?itok=5yg0Jzbn" data-media-id="665171">
<img alt="shear deformation modes" height="303" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2023/02/15/shear_deformation.jpg?itok=YWhMz0aF" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480">
</div>
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Shear deformation modes in strain space. Credit: Justin Milner.</figcaption>
</figure>
<p><span><span><span><span><span>The rotation range of the shear device is 135</span></span><span><span><span>°</span></span></span><span><span> which is sufficient to allow the tracking of principal axis rotations. Typical shear areas are 10 mm </span></span><span><span><span>´</span></span></span><span><span> 40 mm, and the two actuators allow up to 40 kN load. Typical neutron illuminated areas are 6 mm squares.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<figure class=" align-center nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2023/02/15/lattice.jpg?itok=7wzNhPj1" data-media-id="665176">
<img alt="lattice diagram" height="335" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2023/02/15/lattice.jpg?itok=utoPpR3G" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480">
</div>
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Lattice spacings under shear deformation for an advanced high strength steel. The different orientations of the sample allow different components of the strains to be measured. For example, at j=45° the scattering vector q is parallel to e<sub>2</sub>, and at j=135° one has q|| e<sub>1</sub>. Credit: T.Gnaupel-Herold</figcaption>
</figure>
<p><strong><span><span><span><span><span>Digital Image Correlation System (DIC)</span></span></span></span></span></strong></p>
<p><span><span><span><span><span>Strains in multi-axial deformation are necessarily inhomogeneous due to changes in cross sectional area (Octo-Strain recess) or due to the proximity of edges and grips. Digital image correlation analyzes speckle patterns for changes in location of individual speckles which makes DIC an ideal tool for resolving the local tensor of plastic strains during straining in real time. It allows to identify regions of sufficient homogeneity and size suitable for neutron diffraction.</span></span></span></span></span><br>
&nbsp;</p>
<figure class=" align-left nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2023/02/15/DIC.jpg?itok=UHRZmzjU" data-media-id="665181">
<img alt="Digital Image Correlation System " height="272" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2023/02/15/DIC.jpg?itok=o7vH3yxe" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480">
</div>
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Principles of digital image correlation for obtaining plastic strains during a neutron measurement. Credit: T.&nbsp;Gnaupel-Herold</figcaption>
</figure>
<p><span><span><span><span><span>The DIC system allows output of the thus-obtained strain data in analog or digital form. The output can be read by the controller of both Octo-Strain and the shear device, thus enabling true strain control in multi-axial straining experiments. Multi-axial straining is typically performed continuously because of the immediate onset of load drop if straining is stopped (creep). As a consequence, strain is being accumulated during a neutron measurement. The DIC system and the neutron data collection are separate systems; matching of neutron data and strain data happens in the PF analysis software through time-stamping in which strain data collected during a neutron measurement are binned and averaged.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<figure class=" align-center nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2023/02/15/DIC2.jpg?itok=iDynDppY" data-media-id="665191">
<img alt="Digital Image Correlation System side view" height="360" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2023/02/15/DIC2.jpg?itok=53JqyVR5" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480">
</div>
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">DIC system setup during a neutron measurement.&nbsp; Credit: T.Gnaupel-Herold</figcaption>
</figure>
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Created August 1, 2019, Updated February 15, 2023
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