1428 lines
112 KiB
Text
1428 lines
112 KiB
Text
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# ">
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<h1 class="nist-page__title">Finding the STAMP of Human-Made Pollutants in Seabird Eggs</h1>
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<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2021-12-01T12:00:00Z">December 1, 2021</time>
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<span>By: </span>
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/authors/stacy-s-schuur" hreflang="en">Stacy S. Schuur</a>
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<figure class="nist-image--lightbox nist-image" data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2021/11/30/murres.JPG?itok=cIQkDGQa" data-media-id="629596">
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<img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/960_x_960_limit/public/images/2021/11/30/murres.JPG?itok=ABcZyV7j" width="960" height="600" alt="a trio of black topped and white bottomed birds in the grass. A blue, black spotted egg is at the feet of the bird on the left. " typeof="foaf:Image" />
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<p>Thick-billed murres with egg at St. George Island, Alaska.</p>
|
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|
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<div class="nist-image__credit">
|
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<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
|
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|
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V. Gill/USFWS
|
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</figcaption>
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</figure>
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<p><span>How can one deny the majesty of seabirds soaring over the ocean or diving underwater to capture prey? That said, collecting seabird eggs to preserve them to learn about contaminants in the environment is not what I thought I would be doing as a marine biologist. Nor is it what comes to mind when one thinks about a national measurement institute such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Yet, for two decades, seabirds have been an important component of science at NIST.</span></p><p><span>While seabirds spend most of their lives either flying above, floating on, or diving to the depths of the oceans, they do come ashore to breed, and thus they are exposed to the air, land and sea. Seabirds also feed on a wide range of foods, from berries, crustaceans (shrimp and crabs) and fish to deceased marine mammals, so their tissues can reflect the health of entire ecosystems. Some seabirds and eggs are important subsistence foods, and thus contamination of their tissues by human-made pollutants also affects people directly.</span></p><h2><span><strong>Fortunate Missed Opportunities</strong></span></h2><p><span>During my first semester as a marine biology graduate student at the College of Charleston in Charleston, South Carolina, my marine mammal toxicology adviser took another position across the country. Luckily, NIST provided an opportunity to work on the same project from the perspective of specimen collection and preservation, or banking, and chemical analysis.</span></p><p><span>While I was learning to perform the necessary laboratory analysis techniques using standard samples before being given precious animal samples, the marine mammal project was again delayed due to funding and permits. However, a similar project with seabird egg samples had two new years of collections from 1999 and 2000, and there was funding for a research assistant, so I jumped on the opportunity.</span></p><p><span>After graduate school and two years of analyzing eggs, I was asked to take the NIST lead on the project in 2003. I ensure that federal, state and local permits are in place prior to collection and that collectors and processors have proper supplies and training. I also coordinate the archiving of the frozen samples, ensure analysts have the information they need, do some of the chemical analysis, and present the data at scientific conferences, in written reports and in scientific manuscripts.</span></p><p><span>But why does NIST care about eggs?</span></p><h2><span><strong>New Beginnings</strong></span></h2><p><span>The </span><a href="/programs-projects/seabird-tissue-archival-and-monitoring-project-stamp" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="14f80e6f-e507-4e62-ac84-2becd8832713" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Seabird Tissue Archival and Monitoring Project (STAMP)"><span>Seabird Tissue Archival and Monitoring Project (STAMP)</span></a><span>, which began in 1999, was the brainchild of four middle-career staff members from four federal agencies: Paul Becker of NIST, Dave Roseneau of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services (USFWS), Geoff York of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Lyman Thorsteinson of the Minerals Management Service (now the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, BOEM). The original goals were to expand on the marine specimen banking at NIST by collecting Alaskan seabird eggs (see </span><a href="https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/IR/nistir6735.pdf"><span>NISTIR 6735</span></a><span> for more information) under strict collection and processing protocols to avoid contamination and analyze a subset for pollutants.</span></p>
|
||
<figure class=" align-right nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
|
||
<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2021/11/24/egg%20harvest.jpg?itok=MScCCfyQ" data-media-id="628911">
|
||
|
||
<img alt="boy in a field with a large bucket full of eggs, he is holding two of them" height="480" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2021/11/24/egg%20harvest.jpg?itok=xKeiWzvc" typeof="foaf:Image" width="321">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">St. Paul Island, Alaska, local with murre egg harvest.<div class="nist-image__credit">
|
||
<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
|
||
|
||
USFWS
|
||
|
||
</div></figcaption>
|
||
</figure>
|
||
|
||
<p><span>The eggs are divided into cryogenic containers and stored in supercold (minus 150 C, minus 238 F) liquid nitrogen vapor freezers at the </span><a href="/programs-projects/nist-biorepository" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="b934a040-1078-486a-b454-765e6ca3e7f2" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="The NIST Biorepository"><span>NIST Biorepository</span></a><span>. Half are available for immediate research. The other half are kept for future generations of scientists to examine for new compounds of interest, retrospectively analyze trends in detected compounds, or reanalyze using new methods. The first eggs were from seabirds known as murres, which were collected by Alaska Native subsistence harvesters and USFWS staff, who monitored colonies for productivity<strong>.</strong></span></p><p><span>Eggs are ideal tissues to study because they are easy to collect and handle, do not decompose rapidly in the field, and are distinct units, representing not only the mother’s condition at the time of laying but also the baseline of the next generation. In addition, there are several long-term studies using seabird eggs in other countries, notably Canada, Norway and Sweden, so global comparisons are possible.</span></p><p><span>Common murres and thick-billed murres were chosen for biomonitoring because they:</span></p><ul><li><span>lay a single egg and most will re-lay if the egg is lost early in the season;</span></li><li><span>are an important subsistence food, providing a direct connection to human health while eating many of the same fish and invertebrates that we do; and</span></li><li><span>stay within the North Pacific region year-round, while relatives are distributed around the north polar regions for comparison.</span></li></ul><p><span>Common murres are found farther south and feed on midwater forage fish, while thick-billed murres are found farther north and feed at the depths on fish and invertebrates that live on the ocean floor. While in the middle of the range, murres may breed together.</span></p><p><span>In addition to murres, black-legged kittiwakes were added to STAMP to represent surface foragers, and glaucous gulls and glaucous-winged gulls at the request of the Bureau of Indian Affairs as other important subsistence foods. Unfortunately, these seabirds are opportunistic feeders from lower on the food chain and have multiple-egg clutches, so from a scientific standpoint it was difficult to do much more than provide some baseline measurements rather than to make comparisons of sites and over time.</span></p><h2><span><strong>Two Decades of Research</strong></span></h2>
|
||
<figure class=" align-right nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
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||
<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2021/11/24/laysan.jpg?itok=HRyidLFc" data-media-id="628921">
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||
|
||
<img alt="two crouching women. The one on the left wearing red with a white hat. She also has gloves on and is holding a sample bag and taking an egg from a brown and white bird. The one on the right wearing blue and a tan hat and is holding a pad of paper in front of the bird. " height="360" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2021/11/24/laysan.jpg?itok=m-RxNKFE" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480">
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</div>
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<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Stacy Schuur (left) collecting Laysan albatross egg with a collaborator in Hawaii. <div class="nist-image__credit">
|
||
<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
|
||
|
||
J. Vander Pol
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|
||
</div></figcaption>
|
||
</figure>
|
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|
||
<p><span>In 2010, the 111th U.S. Congress directed NIST “to expand its capabilities and resources in the Pacific region through a Pacific Islands component of NIST and … to expand its biodiversity storage capabilities in the region.” STAMP was expanded following a </span><a href="https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=901968"><span>biomonitoring checklist</span></a><span>, and after discussions and a workshop with collaborators, we determined that Laysan albatross and black-footed albatross were best to add to the collections from Alaska. While only a single egg is laid, and it is generally not re-laid if lost, there are many female-female pairs who both lay an egg and then kick one out of the nest, which we collect.</span></p><p><span>(Yes, there are seabirds with same-sex relationships! The lives of birds, once thought to be examples of long-term monogamous relationships and “loving” courtship displays, are closer to soap-opera stories with extra-pair affairs and uncertainty over who will get to live. For more details see </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2610150/"><span>this paper</span></a><span> by Lindsay Young and other colleagues.)</span></p><p><span>There is also a program to help prevent military aircraft from striking birds, where eggs are moved from near the airfield to “adoptive parents” who had nonviable eggs on the north shore of Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands. We are able to collect nonviable eggs during that transfer and any viable eggs that were unable to be placed.</span></p><p><span>Albatrosses also feed on fish and squid (and unfortunately, plastics) in the southern Bering Sea and northern Pacific, while having highly site-specific breeding in both the mainland and northwestern Hawaiian Islands, thus integrating the entire North Pacific region and providing a valuable counterpart to the murre eggs that remain in the northern reaches. Albatrosses are also tagged with a leg band, allowing for repeat sampling from the same mother. Brown booby and sooty tern were added to enhance the geographic range beyond the Hawaiian Islands, and the endangered Hawaiian petrel was added to opportunistically sample the nonviable eggs of this important species.</span></p>
|
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<figure class=" align-right nist-image--lightbox nist-image" role="group">
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||
<div data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2021/11/24/biorepository.jpg?itok=v3FO_LE_" data-media-id="628926">
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|
||
<img alt="a large lab with people in white total body suits putting sample containers into huge vats of liquid nitrogen" height="320" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2021/11/24/biorepository.jpg?itok=rcGQCTKi" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480">
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</div>
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<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">The NIST Biorepository at Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina. <div class="nist-image__credit">
|
||
<span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span>
|
||
|
||
A. Holt/NIST
|
||
|
||
</div></figcaption>
|
||
</figure>
|
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|
||
<p><span>To date, </span><a href="https://www.easymapmaker.com/map/STAMP"><span>2,588 seabird eggs from 55 colonies throughout the North Pacific</span></a><span> have been processed and their contents archived in the NIST Biorepository in 34,975 individual frozen samples. The membranes and eggshells are also archived either at the University of Alaska Fairbanks Museum, Hawaii Pacific University, or most recently at the NIST Biorepository to better preserve genetic material, which may be degraded at room temperatures. About one-third of the samples have been analyzed for contaminants created by or, in the case of mercury, modified by human activities. We have learned that the amounts of contaminants found in murre eggs vary by </span><a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es034987r"><span>species, geography and over time</span></a><span>, and we have contributed to </span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718332406?via%3Dihub"><span>global comparisons</span></a><span>. Recently, we learned that some of the contaminant changes are correlated to </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127520"><span>large-scale oceanic patterns</span></a><span>. We are also exploring ways to tell the difference between Laysan and black-footed albatross eggs, which are virtually indistinguishable to us, by measuring mercury levels in the eggs at Midway Atoll. We are also trying to determine if machine learning can be used to identify species and geographical differences based on contaminant patterns.</span></p><h2><span><strong>What’s Next?</strong></span></h2><p><span>STAMP is a long-term project that has lasted past the original founders’ careers and hopefully continues long past the current collaborators, including myself. More research is needed to examine the changing levels of contaminants over time in albatross, especially from sibling eggs, and to continue the monitoring of murres, which have faced systematic failure and mass die-offs the past few years correlated with an unusually large mass of warm water that appeared off the coast of Alaska. We can use seabird eggs to monitor changing contaminant levels, and, as canaries did in mines, they may provide early warning signs of environmental damage if we will heed the call. The story is now in the hands of the next generation to use these two decades of samples to reveal even more about our natural world and our effect on it using new instrumentation and methods.</span></p>
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248321">Bioscience</a>,
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/2816261">Biometrology</a>,
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248561">Environment</a>,
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/2788551">Climate Measurements</a>,
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248581">Marine science</a> and
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<a href="/blogs/taking-measure/categories/248651">Health</a></div>
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about="/blogs/taking-measure/authors/stacy-s-schuur" class="nist-teaser"
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||
>
|
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<div class="nist-teaser__image">
|
||
<div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/blogs/taking-measure/authors/stacy-s-schuur" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2021/11/02/Schuur.jpg?itok=MWacXaTq" width="100" height="100" alt="Stacy Schuur" typeof="foaf:Image" />
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<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/blogs/taking-measure/authors/stacy-s-schuur"><span>Stacy S. Schuur</span>
|
||
</a></h3>
|
||
|
||
</header>
|
||
<div class="nist-teaser__content">
|
||
<div class="text-with-summary"><p><span><span><span>Stacy S. Schuur is a biologist in the Biospecimen Sciences Group at NIST. She has a master's in marine biology from the College of Charleston and a bachelor’s degree in biology with environmental emphasis from Southwest (Minnesota) State University. Stacy has served as a science advisor at NIST and as an Embassy Science Fellow in Palau,where she helped to co-create the Our Ocean conference. Stacy is also lead for several standard reference materials (SRMs) in addition to STAMP. Outside of NIST, Stacy is often found building community, cooking plant-based meals, facilitating healing through ayurveda, NLP, reiki, yoga, learning something new, and traveling.</span></span></span></p></div>
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|
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>Related posts</h2>
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<div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/blogs/taking-measure/insulation-melts-your-walls-and-could-reduce-your-energy-costs" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2025/01/30/jae_hyun_kim_portrait_012125.JPG?itok=JlrBhtoT" width="100" height="67" alt="A researcher in a lab coat and safety glasses poses next to a large piece of lab equipment." typeof="foaf:Image" />
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<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/blogs/taking-measure/insulation-melts-your-walls-and-could-reduce-your-energy-costs"><span>The Insulation That Melts in Your Walls — and Could Reduce Your Energy Costs</span>
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</a></h3>
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<div class="nist-teaser__date">
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<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2025-02-26T12:00:00Z">February 26, 2025</time>
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<div class="nist-teaser__content">
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<div class="text-with-summary"> Wherever humans go, we take some form of insulation with us to keep us at just the right temperature. But just because the idea is old doesn’t mean that there
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<div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/blogs/taking-measure/robots-and-ai-are-working-together-bring-you-better-medicines-shampoo-and-more" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2024/12/18/peter_beaucage_afl_equipment_121024.jpg?itok=CdxapNjs" width="100" height="67" alt="Peter Beaucage wears safety glasses as he stands in the lab, holding a piece of equipment on display. " typeof="foaf:Image" />
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<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/blogs/taking-measure/robots-and-ai-are-working-together-bring-you-better-medicines-shampoo-and-more"><span>Robots and AI Are Working Together to Bring You Better Medicines, Shampoo and More</span>
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||
</a></h3>
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<div class="nist-teaser__date">
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<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2025-01-15T12:00:00Z">January 15, 2025</time>
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<div class="nist-teaser__content">
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<div class="text-with-summary"> Products you use every day are carefully formulated in a lab. Experts at NIST are now working to revolutionize how those products are made.
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/blogs/taking-measure/safer-skies-fewer-fires-10-ways-nist-impacts-your-daily-life" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2024/12/12/2024_EndofYearBlogPost_960x600_v1.png?itok=qqCEC65E" width="100" height="63" alt="Photos of everyday objects like an iron, a gas can and a laptop along with high-tech items like an atomic clock and a mass balance. Label reads: 10 Ways NIST Impacts Your Daily Life. " typeof="foaf:Image" />
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|
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<h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/blogs/taking-measure/safer-skies-fewer-fires-10-ways-nist-impacts-your-daily-life"><span>From Safer Skies to Fewer Fires: 10 Ways NIST Impacts Your Daily Life</span>
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||
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<div class="nist-teaser__date">
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<div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-12-19T12:00:00Z">December 19, 2024</time>
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</header>
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<div class="nist-teaser__content">
|
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<div class="text-with-summary"> If you’ve ever had a medical test, flown on an airplane, or needed to check the time, NIST’s work affects your life every day.
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<span class="nist-comment__author"><span lang="" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">towfiq delwato</span></span>
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on
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<span class="nist-comment__date">December 3, 2021 12:35 PM</span>
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<div class="text-long"><p>thanks</p>
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