977 lines
81 KiB
Text
977 lines
81 KiB
Text
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
||
<html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# ">
|
||
<head>
|
||
<meta charset="utf-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"37b7ccb661",applicationID:"1089704227"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.283.2.min.js.LICENSE.txt */
|
||
(()=>{var e,t,r={122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},217:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>m,gD:()=>v,xN:()=>h});r(860).K7.genericEvents;const n="experimental.marks",i="experimental.measures",o="experimental.resources",a=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var s=r(614),c=r(944),u=r(384),l=r(122);const d="[data-nr-mask]",f=()=>{const e={feature_flags:[],experimental:{marks:!1,measures:!1,resources:!1},mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},get feature_flags(){return e.feature_flags},set feature_flags(t){e.feature_flags=t},generic_events:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},harvest:{interval:30},jserrors:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},performance:{get capture_marks(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n)||e.experimental.marks},set capture_marks(t){e.experimental.marks=t},get capture_measures(){return e.feature_flags.includes(i)||e.experimental.measures},set capture_measures(t){e.experimental.measures=t},capture_detail:!0,resources:{get enabled(){return e.feature_flags.includes(o)||e.experimental.resources},set enabled(t){e.experimental.resources=t},asset_types:[],first_party_domains:[],ignore_newrelic:!0}},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:s.wk,inactiveMs:s.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){a(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(d):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=d:(0,c.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){a(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,c.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,c.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0,elementAttributes:["id","className","tagName","type"]}}},g={},p="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function m(e){if(!e)throw new Error(p);if(!g[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return g[e]}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(p);g[e]=(0,l.a)(t,f());const r=(0,u.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=g[e])}function v(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(p);var r=m(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>d});var n=r(122),i=r(384),o=r(154),a=r(324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0,harvester:void 0},l={};function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!l[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");l[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(l[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(l[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=l[e])}},324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.283.2",i="PROD",o="CDN"},154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>l,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,l=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>d,x3:()=>u});var n=r(836),i=r(606),o=r(860),a=r(646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};l(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function d(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(l(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(990),o=r(371),a=r(646),s=r(607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},l={},d=!1;try{d=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=m(e),l=c.length,d=0;d<l;d++)c[d].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:h,listeners:m,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:d?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:d};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=m(e).concat(t)}function m(e){return n[e]||[]}function h(t){return l[t]=l[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),l=(0,n.Zm)();l.ee||(l.ee=u)},646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(566).bz)()},566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(836),i=r(154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>l,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>d});var n=r(154),i=r(863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function l(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(836),i=r(607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];l(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return l(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,l,d;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],l="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],l],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],l,c);try{return d=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],l,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,d],l,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function l(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A$:()=>o,ET:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o={OFF:0,ERROR:1,WARN:2,INFO:3,DEBUG:4,TRACE:5},a="log";n.K7.logging},773:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{z_:()=>o,XG:()=>s,TZ:()=>n,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a});r(154),r(566),r(384);const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(836),i=r(687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>K});var n=r(860),i=r(555),o=r(371),a=r(908),s=r(836),c=r(687),u=r(289),l=r(154),d=r(944),f=r(773),g=r(384),p=r(344);const m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","recordCustomEvent","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(863),b=r(614),y=r(993);var w=r(646),R=r(434);const A=new Map;function E(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,d.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,R.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes;const c=t[r]?.[R.Jt]||t[r];return A.set(c,a),o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",(()=>A.get(c))),i}function _(){const e=(0,g.pV)();m.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,d.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function N(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const m={};var w=s.ee.get(e),R=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var A="api-",_=A+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(A,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function k(){}m.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,v.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},m.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),E(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},h.forEach((e=>{m[e]=j(A,e,!0,"api")})),m.addPageAction=j(A,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),m.recordCustomEvent=j(A,"recordCustomEvent",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),m.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(A,"setPageViewName",!0)()},m.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,d.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,d.R)(39,typeof e)},m.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,d.R)(41,typeof e)},m.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,d.R)(42,typeof e)},m.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,d.R)(23,e)}},m[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},m[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},m.interaction=function(e){return(new k).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const T=k.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(R.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw R.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{R.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[r?(0,v.t)():performance.now(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function I(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,d.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{T[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),m.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(A,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),m.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},l.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>I()),!0):I(),m}var k=r(217),T=r(122);const j={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},I={};var O=r(284);const S=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let P=!1;function K(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:d={},exposed:f=!0}=t;d.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,k.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");I[e]=(0,T.a)(t,j);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=I[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},l.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const m=(0,k.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),h=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];P||(m.proxy.assets&&(S(m.proxy.assets),h.push(m.proxy.assets)),m.proxy.beacon&&h.push(m.proxy.beacon),_(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",O.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===m.soft_navigations.enabled&&m.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),d.denyList=[...m.ajax.deny_list||[],...m.ajax.block_internal?h:[]],d.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,d),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=N(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),P=!0}},374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>u,K7:()=>s,P3:()=>c,XX:()=>i,qY:()=>n,v4:()=>a});const n="events",i="jserrors",o="browser/blobs",a="rum",s={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:i,logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},c={[s.pageViewEvent]:1,[s.pageViewTiming]:2,[s.metrics]:3,[s.jserrors]:4,[s.spa]:5,[s.ajax]:6,[s.sessionTrace]:7,[s.softNav]:8,[s.sessionReplay]:9,[s.logging]:10,[s.genericEvents]:11},u={[s.pageViewEvent]:a,[s.pageViewTiming]:n,[s.ajax]:n,[s.spa]:n,[s.softNav]:n,[s.metrics]:i,[s.jserrors]:i,[s.sessionTrace]:o,[s.sessionReplay]:o,[s.logging]:"browser/logs",[s.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.283.2.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.283.2.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),l=0;l<u.length;l++){var d=u[l];if(d.getAttribute("src")==r||d.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=d;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-2Y8GMAOGF658KnXzOZ/v+DlLch8TBFvV0tTNnOy9wrpvtDa1t5CdZMyX+LubTymBlzPp6NUjllBghMCZqXBPmg=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={374:0,840:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.283.2.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.283.2.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(374);var e=i(944),t=i(344),r=i(566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(){this.agentIdentifier=(0,r.LA)(16)}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}recordCustomEvent(e,t){return this.#e("recordCustomEvent",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(217);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var l=i(603);var d=i(687),f=i(234),g=i(289),p=i(154),m=i(384);const h=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function v(e){return!!(0,m.dV)().o.MO&&h(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,d.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,d.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(h(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,d.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),t.runtime.harvester.initializedAggregates.push(this.featAggregate),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,d.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return v(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(630);class R extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var A=i(908),E=i(843),_=i(878),x=i(782),N=i(863);class k extends y{static featureName=x.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,x.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,A.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,x.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,_.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,A.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,x.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var T=i(773);class j extends y{static featureName=T.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,T.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t){super(),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,m.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(R),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,l.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,m.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[R,k,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script>
|
||
<noscript><style>form.antibot * :not(.antibot-message) { display: none !important; }</style>
|
||
</noscript><script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-HEQ0YF2VYL"></script>
|
||
<script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag('set', {'cookie_flags': 'SameSite=None;Secure', 'cookie_domain': 'www.nist.gov'});gtag("config", "G-HEQ0YF2VYL", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});gtag("config", "G-CSLL4ZEK4L", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});gtag("event", "custom", {"node_title":"Mixture effects of PFAS on embryonic and larval sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus)","node_id":"1849191","content_type":"Publication"});</script>
|
||
<meta name="description" content="Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous and persistent environmental contaminants originating from many everyday products" />
|
||
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.nist.gov/publications/mixture-effects-pfas-embryonic-and-larval-sheepshead-minnows-cyprinodon-variegatus" />
|
||
<link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.nist.gov/node/1849191" />
|
||
<meta name="citation_title" content="Mixture effects of PFAS on embryonic and larval sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus)" />
|
||
<meta name="citation_author" content="Philip Tanabe" />
|
||
<meta name="citation_author" content="Peter Key" />
|
||
<meta name="citation_author" content="Katy Chung" />
|
||
<meta name="citation_author" content="Emily Pisarski" />
|
||
<meta name="citation_author" content="Jessica Reiner" />
|
||
<meta name="citation_author" content="Alix Rodowa" />
|
||
<meta name="citation_author" content="Jason Magnuson" />
|
||
<meta name="citation_author" content="Marie DeLorenzo" />
|
||
<meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024-05-22T08:00-04:00" />
|
||
<meta name="citation_volume" content="12(1)" />
|
||
<meta name="citation_issue" content="91" />
|
||
<meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010091" />
|
||
<meta property="og:site_name" content="NIST" />
|
||
<meta property="og:type" content="Article" />
|
||
<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.nist.gov/publications/mixture-effects-pfas-embryonic-and-larval-sheepshead-minnows-cyprinodon-variegatus" />
|
||
<meta property="og:title" content="Mixture effects of PFAS on embryonic and larval sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus)" />
|
||
<meta property="og:description" content="Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous and persistent environmental contaminants originating from many everyday products" />
|
||
<meta property="og:image" content="https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/homepage/nist_mark.png" />
|
||
<meta property="article:author" content="Philip Tanabe" />
|
||
<meta property="article:author" content="Peter Key" />
|
||
<meta property="article:author" content="Katy Chung" />
|
||
<meta property="article:author" content="Emily Pisarski" />
|
||
<meta property="article:author" content="Jessica Reiner" />
|
||
<meta property="article:author" content="Alix Rodowa" />
|
||
<meta property="article:author" content="Jason Magnuson" />
|
||
<meta property="article:author" content="Marie DeLorenzo" />
|
||
<meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-05-22T08:00-04:00" />
|
||
<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-05-22T17:05-04:00" />
|
||
<meta name="dcterms.title" content="Mixture effects of PFAS on embryonic and larval sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus)" />
|
||
<meta name="dcterms.creator" content="Philip Tanabe, Peter Key, Katy Chung, Emily Pisarski, Jessica Reiner, Alix Rodowa, Jason Magnuson, Marie DeLorenzo" />
|
||
<meta name="dcterms.description" content="Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous and persistent environmental contaminants originating from many everyday products" />
|
||
<meta name="dcterms.publisher" content="Philip Tanabe, Peter Key, Katy Chung, Emily Pisarski, Jessica Reiner, Alix Rodowa, Jason Magnuson, Marie DeLorenzo" />
|
||
<meta name="dcterms.date" content="2024-05-22T08:00-04:00" />
|
||
<meta name="dcterms.type" content="text" />
|
||
<meta name="dcterms.format" content="text/html" />
|
||
<meta name="dcterms.identifier" content="https://www.nist.gov/publications/mixture-effects-pfas-embryonic-and-larval-sheepshead-minnows-cyprinodon-variegatus" />
|
||
<meta name="dcterms.source" content="NIST" />
|
||
<meta name="dcterms.created" content="2024-05-22T08:00-04:00" />
|
||
<meta name="dcterms.modified" content="2024-05-22T17:05-04:00" />
|
||
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
|
||
<meta name="twitter:description" content="Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous and persistent environmental contaminants originating from many everyday products" />
|
||
<meta name="twitter:site" content="NIST" />
|
||
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Mixture effects of PFAS on embryonic and larval sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus)" />
|
||
<meta name="google-site-verification" content="QMu0ODkER3rN5hLcMLqNVf7e3bkjYsNLTuhqfH48jCA" />
|
||
<meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" />
|
||
<meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" />
|
||
<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" />
|
||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
|
||
<meta name="nist_search_modified" class="elastic" content="2024-05-22T17:05:00-04:00" />
|
||
<meta name="nist_search_bundle" class="elastic" content="publication" />
|
||
<link rel="icon" href="/themes/custom/nist_www/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />
|
||
|
||
<title>Mixture effects of PFAS on embryonic and larval sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) | NIST</title>
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_zb71YZl620uz4kH3pYu0tKyafjffOtzVOU80-0NBOTI.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJxFjIEKwzAIRH8o1E8KJpFOamKJttn-flm3UZDDO-5dwrxF13k7pPuPnLWFxubRH1RpZioJe6xaoLBhEorCbQv2Mqc6WaOrD6toQvmyY4y_p6d_-lD6saMsPxtOpmFw6TK3D6GbrJy7Gju9ASWrQTg" />
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_kGS0ApDpFo-_3JI4Ijxg4RCWlTqsImK3lqH7bCv5v2U.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJxFjIEKwzAIRH8o1E8KJpFOamKJttn-flm3UZDDO-5dwrxF13k7pPuPnLWFxubRH1RpZioJe6xaoLBhEorCbQv2Mqc6WaOrD6toQvmyY4y_p6d_-lD6saMsPxtOpmFw6TK3D6GbrJy7Gju9ASWrQTg" />
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_-IXwLuTUdm8IGHxib8GX8wWKw3LjKsNWSYYskZ5fEGg.css?delta=2&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJxFjIEKwzAIRH8o1E8KJpFOamKJttn-flm3UZDDO-5dwrxF13k7pPuPnLWFxubRH1RpZioJe6xaoLBhEorCbQv2Mqc6WaOrD6toQvmyY4y_p6d_-lD6saMsPxtOpmFw6TK3D6GbrJy7Gju9ASWrQTg" />
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_jmXeSZNqhh6ayjrVIlS8rDw3mcnQaE5dzE2ZwwPSzNA.css?delta=3&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJxFjIEKwzAIRH8o1E8KJpFOamKJttn-flm3UZDDO-5dwrxF13k7pPuPnLWFxubRH1RpZioJe6xaoLBhEorCbQv2Mqc6WaOrD6toQvmyY4y_p6d_-lD6saMsPxtOpmFw6TK3D6GbrJy7Gju9ASWrQTg" />
|
||
|
||
<script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_GM8kl6wk698qKTTwusj83bCoGHHtOZ1UinjY1sE_Qbk.js?scope=header&delta=0&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJxdjW0OwjAIhi805UiErtjhWFlatHp7O53RLOEHPLwfgcYZ3fqsEH47XuuQzJIyUiZ9uowVjmDIUh0v0lm0ltUoopceIjlBos-7irMsa7E7wxFsLW_mEy_ce00DFVwsQpRKoQer5PmtgaQWSE-7BSamyOV7YmvtT8EP34wQy20lPe_nC6DrXYU"></script>
|
||
|
||
</head>
|
||
<body class="node-1849191">
|
||
<a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable" data-elastic-exclude>
|
||
Skip to main content
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas>
|
||
|
||
<!-- nist-index-ignore-start -->
|
||
<section data-elastic-exclude class="usa-banner" aria-label="Official government website">
|
||
<div class="usa-accordion">
|
||
<header class="usa-banner__header">
|
||
<div class="usa-banner__inner">
|
||
<div class="grid-col-auto">
|
||
<img class="usa-banner__header-flag" src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/us_flag_small.png" alt="U.S. flag">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto">
|
||
<p class="usa-banner__header-text">An official website of the United States government</p>
|
||
<p class="usa-banner__header-action" aria-hidden="true">Here’s how you know</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<button class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-default">
|
||
<span class="usa-banner__button-text">Here’s how you know</span>
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</header>
|
||
<div class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content" id="gov-banner-default">
|
||
<div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg">
|
||
<div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6">
|
||
<img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="usa-media-block__body">
|
||
<p>
|
||
<strong>Official websites use .gov</strong>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
A <strong>.gov</strong> website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6">
|
||
<img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-https.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<div class="usa-media-block__body">
|
||
<p>
|
||
<strong>Secure .gov websites use HTTPS</strong>
|
||
<br/>
|
||
A <strong>lock</strong> ( <span class="icon-lock">
|
||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52" height="64" viewbox="0 0 52 64" class="usa-banner__lock-image" role="img" aria-labelledby="banner-lock-title banner-lock-description" focusable="false">
|
||
<title id="banner-lock-title">Lock</title>
|
||
<desc id="banner-lock-description">A locked padlock</desc><path fill="#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z"/></svg>
|
||
</span>
|
||
) or <strong>https://</strong> means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<!-- nist-index-ignore-end -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div data-elastic-exclude>
|
||
<!-- nist-index-ignore-start -->
|
||
<div class="nist-print-header" style="display:none;">
|
||
<p class="nist-print-header__url">https://www.nist.gov/publications/mixture-effects-pfas-embryonic-and-larval-sheepshead-minnows-cyprinodon-variegatus</p>
|
||
<img class="nist-print-header__logo" width="289" height="38" src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology" />
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="usa-overlay"></div>
|
||
<header class="usa-header nist-header--www nist-header--minimal" role="banner">
|
||
<div class="usa-navbar">
|
||
<div class="usa-logo flex-fill">
|
||
<a href="/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" aria-label="Home">
|
||
<img src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/logo.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology" width="300px" height="80px" />
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="usa-header__right grid-row flex-auto">
|
||
<div class="grid-col-fill nist-header__search-group">
|
||
|
||
<form class="usa-search usa-search--small"
|
||
accept-charset="UTF-8"
|
||
action="/search"
|
||
id="search_form"
|
||
method="get">
|
||
<div role="search">
|
||
<label class="usa-sr-only" for="search-form">Search NIST</label>
|
||
<input class="usa-input" id="search-form" type="search" name="s" placeholder="Search NIST" required="" maxlength="128">
|
||
<button class="usa-button" type="submit"><img src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/usa-icons-bg/search--white.svg" class="usa-search__submit-icon" alt="Search"></button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="grid-col-auto padding-left-1">
|
||
<button class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<nav aria-label="Primary navigation" class="usa-nav">
|
||
<div class="usa-nav__inner">
|
||
<button class="usa-nav__close">Close</button>
|
||
<ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion">
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
|
||
<a class="usa-nav__link" href="/publications">Publications</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
|
||
<button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-2"><span>What We Do</span></button>
|
||
<div id="primary_menu-2" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu">
|
||
<div class="grid-row">
|
||
<div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/topics" class="usa-nav__link">All Topics</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/advanced-communications" class="usa-nav__link">Advanced communications</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/artificial-intelligence" class="usa-nav__link">Artificial intelligence</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/bioscience" class="usa-nav__link">Bioscience</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/buildings-construction" class="usa-nav__link">Buildings and construction</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/chemistry" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/cybersecurity" class="usa-nav__link">Cybersecurity</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/electronics" class="usa-nav__link">Electronics</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/energy" class="usa-nav__link">Energy</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/environment" class="usa-nav__link">Environment</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/fire" class="usa-nav__link">Fire</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/forensic-science" class="usa-nav__link">Forensic science</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/health" class="usa-nav__link">Health</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/information-technology" class="usa-nav__link">Information technology</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/infrastructure" class="usa-nav__link">Infrastructure</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/manufacturing" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/materials" class="usa-nav__link">Materials</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/mathematics-statistics" class="usa-nav__link">Mathematics and statistics</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/metrology" class="usa-nav__link">Metrology</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/nanotechnology" class="usa-nav__link">Nanotechnology</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/neutron-research" class="usa-nav__link">Neutron research</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/performance-excellence" class="usa-nav__link">Performance excellence</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/physics" class="usa-nav__link">Physics</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/public-safety" class="usa-nav__link">Public safety</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/quantum-information-science" class="usa-nav__link">Quantum information science</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/resilience" class="usa-nav__link">Resilience</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/standards" class="usa-nav__link">Standards</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/transportation" class="usa-nav__link">Transportation</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
|
||
<button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-3"><span>Labs & Major Programs</span></button>
|
||
<div id="primary_menu-3" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu">
|
||
<div class="grid-row">
|
||
<div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/adlp" class="usa-nav__link">Assoc Director of Laboratory Programs</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/laboratories" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratories</a>
|
||
<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/ctl" class="usa-nav__link">Communications Technology Laboratory</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/el" class="usa-nav__link">Engineering Laboratory</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/itl" class="usa-nav__link">Information Technology Laboratory</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/mml" class="usa-nav__link">Material Measurement Laboratory</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/pml" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/user-facilities" class="usa-nav__link">User Facilities</a>
|
||
<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/ncnr" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/cnst" class="usa-nav__link">CNST NanoFab</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/labs-major-programs/research-test-beds" class="usa-nav__link">Research Test Beds</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/laboratories/projects-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Research Projects</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/laboratories/tools-instruments" class="usa-nav__link">Tools & Instruments</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/major-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Major Programs</a>
|
||
<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/baldrige" class="usa-nav__link">Baldrige Performance Excellence Program</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/chips" class="usa-nav__link">CHIPS for America Initiative</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/mep" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/oam" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Advanced Manufacturing</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/spo" class="usa-nav__link">Special Programs Office</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">Technology Partnerships Office</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
|
||
<button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-4"><span>Services & Resources</span></button>
|
||
<div id="primary_menu-4" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu">
|
||
<div class="grid-row">
|
||
<div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/content/standards-measurements" class="usa-nav__link">Standards and Measurements</a>
|
||
<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/calibrations" class="usa-nav__link">Calibration Services</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/nvlap" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratory Accreditation (NVLAP)</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/nist-quality-system" class="usa-nav__link">Quality System</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/srm" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/sri" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Instruments (SRIs)</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/standardsgov" class="usa-nav__link">Standards.gov</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/pml/time-and-frequency-division/time-services" class="usa-nav__link">Time Services</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Weights and Measures</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/services-resources/software" class="usa-nav__link">Software</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/data" class="usa-nav__link">Data</a>
|
||
<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry WebBook</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">National Vulnerability Database</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/pml/productsservices/physical-reference-data" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Reference Data</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/srd" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Data (SRD)</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="https://shop.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Storefront</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">License & Patents</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="https://csrc.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/nist-research-library" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Research Library</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
|
||
<button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-5"><span>News & Events</span></button>
|
||
<div id="primary_menu-5" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu">
|
||
<div class="grid-row">
|
||
<div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/news-events/news" class="usa-nav__link">News</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/news-events/events" class="usa-nav__link">Events</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/blogs" class="usa-nav__link">Blogs</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/feature-stories" class="usa-nav__link">Feature Stories</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/awards" class="usa-nav__link">Awards</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/video-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Video Gallery</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/image-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Image Gallery</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/pao/media-contacts" class="usa-nav__link">Media Contacts</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
|
||
<button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-6"><span>About NIST</span></button>
|
||
<div id="primary_menu-6" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu">
|
||
<div class="grid-row">
|
||
<div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/about-nist" class="usa-nav__link">About Us</a>
|
||
<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/director/leadership" class="usa-nav__link">Leadership</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/director/nist-organization-structure" class="usa-nav__link">Organization Structure</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/about-nist/budget-planning" class="usa-nav__link">Budget & Planning</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/about-nist/contact-us" class="usa-nav__link">Contact Us</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/about-nist/visit" class="usa-nav__link">Visit</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/careers" class="usa-nav__link">Careers</a>
|
||
<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/iaao/academic-affairs-office" class="usa-nav__link">Student programs</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/about-nist/work-nist" class="usa-nav__link">Work with NIST</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/history" class="usa-nav__link">History</a>
|
||
<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Digital Archives</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/nist-museum" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Museum</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/nist-and-nobel" class="usa-nav__link">NIST and the Nobel</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/education" class="usa-nav__link">Educational Resources</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</header>
|
||
<!-- nist-index-ignore-end -->
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="grid-container">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div
|
||
id="block-nist-www-content" class="nist-block"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<section
|
||
class="nist-page__content usa-section clearfix"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
<a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="grid-container margin-top-4">
|
||
<div
|
||
class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content-top"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
<div
|
||
class="nist-block"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a class="usa-button usa-button--accent-cool" href="/publications">PUBLICATIONS</a>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div
|
||
class="nist-block"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<h1 class="nist-page__title">Mixture effects of PFAS on embryonic and larval sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus)</h1>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="grid-container margin-top-4">
|
||
<div class="grid-row grid-gap-6">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div
|
||
class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content tablet-lg:grid-col-12"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
<div
|
||
class="nist-block"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline daterange">
|
||
<div class="nist-field__label">Published</div>
|
||
<div class="nist-field__item"><time datetime="2024-05-22T12:00:00Z">May 22, 2024</time>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div
|
||
class="nist-block"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-above text-long">
|
||
<h3 class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</h3>
|
||
<div class="nist-field__item">Philip Tanabe, Peter Key, Katy Chung, Emily Pisarski, <span class="nist-author">Jessica Reiner</span>, <span class="nist-author">Alix Rodowa</span>, Jason Magnuson, Marie DeLorenzo</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div
|
||
class="nist-block nist-block--no-margin"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="text-with-summary">
|
||
<h3>Abstract</h3>
|
||
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous and persistent environmental contaminants originating from many everyday products. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are two PFAS that are commonly found at high concentrations in aquatic environments. Both chemicals have previously been shown to be toxic to fish, as well as having complex and largely uncharacterized mixture effects. However, limited information is available on marine and estuarine species. In this study, embryonic and larval sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) were exposed to several PFAS mixtures to assess lethal and sublethal effects. PFOS alone was acutely toxic to larvae, with a 96 h LC50 of 1.97 mg/L (1.64–2.16). PFOS + PFOA resulted in a larval LC50 of 3.10 (2.62–3.79) mg/L, suggesting an antagonistic effect. These observations were supported by significant reductions in malondialdehyde (105% ± 3.25) and increases in reduced glutathione concentrations (43.8% ± 1.78) in PFOS + PFOA exposures compared to PFOS-only treatments, indicating reduced oxidative stress. While PFOA reduced PFOS-induced mortality (97.0% ± 3.03), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) did not. PFOS alone did not affect expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (pparα) but significantly upregulated apolipoprotein A4 (apoa4) (112.4% ± 17.8), a downstream product of pparα, while none of the other individually tested PFAS affected apoa4 expression. These findings suggest that there are antagonistic interactions between PFOA and PFOS that may reduce mixture toxicity in larval sheepshead minnows through reduced oxidative stress. Elucidating mechanisms of toxicity and interactions between PFAS will aid environmental regulation and management of these ubiquitous pollutants.
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div
|
||
class="nist-block nist-block--no-margin"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline string-long">
|
||
<div class="nist-field__label">Citation</div>
|
||
<div class="nist-field__item">Toxics</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div
|
||
class="nist-block nist-block--no-margin"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline string">
|
||
<div class="nist-field__label">Volume</div>
|
||
<div class="nist-field__item">12(1)</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div
|
||
class="nist-block nist-block--no-margin"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline string">
|
||
<div class="nist-field__label">Issue</div>
|
||
<div class="nist-field__item">91</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div
|
||
class="nist-block nist-block--no-margin"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline nist-field--link-list entity-reference">
|
||
<div class="nist-field__label">Pub Type</div>
|
||
<div class="nist-field__item">Journals</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div
|
||
class="nist-block block-top-margin"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-above nist-field--link-list link">
|
||
<h3 class="nist-field__label">Download Paper</h3>
|
||
<div class="nist-field__items">
|
||
<div class="nist-field__item"><a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010091" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010091</a></div>
|
||
<div class="nist-field__item"><a href="https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=957242" target="_blank">Local Download</a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div
|
||
class="nist-block"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-above string-long">
|
||
<h3 class="nist-field__label">Keywords</h3>
|
||
<div class="nist-field__item">PFAS, PFOS, PFOA, mixtures, mechanism of toxicity, PPARα, oxidative stress</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div
|
||
class="nist-block"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- nist-index-ignore-start -->
|
||
<div data-elastic-exclude="" class="nist-tags">
|
||
<a href="/topic-terms/marine-science" hreflang="en">Marine science</a>, <a href="/topic-terms/environmental-health" hreflang="en">Environmental health</a>, <a href="/topic-terms/environment" hreflang="en">Environment</a> and <a href="/topic-terms/analytical-chemistry" hreflang="en">Analytical chemistry</a></div>
|
||
<!-- nist-index-ignore-end -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div
|
||
class="views-element-container nist-block"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
<h2
|
||
class="nist-block__title"
|
||
>Citation</h2>
|
||
|
||
<div>
|
||
<div class="js-view-dom-id-223d663326a7c496797b5ad984da2254e5cfc5e8b7cc70631edfb7bae6bfaa9f">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<article class="bibcite-reference">
|
||
<div class="bibcite-citation">
|
||
Tanabe, P.
|
||
, Key, P.
|
||
, Chung, K.
|
||
, Pisarski, E.
|
||
, Reiner, J.
|
||
, Rodowa, A.
|
||
, Magnuson, J.
|
||
and DeLorenzo, M.
|
||
|
||
(2024),
|
||
Mixture effects of PFAS on embryonic and larval sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus), Toxics, [online], https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010091, https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=957242
|
||
(Accessed March 4, 2025)
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="usa-accordion usa-accordion--bordered bibcite-links margin-top-2" aria-multiselectable="false">
|
||
<h2 class="usa-accordion__heading">
|
||
<button class="usa-accordion__button"
|
||
aria-expanded="false"
|
||
aria-controls="citation_formats">
|
||
Additional citation formats
|
||
</button>
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<div id="citation_formats" class="usa-accordion__content">
|
||
<div class="bibcite-links">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a href="http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010091">DOI</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?btnG=Search%2BScholar&as_q=%22Mixture%2Beffects%2Bof%2BPFAS%2Bon%2Bembryonic%2Band%2Blarval%2Bsheepshead%2Bminnows%2BCyprinodon%2Bvariegatus%22&as_occt=any&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_sdtAAP=1&as_sdtp=1">Google Scholar</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/bibcite/export/bibtex/bibcite_reference/1241781">BibTeX</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/bibcite/export/ris/bibcite_reference/1241781">RIS</a></li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</article>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div
|
||
class="nist-block"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="usa-alert usa-alert--info">
|
||
<div class="usa-alert__body">
|
||
<h4 class="usa-alert__heading">Issues</h4>
|
||
<p class="usa-alert__text">
|
||
If you have any questions about this publication or are having problems accessing it, please contact <a href="mailto:reflib@nist.gov" class="usa-link">reflib@nist.gov</a>.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="grid-container">
|
||
|
||
<div
|
||
class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content-bottom"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
<div
|
||
class="nist-block"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="text-italic font-sans-2xs">
|
||
Created May 22, 2024
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div data-elastic-exclude>
|
||
<!-- nist-index-ignore-start -->
|
||
|
||
<footer class="nist-footer padding-bottom-4">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="grid-container nist-footer__info">
|
||
<div class="grid-row">
|
||
<div class="tablet:grid-col-6">
|
||
<div class="nist-footer__logo">
|
||
<a href="/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" rel="home">
|
||
<img class="nist-footer__logo-img" src="/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/NIST-Logo-Brand-White.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology logo" width="300px" height="42px" />
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="nist-footer__contact">
|
||
<h3 class="nist-footer__contact-heading">HEADQUARTERS</h3>
|
||
<address>
|
||
100 Bureau Drive<br>
|
||
Gaithersburg, MD 20899<br>
|
||
<a href="tel:301-975-2000">301-975-2000</a>
|
||
</address>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<a href="mailto:do-webmaster@nist.gov">Webmaster</a> | <a href="https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us">Contact Us</a> | <a href="https://www.nist.gov/visit">Our Other Offices</a>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="tablet:grid-col-6">
|
||
<div class="nist-footer__social-links">
|
||
|
||
<a class="nist-social nist-social--x-white" href=" https://x.com/NIST">
|
||
<span>X.com</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<a class="nist-social nist-social--facebook-white" href=" https://www.facebook.com/NIST">
|
||
<span>Facebook</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<a class="nist-social nist-social--linkedin-white" href=" https://www.linkedin.com/company/nist">
|
||
<span>LinkedIn</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<a class="nist-social nist-social--instagram-white" href=" https://www.instagram.com/nist/">
|
||
<span>Instagram</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<a class="nist-social nist-social--youtube-white" href=" https://www.youtube.com/NIST">
|
||
<span>YouTube</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<a class="nist-social nist-social--giphy-white" href=" https://giphy.com/nist">
|
||
<span>Giphy</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<a class="nist-social nist-social--rss-white" href=" https://www.nist.gov/news-events/nist-rss-feeds">
|
||
<span>RSS Feed</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
<a class="nist-social nist-social--envelope-white" href=" https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIST/subscriber/new">
|
||
<span>Mailing List</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="nist-footer__feedback">
|
||
How are we doing? <a class="usa-button" rel="nofollow" href="/form/nist-gov-feedback?destination=/publications/mixture-effects-pfas-embryonic-and-larval-sheepshead-minnows-cyprinodon-variegatus" title="Provide feedback">Feedback</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="grid-container">
|
||
<div class="nist-footer__nav" role="navigation">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
|
||
<a href="https://www.nist.gov/privacy-policy">Site Privacy</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
|
||
<a href="https://www.nist.gov/oism/accessibility">Accessibility</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
|
||
<a href="https://www.nist.gov/privacy">Privacy Program</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
|
||
<a href="https://www.nist.gov/oism/copyrights">Copyrights</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
|
||
<a href="https://www.commerce.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy">Vulnerability Disclosure</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
|
||
<a href="https://www.nist.gov/no-fear-act-policy">No Fear Act Policy</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
|
||
<a href="https://www.nist.gov/office-director/freedom-information-act">FOIA</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
|
||
<a href="https://www.nist.gov/environmental-policy-statement">Environmental Policy</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
|
||
<a href="https://www.nist.gov/summary-report-scientific-integrity">Scientific Integrity</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
|
||
<a href="https://www.nist.gov/nist-information-quality-standards">Information Quality Standards</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
|
||
<a href="https://www.commerce.gov/">Commerce.gov</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
|
||
<a href="http://www.science.gov/">Science.gov</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
|
||
<a href="http://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="nist-footer__menu-item">
|
||
<a href="https://vote.gov/">Vote.gov</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</footer>
|
||
<!-- nist-index-ignore-end -->
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/1849191","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"back_to_top":{"back_to_top_button_trigger":100,"back_to_top_speed":1200,"back_to_top_prevent_on_mobile":false,"back_to_top_prevent_in_admin":true,"back_to_top_button_type":"image","back_to_top_button_text":"Back to top"},"google_analytics":{"account":"G-HEQ0YF2VYL","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|bsh|c|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|dw(fx|g|gd)|dxf|eps|epub|exe|f(90)|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|m1v|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mobi|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|pl|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|rfa|rtf|rvt|sch|sea|sit|swf|tar|tgz|tif|txt|txz|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|wrl|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|xsd|z|zip"},"nist_search":{"clickTracking":"search-report-click","isDebug":false,"clickTrackEnabled":true,"message":"NIST Search in debug mode. Check the browsers network inspector for Click Track reporting results..."},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":false,"extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":false,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"\\.gov\\\/|\\.mil\\\/|\\manufacturingusa\\.com\\\/","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":".ck-editor, .nist-video-thumbnail__lightbox-trigger, a.nist-icon--mail-blue","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":true,"extAlertText":"Thank you for visiting NIST. We hope your visit was informative. We have provided a link to this site because it has information that may be of interest to our users. NIST does not necessarily endorse the views expressed or the facts presented on this site. Further, NIST does not endorse any commercial products that may be advertised or available on this site. Click OK to be directed to your link.","mailtoClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"after","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":[]}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"bd6a443844dbe99b4e6942f3b1397526e760137efd2b1ee6b2d588fc414dff20"}}</script>
|
||
<script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_jDaFaXhHm6gPUKstNYX9eIyoQXghVs3g7rbR0QoqpYY.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJxdjW0OwjAIhi805UiErtjhWFlatHp7O53RLOEHPLwfgcYZ3fqsEH47XuuQzJIyUiZ9uowVjmDIUh0v0lm0ltUoopceIjlBos-7irMsa7E7wxFsLW_mEy_ce00DFVwsQpRKoQer5PmtgaQWSE-7BSamyOV7YmvtT8EP34wQy20lPe_nC6DrXYU"></script>
|
||
<script src="https://siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_6017546.js" async></script>
|
||
<script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_709kuJyJYTt2lWrlwglvgNyqkgqlZSSNCLusQNdUubs.js?scope=footer&delta=2&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJxdjW0OwjAIhi805UiErtjhWFlatHp7O53RLOEHPLwfgcYZ3fqsEH47XuuQzJIyUiZ9uowVjmDIUh0v0lm0ltUoopceIjlBos-7irMsa7E7wxFsLW_mEy_ce00DFVwsQpRKoQer5PmtgaQWSE-7BSamyOV7YmvtT8EP34wQy20lPe_nC6DrXYU"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"37b7ccb661","applicationID":"1089704227","transactionName":"YFxUN0sADEdYVkBaClkWdwBNCA1aFnFGRhVWVWoNVgUHaHpaWkcXWFVaBks9LFtdUGJaAEB6WQ1NEw1YVVBGHltBUFMU","queueTime":7,"applicationTime":544,"atts":"TBtXQQMaH0k=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body>
|
||
</html>
|