1004 lines
84 KiB
Text
1004 lines
84 KiB
Text
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# ">
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<h1 class="nist-page__title">Radio Spectrum Occupancy Measurements Amid COVID-19 Telework and Telehealth</h1>
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<div class="nist-field__label">Published</div>
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<div class="nist-field__item"><time datetime="2022-10-14T12:00:00Z">October 14, 2022</time>
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<h3 class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</h3>
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<div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Dan Kuester</span>, <span class="nist-author">Xifeng Lu</span>, <span class="nist-author">Dazhen Gu</span>, <span class="nist-author">Azizollah Kord</span>, <span class="nist-author">Jake Rezac</span>, Katie Carson, <span class="nist-author">Marla L. Dowell</span>, <span class="nist-author">Elizabeth Eyeson</span>, <span class="nist-author">Ari Feldman</span>, <span class="nist-author">Keith Forsyth</span>, <span class="nist-author">Vu Le</span>, <span class="nist-author">John Marts</span>, Mike McNulty, Kyle Neubarth, Andre Rosete, Matthew Ryan, Maija Teraslina</div>
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<div class="text-with-summary">
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<h3>Abstract</h3>
|
||
During the COVID-19 pandemic, NIST began a targeted campaign of measurements of averaged power and occupancy rate in the radio spectrum. The purpose was to sample real environments to offer timely insights into data infrastructure where it might be strained by stay-at-home and quarantine orders. The findings from this study could be applied to testing to support network resilience and receiver immunity in future stay-at-home disaster scenarios. Researchers who began working from home found themselves embedded in examples of the field sites that needed to be studied. Measurements began in 13 residential sites after a rapid engineering development effort, followed by spot measurements at a local hospital in the Denver metropolitan area. The study targeted radio frequency allocations that support key wireless data infrastructure. These included the cellular network bands below 1 GHz, and the unlicensed bands that support WLAN and WPAN traffic near 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. The principal test locations were the home telework sites of NIST research staff, postdoctoral researchers, graduate and undergraduate students, and summer high school interns. Measurements continued where possible from late spring in 2020 until the autumn of 2021. This report details the study and its results, beginning from its conception and specification and continuing through its execution to a summary analysis of the resulting data, which is also publicly available. The key observations are as follows: - In uplink channels of cellular frequency bands, as well as unlicensed radio bands, sensors observed low rates of occupancy. Transmissions that did occur appeared as short bursts: in all cases the 90th percentile of the transmission duration was no greater than 4 ms. - In downlink channels of cellular frequency bands, occupancy rates were high, reflecting nearly continuous broadcasting. - A strong diurnal characteristic was observed, with average downlink power levels reduced by approximately 5 dB between 23:30 and 07:30 local time. These characteristics were broadly similar across all residential and hospital sites. The specific distributions of these paramaters can now be used to help design test cases to ensure the continued resilience of wireless infrastructure in residential or health care shelter-in-place scenarios. In particular, we conclude with recommendations about the burst timing parameters for emulating the observed traffic in electromagnetic compatibility testing. Through the development of the distributed sensor network, the team also produced new contributions to engineering and metrology for these problems. These included - techniques for tuning sensors when precision laboratory calibration is not available, - calibration methods for assembled software-defined radios, and - assessments of the performance of spectrum sensors in the field.
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<div class="nist-field__label">Citation</div>
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<div class="nist-field__item">Technical Note (NIST TN) - 2240</div>
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<div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline string">
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<div class="nist-field__label">Report Number</div>
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<div class="nist-field__item">2240</div>
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<div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/nist-pub-series/technical-note-nist-tn" hreflang="en">Technical Note (NIST TN)</a></div>
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<div class="nist-field__items">
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<div class="nist-field__item"><a href="https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.2240" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.2240</a></div>
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<div class="nist-field__item"><a href="https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=934697" target="_blank">Local Download</a></div>
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<h3 class="nist-field__label">Keywords</h3>
|
||
<div class="nist-field__item">spectrum sensing, spectrum monitoring, covid-19</div>
|
||
</div>
|
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|
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|
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<div data-elastic-exclude="" class="nist-tags">
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<a href="/topic-terms/wireless-rf" hreflang="en">Wireless (RF)</a>, <a href="/topic-terms/sensors" hreflang="en">Sensors</a>, <a href="/topic-terms/infrastructure" hreflang="en">Infrastructure</a>, <a href="/topic-terms/electromagnetics" hreflang="en">Electromagnetics</a>, <a href="/topic-terms/disaster-and-failure-studies" hreflang="en">Disaster and failure studies</a> and <a href="/topic-terms/advanced-communications" hreflang="en">Advanced communications</a></div>
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<h2
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class="nist-block__title"
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>Citation</h2>
|
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<div>
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<div class="js-view-dom-id-b94624f9bd303f2d8ac2e30fcd42e874b9fe5ebe9a8565d0b3804b3c744a05cd">
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<article class="bibcite-reference">
|
||
<div class="bibcite-citation">
|
||
Kuester, D.
|
||
, Lu, X.
|
||
, Gu, D.
|
||
, Kord, A.
|
||
, Rezac, J.
|
||
, Carson, K.
|
||
, Dowell, M.
|
||
, Eyeson, E.
|
||
, Feldman, A.
|
||
, Forsyth, K.
|
||
, Le, V.
|
||
, Marts, J.
|
||
, McNulty, M.
|
||
, Neubarth, K.
|
||
, Rosete, A.
|
||
, Ryan, M.
|
||
and Teraslina, M.
|
||
|
||
(2022),
|
||
Radio Spectrum Occupancy Measurements Amid COVID-19 Telework and Telehealth, Technical Note (NIST TN), National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, [online], https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.2240, https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=934697
|
||
(Accessed March 4, 2025)
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Additional citation formats
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<div class="bibcite-links">
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<ul>
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<li><a href="http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.2240">DOI</a></li>
|
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<li><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?btnG=Search%2BScholar&as_q=%22Radio%2BSpectrum%2BOccupancy%2BMeasurements%2BAmid%2BCOVID-19%2BTelework%2Band%2BTelehealth%22&as_occt=any&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_sdtAAP=1&as_sdtp=1">Google Scholar</a></li>
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<p class="usa-alert__text">
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If you have any questions about this publication or are having problems accessing it, please contact <a href="mailto:reflib@nist.gov" class="usa-link">reflib@nist.gov</a>.
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