1183 lines
107 KiB
Text
1183 lines
107 KiB
Text
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# ">
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<head>
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|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="https://shop.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Storefront</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">License & Patents</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="https://csrc.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/nist-research-library" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Research Library</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
|
||
<button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-5"><span>News & Events</span></button>
|
||
<div id="primary_menu-5" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu">
|
||
<div class="grid-row">
|
||
<div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/news-events/news" class="usa-nav__link">News</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/news-events/events" class="usa-nav__link">Events</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/blogs" class="usa-nav__link">Blogs</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/feature-stories" class="usa-nav__link">Feature Stories</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/awards" class="usa-nav__link">Awards</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/video-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Video Gallery</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/image-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Image Gallery</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/pao/media-contacts" class="usa-nav__link">Media Contacts</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__primary-item">
|
||
<button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-6"><span>About NIST</span></button>
|
||
<div id="primary_menu-6" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu">
|
||
<div class="grid-row">
|
||
<div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/about-nist" class="usa-nav__link">About Us</a>
|
||
<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/director/leadership" class="usa-nav__link">Leadership</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/director/nist-organization-structure" class="usa-nav__link">Organization Structure</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/about-nist/budget-planning" class="usa-nav__link">Budget & Planning</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/about-nist/contact-us" class="usa-nav__link">Contact Us</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/about-nist/visit" class="usa-nav__link">Visit</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/careers" class="usa-nav__link">Careers</a>
|
||
<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/iaao/academic-affairs-office" class="usa-nav__link">Student programs</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/about-nist/work-nist" class="usa-nav__link">Work with NIST</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/history" class="usa-nav__link">History</a>
|
||
<ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Digital Archives</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/nist-museum" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Museum</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/nist-and-nobel" class="usa-nav__link">NIST and the Nobel</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-nav__submenu-item">
|
||
<a href="/education" class="usa-nav__link">Educational Resources</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</header>
|
||
<!-- nist-index-ignore-end -->
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="grid-container">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div
|
||
id="block-nist-www-content" class="nist-block"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<section
|
||
class="nist-page__content usa-section clearfix"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
<a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a>
|
||
|
||
<div
|
||
class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content-top-full"
|
||
>
|
||
<div
|
||
class="nist-block"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="nist-section-header nist-section-header--411351 nist-section-header--menu nist-section-header--interior">
|
||
<div class="nist-section-header__top grid-container">
|
||
<a href="/pml">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a> / <a href="/pml/owm">Office of Weights and Measures</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="nist-section-header__sub">
|
||
<div class="nist-section-header__main grid-container">
|
||
<div class="nist-section-header__title">
|
||
<h2><a href="/pml/owm/metric-si">Metric (SI) Program</a></h2>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="grid-container margin-top-4">
|
||
<div class="grid-row grid-gap-6">
|
||
|
||
<aside class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--sidebar-first tablet-lg:grid-col-4 desktop-lg:grid-col-3">
|
||
<div>
|
||
<!-- nist-index-ignore-start -->
|
||
<div
|
||
class="views-element-container nist-block nist-block--section-nav" data-elastic-exclude=""
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div><div class="js-view-dom-id-6171971460da8f35977f37d403fe1140f7a3c646832d2fa7c5b7329745a8b07d">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div><div class="views-field views-field-nid"><span class="field-content">
|
||
|
||
<nav>
|
||
<ul class="usa-sidenav usa-accordion ">
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Laboratory Homepage</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Division Homepage</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item usa-sidenav__item--parent">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/about-us" data-drupal-link-system-path="">About OWM</a>
|
||
<button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="menu-office-of-weights-and-measu-3"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button>
|
||
<ul id="menu-office-of-weights-and-measu-3" class="usa-sidenav__sublist usa-accordion">
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/about-owm/owm-background-and-history" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Background and History</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/about-owm/owm-responsibilities-and-authorities" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Responsibilities and Authorities</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/staff-directory" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Staff Directory</a>
|
||
<button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="menu-office-of-weights-and-measu-3-3"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button>
|
||
<ul id="menu-office-of-weights-and-measu-3-3" class="usa-sidenav__sublist usa-accordion">
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/about-owm/staff-directory/owm-federal-staff" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Federal Staff</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/about-owm/staff-directory/nist-associates-owm" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Associates and Interns</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="https://www.nist.gov/document/owm-organization-chart" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Organization Chart</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/about-owm/owm-strategic-plan-fy2023-fy2027" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Strategic Plan</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/faqs" data-drupal-link-system-path="">FAQs</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item usa-sidenav__item--parent">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/owm-products-and-services" data-drupal-link-system-path="">OWM Products and Services</a>
|
||
<button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="menu-office-of-weights-and-measu-5"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button>
|
||
<ul id="menu-office-of-weights-and-measu-5" class="usa-sidenav__sublist usa-accordion">
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/owm-products-and-services/publications-and-documentary-standards" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Publications and Documentary Standards</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/owm-products-and-services/e-learning-resources" data-drupal-link-system-path="">e-Learning Resources</a>
|
||
<button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="menu-office-of-weights-and-measu-5-2"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button>
|
||
<ul id="menu-office-of-weights-and-measu-5-2" class="usa-sidenav__sublist usa-accordion">
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/owm-products-and-services/e-learning-resources/recorded-webinarsvideos" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Recorded Webinars/Videos</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/owm-products-and-services/e-learning-resources/info-hours" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Info Hours</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/owm-products-and-services/e-learning-resources/epos" data-drupal-link-system-path="">EPOs</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/owm-training-and-events" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Training Courses and Events</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/owm-products-and-services/newsletter" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Newsletter</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/owm-products-and-services/technical-articles" title="OWM Technical Articles" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Technical Articles</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/owm-products-and-services/national-working-groups" data-drupal-link-system-path="">National Working Groups</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/owm-training-and-events" data-drupal-link-system-path="">OWM Training and Events</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item usa-sidenav__item--parent">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/programsgroups" class="usa-current" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Programs/Groups</a>
|
||
<button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="menu-office-of-weights-and-measu-7"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button>
|
||
<ul id="menu-office-of-weights-and-measu-7" class="usa-sidenav__sublist usa-accordion">
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/international-legal-metrology" data-drupal-link-system-path="">International Legal Metrology</a>
|
||
<button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="menu-office-of-weights-and-measu-7-1"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button>
|
||
<ul id="menu-office-of-weights-and-measu-7-1" class="usa-sidenav__sublist usa-accordion">
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/international-legal-metrology/documentary-standards" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Documentary Standards</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/international-legal-metrology/glossary-acronyms" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Glossary of Acronyms</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/international-legal-metrology/ilmp-organizational-primer" data-drupal-link-system-path="">ILMP Organizational Primer</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/international-legal-metrology/national-metrology-systems" data-drupal-link-system-path="">National Metrology Systems</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/international-legal-metrology/oiml-resources" data-drupal-link-system-path="">OIML Resources</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/laboratory-metrology" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Laboratory Metrology</a>
|
||
<button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="menu-office-of-weights-and-measu-7-2"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button>
|
||
<ul id="menu-office-of-weights-and-measu-7-2" class="usa-sidenav__sublist usa-accordion">
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/laboratory-metrology/metrology-training" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Metrology Training</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/laboratory-metrology/proficiency-testing-pt" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Proficiency Testing (PT)</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/laboratory-metrology/laboratory-recognition" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Laboratory Recognition</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/laboratory-metrology/documentary-standards-and-resources" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Documentary Standards and Resources</a>
|
||
<button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="menu-office-of-weights-and-measu-7-2-4"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button>
|
||
<ul id="menu-office-of-weights-and-measu-7-2-4" class="usa-sidenav__sublist">
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/laboratory-metrology/documentary-standards-and-resources/calibration-procedures" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Calibration Procedures</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/laboratory-metrology/documentary-standards-and-resources/glps" data-drupal-link-system-path="">GLPs</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/laboratory-metrology/documentary-standards-and-resources/gmps" data-drupal-link-system-path="">GMPs</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/laboratory-metrology/documentary-standards-and-resources/recognition" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Recognition</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/laboratory-metrology/documentary-standards-and-resources/ojt-and-mentoring" data-drupal-link-system-path="">OJT and Mentoring</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/laboratory-metrology/documentary-standards-and-resources/sops" data-drupal-link-system-path="">SOPs</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/metric-si" class="usa-current" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Metric (SI)</a>
|
||
<button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="menu-office-of-weights-and-measu-7-3"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button>
|
||
<ul id="menu-office-of-weights-and-measu-7-3" class="usa-sidenav__sublist usa-accordion">
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/metric-si/us-metrication" data-drupal-link-system-path="">U.S. Metrication</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/metric-si/si-units" data-drupal-link-system-path="">SI Units</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/metric-si/understanding-metric" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Understanding Metric</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/metric-si/everyday-metric" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Everyday with Metric</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
<a href="/pml/owm/metric-si/metric-kitchen" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Metric Kitchen</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="usa-sidenav__item">
|
||
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<h1 class="nist-page__title">Unit Conversion</h1>
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<div class="nist-callout"><p>As of August 16, 2023 the physics.nist.gov historic SI Units site has permanently retired. This page and complete <a href="/pml/owm/metric-si" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="d897ce5e-ca33-4ca5-b462-08c0e65c928c" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Metric (SI) Program">Metric (SI) Program</a> contains current SI information. Contact <span class="spamspan"><span class="u">TheSI</span> [at] <span class="d">nist.gov</span><span class="t"> (TheSI[at]nist[dot]gov)</span></span> with comments, questions or concerns.</p></div> <div class="align-right nist-image">
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<img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/220_x_220_limit/public/images/2022/09/09/Unit%20Conversion.png?itok=QVursk-K" width="220" height="138" alt="Yellow background with image of calculator and pen and SI graphic" typeof="foaf:Image">
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<p>Unit conversion is a multi-step process that involves multiplication or division by a numerical factor, selection of the correct number of significant digits, and rounding. This multi-step process is presented in <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.1038">NIST SP 1038 - 2006</a> (Section 4.4), including a rounding procedure for technical documents, specifications, and other applications such packaged goods in the commercial marketplace and temperature. Common conversion factors are also listed (Section 5).</p><ul><li><a href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm/approximate-conversions-metric-us-customary-measures"><strong>Metric to U.S. Customary Conversions</strong></a></li><li><a href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/weights-and-measures/common-conversion-factors-ii"><strong>U.S. Customary to Metric Conversions</strong></a></li><li><a href="https://www.nist.gov/physical-measurement-laboratory/nist-guide-si-appendix-b"><strong>NIST SP 811 – Appendix B (Current Edition)</strong></a> provides guidance on the use of conversion factors which are expressed using scientific notation (listed both alphabetically and by topic areas) and rules for rounding numbers and converted numerical values of quantities.</li><li><a href="/publications/international-system-units-si-conversion-factors-general-use" title="NIST SP 1038 The Internal System of Units Conversion Factors for General Use" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="1b1f53ed-4d80-48b4-b24b-16d230581f78" data-entity-substitution="canonical"><strong>NIST SP 1038 (Current Edition)</strong></a> lists the units of the International System of Units (SI), or metric system, recommended for use in trade and commerce and other general uses.</li><li><a href="/pml/owm/nist-handbook-44-current-edition" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="90815d0b-69dc-4d09-8b28-5fffbc1e6330" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="NIST Handbook 44 - Current Edition"><strong>NIST HB 44 – Appendix C (Current Edition)</strong></a> provides several convenient conversion factor tables for length, area, volume (dry and liquid measure), and mass using SI (metric system) and U.S. customary units, including notes on British measurement units.</li><li><a href="https://www.nist.gov/weights-and-measures/weights-and-measures-publications/handbook-133-current-edition"><strong>NIST HB 133 Appendix E (Current Edition)</strong></a><strong> </strong>provides unit conversion factor tables for the benefit of those requiring a reference when checking the net contents of packaged goods.</li><li><a href="/pml/us-surveyfoot/revised-unit-conversion-factors" title="U.S. Survey Foot Revised Unit Conversion Factors" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7e41b7bc-1612-469d-87cc-8c1ff2477e6b" data-entity-substitution="canonical"><strong>U.S. Survey Foot Revised Unit Conversion Factors</strong></a></li><li><a href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/weights-and-measures/laws-and-regulations/precious-metals-conversion"><strong>Precious Metal Conversion Information</strong></a></li><li><a href="/pml/sensor-science/thermodynamic-metrology/unit-conversions" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="a049b802-e191-4cdc-adc8-3bfbde3de96c" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Unit Conversions"><strong>Pressure and Gas Flow Conversion Information</strong></a></li><li><a href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/weights-and-measures/metric-conversion-software"><strong>Metric Conversion Software</strong></a></li><li><a href="/pml/owm/metrication-resources-researchers" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="47aa4408-bbde-4312-abc6-55d9be578918" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Metrication Resources for Researchers"><strong>US Metrication Resources</strong></a><ul><li><a href="/pml/owm/metrication-errors-and-mishaps" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="cb4572bb-2803-4720-a1f8-d71f2406dee5" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Metrication Errors and Mishaps">Errors and Mishaps</a> may result when multiple measurement systems are simultaneously used. </li><li><a href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm/metrication-best-practices" title="Metrication Best Practices">Best Practices</a> - Resources are available for organizations systematically adopting the International System of Units (SI) within business systems and those analyzing the risks of working in hybrid or dual measurement environments.</li><li><a href="/pml/owm/education-metrication" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7656e2eb-6ecf-4009-bed9-cbac815f552f" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Education Metrication">Metric System Education</a> - Learning the SI is not about making mental unit conversions (this will slow you down). Teach non-SI unit conversions only when required. Teach the metric system without making any comparisons to non-SI measurements. After students become proficient using the metric system and are comfortable applying SI measurements, they may encounter applications that require mathematical conversions between SI and non-SI units.</li></ul></li></ul><p><strong>Dimensional analysis </strong>is a technique used to convert measurements. For example, changing the magnitude of a SI quantity or converting between SI and non-SI units. Some measurements have one dimension, for example length. A square shape (area) has two dimensions (e.g., length and width), while a cube (volume) has three dimensions (e.g., length, width, and height). Converting between measurement units is a very important skill when working within and between measurement systems.</p><p>This problem-solving method is based on the principle that quantities are defined as equalities. A <strong>conversion factor </strong>is an expression for the relationship between units that is used to change the units of a measured quantity without changing the value. A <strong>conversion ratio</strong> (or unit factor) always equals one (1), where the numerator and the denominator have the same value expressed in different units.</p><p>A <strong>numerator</strong> represents the parts out of the whole or how much you have. A <strong>denominator</strong> represents the total number of parts of the whole. In this example of the common fraction ¾, 3 is the numerator and 4 is the denominator. Performing the math calculation (3 divided by 4) transforms the number into a decimal fraction, 0.75.</p> <div class="align-center nist-image">
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<img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/220_x_220_limit/public/images/2021/04/29/Numerator%20Denominator.jpg?itok=J_IwIoWs" width="220" height="68" alt="Numerator 3 over Denominator 4" typeof="foaf:Image">
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<p>This method uses the fact that any number or expression can be multiplied by "one" without changing its value. This allows the conversion of units by multiplying the initial measurement by one (or more) forms of the number 1. While the multiplication by 1 does not change the value of the measurement, it does change the measurement units.</p> <div class="align-center nist-image">
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<img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2021/04/29/Unit%20Conversion%202.png?itok=ej5pcbEh" width="461" height="261" alt="Unit Conversion Example" typeof="foaf:Image">
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<h3><strong>Unit Conversion Process</strong></h3><p>This process uses the fact that any number or expression can be multiplied by "one" without changing its value. This allows the conversion of units by multiplying the initial measurement by one (or more) forms of the number 1. While the multiplication by 1 does not change the value of the measurement, it does change the measurement units.</p><p>It’s very easy to systematically apply unit conversion process to solve conversions within or between measurement systems. It may be necessary to multiply by more than one conversion ratio in more complex conversions. Use these steps to construct a unit conversion problem so one (or more) of the units cancel until only the desired unit remains:</p><p><strong>Step 1. </strong>Identify the unit you have. These are the <em>Starting Units</em>.</p><p><strong>Step 2. </strong>Identify the unit you want. These are the <em>Desired Units</em>.</p><p><strong>Step 3. </strong>Identify appropriate unit conversion factor(s). These are the <em>Linking (</em>or <em>Ratio) Unit(s)</em>. Use EXACT conversion factors whenever available.</p><p><strong>Step 4. </strong>Cancel units and perform the math calculations (e.g., multiply, divide). Repeat the calculation (double check).</p><p><strong>Step 5. </strong>Evaluate the result. Does the answer make sense?</p><h3><strong>Best Practices</strong></h3><ul><li>Multiply the numerators (across) and denominators (across) to calculate an intermediate answer, then divide. Documenting the calculation steps can be especially helpful when problem-solving errors.</li><li>Do not round any quantities used within the calculation.</li><li>Only round the final calculated quantity.</li></ul><p>Many unit conversion problems will require only a single unit conversion factor. However, multiple factors may be required to solve a problem. These figures illustrate both examples. Remember that Step 3, <em>identifying the conversion factor</em>, is often the most challenging step. If an incorrect (or approximate) conversion factor is used, a correct solution will not be achieved.</p> <figure class=" align-center nist-image" role="group">
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<img alt="Unit Conversion" height="297" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2021/04/29/Unit%20Conversion%203.png?itok=akPc5-rD" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480">
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<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Credit: NIST</figcaption>
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<p><strong>Example. </strong>An engineer has designed a new <strong>5 m</strong> computer cable but must represent the length in centimeters within an owner manual diagram. How many <strong>cm </strong>is the length?</p> <figure class=" align-center nist-image" role="group">
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<img alt="Unit Conversion" height="473" loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2021/04/29/Unit%20Conversion%204.png?itok=XXc2wrgu" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480">
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<figcaption class="nist-image__caption">Credit: NIST</figcaption>
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<div class="nist-callout"><h3 class="text-align-center">EXPLORE THE METRIC PROGRAM</h3><p><a href="/pml/owm/becoming-familiar-si" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="d5664148-a600-40f7-9177-4bc8122a63e9" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Becoming Familiar with SI">Becoming Familiar with SI</a> | <a href="/pml/owm/metric-si/everyday-estimation" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="d6cbadf5-1189-42e9-9f84-59729483414f" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Everyday Estimation">Everyday Estimation</a> | <a href="/pml/owm/metric-si/us-metrication-frequently-asked-questions-faqs" title="U.S. Metrication Frequently Asked Questions FAQs" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f678040b-4a6b-4996-92c0-28caaa22aeb0" data-entity-substitution="canonical">Metrication FAQs</a> | <a href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm/metric-si-prefixes">Prefixes</a> | <a href="/pml/owm/metric-si/metric-kitchen" title="Metric Kitchen" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="a95984f4-2f3e-4fc6-9d26-b82c82ce32e1" data-entity-substitution="canonical">Metric Kitchen</a> | <a href="/pml/owm/metric-si/si-education-training" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="e13f21a5-6a4e-4e81-ad91-f55af089a731" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="SI Education & Training">SI Education and Training</a> | <a href="https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm/metric-publications">SI Publications</a> | <a href="/pml/owm/metric-si/understanding-metric" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="776bd31b-aac9-48ea-b117-a71f08304fd2" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Understanding Metric">Understanding Metric</a> | <a href="/pml/owm/writing-si-metric-system-units" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8aff76e7-9132-4074-a5ef-cbdaf07c9c6c" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Writing with SI (Metric System) Units">Writing with Metric Units</a> | <a href="/pml/owm/metric-si/metric-week-activities-join-celebration" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="6c4767a8-0b27-443a-8f46-c8148f226674" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Metric Week Activities – Join the Celebration!">National Metric Week</a> | <a href="https://nestr.nist.gov/">NEST-R</a> (STEM Registry) | <a href="https://www.nist.gov/education">NIST Education Resources</a></p></div>
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